Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4882~
4888
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
6
.
pp4882
-
48
88
4882
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Median
c
od
eword
s
hift (
MCS)
t
echn
iqu
e for
PA
P
R
r
educt
ion
with
l
ow
c
omplexi
ty
in
OF
DM
s
yste
m
Mohd
D
an
ial
Ro
z
aini,
Az
li
na
I
dris
, Dar
m
awaty M
oh
d
Ali
, Ez
mi
n A
b
dull
ah
Facul
t
y
of Electr
ic
a
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ologi
MA
RA (UiT
M),
Shah
Ala
m
,
Malay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
7
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
pr
17
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
J
un
26
, 201
9
W
it
h
the
rap
id
deve
lopment
of
t
oda
y
’s
comm
unic
ation
te
chno
log
y
,
th
e
nee
d
for
a
s
y
st
em
ca
p
abl
e
to
improve
spec
tral
eff
ic
i
en
c
y
,
high
d
ata
rates
and
at
the
sam
e
ti
m
e
can
red
uce
inter
-
s
y
m
bol
int
erf
e
ren
ce
(ISI)
is
nec
essar
y
.
Orthogonal
Fre
quency
Divisio
n
Multi
ple
x
ing
(OF
DM
)
m
e
et
a
ll
th
e
req
uire
m
ent
s
ne
ede
d.
How
e
v
er,
the
high
p
ea
k
to
ave
rag
e
power
r
at
io
(P
AP
R)
has
bec
om
e
it
s
m
aj
or
obstac
l
e.
Thi
s
pape
r
is
foc
using
on
the
dev
el
opm
ent
o
f
Media
n
Cod
eword
Shift
(MCS
),
which
a
new
PA
PR
red
uct
io
n
techniqu
e
with
the
c
apa
bi
l
ity
to
red
uc
e
th
e
computa
ti
ona
l
complexi
t
y
of
the
s
y
s
te
m
.
Thi
s
ca
n
be
ac
hi
eve
d
through
co
deword
struct
ur
e
al
t
eri
z
ation
and
bit
positi
o
n
m
ani
pula
ti
o
n
b
y
uti
l
iz
ing
the
ci
r
cul
an
t
shift
pro
c
ess.
The
sim
ula
t
ion
result
s
rev
eale
d
th
at
th
e
proposed
te
ch
nique
over
whel
m
conve
nti
onal
OF
DM
and
SC
S
with
24%
i
m
prove
m
e
nt
and
0.
5
dB
g
ap
fro
m
SC
S.
In
fac
t,
t
he
proposed
te
chn
ique
poss
ess
a
lower
compu
ta
ti
on
al
complex
ity
b
y
red
u
ci
ng
16.
67%
of
the
use
of
IFF
T bloc
k
in
th
e
s
y
st
em i
n
cont
rast
with
SC
S t
ec
hniqu
e.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Data
p
e
rm
utatio
n
In
te
r
-
sym
bo
l
i
nterf
e
re
nce
Me
dian
c
odew
ord
s
hift
OFDM
PA
PR
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd
Dan
ia
l
Rozai
ni,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
(U
iTM
)
,
40450, S
ha
h A
lam
,
Sela
ngor,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: dan
ia
l88
ph
d@gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
As
the
ti
m
e
passe
d,
t
he
w
irel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
has
rap
idly
ev
olv
e
d
a
nd
face
d
m
any
chall
eng
i
ng
de
m
and
in
order
to
m
eet
the
requirem
ent
of
cu
rr
e
nt
te
ch
nolo
gy
.
O
rth
ogonal
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Divi
sion
Mult
iplexin
g
(
OFDM)
is
m
ulti
carrier
m
od
ul
at
ion
te
ch
niqu
e
and
is
co
ns
id
ered
as
f
unda
m
ental
te
chn
ol
og
y
for
the
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s.
Du
e
to
it
s
un
iq
ue
featur
es
su
c
h
as
hig
h
data
rate,
hig
h
s
pe
ct
ral
eff
ic
ie
ncy
,
l
ow
com
p
utati
onal
com
plexity
and
th
e
im
m
un
it
y
to
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
sel
ect
ive
fa
ding
,
OFDM
has
beco
m
e
an
ideal
cho
ic
e
f
or
m
od
ulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
i
n
orde
r
to
m
eet
the
requirem
ent
for
hi
gh
bit
rate
transm
issi
on
syst
e
m
fo
r
the
past
few
ye
ars
.
Be
cause
of
i
t
su
per
i
or
it
y,
OFDM
has
be
en
ad
op
te
d
in
m
any
sta
nd
a
rd
an
d
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
suc
h
as W
irel
ess
L
ocal
A
rea N
et
work
(
WL
AN)
,
Digital
Vi
deo
Broa
dcasti
ng
(
DV
B
)
,
IEEE
802.1
6
World
wide
In
t
eropera
bili
ty
fo
r
Mi
cr
owave
Access
(
WiM
AX)
an
d
L
ong
Term
Evo
luti
on
(
LTE
).
Howe
ver,
this
m
ul
ti
carrier
m
odul
at
ion
te
c
hniq
ue
al
so
ex
pe
rience
d
high
peak
to
a
ver
a
ge
power
rati
o
(
PA
PR
)
wh
ic
h
ca
n
c
om
pr
omi
se
it
s
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance
[1
-
5
]
.
