Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4781
~
4789
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4781
-
47
89
4781
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Coordin
ated C
on
tro
l
of I
nterc
onnected Mi
crogrid
and Ene
rgy
Stora
ge S
yste
m
Md. As
aduz
-
Z
ama
n
1
,
Md.
Ha
bib
ur
Rah
a
m
an
2
,
Md.
Se
li
m
Rez
a
3
,
Md.
Maf
iz
ul I
s
lam
4
1
Depa
rtment of
TMDM
,
Bangl
a
desh
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
x
ti
l
es,
B
an
gla
desh
2
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electrical a
nd
C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Ra
jshahi
Univer
sit
y
of
En
gine
er
ing
&
T
echnolog
y
,
B
angl
a
desh
3
Depa
rtment
of EEE,
B
angl
ad
esh
Arm
y
Univ
ersi
t
y
of Engin
ee
rin
g
& Te
chnol
og
y
,
Banglade
sh
4
Depa
rtment of
TMDM
,
Bangl
a
desh
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
x
ti
l
es,
B
an
gla
desh
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
2
9
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
8
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
1
5
, 201
8
Sever
al
m
ic
rogr
ids
ca
n
be
int
e
rco
nnecte
d
together
to
enh
ance
the
g
rid
rel
i
abi
l
ity
and
r
educ
e
the
cost
of
suppl
y
ing
po
wer
to
an
isla
nd
area
wher
e
conve
nt
iona
l
po
wer
grid
c
annot
be
connect
ed.
Source
and
lo
ad
demand
do
not
prope
rl
y
b
alanc
e
a
lwa
y
s
.
Be
sides
tha
t,
som
et
imes
power
and
fre
quen
c
y
fluc
tu
at
ion
has
occ
urre
d
in
MG
at
isla
nd
m
ode.
Nee
d
to
design
a
spec
ial
cont
rol
for
m
ai
n
ta
ini
ng
the
state
of
cha
rge
(SoC)
of
ene
rg
y
stor
age
s
y
st
em.
Thi
s
paper
prop
oses
a
new
po
wer
suppl
y
s
y
st
em
for
an
isl
an
d
area
th
at
int
er
conne
c
ts
two
m
ic
rogrids
with
a
single
ene
rg
y
storag
e
s
y
st
em
(ESS).
An
al
gorit
hm
has
bee
n
proposed
t
hat
cont
ro
l
the
m
ic
rogrids
ene
rg
y
storag
e
s
y
stem
for
spin
ning
rese
rv
e
an
d
loa
d
power
/fr
eque
nc
y
reg
ul
at
i
on
purpose.
The
m
ini
m
um
loa
ding
constrai
nts
of
die
s
el
e
ngine
g
ene
ra
tor
(DEG)
is
conside
red
and
t
he
SO
C
of the E
SS
is pr
oper
l
y
m
ai
nt
ai
ned
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
A
sta
te
of
c
ha
r
ge
E
nergy st
or
a
ge
syst
e
m
In
te
rc
onnecte
d m
ic
ro
gri
d
L
oa
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y con
t
ro
l
S
pinnin
g rese
r
ve
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Md. Habi
bur
R
aham
an
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Ra
j
sh
a
hi
Un
i
ve
rsity
o
f
Engin
eerin
g
&
Tec
hnol
og
y,
Ba
ng
la
desh
.
Em
a
il
: hab
ibiee
e@ya
hoo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
m
ic
ro
gr
id
is
con
sidere
d
as
the
s
m
art
electrica
l
po
we
r
m
anag
em
ent
s
yst
e
m
fo
r
the
i
so
la
te
d
area
s
that
can
no
t
ac
cess
to
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
po
wer
gr
i
d.
T
he
op
e
rati
on
an
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gies
m
ay
be
diff
ere
nt
accor
ding t
o
c
onnecti
on c
onf
igurat
ion
s
of t
he
m
ic
ro
gr
id
.
An
MG
ca
n
on
ly
su
pply
a
m
a
xim
u
m
load
capaci
ty
of
10
M
VA
[
1].
H
owe
ver,
se
ver
al
m
i
crogr
i
ds
ca
n
be
inte
rcon
nected to f
or
m
large
r
po
wer
pool t
o
m
eet
g
reater
powe
r
dem
ands. I
t al
s
o has m
or
e
re
dundanc
y an
d
ens
ur
es
bette
r
su
pply
reli
abili
ty
[1
]
.
In
te
rc
onn
ect
ed
m
ic
ro
gri
ds
are
ge
ner
al
ly
called
m
ulti
-
m
ic
ro
gr
id
(M
MG);
it
is
a
relat
ively
new
co
nce
pt.
In
te
rc
onnecte
d
m
ic
ro
gr
id
s
can
achie
ve
gre
at
er
sta
bili
ty
a
nd
c
ontrolla
bili
ty
with
a
distrib
uted
c
on
t
ro
l
str
uctu
r
e.
