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3
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2021
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p
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2704
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2704
J
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Dep
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w
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ltag
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[
1
]
.
T
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ex
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cr
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in
w
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p
ar
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[
2
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.
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v
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m
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u
f
ac
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[
3
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.
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lts
as
a
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
ch
ec
k
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
to
a
f
a
u
lt
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
p
ast
an
d
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
as
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
e
m
u
latio
n
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
-
b
ased
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
-
1
0
]
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
f
au
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e
as
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
a
n
al
y
zin
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
w
h
en
a
f
a
u
lt o
cc
u
r
s
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
ese
ar
ch
ar
ticle,
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
it
y
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
I
C
'
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
ai
m
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
i
n
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
c
u
it
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
w
it
h
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
its
.
Sect
io
n
1
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
f
a
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
d
ig
i
tal
cir
cu
it
s
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
Fa
u
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
T
F
I
-
F
T
S
)
f
o
r
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
w
i
t
h
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
T
F
I
-
F
T
S
f
o
r
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
b
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
f
a
u
l
t
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
f
o
r
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
e
d
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
-
T
h
e
B
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
w
o
r
k
o
f
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
d
ig
ita
l
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
(
A
UDI
T
OR
)
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
b
ased
p
ip
elin
es.
T
h
is
s
ch
e
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
s
lik
e
a
s
in
g
le
e
v
en
t
u
p
s
et
(
SEU)
an
d
t
r
an
s
ie
n
t
(
SET
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
A
U
DI
T
OR
s
u
g
g
ests
th
a
t
it
h
as
g
o
t
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
laten
c
y
w
it
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
ar
ea
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
2
9
%
an
d
5
0
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
to
th
e
n
an
o
lev
els
an
d
h
e
n
ce
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
er
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
w
ar
d
s
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
s
.
Hen
ce
,
Sh
e
ik
h
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
h
a
d
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
te
g
r
at
ed
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
ar
ea
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
to
ler
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
an
al
y
s
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
ac
h
ie
v
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
t
h
a
n
a
n
o
th
er
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
izi
n
g
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
K
w
a
k
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
el
i
n
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
eq
u
e
n
tia
l
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
to
ler
atin
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
a
u
lts
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
tat
ic
w
it
h
o
u
t
m
e
m
o
r
y
ele
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
o
lv
es
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
w
it
h
d
eter
m
i
n
is
t
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
w
as
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
Ya
n
g
[
1
6
]
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
ea
c
h
ab
ili
t
y
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
it
h
in
a
b
o
u
n
d
ed
d
ela
y
.
So
m
a
s
u
n
d
ar
a
m
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
a
s
el
f
-
c
h
ec
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
V
L
SI
cir
cu
its
u
s
in
g
e
r
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
co
d
in
g
(
E
DC
)
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
E
DC
)
is
s
ca
lab
le,
ex
ec
u
te
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
s
in
les
s
ti
m
e
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lo
w
late
n
c
y
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
.
T
h
e
E
DC
is
a
s
u
itab
le
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
etec
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
lts
,
an
d
it
i
s
to
ler
a
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lts
,
w
h
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
h
ea
d
a
n
d
d
etec
t
all
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
er
r
o
r
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
i
n
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
c
h
ec
k
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
w
o
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
E
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
s
an
d
g
en
er
ate
s
th
e
f
a
u
l
t
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
elf
-
c
h
ec
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
le
s
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
4
5
n
m
A
SIC
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
to
d
o
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
w
it
h
FP
GA
p
r
o
to
ty
p
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
A
l
k
ad
y
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
,
w
h
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
y
a
u
to
m
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
f
a
u
lt
to
l
er
an
t
an
d
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
-
lo
o
p
an
d
n
o
d
e
b
ased
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
f
r
a
m
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tar
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
E
th
er
n
et
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
i
n
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tai
n
s
ac
tu
ato
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
au
l
t
to
ler
an
t
is
ac
h
i
ev
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Ma
r
k
o
v
m
o
d
eli
n
g
in
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
it
h
s
tate
m
ac
h
in
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
e
liab
ilit
y
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
ti
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
f
a
u
lts
a
r
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
An
j
an
k
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
a
n
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
FT
-
R
T
)
f
o
r
A
r
t
h
e
m
atic
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
i
n
g
T
MR
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
SEU
er
r
o
r
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
a
f
a
u
lt
to
t
h
e
ad
d
er
m
o
d
u
le,
an
d
T
h
e
T
MR
r
ec
o
v
er
th
e
f
a
u
lt
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
a
n
d
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
o
n
e
b
it,
b
u
t
it
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
laten
c
y
a
n
d
w
it
h
h
u
g
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
d
el
a
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
e
lag
s
w
it
h
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
f
o
r
all
th
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
p
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it.