This
is
cause
d
by
t
he
natu
re
of
the
m
od
ul
at
ion
i
n
OFDM,
w
her
e
m
ulti
ple
su
bcar
riers
or
sin
usoid
are
a
dd
e
d
tog
et
her
to
for
m
the
signa
l
to
be
trans
m
itted.
These
la
r
ge
pe
aks
incre
ase
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
of
ene
rg
y
s
pill
ing
to
the
ad
j
acent
c
hannel
,
sign
al
dist
or
t
ion
in
the
powe
r
am
plifie
r
an
d
er
r
or
rate
pe
r
for
m
ance
degrad
a
ti
on
due
to
the
syst
e
m
con
str
ai
nt
to
a
li
m
it
e
d
pea
k
powe
r
of
dy
na
m
ic
ran
ge
in
tr
ansm
itter
am
pl
ifie
rs
[6
,
7]
.
T
hu
s
,
ha
ving
a
la
rg
e
po
wer
am
plifie
r
a
re
re
quired
.
Howe
ver,
by
increasi
ng
the
la
rg
e
po
wer
in
a
m
plifie
r
not
only
re
du
ce
s
th
e
powe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
but
al
s
o
in
creas
e
the
am
plifie
r
cost
sign
i
fican
tl
y.
In
add
it
io
n
to
the
cost,
the
bad
e
ff
ect
s
t
hat
m
entions
earli
er
are
be
com
e
the m
ai
n
barrier to
the a
da
ptio
n of OF
DM sy
stem
in
m
ob
il
e
w
irel
ess
syst
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Media
n
c
odew
or
d s
hift
(MC
S
)
techn
iqu
e f
or
PAPR re
duct
io
n
wi
th l
ow
.
.
. (
Mo
hd Dan
i
al
Rozaini)
4883
Re
searche
rs
ha
ve
pro
posed
m
any
te
chn
ique
s
to
deal
with
these
pro
ble
m
s
[1
-
3
]
,
s
o
f
ar
two
m
ajo
r
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
been
i
den
ti
fie
d
as
bein
g
pote
ntial
ly
i
m
po
rtant:
distor
ti
on
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
di
stortio
n
-
le
ss
m
et
hod.
Cl
ipp
in
g
an
d
fi
lt
ering
are
t
he
two
te
ch
nique
that
been
cat
e
gorize
d
un
der
distor
ti
on
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
f
undam
ental
of
cl
ip
ping
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
to
li
m
it
the
peak
va
lue
of
in
put
sign
al
t
o
the
pr
e
determ
ined
val
ue
w
hile
filt
eri
ng
is
t
o
reduce
out
of
band
ra
diati
on.
Cl
ipp
i
ng
an
d
filt
erin
g
proc
ess
nee
d
t
o
be
re
peated
bec
ause
of
s
om
e
pea
k
regrowth
of
t
he
sign
al
that
m
ay
exceed
threshold
value
of
cl
ip
ping
[
1]
.
These
m
et
ho
d
is
qu
it
e
effe
ct
ive
to
i
m
pr
ove
P
AP
R
perf
or
m
ance
r
el
at
ively
bu
t
th
e
m
ajo
r
dra
wback
of
t
his
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
it
will
com
pr
om
ise
t
he
bit
error
rate
(
BE
R
)
perf
or
m
an
ce
and
will
cause
the
r
ef
orm
at
ion
of
undes
ira
ble
sp
ec
trum
to
the
adj
ace
nt
channel
[8]
.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
disto
rtio
n
-
le
ss
te
c
hniq
ue
s
uch
as
c
odin
g
[
9]
,
par
ti
al
transm
it
se
qu
e
nce
(P
TS
)
[10
,
11]
,
sel
ect
ive
m
app
in
g
(
SLM)
[12
-
14
]
an
d
sel
e
ct
ive
co
dewo
r
d
s
hift
(
SCS)
a
re
capa
ble
to
r
edu
ce
the
P
AP
R
valu
e
an
d
a
t
the
sa
m
e
tim
e
no
t
af
fecti
ng
the
BE
R
perform
ance.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
se
te
ch
niques
a
re
sti
ll
hav
i
ng
lim
it
a
tio
ns
in
te
rm
s
of
data
rate
loss,
hi
gh
e
r
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
,
la
rg
er
m
e
m
or
y
siz
e
an
d
requirem
ent
of
side i
nfor
m
at
i
on
f
or d
at
a
rec
ov
e
ry
process
at
the r
ecei
ver
[7
,
13
,
15]
.
In
t
he
li
te
ratu
r
e,
SCS
m
et
hod
propose
d
i
n
[7
,
16
,
17]
ha
ve
bette
r
P
A
PR
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
lo
w
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
com
par
ed
t
o
ot
her
m
et
ho
ds
su
c
h
as
Data
Po
sit
io
n
Pe
r
m
uta
ti
on
(
DPP)
a
nd
conve
ntion
al
S
LM.
SCS
m
anag
e
to
reduce
PA
PR
by
im
pl
e
m
enting
sh
ift
ing
proce
ss
on
cod
e
word
without
al
te
ring
the
str
uctu
re
of
t
he
or
i
gin
al
co
deword
it
sel
f.