The
possi
bili
ty
of
ha
ving
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
c
ontr
ollable
MGs,
DG
uni
ts
an
d
MV
loads
unde
r
dem
and
sid
e
m
anag
em
ent
(D
SM
)
co
ntr
ol
req
ui
res
the
us
e
of
a
hiera
r
chical
con
t
ro
l
schem
e
that ena
bles a
n effici
ent
contr
ol and m
anag
e
m
ent o
f
this
ki
nd of syste
m
[
2].
Since
ene
rg
y
s
tora
ge
syst
e
m
(ESS)
is
an
integral
p
a
rt
of
MGs
an
d
it
ca
n
pro
vid
e
fast
act
ive
power
com
pen
sat
ion,
it
also can
be u
sed
to
im
pr
ov
e
the per
form
ance o
f
loa
d
f
re
quency c
ontr
oller (
L
FC)
[3
]
-
[
4]
. Th
e
m
ini
m
u
m
loading
c
onstrai
nts
of
diesel
en
gin
e
ge
ne
rator
a
r
e
consi
der
e
d
a
nd
t
he
sta
te
of
charge
(
SO
C
)
of
t
he
ESS
is
pro
per
l
y
m
ai
ntained.
O
bject
ives
al
so
incl
ud
e
opti
m
u
m
uti
li
zat
io
n
of
t
otal
wind
,
so
la
r
P
V
e
nergy,
a
nd
ESS
c
ontrib
ution t
o
t
he
inte
rc
onnected
m
ic
r
ogrid
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
478
1
-
4789
4782
2.
VOLTA
GE
A
ND FRE
QUE
NCY CO
NTR
OL OF
M
G
The
m
ai
n
pur
pose
of
M
G
is
t
o
re
duce
lo
ss,
e
m
issi
on
s
an
d
cost
of
e
nergy.
Ba
la
ncin
g
bet
ween
sou
rce
and
l
oad
is
a
gr
eat
c
halle
nge
in
isolat
ed
MG
syst
e
m
.
These
ca
n
be
ov
e
rc
om
ed
by
us
in
g
dece
ntr
al
iz
ed,
centrali
zed,
hi
erarc
hical
or
distrib
uted
c
ontr
ol
[5
]
.
It
is
al
so
gr
eat
c
ha
ll
eng
e
to
re
duce
com
m
utatio
n
li
nk
fa
il
ur
e,
to
re
duce
li
ne
f
requ
ency
a
nd
volt
age
fluctuati
on,
to
c
ontrol
the
pri
m
ary
and
central
c
on
t
ro
l
le
rs
of
MGs
fi
gh
ti
ng
to
each
ot
her
and
the
c
oor
di
nation
of
ene
rg
y
st
or
a
ges
(
i.e.
batte
ries
)
et
c
[6
]
.
In
the
gr
i
d
connecte
d
m
od
e,
sim
il
ar
to
a
conve
ntion
al
ut
il
i
ty
syst
e
m
,
e
ach
DG
unit
can
be
co
ntr
olled
to
pr
oduce
rea
l
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
(PQ
-
bus)
or
gen
e
rate
real
power
a
nd
m
ai
ntain
it
s
t
erm
inal
vo
lt
age
(P
V
-
bus
)
as
li
ke
as
conve
ntion
al
i
nterc
onnected
gr
i
d
syst
em
.
T
he
f
reque
ncy
and
real/
reacti
ve
powe
r
in
a
powe
r
gr
id
sho
uld
be
unde
r
c
on
tr
olle
d
a
nd m
ai
ntain a sm
oo
th
bala
nce
betwee
n p
ow
e
r ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd loa
ds
.
The
co
ntr
ol
m
akes
an
i
nterf
a
ce
betwee
n
po
wer
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
volt
ag
e
so
urce
co
ntr
ol
(VSC)
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
1
[
7]
in
w
hich
sig
nal
pr
ocessin
g
blo
c
k
an
d
ph
a
se
lo
cked
lo
op
(
PL
L)
has
bee
n
use
d
a
necessa
ry p
a
rt
of this syst
em
.
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
q
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
+
G
a
t
e
P
u
l
s
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
V
S
C
)
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
&
P
L
L
n
G
()
d
i
re
f
n
G
()
q
i
r
e
f
n
S
()
vt
s
R
s
L
()
n
G
v
t
()
n
G
i
t
()
n
G
i
t
()
n
G
v
t
n
B
u
s
Fig
ure
1
.
Co
ntr
ol pr
ocedur
e
of
n
th
EI
-
D
G un
it
3.
THE
ENER
G
Y
STO
R
AGE
CONTR
OL I
N
ISL
A
ND M
ODE
Fo
r
m
itigati
ng
powe
r
fluctuat
ion
EES
is
us
e
d
in
MG.
So
m
et
i
m
es
ov
erch
a
rg
e
an
d
ove
r
di
scharge
in
EESs
m
ay
occu
r
due
t
o
us
e
of
finite
num
ber
of
batte
ry
ba
nks.