Ma
cia
n
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
b
lo
o
m
f
ilt
er
d
esig
n
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
to
ler
ab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
-
ev
e
n
t
-
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
(
SET
)
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
SE
T
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
b
lo
o
m
f
i
lter
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
atter
n
an
d
p
ar
it
y
-
b
ased
r
e
-
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
s
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
f
o
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a
s
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f
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n
c
t
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o
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n
d
e
r
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i
m
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l
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a
n
d
t
h
e
o
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t
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
T
h
e
a
r
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a
a
n
d
d
e
l
a
y
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
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l
t
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m
p
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p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Qin
g
k
u
n
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ich
i
s
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t.
T
h
e
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
h
a
v
e
p
e
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d
etec
tio
n
u
n
it,
esti
m
atio
n
a
n
d
f
u
s
io
n
u
n
it.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
it
o
f
m
ai
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
o
v
er
h
e
ad
o
f
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
w
ith
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
an
d
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
w
er
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
Fe
n
g
et
al
.
[2
2
]
f
o
r
No
C
b
ased
r
o
u
ter
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
ter
u
s
es
f
a
u
lt
t
o
ler
an
t
an
d
d
ef
lectio
n
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
au
to
m
atic
r
ep
ea
t
-
r
eq
u
est
(
AR
Q)
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
au
lts
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
b
o
th
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2021
:
2
7
0
4
-
2710
2706
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
N
o
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
eliab
l
y
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
itc
h
,
Kan
a
k
ala
e
t
a
l.
[
2
3
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ie
d
er
r
o
r
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
w
it
h
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
co
d
es
ar
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
in
b
o
th
e
n
co
d
er
an
d
d
ec
o
d
er
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
co
d
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ata
w
id
t
h
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
r
esid
e
in
No
C
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
(
NI
)
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
en
co
d
er
d
ata
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d
p
a
s
s
to
a
r
o
u
ter
f
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co
m
m
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n
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w
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th
a
n
o
th
er
r
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ter
w
h
ile
co
m
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g
a
n
y
f
au
lt
o
cc
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r
s
in
a
r
o
u
ter
,
tr
an
s
m
itter
NI
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
it
h
d
ec
o
d
er
w
i
th
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
o
f
FT
S
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
lik
e
m
o
b
il
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
2
4
]
an
d
r
o
b
o
tics
[
2
5
]
ar
e
elab
o
r
ated
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
lit
er
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
es
ig
n
s
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
ticed
th
a
t
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
n
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
a
u
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
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t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
cir
c
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it
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is
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ased
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s
o
f
t
w
ar
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ap
p
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ased
ap
p
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C
ad
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ce
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s
p
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,
etc.
I
n
th
e
av
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ex
i
s
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h
ar
d
w
a
r
e
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ased
ap
p
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ied
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m
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it
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tio
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m
eth
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d
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
is
t
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
f
ac
i
n
g
h
ar
d
w
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co
m
p
lex
it
y
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
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,
an
d
m
o
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e
ch
ip
ar
ea
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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w
it
h
m
as
s
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
th
e
d
i
g
ital
c
ir
cu
it
’
s
f
au
l
t
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
lag
s
w
it
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
f
au
l
ts
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
it
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Op
er
ati
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
i
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
a
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
u
s
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
“
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
tr
an
s
ien
t f
a
u
lt i
n
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
to
ler
an
t s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
c
u
it
s
”.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
WO
RK
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
FI
-
FT
S
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
its
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
w
it
h
its
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
its
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
i
n
to
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
al
a
n
d
s
eq
u
en
tial
l
o
g
ic
cir
cu
it
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
cir
cu
it
s
d
ea
l
w
i
th
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t
s
ig
n
al
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
p
r
esen
t
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
s
ig
n
als,
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
s
eq
u
en
tial
cir
cu
its
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t
s
i
g
n
al
s
d
ep
en
d
b
o
th
o
n
p
r
esen
t
a
n
d
p
ast
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
s
i
g
n
als.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
tial
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
its
ar
e
d
i
v
id
ed
w
it
h
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
a
n
d
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
it
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
it
i
s
a
s
eq
u
en
tial
d
i
g
ital
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
w
h
ich
is
n
o
t
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
t
h
e
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
al
o
r
c
lo
ck
cir
cu
i
t.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
it
u
s
es
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
a
ls
,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
w
i
th
lo
g
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
r
e
f
a
s
t
e
r
,
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
a
b
i
g
g
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tia
l
cir
cu
it
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
b
o
th
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
al
a
n
d
s
eq
u
e
n
tial a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ci
r
cu
its
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
f
o
r
f
au
lt to
ler
an
t s
y
s
te
m
d
es
ig
n
,
th
e
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
c
u
its
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
it
h
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
m
o
d
u
le
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
f
o
r
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
i
ts
.