Thi
s
op
e
ns
up
opportu
niti
es
to
furthe
r
i
m
pr
ov
e
this
m
et
ho
d
by
m
a
nipulat
ing
t
he
structu
re
of
th
e
cod
e
w
ord
be
fore
the
s
hift
in
g
pr
ocess
ta
ke
place.
By
doing
s
o,
m
or
e
op
ti
on
c
an
be
m
ade
on
how
the
bit
po
sit
ion
ca
n
be
arr
a
ng
e
i
n
ord
er
to
ge
ner
at
e
al
te
rn
at
ive
co
de
w
or
d
hav
i
ng
a
lo
we
r
PA
PR
.
The
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
of
SCS
m
e
tho
d
i
ncr
ease
s
li
nearl
y
as
the
nu
m
ber
of
sh
ifti
ng
proc
es
s
increa
ses
whic
h
co
rr
e
spo
nds
to
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
IF
F
T
blo
c
k
us
e
d
.
U
nfor
t
un
at
el
y
,
no
re
s
earc
h
has
been
co
nducte
d
to
dea
l
with
SCS
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
i
ssu
e
with
ou
t
aff
ect
in
g
it
s
PA
PR
perform
ance.
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
new
te
ch
nique
to
ge
ne
rate
scram
ble
dat
a
sequ
e
nces
ba
sed
on
SCS
sc
hem
e
called
Me
dian
Co
de
word
S
hift
(M
CS)
is
pro
pos
ed
as
a
s
olu
ti
on
t
o
the
PAP
R
prob
le
m
in
OFDM
syst
em
.
MC
S
schem
e
is
fo
c
us
in
g
on
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
al
te
rn
at
ive
c
od
e
w
ord
by
al
te
ring
the
str
uc
ture
of
the
ori
gin
al
cod
e
w
ord
befor
e
the
sh
ifti
ng
pr
ocess
is
done
betwee
n
the
se
rial
to
par
al
le
l
a
nd
dig
it
al
m
od
ulator
.
The
a
dvanta
ge
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
te
c
hn
i
que
are
the
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
of
PAPR
pe
r
form
ance
and
lowe
r
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
o
f
t
he
syst
em
as com
par
ed
t
o
SC
S tech
nique
.
2.
PAP
R
I
N OF
DM S
Y
STE
M
Figure
1
il
lust
rates
the
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
of
OFDM
syst
e
m
to
be
us
e
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
evaluati
on
.
To
init
ia
te
the
creati
on
proc
ess
of
OFDM
sign
al
,
the
dis
crete
bin
a
ry
stream
need
to
be
co
nverted
i
nto
a
n
inf
or
m
at
ion
sym
bo
l
thro
ug
h
a
serial
-
to
-
paral
le
l
con
ver
si
on
process
.
The
n,
the
inf
orm
a
ti
on
sy
m
bo
l
w
il
l
be
m
od
ulate
d
us
i
ng
64
-
Q
AM
m
od
ulator.
T
he
In
ve
rse
Fas
t
Fo
ur
ie
r
Tra
ns
f
or
m
(I
FFT
)
is
i
m
p
lem
ent
ed
on
the
m
od
ulate
d
sy
m
bo
l
to
tran
sform
i
t
into
an
OFDM
sig
na
l.
OF
DM
si
gnal
is
the
su
m
of
m
any
ind
ep
end
e
nt
sign
al
s
m
odula
te
d
ont
o
s
ub
c
ha
nn
el
s
of
e
qual
ba
ndwidt
h.
F
or
OFDM
syst
em
hav
ing
nu
m
ber
of
s
ubcar
riers,
the
in
pu
t
data
blo
c
k
of
le
ngth
can
be
r
epr
ese
nted
as
=
[
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
]
w
her
e
is
th
e
sym
bo
l
durati
on. Mat
hem
at
ic
ally, the trans
m
itti
ng
O
FD
M si
gn
al
i
n com
plex
tim
e d
om
ai
n
can
be
expresse
d
as
1
0
2
1
N
k
t
k
f
j
k
e
Y
N
t
y
,
NT
t
0
(1)
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
, P
AP
R i
s
d
e
fin
ed
as
the
rati
o betwee
n
the
pe
ak powe
r
a
nd it
s av
era
ge p
ower
a
v
g
p
e
a
k
P
P
P
A
P
R
l
o
g
10
dB
(2)
Ther
e
f
or
e,
P
A
PR
in
OFDM i
s g
i
ven b
y
2
2
m
ax
l
o
g
10
t
y
E
t
y
P
A
P
R
dB
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4882
-
4888
4884
wh
e
re
|
(
)
|
2
ind
ic
at
es
the
ave
rag
e
power.
T
he
Com
ple
m
entary
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
f
unct
ion
(CC
D
F
)
is
par
am
et
er
is
us
e
d
to
eval
uate
the
perform
a
nce
of
P
AP
R
by
est
i
m
at
ing
the
prob
a
bili
ty
of
PAPR
sy
m
bol
that
exceed
s the
th
r
esh
old
le
vel of
0
.
0
0
P
A
P
R
P
A
P
R
P
P
A
P
R
C
C
D
F
r
(4)
Figure
1.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f M
CS te
chn
i
que at t
he
tra
ns
m
i
tt
er in
OFDM s
yst
e
m
3.