T
hus,
to
m
a
intai
n
a
S
oC
in
EE
S,
a
s
uitable
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
is
necessary.
Trad
it
io
nally
auto
no
m
ou
s
S
oC
con
tr
ol
has
been
us
e
d
but
now
diff
e
ren
t
t
ypes
of
adv
a
nce
c
ontr
ol
le
r
are
us
e
d
to
m
a
intai
n
So
C
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
2
[8
]
,
t
his
will
re
du
ce
f
r
equ
e
ncy
a
nd
powe
r
fluctuati
ons
of
a m
ic
ro
gri
d.
D
G
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
E
S
S
P
D
G
_
m
f
_
c
o
m
p
P
D
G
P
D
G
_
r
e
f
_
s
n
c
S
O
C
D
a
t
a
o
f
E
S
S
P
E
S
S
P
E
S
S
_
r
e
f
+
+
+
+
-
-
Fig
ure
2
.
EESs
So
C
co
ntr
ol pr
ocedu
r
e
The
MG
has
s
om
e
tradit
ion
al
con
t
ro
l
procedure
but
in
pres
ent
day’s
t
wo
t
ypes
of
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
has
been
us
ed
li
ke
m
ic
ro
gr
id
m
a
nag
em
ent
syste
m
(MM
S)
and
local
con
t
ro
l
le
r
(LC).
A
n
LC
syst
e
m
is
a
local
con
t
ro
ll
er
that
is
work
e
d
at
e
ach
MG
s
ourc
e
and
c
ontrols
the
outp
ut
po
wer
of
M
G
ba
sed
on
the
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
sat
ed
by
MM
S.
O
n
t
he
oth
er
h
an
d,
the
MM
S
is
a
r
ob
us
t
an
d
s
uitable
c
on
t
ro
ll
er which
de
al
s
with
m
anage
m
ent
functi
ons s
uc
h as fa
ult disc
onnecti
on and
re
-
synch
ronizat
io
n of t
he
m
ic
ro
gri
d
a
nd the
loa
d
s
he
d
di
ng proc
ess.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Coo
r
dinated
C
on
tr
ol
of Interc
onnected
Micr
og
ri
d a
nd En
e
r
gy Stor
age
Sys
te
m
(
Md. As
aduz
Z
ama
n)
4783
4.
OPTIM
U
M
S
IZ
ING
OF
E
ES
Mi
cro
gri
ds
is
a
low
vo
lt
age
distrib
ution
ne
twork
i
n
w
hich
desi
gn
an
EES
is
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
t
o
pro
per
ly
m
ai
nt
ai
n
the
el
ect
ric
it
y
de
m
and
an
d
s
upport
in
t
he
isolat
ed
MG
s
li
ke
in
isl
an
d
area
[
9
]
-
[
10]
.
Ver
y
tradit
ion
al
m
eth
o
ds
are
that
to
store
e
xtra
e
nergy
from
ren
ewab
le
s
ource
s
at
low
dem
a
nd
a
nd
deliveri
ng
the
store
d
ene
rg
y
durin
g
pea
k
dem
and
[
11
]
.
T
he
eq
uatio
ns
gi
ven
bel
ow
re
pr
ese
nt
the
ch
arg
i
ng
&
disc
hargin
g
equ
at
io
n [
12
]
:
(
1
)
(
)
E
t
C
t
C
t
tP
(
1)
su
bject
t
o:
Ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
l
i
m
i
ts:
m
a
x
E
tE
PP
(2)
Stor
e
d
e
nergy l
i
m
i
ts:
m
i
n
m
a
x
()
C
C
t
C
(3)
wh
e
re
,
starti
ng
lim
i
ts:
(0
)
S
CC
wh
e
re
,
E
t
P
is
the
po
we
r
sup
plied
by
batte
ry
banks;
m
ax
E
P
is
the
m
axi
m
u
m
char
ge
a
nd
discha
rg
e
r
at
e;
S
C
is
the
init
ia
l
store
d
ene
r
gy.
F
or
safety
operati
on
of
ESS
s,
ba
tt
ery
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
c
an
be
ap
plied.
In
t
his
syst
e
m
,
batte
ries
vo
lt
a
ge,
c
urren
t
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is
c
ontro
ll
ed
from
centrall
y.
It’s
a
gr
ea
t
chall
eng
e
t
o
desi
gn
EES
av
oid
i
ng
op
ti
m
iz
ing
pro
blem
s
[1
3
]
.
The
li
fetim
e
of
batte
ry
dep
e
nd
s
on
powe
r
an
d
ene
rg
y
den
s
it
ie
s,
op
e
rati
ng
co
ndit
ion
s
an
d
cy
cl
e
li
fe
et
c.