I
n
f
a
u
l
t
in
j
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
u
s
i
n
g
B
er
lek
a
m
p
Ma
s
s
e
y
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
L
FS
R
’
s
,
an
d
ar
e
f
ed
to
f
au
lt i
n
j
ec
tio
n
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l u
n
it is
s
et
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
er
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l t
h
e
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
lo
g
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
ei
t
h
er
to
0
o
r
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k
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is
e,
t
h
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f
a
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lt.
2
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
ie
nt
f
a
ult
inje
ct
io
n sy
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
T
FI
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
in
g
B
MA
b
ased
L
FS
R
is
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
m
ai
n
l
y
h
as
B
M
A
b
ased
L
FS
R
’
s
,
XO
R
Mo
d
u
le
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it,
an
d
o
n
e
h
o
t
en
co
d
ed
r
eg
is
ter
alo
n
g
w
it
h
d
ata
r
eg
is
ter
.
T
h
e
B
er
lek
a
m
p
Ma
s
s
e
y
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
b
ased
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FS
R
is
u
s
ed
to
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ed
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ce
th
e
c
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ip
u
ti
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ar
d
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ar
e
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d
p
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er
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n
s
u
m
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t
h
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s
tan
d
ar
d
L
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R
.
T
h
e
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ta
n
d
ar
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p
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tes
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m
es
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e
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d
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h
ip
ar
ea
.
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h
e
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A
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ased
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r
eso
l
v
ed
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h
e
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lem
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d
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s
ed
to
ex
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u
te
t
h
e
s
h
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r
test
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,
w
h
ich
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s
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p
ab
le
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f
p
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in
g
t
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a
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eq
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en
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s
.
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a
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d
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1
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2
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4
4
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a
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Har
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itect
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r
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o
f
th
e
T
FI
s
y
s
te
m
T
h
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B
MA
b
ased
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g
en
er
ates
t
h
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r
an
d
o
m
s
eq
u
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n
ce
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n
a
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ar
ticu
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m
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ter
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a
n
d
th
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ar
e
n
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es
s
ar
y
f
o
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th
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f
a
u
lt
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n
j
ec
tio
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p
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ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
4
-
b
it
t
w
o
L
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s
d
esi
g
n
ed
w
i
th
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
B
MA
an
d
ex
ec
u
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
B
MA
is
u
s
e
d
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
lin
ea
r
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
o
f
a
b
in
ar
y
s
eq
u
en
ce
w
it
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
len
g
th
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
w
it
h
less
ch
i
p
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
test
i
n
g
len
g
t
h
s
eq
u
en
ce
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
B
M
A
b
ased
L
FS
R
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
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ec
id
es
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
L
FS
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i
n
B
MA
.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
F
SR
d
ec
id
es
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
L
FS
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.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
f
ed
to
f
a
u
lt
y
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
t
w
o
4
-
b
it
r
an
d
o
m
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ar
e
XOR
’
e
d
an
d
g
en
er
ate
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
‘
1
’
o
r
lo
g
ic
‘
0
’
as
p
er
u
s
er
i
n
ter
est
is
d
ec
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d
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it.
I
f
th
e
lo
g
ic
‘
1
’
i
s
s
et,
t
h
e
4
-
b
it
d
ata
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
a
d
ata
r
eg
is
ter
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
h
o
t
s
h
i
f
t
r
eg
i
s
ter
.