PROP
OSE
D MEDI
A
N CO
DEWO
RD S
HIFT
Data
sy
m
bo
l
is
on
e
of
t
he
el
e
m
ent
that
play
s
a
sign
ific
ant
ro
le
to
determ
ine
the
P
AP
R.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
data sym
bo
l
re
pr
ese
nts a
sequ
ence
of sin
usoidal wa
ve
form
of dur
at
io
n
an
d
ca
n be inte
rpreted as:
t
D
Y
j
k
(5)
w
he
re
ind
ic
at
es
the
co
de
word
wh
il
e
(
)
is
the
M
-
ary
Q
AM
di
gital
m
od
ulati
on.
I
n
t
his
pa
per,
a
te
chn
i
que
to
gen
e
rate
a
scram
ble
data
sequ
e
nce
us
i
ng
per
m
utati
on
of
data
(circ
ulant
sh
ift
)
in
fr
eq
ue
ncy
dom
ai
n
is
pro
po
se
d.
The
work
i
ng
pri
nci
ple
of
this
te
ch
nique
is
to
m
anip
ulate
the
str
uctu
re
of
the
c
od
e
w
ord
a
nd
t
he
bi
t
po
sit
io
n
in
ord
er
to
produce
a
new
al
te
r
nativ
e
seq
uen
ce
.
T
hi
s
new
se
quenc
e
diff
e
r
f
r
om
t
he
ori
gi
nal
seq
uen
c
e
because
the
ar
r
ang
em
ent of th
e co
dewo
rd is
al
te
red
.
As
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2,
bin
a
ry
seq
uen
ce c
ode
word,
is i
nd
ic
at
ed
as
=
[
1
,
2
,
…
,
]
w
her
e
is
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
in
put
bits.
Af
te
r
passing
throu
gh
the
se
rial
to
par
al
le
l
conve
rter,
thes
e
bits
will
be
div
ide
d
into
se
ve
ral
sub
-
blo
c
k
w
hich
can
be
de
no
te
d
as
=
[
1
,
2
,
…
,
]
w
her
e
=
⁄
an
d
is
re
pr
e
senti
ng
the
nu
m
ber
of
s
ub
-
blo
c
k
an
d
the
nu
m
ber
of
bit
per
sym
bo
l
resp
ect
ively
.
The
div
i
de
d
co
dewo
rd
in
eac
h
sub
-
blo
c
k
ca
n be
w
ritt
en
in t
he fol
lowing
patte
r
n
1
=
[
1
,
…
,
]
,
2
=
[
+
1
,
…
,
2
]
and s
o on unt
il
.
Figure
2
.
MC
S
sub
-
blo
c
ks
Et
al
sh
ows
t
he
reconstr
uctio
n
of
th
e
co
de
word’s
st
ru
ct
ure
by
div
i
ding
it
into
tw
o
pa
rts,
A
an
d
B.
The
al
te
rn
at
ive
co
de
word,
ca
n
be
ge
nerat
ed
by
ci
rcu
la
r
r
ot
at
ion
(one
sh
i
ft
to
the
ri
gh
t
)
of
the
co
de
w
ord
for
pa
rt
A
w
hile
par
t
B
rem
ain
s
in
the
idle
st
at
e.
A
fter
t
he
s
hiftin
g
proces
s
in
par
t
A
is
c
om
ple
te
d,
the
pr
ocess
will
b
e rep
eat
e
d
f
or
par
t B
and this tim
e aro
und,
par
t
A
will
b
e in idle stat
e. Th
is p
r
ocess
w
as ap
plied to
ev
er
y
su
b
-
blo
c
k of t
he
codew
ord
in Fi
gure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Media
n
c
odew
or
d s
hift
(MC
S
)
techn
iqu
e f
or
PAPR re
duct
io
n
wi
th l
ow
.
.
. (
Mo
hd Dan
i
al
Rozaini)
4885
Et al
.
Str
uctu
re
of c
od
e
w
ord f
or MC
S m
et
ho
d usin
g 6
4
-
QAM
T
he
t
otal n
um
ber
of
sh
ifti
ng,
ω for b
oth pa
rt
A
a
nd
par
t B
c
an be e
xpresse
d
as:
1
2
m
,
1
2
0
m
(6)
Table
1
su
m
m
arizes
th
e
posit
ion
of
bits
a
f
te
r
the
s
hiftin
g
proces
s
is
pe
rfor
m
ed.
C
odewor
d
1
,
0
represe
nts
the
init
ia
l
po
sit
ion
of
the
c
odew
ord
bits.
C
od
e
word
1
,
1
an
d
1
,
2
r
e
pr
ese
nt
the
bits
po
sit
on
a
fter
the s
hifting p
r
oc
ess of
par
t
A wh
il
e
1
,
3
an
d
1
,
4
f
or
par
t B
.
Table
1.