Con
side
rin
g
tho
s
e
factor
s
Lit
hi
um
-
ion
,
Sodi
um
Su
lphu
r
an
d
Zinc
brom
ine b
at
te
ries
or
Nickel
-
ca
dm
iu
m
b
at
te
ri
e
s h
a
ve g
ood
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs [1
4
]
.
5.
CONFIG
U
R
ATIO
N
O
F T
HE PR
OPO
S
ED S
YS
TE
M
The
stu
died
in
te
rconn
ect
e
d
MG
and
ES
S
is
sh
own
in
Fi
g
ure
3
On
e
m
icr
o
gri
d
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
DEG,
so
la
r
PV
a
nd
wind
powe
r,
a
nd
loa
d.
T
he
oth
e
r
m
ic
ro
gr
id
has
DE
G,
wind
powe
r
a
nd
loa
d.
T
he
t
ie
-
li
ne
connecte
d M
MG syst
em
h
as a
co
m
m
on
ESS.
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
D
i
e
s
e
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
W
i
n
d
Tu
r
b
i
n
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
M
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
1
M
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
2
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
L
o
a
d
Lo
a
d
P
W
TG
P
D
E
G
P
PV
P
L
P
L
P
E
S
S
T
i
e
-
l
i
n
e
W
i
n
d
Tu
r
b
i
n
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
D
i
e
s
e
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
P
W
TG
P
D
E
G
Fig
ure
3
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
of interc
onnect
ed
m
i
cro
gr
i
d
a
nd ESS
Com
bin
ing
the
afo
r
em
entioned
va
rio
us
re
ne
wab
le
e
nergy
r
eso
ur
ces with
energy
stora
ge
syst
e
m
s
and
diesel
en
gin
e
gen
e
rato
r
in
a
n
inte
rcon
nected
syst
em
,
the
ge
ner
at
e
d
e
le
ct
ric
energy
can
be
e
ff
ec
ti
vely
distrib
uted an
d co
ntr
olled to
m
eet
the e
nerg
y req
uirem
ent o
f
the c
onnecte
d
loa
ds.
6.
POWER
S
YST
EM MODE
LL
ING
The
m
od
el
ing
of
the
diff
e
re
nt
co
m
po
ne
nts
of
the
propose
d
m
ic
ro
gri
d
sy
stem
is
pr
esen
te
d
in
this
sect
ion
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
478
1
-
4789
4784
6.1.
Diesel
Eng
ine
Genera
t
or
(
D
EG)
To
m
eet
the
re
qu
i
red
loa
d
de
m
and
,
a
ny
sta
ndby D
E
G
wor
ks
co
ntin
uous
ly
to
sup
ply
the pow
e
r
t
hat
is
norm
al
l
y
con
ne
ct
ed
to
the
m
ic
rogr
id
syst
e
m
.
The
transf
e
r
f
un
ct
io
ns
of
the
DE
G
can
be
w
ritt
en
as
f
ollows
c
onsideri
ng a
f
irst o
rd
e
r
la
g [
1
5
],
()
1
D
E
G
D
E
G
D
E
G
D
E
G
PK
Gs
f
sT
(4)
wh
e
re
,
K
DEG
an
d
T
DEG
a
re th
e
gain
a
nd ti
m
e c
on
sta
nts
resp
ec
ti
vely
.
The
DE
G
s
hould
be
operate
d
ec
onom
ic
al
l
y
to
co
ntr
ol
th
e
gove
r
ning
sy
stem
so
that
th
e
ge
ner
at
io
n
costs
will
be
lowe
r.
T
he
dies
el
gen
er
at
ors
optim
u
m
gen
era
te
d
outp
ut
pow
er
is
70
-
89
%
f
ro
m
the
r
at
ed
pow
e
r
[1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
of
a
D
EG
is
norm
al
l
y
sated
al
m
os
t
30
-
50%
or
m
or
e
[1
7
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
The
refor
e
,
the
relat
io
n
ca
n
be writt
en
as
,
P
DEG
≥P
DEG(Min
)
(5)
wh
e
re
,
P
DEG
an
d
P
DEG(
Min
)
is t
he op
e
rati
ng
powe
r
a
nd lo
we
r
li
m
it
co
ns
trai
nts
of
t
he DE
G
, r
es
pecti
vely
.
6.2.
Wind Turbi
n
e
Gener
ator
(
WTG)
The
ge
ner
at
e
d
ou
t
pu
t
pow
er
f
ro
m
a
W
T
G
is
great
ly
de
pended
on
wi
nd
s
peed
(
V
W
)
.
Th
us
,
the
wi
nd
tur
bin
e m
echan
ic
al
pow
e
r o
ut
p
ut ca
n be
wr
i
tt
en
as foll
ows
[
19
]
:
3
1
2
W
T
r
P
W
P
A
C
V
(
6)
wh
e
re
,
ρ
re
pr
e
sents
the
ai
r
de
ns
it
y
in
kg/m
3
,
A
r
rep
res
ents
the
swe
pt
area
of
the
bla
de
in
m
2
,
an
d
C
p
represent
s
the po
wer coe
ffi
ci
ent.