I
f
th
e
lo
g
ic
‘
0
’
is
s
et,
th
e
u
s
er
d
ata
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
d
ata
r
eg
is
ter
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
-
h
o
t
e
n
co
d
ed
s
h
if
t
r
eg
i
s
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
d
ata
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
s
an
d
w
h
ic
h
h
o
ld
t
h
e
o
n
e
ac
ti
v
e
b
it
an
d
r
e
s
t
ze
r
o
b
i
ts
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
D
-
F
F.
W
h
en
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
‘
1
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is
ac
ti
v
ated
,
th
e
d
ata
f
lip
p
i
n
g
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
-
h
o
t
e
n
co
d
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
E
X
-
O
R
w
i
th
d
ata
r
eg
is
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
is
lead
s
f
au
lts
i
n
d
ata
b
it
s
.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
‘
1
’
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
an
d
i
n
j
ec
t
to
th
e
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
f
lo
g
ic
'
0
'
i
n
d
icate
s
,
n
o
f
au
lts
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
ex
ce
p
t
u
s
er
d
ata.
T
h
ese
f
au
l
ts
ar
e
i
n
j
ec
ted
in
T
MR
b
ased
f
au
l
t
to
ler
an
t s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
it
s
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt c
o
v
er
ag
e
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
2
.
2
.
F
a
ult
t
o
lera
nt
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
a
u
lts
ar
e
i
n
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
u
s
er
in
p
u
ts
i
n
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
i
ts
.
T
h
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
ed
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
c
ir
cu
it
s
w
it
h
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
al
lo
g
ic
[
2
6
]
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
a
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
an
d
i
ts
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
ed
7
4
X
s
er
ies
cir
cu
its
ar
e
u
s
e
d
as
as
y
n
ch
r
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n
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u
s
cir
cu
its
i
n
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
T
r
ip
le
Mo
d
u
lar
R
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
m
et
h
o
d
w
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k
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a
s
a
f
a
u
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th
o
s
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s
a
m
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cir
cu
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ar
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ca
lle
d
th
r
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an
d
th
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t
h
r
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cu
it
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tp
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ts
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n
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t
m
aj
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ter
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
v
o
ter
lo
g
ic
w
o
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
at
least
2
o
u
t
o
f
3
cir
cu
its
s
h
o
u
ld
w
o
r
k
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
all
y
w
it
h
co
r
r
ec
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
f
a
u
lt
to
l
er
an
t
o
th
er
w
is
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
f
ail
ed
to
b
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
t.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
is
i
n
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
-
1
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
ts
alo
n
g
w
it
h
o
th
er
i
n
p
u
ts
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
-
2
an
d
cir
c
u
it
-
3
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
in
p
u
ts
w
i
th
n
o
f
au
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
cir
cu
its
g
en
er
ate
c1
,
c2
,
an
d
c3
o
u
tp
u
t
s
an
d
ap
p
l
y
m
aj
o
r
it
y
v
o
t
er
lo
g
ic
(
MV
L
)
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
f
in
a
l
f
a
u
lt
to
le
r
an
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
v
o
ter
lo
g
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
1
2
+
2
3
+
1
3
.
T
h
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
7
4
X
Ser
ies cir
cu
it
's in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
esi
g
n
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
in
[
2
6
]
an
d
u
s
ed
i
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2021
:
2
7
0
4
-
2710
2708
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
-
1
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
-
2
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
-
3
I
n
p
u
t
s
4
O
u
t
p
u
t
s
M
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
V
o
t
e
r
F
a
u
l
t
s
I
n
p
u
t
s
c
1
c
2
c
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Har
d
w
ar
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
T
MR b
ased
f
au
lt
-
to
le
r
an
t s
y
s
te
m
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
An
ef
f
icie
n
t
T
FI
-
FT
S
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
c
u
its
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
FI
-
FT
S
w
o
r
k
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
Ver
ilo
g
-
HD
L
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
FI
-
FTS
f
o
r
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
al
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
its
is
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
ed
o
n
th
e
FP
GA
(
A
r
ti
x
-
7
:
XC
7
A
1
0
0
T
-
3
C
SG3
2
4
)
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
T
FI
an
d
FT
S
ar
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
as
a
to
p
m
o
d
u
le
n
a
m
e
d
as
T
FI
-
FT
S
an
d
it
i
s
s
y
n
t
h
esized
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
74X
-
Ser
ies
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
al
cir
cu
its
[
2
6
]
.