Bi
t ar
r
ang
em
ent of c
od
e
w
ord for M
CS m
et
ho
d using 64
-
Q
AM
Su
b
-
b
lo
ck
Co
d
ew
o
rd b
its,
,
k
D
Po
sitio
n
of
Shi
f
ted
Bits
Co
d
ewo
rd,
0
,
1
D
1
D
,
2
D
,
3
D
,
4
D
,
5
D
,
6
D
Co
d
ewo
rd Sh
if
t 1,
1
,
1
D
3
D
,
1
D
,
2
D
,
4
D
,
5
D
,
6
D
Co
d
ewo
rd Sh
if
t 2,
2
,
1
D
2
D
,
3
D
,
1
D
,
4
D
,
5
D
,
6
D
Co
d
ewo
rd Sh
if
t 3,
3
,
1
D
1
D
,
2
D
,
3
D
,
6
D
,
4
D
,
5
D
Co
d
ewo
rd Sh
if
t 4,
4
,
1
D
1
D
,
2
D
,
3
D
,
5
D
,
6
D
,
4
D
The
s
hifted
co
dewo
rd
seq
ue
nces
ca
n
be
de
no
te
d
as
=
[
1
⊗
,
2
⊗
,
…
,
⊗
]
an
d
can
be
sim
plifie
d
as
=
[
1
,
,
2
,
,
…
,
,
]
w
her
e
1
≤
≤
.
The
refor
e
,
th
e
new
al
te
r
nat
ive
OFDM
sy
m
bo
l seq
ue
nc
es can
b
e
writ
te
n
as:
K
k
j
k
Q
t
D
Y
1
,
(7)
Hen
ce
, th
e
nu
m
ber
o
f
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
OFDM si
gn
al
i
n
the
ti
m
e dom
ai
n
are gi
ven
a
s
belo
w:
1
0
2
1
N
k
t
k
f
j
Q
k
Q
e
Y
N
t
y
(8)
Finall
y,
the
O
FD
M
sig
nal
with
lo
west
P
AP
R
val
ue
w
il
l
be
sel
ect
ed
to
be
tra
ns
m
it
te
d.
MC
S
te
chn
iq
ue
re
qu
ires
side
in
for
m
at
ion
to
be
transm
it
te
d
al
on
g
wit
h
the
se
le
ct
ed
sign
al
for
t
he
pur
po
s
e
o
f
data rec
overy a
t t
he
recei
ver side.
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
i
m
ulati
on
wa
s
carrie
d
ou
t
i
n
order
t
o
e
va
luate
an
d
ver
if
y
the
ef
ficacy
of
MC
S
.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
obta
ine
d
in
this
re
sea
rch
a
re
base
d
on
t
he
3rd
Ge
ner
at
io
n
Pa
rtn
ersh
i
p
Pro
j
ect
Lo
ng
Te
rm
Evo
luti
on
(3GPP
-
LT
E)
s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
[
18
]
.
The
sim
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers
ar
e
su
m
m
arized
i
n
Table
2.
T
o
plo
t
t
he
CC
D
F,
10
4
rand
om
O
FDM
sy
m
bo
ls are
taken i
nto acc
ount.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4882
-
4888
4886
Table
2
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
par
am
et
e
rs
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Ban
d
wid
th
1
.25
M
Hz
Sa
m
p
lin
g
f
requ
en
cy
1
.92
M
Hz
Sa
m
p
lin
g
ti
m
e
5
.20
8
×
10
-
7
seco
n
d
IFFT
si
ze
128
Used
su
b
carr
ier
76
Mod
u
latio
n
64
-
QAM
Gu
ard in
terval
1
/4
Ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
AW
G
N
The
P
AP
R
pe
r
form
ance
of
c
onve
ntion
al
O
FD
M
(d
e
note
d
by
or
igi
nal),
SCS
an
d
MC
S
are
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
4.
It
is
app
a
re
nt
that
MC
S
m
anag
ed
to
s
urpas
s
the
ori
gin
al
sig
na
l
and
SCS
.
It
is
obse
rv
e
d
t
ha
t
MC
S
has
im
pr
oved
the
P
AP
R
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
up
to
24%
a
t
7.
9
dB
fo
ll
owed
by
the
S
CS
w
hich
is
19.2%
i
m
pr
ovem
ent a
t 8.4
dB
.
(eq.8
)
play
s
a
sign
ific
a
nt
r
ole
in
MC
S
si
nce
this
m
et
ho
d
deals
with
al
te
rn
at
ive
c
odewor
d
to
reduce
the
P
AP
R
val
ue.
I
n
orde
r
to
ge
ner
at
e
al
te
r
native
co
dewo
rd,
MC
S
need
s
to
exec
ute
tw
o
m
ajo
r
processes
,
the
reconstr
uctio
n
of
t
he
c
odew
ord
str
uctu
re
a
nd
ci
rcu
l
arly
s
hif
t
process.
By
a
lt
ering
t
he
str
uc
ture
of
the
co
de
word,
MC
S
m
anag
ed
to
re
duce
the
c
od
e
w
ord
distance
by
ha
lf
(
=
1
,
=
2
)
in
c
om
par
ison
t
o
the
SCS
wh
ic
h
is
at
a
distanc
e
of
(
=
5
)
.
This
is
i
n
li
ne
with
the
wor
k
in
[19]
,
that
is
reducin
g
the
distance
of the c
odew
ord
ca
n
im
pr
ove
the p
e
rfo
rm
ance of PAPR.
The
pur
po
se
of
the
sh
ifti
ng
proces
s
in
MC
S
is
to
gen
erate
al
te
rn
at
ive
co
de
wor
d
so
that
the
OFDM
syst
e
m
can
ch
oo
s
e
the
OFD
M
sy
m
bo
l
wit
h
the
lo
west
powe
r
t
o
be
tra
ns
m
itted.