Th
e
tr
ansf
e
r funct
io
n ca
n be
w
ritt
en
as foll
ows,
()
1
W
TG
W
TG
W
TG
W
T
W
TG
PK
Gs
P
sT
(
7)
wh
e
re
,
K
W
TG
a
nd
T
W
TG
rep
res
ents
the
g
ai
n
a
nd tim
e con
sta
nts
of
WT
G re
sp
ect
ively
.
6.3.
So
lar
Ph
oto
voltaic (P
V
)
A
s
olar
P
V
s
yst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
m
any
sm
a
ll
cel
ls
conne
ct
ed
to
pr
ov
i
de
the
desire
d
vo
lt
age
a
nd
current.
T
he out
pu
t
powe
r of
t
he
P
V
syst
em
can be e
xpress
ed
as
[1
5
],
1
0
.
0
0
5
(
2
5
)
P
V
a
P
S
T
(
8)
wh
e
re
,
η
is
c
onve
rsion
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
P
V
ar
ray,
S
is
m
easur
ed
t
he
area
of
P
V
ar
ray
(
m
2
),
φ
is
so
la
r
irrad
ia
ti
on
(
kW/
m
2
)
and
T
a
is
am
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
(
0
C)
.
The
transf
e
r
f
unct
ion
of
PV
ca
n
be
giv
e
n
by
a
sim
ple
li
near
fi
rst
orde
r
la
g,
()
1
P
V
P
V
PV
PV
PK
Gs
sT
(9)
wh
e
re
,
K
PV
an
d
T
PV
re
pr
e
sents
the
gain
c
onst
ant and ti
m
e con
sta
nt
of s
olar PV
res
pecti
vely
.
6.4.
Ener
gy S
to
r
age S
ystem
Energy
st
or
a
ge
syst
e
m
s
are
i
m
po
rtant
de
vic
es
to
s
upply
e
ne
rg
y
of
the
hy
bri
d
powe
r
syst
e
m
ver
y
fast
to
m
ai
ntain
sy
stem
sta
bil
i
ty
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
trans
f
er
functi
ons
of
the
energy
storag
e
syst
em
s
c
an
be
ta
ke
n
as
first
order l
ag,
()
1
E
SS
E
SS
E
SS
E
SS
PK
Gs
f
sT
(10)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Coo
r
dinated
C
on
tr
ol
of Interc
onnected
Micr
og
ri
d a
nd En
e
r
gy Stor
age
Sys
te
m
(
Md. As
aduz
Z
ama
n)
4785
wh
e
re
,
K
ESS
is gain
c
onsta
nt a
nd
T
ESS
is t
he
ti
m
e con
sta
nt of
ESS.
Hen
ce
,
a
relat
ively
sim
ple
m
od
el
is
us
ed
in
this
wor
k
to
r
epr
ese
nt
c
harg
e/
discharge
pr
ocess
an
d
t
he
So
C
of ESS
[2
0
].
3600
E
SS
b
P
SO
C
Ws
(11)
wh
e
re
,
W
b
is t
he
b
at
te
ry ca
pac
it
y. The
sel
ect
ion o
f o
pti
m
u
m
sizes o
f
E
ES
ha
s b
ee
n desc
rib
ed
in
secti
on
4.
6.5.
Power
Dev
i
at
i
on
and S
yste
m Freque
ncy
Va
ri
at
i
on
The
ou
t
pu
t
power
s
houl
d
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
bas
ed
on
power
dem
and
to
m
ai
ntain
sta
ble
ope
rati
on
[1
5
].
The
total
pow
er
gen
e
rati
on
(
P
T
)
is
the
al
geb
raic
su
m
m
ati
on
of
al
l
gen
e
rators
li
ke
diesel
eng
ine
ge
ne
rator
(
P
DEG
),
wind
powe
r
(
P
W
TG
),
so
la
r
photov
ol
ta
ic
po
we
r
(
P
P
V
)
an
d
po
wer
of
e
nergy
sto
rag
e
syst
em
(
P
ESS
)
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g
ure
3.
T
D
E
G
W
T
G
P
V
E
S
S
P
P
P
P
P
(
12)
The dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
P
T
a
nd
P
D
is
giv
e
n b
y Eq.
13 w
her
e
P
D
re
pr
ese
nts t
he dem
and
ed p
ow
e
r [2
0
].
e
T
D
P
P
P
(13)
because
syst
em
fr
equ
e
ncy
is
change
d
with
net
powe
r
var
ia
ti
on,
the
syst
e
m
fr
equ
e
ncy
var
ia
ti
on
∆f
is
cal
culat
ed by,
e
s
y
s
P
f
K
(
14)
wh
e
re
,
K
sys
re
presents
the
sys
tem
fr
equ
e
ncy.
