I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2021
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
4
~
2
1
4
2
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
3
.
p
p
2
1
3
4
-
2
1
4
2
2134
J
o
ur
na
l
ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
New
ada
ptatio
n
m
e
thod ba
sed
o
n
cros
s la
y
er
a
nd T
CP
o
v
er
pro
toco
ls to i
m
pr
o
v
e Q
o
S in
m
o
bil
e ad ho
c ne
tw
o
rk
M
o
ula
y
H
icha
m
H
a
ni
n,
M
o
ha
m
e
d A
m
na
i,
Yo
u
s
s
ef
F
a
kh
ri
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ib
n
T
o
f
a
il
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Dec
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
Du
e
to
ra
p
id
g
ro
w
th
o
f
m
u
lt
ime
d
ia
traff
ic
u
se
d
o
v
e
r
th
e
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
(M
A
NE
T
s),
to
k
e
e
p
u
p
w
it
h
th
e
p
ro
g
re
ss
o
f
th
is
c
o
n
stra
in
t
M
A
NE
T
s
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
b
e
c
o
m
in
g
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
l
y
c
o
n
c
e
rn
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
se
rv
ice
.
In
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
ra
n
d
o
m
m
o
b
il
it
y
n
o
d
e
s
in
M
A
NET
,
T
C
P
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
m
o
re
u
n
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
in
c
a
se
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
lo
ss
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
w
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
n
e
w
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
o
f
T
CP
b
a
se
d
o
n
so
m
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
M
A
C
u
se
s
c
ro
ss
la
y
e
r
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
a
im
is
to
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
re
tran
s
m
is
sio
n
s
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
lo
st
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
io
n
i
n
o
rd
e
r
to
a
n
a
ly
se
a
n
d
c
h
o
se
th
e
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
T
CP
th
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
Qo
S
M
A
NE
T
.
Ou
r
sim
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
b
a
se
d
Qo
S
s
tu
d
y
u
sin
g
NS3
sh
o
w
th
a
t,
o
u
r
p
ro
p
o
sa
l
a
c
h
iev
e
d
b
e
tt
e
r
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
T
CP
i
n
M
A
NETs
sig
n
if
ic
a
n
tl
y
,
a
n
d
a
lso
im
p
ro
v
e
d
th
e
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t,
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
f
a
c
il
it
a
tes
t
h
e
traff
ic
tran
sm
issio
n
o
v
e
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
-
h
o
c
A
O
DV
C
o
n
g
esti
o
n
C
r
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
DSDV
OL
S
R
T
C
P
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
H
an
i
n
Mo
u
la
y
Hic
h
a
m
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
I
b
n
T
o
f
ail
Un
iv
er
s
i
t
y
Ke
n
itra
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail:
m
o
u
la
y
.
h
ich
a
m
.
h
an
i
n
@
u
it.a
c.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
M
A
NE
T
b
ec
o
m
e
in
t
h
e
s
p
o
tlig
h
t
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
Mo
r
e
to
th
ese
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
M
A
NE
T
ca
n
be
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
ter
n
et
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
p
r
io
r
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
an
d
s
el
f
-
r
ep
air
in
g
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
L
ik
e
w
is
e,
MA
NE
T
co
u
ld
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
to
d
r
a
w
a
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
ch
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
ix
ed
o
r
ce
llu
lar
.
T
h
is
last
,
th
e
latter
led
to
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
est
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ets.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
y
m
b
o
lize
s
a
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
n
o
t
ice
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
b
etter
r
esu
lt b
etw
ee
n
th
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
First
o
f
all,
M
A
NE
T
s
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
m
ilit
ar
y
a
n
d
d
is
aster
ar
ea
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ie
ld
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
m
o
b
i
le
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(
n
o
m
ad
ic
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
av
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
li
n
ea
m
e
n
ts
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
in
t
en
d
.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
ar
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
ati
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
li
g
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
ter
m
i
n
als.
So
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
i
s
s
u
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
d
esig
n
in
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
o
f
m
o
b
i
le
-
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
M
A
NE
T
)
s
u
c
h
as
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Qo
S
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
in
g
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
ch
al
len
g
in
g
tas
k
.
W
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
tr
af
f
ic
o
n
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
,
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
lar
g
e
p
o
r
tio
n
is
s
till
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(
T
C
P
)
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
f
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
F
T
P
)
an
d
HT
T
P
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
T
C
P
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
ese
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
He
n
c
e,
T
C
P
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
t
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
w
ell
i
n
M
ANE
T
s
as
u
s
u
all
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
meth
o
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
cro
s
s
la
ye
r
a
n
d
TC
P
o
ve
r
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
…
(
Mo
u
la
y
Hich
a
m
Ha
n
in
)
2135
I
n
d
ee
d
,
T
C
P
w
o
r
k
s
r
eliab
l
y
i
n
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
m
a
j
o
r
ity
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
lo
s
t
j
u
s
ti
f
y
b
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
es
tio
n
[
2
]
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
w
h
e
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
s
p
ac
e
in
w
aiti
n
g
q
u
e
u
es
o
r
al
m
o
s
t
f
u
ll.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
p
ac
k
e
t
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
n
i
n
d
icato
r
o
f
c
o
n
g
es
tio
n
in
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
M
AN
E
T
w
h
er
e
lo
s
s
es
u
s
u
all
y
h
ap
p
en
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
r
es
u
lt o
f
n
o
d
es a
r
e
n
o
t
s
tab
le,
d
is
tr
u
s
t
lin
k
q
u
al
it
y
o
r
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiate
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
e
s
d
u
e
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
o
f
M
ANE
T
an
d
lo
s
s
es d
u
e
to
co
n
g
es
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
em
o
s
t
p
r
o
b
lem
co
n
f
r
o
n
ts
b
y
T
C
P
in
M
A
NE
T
s
as
r
e
g
ar
d
s
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
r
etr
an
s
m
it
s
a
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
et
th
a
t
is
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
r
ates
ar
e
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
t
h
er
ea
b
o
u
ts
all
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
T
C
P
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
g
u
e
s
s
th
at
d
eg
r
ad
e
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
r
ad
io
lin
k
s
ar
e
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
atten
u
atio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
.