I
n
th
e
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
OFDM
syst
e
m
,
the
sy
stem
do
no
t
ha
ve
the
pri
vileg
e
to
choose
as
it
on
ly
gen
erat
es
on
e
ou
t
pu
t.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
by
us
i
ng
MC
S,
the
syst
e
m
can
pro
duc
e
m
ult
iple
ou
t
pu
t
w
hich
ca
n
increases
the
pro
ba
bili
ti
es
of
the
syst
em
to
ob
ta
in
m
ini
m
u
m
PA
PR with
24% im
pro
vem
ent.
Figure
5
s
how
s
that
P
AP
R
va
lue
of
SCS
with
5
s
hiftin
g
process
an
d
ha
ving
6
I
FFT
blo
c
k
is
m
uch
higher
i
n
com
par
is
on
t
o
the
MC
S
with
4
s
hiftin
g
pr
ocess
and
ha
ving
5
IF
FT
blo
c
k.
T
her
e
was
a
0.6
dB
ga
p
wh
e
n
both
(S
C
S
an
d
MC
S)
w
ere
usi
ng
the
s
a
m
e
nu
m
ber
of
IF
FT
bl
ock
(
I
FFT
bl
oc
k
=
5)
.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
this
stud
y
i
nd
ic
at
ed
that
MC
S
has
r
ed
uce
d
the
us
e
of
I
FFT
bl
oc
ks
by
16.67%.
These
res
ults
r
eflect
those
fi
ndin
g
in
[20
,
21]
who
al
so
f
ound
th
at
red
ucti
on
in
the
nu
m
ber
I
F
FT
blo
c
ks
will
le
ad
to
re
du
ct
i
on
i
n
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
.
Figure
4
.
Com
par
is
on of
PA
P
R reducti
on
perform
ance
Figure
5
.
P
APR
p
er
f
or
m
ance co
m
par
iso
n for
diff
e
re
nt num
ber
of
IF
F
T
blo
c
ks
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per
,
a
ne
w
a
nd
e
ffi
ci
ent
PAPR
r
edu
ct
io
n
m
et
h
od
cal
le
d
MC
S
is
pro
po
se
d
to
s
olv
e
t
he
PA
PR
pro
ble
m
in
OFDM
s
yst
e
m
.
The
re
s
ults
ha
ve
pro
ve
n
that
MC
S
c
an
ac
hieve
d
t
he
obj
e
ct
ive
with
24%
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
i
n
m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
PAPR
as
com
par
ed
to
the
ori
gin
al
OF
DM
syst
em
.
In
add
it
io
n,
MC
S
m
anag
ed
to
be
at
SCS
in
te
rm
of
PAPR
re
duct
ion
pe
r
form
a
nce
with
4.8%
i
m
pr
ovem
ent.
Furtherm
or
e,
MC
S
can
al
so
re
du
c
e
the
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
p
le
xi
ty
by
reducin
g
the
us
a
ge
of
I
FFT
blo
c
k
in
t
he
syst
em
.
Fu
r
ther
researc
h
ne
eds
to
be
car
ry
out
to
eval
uate
the
PAPR
perf
or
m
ance
of
M
CS
schem
e
in
diff
e
re
nt
m
od
ul
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ues
for
oth
e
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Media
n
c
odew
or
d s
hift
(MC
S
)
techn
iqu
e f
or
PAPR re
duct
io
n
wi
th l
ow
.
.
. (
Mo
hd Dan
i
al
Rozaini)
4887
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
a
re
gr
at
e
f
ul
to
the
Facu
lt
y
of
Ele
ct
ric
al
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Te
knologi
Ma
ra
(U
iTM
)
f
or
pro
vid
in
g
t
he
i
ns
ig
ht a
nd exp
erti
se that
gr
ea
tl
y assi
st t
his rese
arch.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
H.
Han
and
J.
H.
Lee,
“
An
Overvi
ew
of
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-
to
-
Avera
ge
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io
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ct
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ec
hn
iques
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ca
rri
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r
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nsm
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u,
“
An
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-
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-
Avera
ge
Pow
er
Rat
io
R
educ
t
ion
Te
chn
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DM
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”
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v
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B
era,
“
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
on
fo
r
Im
prove
d
Eff
i
c
ie
nc
y
of
OF
DM
Modulat
ion
fo
r
Next
Gene
r
at
ion
Com
m
unic
at
ion
S
y
stems
,
”
Inter
nati
onal
Journ
al
of
Elec
tri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring
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IJE
CE)
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201
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[5]
H.
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Saadi
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
P
APR
Reduc
ti
on
fo
r
OF
D
M
Signal
s
Based
on
Se
lf
-
Adapti
v
e
Multi
popul
at
ion
D
E
al
gorit
hm
,
”
In
te
r
nati
onal Journal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
an
d
Computer
Eng
ine
ering
(
IJE
CE
)
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[6]
M.
Sabbagh
ia
n
,
et
al.
,
“
Nea
r
Sha
nnon
Li
m
it
and
Low
Peak
To
Avera
ge
Pow
er
R
at
io
Turbo
B
lock
Coded
OF
DM,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Comm
unications
,
vo
l. 59, p
p.
2042
-
2045
,
2
011.
[7]
E.
Abdulla
h
,
et
al
.
,
“
Minim
iz
i
ng
High
P
AP
R
in
OFDM
Sy
s
te
m
Us
ing
Circ
ula
nt
Shift
Codeword,
”
Jurn
al
Teknol
ogi
,
vol
.