Af
ter
a
p
lace
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
u
tili
za
t
io
n
lik
e
ar
ea
(S
lices,
L
UT
s
)
,
ti
m
e,
a
n
d
to
tal
p
o
w
er
ar
e
tab
u
lated
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
b
ased
7
4
1
8
2
cir
cu
it
u
til
izes
less
ch
ip
ar
ea
in
ter
m
s
o
f
2
6
s
lice
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
3
1
Sli
ce
L
UT
’
s
a
n
d
2
7
b
o
n
d
ed
I
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
n
F
P
GA
.
T
h
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
b
ased
all
th
e
7
4
X
cir
cu
it’
s
w
o
r
k
s
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
6
0
6
.
5
0
2
M
Hz
w
it
h
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
p
er
io
d
o
f
1
.
6
4
9
n
s
o
n
FP
GA
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
p
at
h
d
ela
y
o
f
7
4
1
8
2
cir
cu
its
is
1
.
4
6
7
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
t
h
an
t
h
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
cir
cu
it
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
g
e
n
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
X
-
P
o
w
er
an
al
y
ze
r
to
o
l
w
it
h
F
P
GA
s
y
s
t
e
m
clo
ck
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
0
0
MH
z.
T
h
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
b
ased
7
4
1
8
2
ci
r
cu
it
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
0
.
0
8
9
W
to
tal
p
o
w
er
b
y
ad
d
in
g
0
.
0
0
7
W
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
w
er
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Har
d
w
ar
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
T
FI
-
FT
S b
ased
7
4
X
s
er
ies co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
al
cir
c
u
its
H
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
7
4
2
8
3
7
4
1
8
2
7
4
1
8
1
7
4
L
8
5
A
r
e
a
S
l
i
c
e
R
e
g
i
st
e
r
s
26
26
26
26
S
l
i
c
e
L
U
T
s
32
31
45
32
B
o
n
d
e
d
I
O
B
s
27
27
35
27
T
i
me
C
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
l
a
y
(
n
s)
1
.
9
0
7
1
.
4
6
7
3
.
7
0
9
2
.
2
0
8
P
o
w
e
r
D
y
n
a
mi
c
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
.
0
0
9
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
1
1
0
.
0
0
6
T
o
t
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
.
0
9
1
0
.
0
8
9
0
.
0
9
3
0
.
0
8
8
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
T
FI
-
FT
S
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
7
4
X
-
Ser
ies
co
m
b
i
n
at
io
n
al
cir
cu
it
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
f
au
l
t
in
j
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
ar
e
tab
u
lated
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
s
e
t
t
h
e
clo
ck
p
er
io
d
is
1
0
n
s
an
d
ap
p
l
y
1
0
0
f
au
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
ea
c
h
7
4
X
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
e
ex
e
cu
t
io
n
ti
m
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
to
ler
an
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
it
h
1
0
0
f
a
u
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
i
s
1
0
0
0
n
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
7
4
X
cir
c
u
its
f
r
o
m
th
e
FT
S,
ca
n
to
ler
an
t
t
h
e
1
0
0
f
au
lts
w
it
h
co
r
r
ec
t f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
f
au
l
t c
o
v
er
ag
e
o
f
ea
c
h
7
4
X
cir
cu
its
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
1
0
0
%
w
it
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
o
u
tp
u
t
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
T
FI
-
FT
S b
ased
7
4
X
s
er
ies co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
cir
cu
it
s
C
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
F
a
u
l
t
i
n
j
e
c
t
s
F
a
u
l
t
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
7
4
2
8
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
%
7
4
1
8
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
%
7
4
1
8
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
%
7
4
L
8
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
%
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
An
e
f
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
Fa
u
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
(
T
FI)
an
d
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
FT
S)
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
its
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
ed
o
n
A
r
tix
7
FP
G
A
.