Since
an
in
he
ren
t
ti
m
e
delay
exists
betwe
en
syst
em
fr
eq
uen
cy
var
ia
ti
on
an
d
powe
r
dev
ia
ti
on,
the
trans
f
er
functi
on
for
syst
e
m
fr
equ
ency
va
riat
io
n
to
per
un
it
power
dev
ia
ti
on ca
n b
e ex
pr
es
sed
b
y,
11
()
(
1
)
s
y
s
e
s
y
s
s
y
s
f
Gs
P
K
s
T
D
M
s
(
15)
wh
e
re
,
M
a
nd
D
a
re
t
he
e
qu
i
valent
i
ner
t
ia
const
ant
a
nd
dam
pin
g
c
on
sta
nt
of
t
he
m
ic
ro
gri
d
syst
e
m
resp
ect
ively
[
19
].
7.
INTER
CONN
ECTION
OF
MICRO
G
RI
DS
WITH TI
E
-
LINE
Re
li
able
po
we
r
su
pply
to
the
connecte
d
l
oad
m
ay
be
achieved
by
the
inter
connecti
on
of
neig
hbori
ng
isolat
ed
MGs t
hro
ugh
ti
e
-
li
ne.
Tie
-
li
ne
is used
to
exc
hange
en
erg
y bet
wee
n
co
ntro
l area
s
to
pr
ovide inte
r
-
a
rea
su
pp
or
t
i
n
cas
e
of
fa
ulted
c
onditi
on.
If
t
here
is
an
unbala
nce
sit
uatio
n
oc
cur
s
bet
ween
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
load
,
the
dev
ia
ti
on
in
fr
e
quency
for
a
par
ti
cul
ar
area
o
cc
urs
[
19
]
.
In
te
rc
onnected
m
ic
ro
gri
d
with
tw
o
-
a
rea
interco
nnect
io
n
is
represe
nted
as
sho
wn in Fi
g
ure
4.
Fig
ure
4
.
Mo
de
ll
ing
of tie
-
li
ne
conn
ect
i
on
∆
f
12
∆
f
2
∆
f
1
∆P
tie
-
+
Micr
o
g
rid 1
Micr
o
g
rid 2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
478
1
-
4789
4786
Ex
pr
essi
ng
th
e
tie
-
li
ne
power
dev
ia
ti
on
(∆
P
tie
)
in
te
rm
s
of
fr
eq
uen
cy
de
viati
on
(∆
f
)
a
nd
synch
ronizi
ng
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent (
P
s
)
is
repr
esented
as,
12
()
ti
e
s
P
P
f
d
t
f
d
t
(
16)
ta
kin
g
the
Lapl
ace t
ran
s
f
or
m
w
e
hav
e
,
()
()
ti
e
s
tie
P
s
P
G
f
s
s
(
17)
8.
OPER
ATIO
N
STR
ATEGY
In
MG
s
syst
em
,
chan
ge
in
f
r
equ
e
ncy
de
pe
nds
up
on
c
ha
nges
in
load
dem
and
;
wh
e
ne
ver
load
dem
and
increases
syst
em
fr
equ
e
ncy
de
creases
a
nd
vi
ce
-
versa.
Whe
n
the
cha
nge
i
n
f
re
qu
e
ncy
(
∆
f
)
bec
om
es
neg
at
ive
,
the
ESS
supp
li
es
power
to
th
e
syst
e
m
.
If
SO
C
of
the
batt
ery
is
gr
eat
er
than
SOC
L
,
the
n
ESS
sup
ply
powe
r
to
the
syst
e
m
and
get
discha
rged.
Otherwise,
ESS
does
not
deliver
po
we
r.
Wh
e
n
the
c
hange
in
fr
e
quenc
y
beco
m
es
po
sit
ive,
the
ES
S
is
charge
d.
Be
f
ore
chargin
g
the
ESS
it
s
SO
C
is
com
par
ed
to
it
s
upper
li
m
i
t
of
the
sta
te
of
cha
r
ge
(
SOC
U
)
.
If
S
OC
is
le
ss
tha
n
it
s
SOC
U
the
n
E
SS
is
in
c
ha
rg
i
ng
m
od
e
a
nd
co
nsum
ing
powe
r
from
the syste
m
, o
therw
ise
,
ESS doe
s
no
t c
harge.
Th
e
con
trol
strat
e
gy of
ESS
is s
how
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
5.
Fig
ure
5
.
Pro
pose
d
al
gorithm
s for
ESS
contr
ol
The
total
re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
(
P
R
)
by
the
m
ic
ro
gri
d
syst
e
m
is
the
al
gebraic
sum
m
a
ti
on
of
wind
powe
r
(
P
W
T
G
),
so
la
r
ph
ot
ovoltai
c pow
e
r
(
P
PV
).
R
W
T
G
P
V
P
P
P
(
18)
the
dif
fere
nce
betwee
n
total
ren
e
wa
ble
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
P
R
and
po
wer
dem
and
re
fere
nce
P
D
i
s
the
extr
a
powe
r
a
nd g
i
ve
n by
e
q
uatio
n
16.