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8,
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135
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140
,
2016.
[8]
C.
Nie
and
Y.
Bai
,
“
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
on
wi
th
A
m
pli
tude
Cl
ipping
and
Subband
Filt
er
in
Fil
te
r
e
d
-
OF
DM
Sy
st
e
m
,
”
Fi
rs
t
Int
ernati
on
al
Conf
ere
nce o
n
5G f
or
Fut
ure
Wirel
ess Networ
ks,
5GWN 2017
,
pp.
220
-
227
,
20
17.
[9]
J.
A.
Dav
is
and
J.
Jedwab,
“
Peak
-
to
-
Mea
n
Pow
e
r
Control
in
OF
DM
,
Gola
y
Co
m
ple
m
ent
ar
y
Se
quenc
es,
and
Re
ed
-
Mulle
r codes,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Informatio
n
Theory
,
vol. 4
5,
pp
.
2397
-
241
7,
1999
.
[10]
S.
H.
Mulle
r
an
d
J.
B.
Huber
,
“
OF
DM
with
Reduc
ed
Peak
-
to
-
Avera
ge
P
ower
Rat
io
b
y
Opt
imum
Com
bina
ti
on
of
Parti
al T
r
ansm
it
Sequenc
es,
”
El
e
ct
ronics
Le
tt
ers
,
vol.
33
,
pp
.
368
-
369,
1997
.
[11]
K.
C.
Chung,
et
al
.
,
“
Low
Com
pl
exi
t
y
PTS
Algorit
hm
s
with
Err
or
Corre
ct
ion
Cap
abi
lit
y
in
OF
DM
Sy
st
ems
,
”
2015
Sev
en
th
Int
ernat
ional
Conf
ere
nc
e
on
Ubiqu
it
ous
and
Fut
ure
Net
w
orks
,
pp.
254
-
25
6,
2015
.
[12]
R.
W
.
Bauml,
et
al.
,
“
Reduc
i
ng
the
Peak
-
to
-
Avera
ge
Pow
er
Rat
io
of
Multi
ca
rr
ie
r
Modula
ti
on
b
y
Sel
ecte
d
Mapping,
”
E
le
c
t
ronics
Letters
,
v
ol.
32
,
pp
.
2056
-
2057,
1996
.
[13]
S.
Y.
Zha
ng
and
B.
Shahrra
va,
“
A
Sele
ct
ed
Map
ping
Te
chni
qu
e
Us
ing
Inte
rle
av
e
rs
for
P
AP
R
Reduc
ti
on
in
OF
DM
S
y
stems
,
”
W
ireless
Pe
rs
onal
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons
,
v
ol.
99
,
pp
.
329
-
3
38,
2018
.
[14]
P.
Manha
s
and
M.
K.
Soni,
“
OFDM
P
AP
R
Red
uct
ion
Us
ing
Re
cur
ring
SLM
with
C
y
c
lic
and
Linea
r
Bloc
k
Cod
es
Schemes,”
TEL
KO
MNIKA
Indo
nesian
Journal
o
f
E
le
c
tric
al
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
vol
.
16
,
pp.
1
-
6,
2015.
[15]
P.
Boonsrim
uang,
et
al.
,
“
Propos
al
of
New
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
on
Method
for
OF
DM
Signal
b
y
Us
ing
Perm
uta
ti
on
Sequenc
es,
”
Ad
v
ance
d
Comm
unic
ati
on
Techno
lo
gy
(
ICACT
)
,
2012
14th
Inte
rnati
onal
Confe
renc
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
pp.
342
-
345,
2012
.
[16]
E.
Abdulla
h
,
et
al
.
,
“
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
on
Us
ing
SC
S
-
SLM
Te
chni
q
ue
in
STF
BC
M
IMO
-
OFDM,”
AR
PN
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
Applied
S
cienc
e
s
,
vol. 12
,
pp.
32
18
-
3221,
2017
.
[17]
E.
Abdul
la
h
,
et
al.
,
“
Modifie
d
Sele
c
ti
ve
Mappi
ng
Scheme
wi
t
h
Low
Com
plexit
y
for
Minim
i
zi
ng
High
Peak
-
Avera
ge
Pow
er
Rat
io
in
Orthog
onal
Freque
nc
y
Division
Multi
pl
exi
ng
S
y
stem,
”
AIP
Confe
ren
ce
Proce
ed
ings
,
vol
.
1774,
2016
.
[18]
T.
D
.
Chiu
eh
an
d
P.
Y.
Tsai,
“
O
FD
M
Baseba
nd
Rec
e
ive
r
D
esign
for
W
ireless
Co
m
m
unic
at
ions,
”
Singapore
,
Joh
n
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
(
As
ia
)
Pte Lt
d
,
2
007.
[19]
K.
G.
Pate
rson
and
V.
Ta
rokh
,
“
On
the
Exi
sten
ce
and
Constru
c
ti
on
of
Good
Codes
with
Low
Peak
-
to
-
Avera
g
e
Pow
er
Rat
ios,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Informatio
n
Theory
,
vol. 4
6,
pp
.
1974
-
198
7,
2000
.
[20]
S
.
J
.
Heo,
et
al
.
,
“
A
Modifie
d
SLM
Scheme
with
Low
Com
ple
xity
for
PA
PR
Red
uct
ion
of
OF
DM
S
y
stems
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Broadcasting
,
v
ol.