T
h
e
T
FI
m
o
d
u
le
g
e
n
er
ates
t
h
e
f
au
lts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
B
MA
b
ased
L
FS
R
alo
n
g
w
it
h
f
a
u
lt
y
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
to
l
er
a
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
m
ai
n
l
y
h
as
t
h
r
ee
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
cir
cu
it
s
,
T
MR
b
ased
m
aj
o
r
ity
v
o
ter
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
b
ased
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
c
ir
cu
its
ar
e
s
y
n
t
h
es
i
ze
d
o
n
th
e
Xilin
x
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
TFI
-
F
TS
:
A
n
efficien
t tra
n
s
ien
t fa
u
lt in
jectio
n
a
n
d
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t sys
tem
fo
r
…
(
S
h
a
r
a
th
K
u
ma
r
Y.
N
.
)
2709
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
T
FI
-
FT
S
b
ased
7
4
X
Ser
ies
C
ir
c
u
its
r
es
o
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
li
k
e
a
r
ea
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
o
b
tain
ed
ti
m
i
n
g
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
an
d
P
o
w
er
u
tili
za
t
io
n
s
ar
e
tab
u
la
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
7
4
X
s
er
ie
s
c
ir
cu
its
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
less
p
o
w
er
o
n
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
0
.
0
9
W
o
n
A
r
tix
-
7
FP
G
A
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
i
s
a
n
al
y
ze
d
f
o
r
7
4
X
s
er
ies
c
ir
cu
its
w
it
h
1
0
0
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
1
0
0
%
f
au
l
t
co
v
er
ag
e.
I
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
ap
p
l
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt
in
j
ec
t
s
y
s
te
m
to
B
en
c
h
m
ar
k
ed
s
eq
u
e
n
tial c
ir
c
u
its
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
f
au
lt c
o
v
er
a
g
e’
s
w
it
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
Zi
a
d
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
f
a
u
lt
in
jec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,"
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ara
b
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
-
1
8
6
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
]
R.
P
.
Ba
sto
s
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
tr
a
n
sie
n
t
-
f
a
u
lt
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
n
trad
it
io
n
a
l
C
-
e
le
m
e
n
ts
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s,"
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
1
6
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
O
n
-
L
i
n
e
T
e
stin
g
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
,
Co
rf
u
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
40.
[3
]
S
.
M
.
T
h
a
m
a
ra
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
a
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
tes
t
m
in
im
iza
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
ir
c
u
it
s
-
A
su
rv
e
y
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
T
re
n
d
s a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
6
.
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
S
.
A
lm
u
k
h
a
izi
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
a
u
lt
-
to
l
e
ra
n
t
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
se
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
l
o
g
ic
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
p
a
ri
ty
c
h
e
c
k
c
o
d
e
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
1
8
t
h
IEE
E
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
De
fec
t
a
n
d
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
c
e
in
VL
S
I
S
y
ste
ms
,
Bo
st
o
n
,
M
A
,
US
A
,
2
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
-
5
7
0
.
[5
]
S
.
Krish
n
a
sw
a
m
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
L
o
g
ic
c
ircu
it
tes
ti
n
g
f
o
r
tran
sie
n
t
fa
u
lt
s,"
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
T
e
st
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
(
ET
S
'
0
5
)
,
T
a
ll
in
n
,
Esto
n
ia,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
0
7
.
[6
]
C.
M
e
tra
e
t
a
l.
,
"
On
-
li
n
e
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
tr
a
n
sie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
a
ff
e
c
ti
n
g
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
b
l
o
c
k
s
o
f
F
CM
OS,
d
o
m
i
n
o
a
n
d
F
P
G
A
-
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
se
l
f
-
c
h
e
c
k
in
g
c
ircu
i
ts,"
1
7
th
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
De
fec
t
a
n
d
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
c
e
in
VL
S
I
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
2
.
DFT
2
0
0
2
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
,
V
a
n
c
o
u
v
e
r,
BC,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
-
2
1
5
.
[7
]
D.
S
h
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
On
-
li
n
e
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
g
lo
b
a
ll
y
a
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
c
irc
u
it
s,"
1
1
th
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
On
-
L
in
e
T
e
sti
n
g
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
,
F
re
n
c
h
Riv
iera
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
-
1
4
0
.
[8
]
Y.
M
o
n
n
e
t
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
As
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
c
ircu
it
s
se
n
siti
v
it
y
to
f
a
u
lt
in
jec
ti
o
n
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
1
0
th
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
On
-
L
in
e
T
e
sti
n
g
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m,
F
u
n
c
h
a
l,
M
a
d
e
ira Islan
d
,
P
o
rt
u
g
a
l,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
2
6
.