E
R
D
P
P
P
(
19)
If
∆P
E
>0
,
the
rem
ai
nin
g
po
wer
will
be
use
d
to
c
ha
rg
e
the
ESS
.
I
f
th
e
batte
ries
are
com
plete
ly
charge
d,
the
e
xcess
power
is
du
m
ped
.
If
∆P
E
<0
,
the
rem
ai
nin
g
powe
r
will
be
giv
e
n
by
the
ESS
or
by
the
diesel
ge
ner
at
or,
de
pe
ndin
g
on
the
ec
onom
ic
disp
at
ch
s
trat
egy.
I
f
t
he
ESS
is
a
ble
to
giv
e
∆P
E
,
t
he
n
E
S
S
discha
rg
e
an
d
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
tu
rn
off
.
But
if
the
E
SS
is
not
able
t
o
giv
e
∆P
E
,
the
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
t
urn
s
on,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Coo
r
dinated
C
on
tr
ol
of Interc
onnected
Micr
og
ri
d a
nd En
e
r
gy Stor
age
Sys
te
m
(
Md. As
aduz
Z
ama
n)
4787
and
the
ESS
will
neither
be
cha
rg
e
d
nor
disc
harged.
I
n
this
case,
only
ESS
will
be
us
e
d
f
or
frequ
e
ncy
regulat
ion p
urp
os
e.
9.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND A
NA
L
Y
SIS
Re
su
lt
s
an
d
a
na
ly
sis
of
t
he
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
sim
ula
ti
on
of
t
he
syst
e
m
are
presente
d
in
thi
s
sect
ion.
F
or
the
pur
pose
of
cal
culat
ion
,
al
l
input
an
d
outp
ut
qua
ntit
ie
s
in
the
pl
ots
are
c
on
si
der
e
d
i
n
pe
r
unit
(
p.u.)
va
lues
.
Param
et
er v
al
ue
s of the
c
on
figurati
ons a
re t
aken f
ro
m
[
1
5
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
6
]
an
d l
ist
ed
in
Table
1
.
Table
1.
Param
et
er V
al
ues of t
he
St
ud
ie
d
M
G
Syste
m
s
Para
m
eter
Def
in
itio
n
MG1
MG2
M(
p
u
)
Inertia c
o
n
stan
t
0
.8
0
.7
D
(
p
u
)
Da
m
p
in
g
con
stan
t
0
.02
0
.03
T
DE
G
(
s)
DEG
ti
m
e
con
stan
t
2
2
T
W
TG
(
s
)
W
T
G ti
m
e con
stan
t
1
.5
1
.5
T
PV
(
s
)
PV ti
m
e con
stan
t
1
.8
-
P
s
(
p
u
)
Sy
n
.
p
o
wer
coef
f
icien
t
0
.07
5
4
S
OC
U
Up
p
er
li
m
it
of
SO
C
0
.7
S
OC
L
Lower li
m
it
of
SOC
0
.3
S
OC
0
Initial state o
f
SO
C
0
.4
T
E
S
S
(
s)
ESS
ti
m
e
co
n
stan
t
0
.1
Si
m
ulati
on
tim
e
fo
r
the
syst
e
m
is
ta
ken
to
be
300s.
The
S
OC
of
ES
S
is
pro
per
ly
con
t
r
olled.
Fig
ure
6(
a
)
to
(
c
)
s
ho
w
the
g
e
ne
rated
powe
r
a
nd lo
ad pr
of
il
es i
n
e
ach M
Gs
a
nd their t
otal va
riat
ion
.
Ti
m
e (s
ec)
Fig
ure
6
.
P
ow
e
r
a
nd loa
d profi
le
s at (a)
M
G1; (b) MG
2;
(c)
Total
(
M
G1
+
MG2
)
Fig
ure
7
s
how
s
the
powe
r
ou
tpu
t
of
D
EGs
and
Fig
ure
8
s
hows
the
fr
e
qu
ency
de
viati
on
at
MG
1
a
nd
MG2, res
pecti
vely
.
Fi
gures 9
(a)
t
o (c) sh
ow the
d
e
viati
ons
of ESS
P
ower,
E
SS SOC,
a
nd Tie
-
li
ne
po
wer.
Ti
m
e (s
ec)
Fig
ure
7
.
DE
G
pow
e
r o
utput
at
(
a) M
G
1; and
(b)
MG
2
(a)
)
OFF
ON
ON
(a)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
b
)
)
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
478
1
-
4789
4788
Ti
m
e (s
ec)
Fig
ure
8
.
De
vi
at
ion
of (
a
)
F
re
qu
e
ncy at M
G
1,
a
nd
(b)
F
re
quency at
M
G
2
Ti
m
e (s
ec)
Fig
ure
9
.