53
,
pp
.
804
-
8
08,
2007
.
[21]
D
.
W
.
Li
m
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
New
SLM
OFDM
Scheme
with
Low
Com
ple
xity
for
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
o
n,
”
IEEE
Signa
l
Proce
ss
ing
Let
ter
s
,
vol. 12, pp. 9
3
-
96,
2005
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohd
Dan
ial
Ro
z
aini
was
b
orn
in
Kuala
Lumpur,
Malays
ia
.
He
r
ec
e
ived
a
Bac
h
el
or
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(Ho
ns)
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(Co
m
m
unic
at
ion)
fr
om
Univer
siti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA
(UiTM),
Malays
ia
in
2014.
He
rec
e
ive
d
a
Master
of
Science
in
Telec
o
m
m
unic
at
ion
a
nd
Inform
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing
from
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
MA
RA
(UiTM)
in
2016
.
He
is
cur
r
en
t
l
y
working
towar
d
s
his
PhD
at
the
Facul
t
y
of
E
lec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti
Teknologi
MA
RA
(UiTM).
His
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
m
ai
nl
y
fo
cus
on
wire
le
ss
communic
a
ti
ons,
OF
DM
sy
stems
and
power
co
nsum
pti
on
red
u
ct
ion
in
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
a
ti
ons de
v
ice
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4882
-
4888
4888
A
z
li
na
Id
ri
s
is
a
Senior
L
ec
tur
er
at
th
e
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knolog
i
MA
RA
(UiTM),
Sel
angor
,
Ma
lay
sia
.
She
obta
in
ed
h
e
r
PhD
in
wire
l
e
ss
comm
unic
at
i
on
from
Univer
sit
y
Malay
a
(U
M),
Malay
si
a.
She
has
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
Master
of
Enginee
ring
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
from
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
Mala
y
s
ia
(UTM
).
Previousl
y
,
she
obta
in
ed
her
fir
st
degr
e
e
from
Le
eds
Me
tropol
i
ta
n
Univ
ersity
,
Unite
d
Kingdo
m
with
Honours
,
in
Applie
d
Comput
er.
She
is
a
m
ember
of
W
ire
le
ss
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Technol
o
g
y
(W
iCOT)
Resea
rch
Inte
rest
Gr
oup
(RIG)
and
her
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rest
s
include
OF
D
M/OF
D
M
A
tra
nsm
ission,
si
ngle
and
m
ult
iu
ser
pre
cod
ing,
m
odula
ti
on,
MIM
O
tra
nsm
issio
n
technique
s
an
d
rec
e
ive
rs,
cha
n
nel
codi
ng,
interfe
ren
ce
m
anagem
ent
and
m
it
iga
t
ion,
and
c
hanne
l
m
odel
in
g
(ch
annel estimat
ion).
Darma
w
at
y
Mo
hd
Ali
is
a
Seni
or
Le
ct
ur
er
at
th
e
Univer
siti
T
ek
nologi
MA
RA
(
UiTM),
Sela
ngo
r,
Malay
s
ia.
She
obta
in
ed
her
P
hD
in
2012
from
Univer
siti
Malay
a
(UM
),
Malay
si
a.
She
h
a
s
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
Master
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
in
2002
fro
m
Univer
siti
Teknologi
Malay
si
a
(UTM)
.
Previou
sl
y
,
she
ob
ta
in
e
d
her
first
degr
e
e
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsa
an
Malay
s
ia
(UK
M)
with
Honours
,
in
El
ectrical
,
Elec
tron
ic
and
S
y
stem,
gra
duat
i
n
g
in
1999.
She
is
a
m
ember
o
f
W
ire
le
ss
Comm
unic
a
ti
on
Techn
olog
y
(W
iCOT)
Resea
rch
Inte
r
e
st
Group
(RIG)
and
her
rese
ar
ch
int
er
ests
include
W
ire
le
ss
Acc
ess T
e
chnol
og
y
and
Qualit
y
of
Servi
ce
in
W
ireless B
roa
dband.
E
z
min
Abdu
ll
ah
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
working
as
a
s
enior
le
c
ture
r
in
C
ent
re
fo
r
Com
pute
r
Eng
ineeri
n
g
Studie
s,
Facul
t
y
of
El
ec
trica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
nive
rsiti
T
eknologi
MA
RA
(Ui
TM),
Sela
ngor
,
Malay
s
ia.
She
was
gra
duat
ed
f
rom
Hirosaki
U
nive
rsit
y
,
Jap
an
in
2006
for
her
bac
he
lor
degr
e
e,
m
aj
or
in
E
lectr
onic
s
and
In
for
m
at
ion
S
y
st
ems
Engi
ne
eri
ng
.
S
he
re
ce
iv
ed
h
er
m
aste
rs
and
PhD
degr
ee
from
Univer
siti
Te
kno
log
i
MA
RA
in
201
3
and
2017
r
esp
ec
t
ive
l
y
.
Her
res
ea
rch
intere
sts a
r
e
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
a
ti
ons,
OF
DM
sy
st
ems
,
power
consum
pti
on
red
uc
tion
in
wir
el
es
s
comm
unic
at
ions
device
s,
FP
GA
appl
i
ca
t
ions a
nd
ene
rg
y
m
an
agem
ent
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.