[9
]
Y.
M
o
n
n
e
t
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
c
ircu
it
s
tran
sie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
se
n
s
it
iv
it
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
"
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
4
2
n
d
De
sig
n
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
5
.
,
A
n
a
h
e
im
,
CA
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
8
6
3
-
8
6
8
.
[1
0
]
X
.
L
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
o
lera
ti
n
g
ra
d
iatio
n
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
tran
sie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
i
n
m
o
d
e
rn
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
rs,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
p
a
r
a
ll
e
l
p
ro
g
r
a
mm
in
g
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
P
.
K.
L
a
la,
"
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
a
n
d
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
in
jec
ti
o
n
i
n
V
HD
L
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
o
f
d
ig
it
a
l
c
ircu
it
s,"
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
-
1
9
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
E.
Ert
u
g
ru
l
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
c
e
in
Re
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
S
y
ste
m
s:
A
R
e
v
ie
w
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
De
sig
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
3
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
2
9
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
UD
I
T
OR:
A
S
tag
e
-
W
ise
S
o
f
t
-
Err
o
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
F
li
p
-
f
lo
p
B
a
se
d
P
ip
e
li
n
e
s,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ma
rt Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
1
0
1
3
5
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
A
.
T
.
S
h
e
ik
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
Co
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Circu
it
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
-
T
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
,
"
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
V
e
r
y
L
a
r
g
e
S
c
a
l
e
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
V
L
S
I
)
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
-
237
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
S
.
W
.
Kw
ak
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
i
m
p
le
c
o
rre
c
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
to
lera
ti
n
g
sta
te
tran
siti
o
n
f
a
u
lt
s
in
a
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
c
ircu
it
s,"
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
T
ra
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
ICIT
E)
,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
2
3
.
[1
6
]
J.
Ya
n
g
,
"
F
a
u
lt
-
t
o
lera
n
t
c
o
rre
c
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
w
it
h
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
d
e
lay
s,
"
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
A
u
t
o
ma
ti
c
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
2
-
1
9
9
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
N.
S
o
m
a
su
n
d
a
ra
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
o
ta
ll
y
se
l
f
-
c
h
e
c
k
in
g
(T
S
C)
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s
u
sin
g
S
c
a
lab
le
Err
o
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
Co
d
in
g
(S
EDC)
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
"
Fi
f
th
Asi
a
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Qu
a
li
ty E
lec
tro
n
ic D
e
sig
n
(
AS
QED 2
0
1
3
)
,
P
e
n
a
n
g
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
7
9
.
[1
8
]
G
.
I.
A
lk
a
d
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
l
e
ra
n
t
F
P
GA
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
in
f
a
c
to
r
y
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
"
2
0
1
7
6
th
M
e
d
it
e
rr
a
n
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
(
M
ECO
),
Ba
r,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
9
]
S
.
C.
A
n
jan
k
a
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
R
e
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
F
P
G
A
-
B
a
se
d
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
t
a
n
d
Re
c
o
v
e
ra
b
le
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
A
ri
th
m
e
ti
c
D
e
sig
n
Us
in
g
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
T
rip
le
M
o
d
u
lar
Re
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
(F
RT
M
R),
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
7
1
2
pp.
4
9
1
-
4
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
A
.
S
a
n
c
h
e
z
-
M
a
c
ian
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
in
g
le
Ev
e
n
t
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
T
o
lera
n
t
Blo
o
m
F
il
ter
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
mp
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
1
-
1
8
3
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
1
]
Q.
L
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
h
a
rd
w
a
re
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
ro
b
u
st
w
e
a
ra
b
le
h
e
a
rt
ra
te
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
"
2
0
1
5
9
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
fo
r
He
a
lt
h
c
a
re
(
Per
v
a
siv
e
He
a
lt
h
)
,
Ista
n
b
u
l
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
1
9
2
.
[2
2
]
C.
F
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
d
d
re
ss
in
g
tran
sie
n
t
a
n
d
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
in
No
C
w
it
h
e
ff
icie
n
t
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
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“
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2
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li
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]
.
A
v
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tp
s://
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m
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x
.
p
h
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?
p
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=
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lo
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d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2021
:
2
7
0
4
-
2710
2710
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
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S
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F
AUTH
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).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.