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tim
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
g
a
in
m
o
d
el
i
n
[
1
0
]
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
g
n
o
r
m
al
j
o
in
t
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
en
s
it
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
Au
t
h
o
r
s
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
r
ai
n
atten
u
atio
n
a
s
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
ti
m
e
i
s
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
lo
g
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
,
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
g
ain
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
b
et
w
ee
n
1
2
to
5
0
GHz
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
ata
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
[
1
1
]
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
o
th
er
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
ti
m
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
atte
n
u
at
io
n
C
o
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
C
u
m
u
lati
v
e
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Fu
n
ctio
n
(
C
C
D
F).
T
h
e
C
C
DF
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
ele
v
atio
n
an
g
le
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
cli
m
ato
lo
g
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
n
e
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
r
ai
n
atten
u
atio
n
C
C
DF
b
ased
o
n
Ma
s
en
g
-
B
ak
k
en
s
to
c
h
asti
c
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
a
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
atellite
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
at
1
2
GHz
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia;
th
is
m
o
d
el
lead
s
to
f
in
d
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
g
ai
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
m
p
ir
ical
f
o
r
m
u
la
i
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
i
n
g
b
ea
co
n
d
ata
o
b
t
ain
ed
v
ia
SUP
E
R
B
I
R
D
-
C
s
atellite
at
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Scien
ce
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
Sai
n
s
Ma
la
y
s
ia)
,
USM
i
n
P
en
a
n
g
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
at
1
2
.
2
5
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
2.
T
I
M
E
DIVE
RSI
T
Y
CO
NC
E
P
T
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
v
iab
le,
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
o
r
tar
g
et
ar
ea
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
v
ailab
le
to
al
lo
w
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
eter
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
a
tten
u
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
.
Su
c
h
wea
th
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
co
llected
b
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
to
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
p
a
r
ties
th
at
i
n
cl
u
d
e
g
at
e
w
a
y
an
d
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
s
tatio
n
s
.
Sev
er
r
ai
n
atte
n
u
at
i
o
n
,
d
etec
ted
in
tar
g
et
ar
ea
s
,
w
il
l
tr
ig
g
er
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
i
n
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
g
ate
w
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
1
m
in
u
te
to
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
1
h
o
u
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
r
etr
an
s
m
i
tted
.
T
im
e
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
w
ill
p
u
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
b
u
r
d
en
s
o
n
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
w
h
er
e
in
s
o
m
e
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
s
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
Me
m
o
r
y
i
s
also
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ata
p
r
io
r
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
it.
T
h
e
f
in
a
l
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
is
th
en
as
s
e
m
b
led
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
w
o
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ets
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
g
t
h
e
clea
r
est
s
e
g
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
.
I
t
is
a
clea
r
,
t
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
n
ee
d
n
o
t
u
n
til
t
h
e
r
ain
f
ad
es
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
g
et
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
r
a
in
atte
n
u
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
to
th
e
ti
m
e
d
elay
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
ti
m
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
as
f
o
llo
w
s
[
1
1
]
:
]
)
(
,
)
(
[
)
(
th
th
A
t
A
A
t
A
P
A
P
(
1
)
A
(
t)
r
ef
er
s
to
r
ain
atte
n
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atio
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w
it
h
o
u
t
ti
m
e
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ela
y
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ile
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s
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ef
i
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i
v
er
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elay
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d
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(
δt)r
e
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er
s
to
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ain
atte
n
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at
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s
h
i
f
ted
o
f
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l
s
o
,
A
t
h
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as a
n
atte
n
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atio
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
l
d
o
n
th
e
u
s
ed
li
n
k
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
r
e
-
w
r
it
ten
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
)]
)
(
,
)
(
[
m
i
n
(
)
(
th
th
A
t
A
A
t
A
P
A
P
(
2
)
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
e
x
ce
ed
ed
f
o
r
m
in
i
m
a
l
r
ain
atte
n
u
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
s
atelli
te
to
ea
r
th
w
ill
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
al
r
ai
n
atte
n
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atio
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as
a
r
es
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lt
o
f
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s
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g
ti
m
e
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s
it
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
is
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
.
)]
(
),
(
m
i
n
[
t
A
t
A
A
TD
(
3
)
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
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al
ti
m
e
s
er
ies
o
f
atten
u
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
s
er
ies
d
ela
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b
y
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i
v
en
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i
m
e
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n
t
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al
in
o
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et
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w
e
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t
atte
n
u
atio
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v
al
u
e
as
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
in
E
q
u
atio
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(
2
)
.
An
ill
u
s
tr
ati
v
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ex
a
m
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ti
m
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ela
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
An
ev
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
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s
ig
n
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o
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h
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tellite
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m
a
x
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m
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m
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tten
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atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
w
ith
o
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t t
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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o
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t
2
8
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2
4
d
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b
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t
af
ter
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l
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1
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3
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i
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2
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3
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d
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Fig
u
r
e
1
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An
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a
m
p
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w
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illu
s
tr
ates t
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at
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3.
DATA CO
L
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
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is
lo
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ted
at
U
n
i
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n
ce
Ma
la
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la
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ia)
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4
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3
9
°
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1
0
0
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9
8
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at
a
h
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o
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5
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o
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l.
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e
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ig
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th
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SUP
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T
I
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DIVE
RSI
T
Y
E
S
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I
M
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O
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h
e
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m
en
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m
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tiv
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y
.
5.
T
I
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DIVE
RSI
T
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G
A
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ANALY
SI
S
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to
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T
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n
GT
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is
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A
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tten
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A
cc
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in
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to
Eq
u
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4
)
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g
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r
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4
a
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d
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n
in
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n
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f
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Fo
r
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at
0
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tim
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ta
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s
2
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3
,
3
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6
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8
5
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f
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r
tim
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f
1
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,
5
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5
,
2
0
,
3
0
an
d
6
0
m
i
n
r
esp
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tiv
el
y
.
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t
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cr
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m
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ta
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ain
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T
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u
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4
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ti
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
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E
lec
&
C
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p
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g
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Vo
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8
,
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u
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