De
vi
at
ion
of (
a
)
ES
S Powe
r; (b
)
E
SS
S
OC; (c
)
Ti
e
-
li
ne power
Fr
om
0
to
58
s
bo
th
the
m
ic
r
ogrids
op
e
rate
ind
epe
ndently
.
The
re
new
a
bl
e
ener
gy
at
each
MG
is
lowe
r
tha
n
the
load.
Eac
h
D
E
G
s
upplies
the
def
ic
it
pow
er
i
n
the
res
pecti
ve
MG.
T
he
re
is
no
ene
r
gy
exc
hange
betwee
n
MG
1
and
MG
2.
T
he
ESS
is
us
e
d
only
for
loa
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
c
on
tr
ol
of
the
m
ic
ro
gr
id.
F
ro
m
58
t
o
245s
su
r
plu
s
ren
e
wa
ble
energy
is
avail
able
at
MG1
an
d
extra
en
erg
y
is
transf
e
r
red
f
ro
m
MG1
to
MG2
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
loa
d
de
m
and
or
sto
re
d
at
the
ESS
.
In
this
case
D
E
G1
at
MG
1
is
stoppe
d.
F
rom
67
to
t
he
96
s
outp
ut
powe
r
of
DE
G
2
is l
ow
e
r
than
the
m
ini
m
u
m
loading c
on
st
ra
ints i.e. less t
han
0
.
1 pu. To
operate ec
on
om
i
cal
ly
,
DEG2
is
stopp
ed
an
d
ESS
is
us
e
d
as
the
sp
inn
i
ng
re
ser
ve.
Af
te
r
96
s
DE
G2
sta
rts
an
d
con
t
in
ues
up
to
ab
ou
t
203s
.
A
fter
20
3s
s
uffici
ent
r
enew
a
ble
e
nergy
is
avail
able
com
par
ed
t
o
load.
Th
e
ext
r
a
energy
is
st
or
e
d
at
ESS.
I
n
this
ca
se,
bo
t
h DEG i
s sto
pp
e
d.
At
ab
ou
t
245s
the
MG
2
ha
s
lowe
r
re
ne
wab
le
e
nergy
and
DE
G
2
s
hould
be
sta
rted.
B
ut
by
consi
der
i
ng
m
i
nim
u
m
loading
co
ns
tr
ai
nts,
t
he
D
EG
2
is
st
oppe
d.
On
ly
D
EG
1
is
sta
rted
and
de
fici
t
ene
rg
y
at
M
G2
is trans
fe
rr
e
d
from
MG
1.
Fig
ure
9
(a)
and
9
(b)
sho
w
that wh
en
E
S
S is u
sed
as the
sp
inn
i
ng r
eser
ve,
the
SO
C i
s
dec
reas
ed.
Als
o,
SO
C
increases
if suf
fici
ent
re
ne
wa
ble en
e
r
gy is a
vaila
ble a
nd stor
e
d
at
E
SS.
10.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Coordi
nated
operati
ons
strat
egy
of
tw
o
in
te
rconn
ect
e
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds
wit
h
a
sing
le
e
ne
rg
y
sto
rag
e
syst
e
m
has
been
pro
posed
i
n
this
pa
per
.
The
re
qu
i
red
powe
r
for
the
connecte
d
lo
ads
can
be
effe
ct
ively
delivere
d
a
nd
su
ppli
ed
for
th
e
pro
po
se
d
sys
tem
with
appr
opriat
e
co
ntr
ol
and
ef
fecti
ve
coor
din
at
io
n
a
m
on
g
var
i
ou
s
c
om
po
ne
nts.
T
he
e
m
plo
ye
d
m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
m
od
e
ls
for
the
var
i
ou
s
com
ponent
of
the
syst
em
are
represe
nted
by
fir
st
-
orde
r
tra
ns
fe
r
f
unct
io
ns
to
sim
plify
th
e
ta
sk
s
of
syst
e
m
si
m
ulatio
n.
Si
m
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
sh
ow
that
a
si
ng
le
E
SS
ca
n
be
us
e
d
for
both
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds
for
loa
d
f
requen
cy
c
on
t
ro
l
and
s
pinni
ng
r
eserve
pur
po
se
.
As
a
r
esult,
D
EGs
ca
n
be
ec
onom
icall
y
op
erate
d
with
gr
eat
flex
ibil
it
y.
Ho
we
ve
r
,
the
O
N/O
F
F
cy
cl
e
of
DEG
i
ncr
e
ases.
F
urt
he
r
researc
h
is
re
qu
i
red
to
dr
i
ve
the
op
e
rati
ng
strat
egies
of
DE
G
to
re
du
ce
ON
/
OF
F
cy
cl
e.
(
a
)
)
(
b
)
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
)
(
b
)
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
Elec
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C
om
p
En
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8708
Coo
r
dinated
C
on
tr
ol
of Interc
onnected
Micr
og
ri
d a
nd En
e
r
gy Stor
age
Sys
te
m
(
Md. As
aduz
Z
ama
n)
4789
REFERE
NCE
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ids
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