So
,
T
C
P
d
ec
eler
ate
th
e
s
e
n
d
in
g
r
ate
b
y
r
e
g
u
la
tin
g
it
s
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
,
w
h
e
n
a
p
ac
k
et
is
d
etec
ted
to
b
e
lo
s
t,
o
w
i
n
g
to
ti
m
eo
u
t
o
r
tr
ip
le
d
u
p
lic
ate
AC
Ks.
Ne
v
er
th
e
less
,
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
l
ik
e
as
ca
p
tu
r
e
ef
f
ec
t,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
lin
k
c
h
an
g
es,
s
p
atial
r
eu
s
e,
h
id
d
en
o
r
ex
p
o
s
ed
n
o
d
e,
co
n
ten
tio
n
w
it
h
T
C
P
A
C
K
p
ac
k
ets
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
all
p
ar
ticip
ate
to
th
e
ev
il
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
T
C
P
MA
NE
T
s
.
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
T
C
P
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
M
A
NE
T
s
,
s
o
m
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lik
e
as
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
[
3
]
,
la
y
er
ed
[
4
]
an
d
o
th
er
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
[
5
]
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
w
e
i
n
v
e
s
tig
ate
a
n
d
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
ap
er
s
an
d
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
th
a
t
w
er
e
u
s
ed
as
b
ase
to
r
ea
lize
o
u
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
Sectio
n
3
,
w
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
r
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
Sect
io
n
4
to
ev
a
lu
ate
a
n
d
co
n
f
ir
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
u
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
d
in
t
to
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
an
d
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
.
I
n
Sect
io
n
5
,
co
n
clu
d
es
t
h
e
p
ap
er
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
s
s
o
m
e
e
s
ti
m
ate
to
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
A
lo
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
ies
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
co
n
d
u
ct
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
b
eh
a
v
i
o
u
r
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
T
C
P
in
b
o
th
w
ir
ed
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
(
m
o
b
ile
o
r
s
tatic)
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
a
m
el
io
r
ate
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
in
T
C
P
'
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
n
g
[6
-
1
0
]
.
B
u
t
m
o
s
t
a
n
cie
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
ce
ll
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
r
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
h
er
e
th
e
o
n
l
y
l
in
k
j
o
in
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
[
1
3
-
1
5
]
an
d
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
M
A
NE
T
s
ar
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
w
h
ich
d
ata
h
av
e
to
b
e
d
if
f
u
s
ed
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
ir
ele
s
s
li
n
k
s
,
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
.
L
at
ter
l
y
,
n
e
w
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
[
1
6
-
1
8
]
at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
M
A
NE
T
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
g
en
er
ate
q
u
al
it
y
r
es
u
l
t
s
b
u
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
o
p
tim
ize
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
n
e
w
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
an
d
g
i
v
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
Fen
g
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
-
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
s
elec
t
th
e
n
ex
t
h
o
p
at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
b
est
s
elec
tio
n
m
ea
n
s
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
s
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
tl
y
co
n
d
itio
n
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
at
h
.
An
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
Qo
S
i
n
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Han
in
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
w
h
ile
d
i
f
f
u
s
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
m
es
s
a
g
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
,
Ha
m
za
o
u
i
et
a
l
.
[
21
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
ed
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
k
-
m
ea
n
s
m
eth
o
d
s
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
h
ig
h
l
ev
els
o
f
Qo
S
w
h
en
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ec
o
m
es d
en
s
e,
la
r
g
er
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic.
Kan
ello
p
o
u
lo
s
[2
2
]
allo
w
ed
th
e
lo
w
er
la
y
er
MA
NE
T
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
a
k
e
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
ev
e
n
ts
.
He
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
C
o
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
C
r
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
th
at
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ma
h
ad
ev
an
[2
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
p
r
in
cip
al
p
o
in
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
r
es
h
o
ld
-
b
ased
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
q
u
e
u
i
n
g
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
elin
g
o
v
er
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
la
y
e
r
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
c
h
an
n
el
la
y
er
p
ath
lo
s
s
b
u
t
i
s
n
o
t
j
u
s
ti
f
y
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es.
P
r
ath
v
ir
aj
et
a
l
.
[2
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
r
ed
u
ce
l
o
ad
o
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
estab
li
s
h
m
e
n
t
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltil
a
y
er
o
f
T
C
P
/I
P
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
en
h
an
ce
Qo
S
i
n
M
A
NE
T
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
ta
k
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
d
iv
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
M
ANE
T
.
Kliazo
v
ich
a
n
d
Gr
an
elli
[2
5
]
is
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ath
in
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
w
it
h
a
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
(
DS
R
)
w
it
h
a
de
cisi
o
n
s
tr
ati
f
ied
,
w
h
ic
h
d
id
n
o
t ta
k
e
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
d
en
s
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
a
n
e
w
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
Qo
S
i
n
MA
NE
T
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es t
w
o
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
d
ep
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
,
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
an
d
n
o
is
e
,
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
a
n
e
w
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
id
ea
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
v
er
s
al
la
y
er
an
d
in
h
er
itan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
MA
C
s
tan
d
ar
d
w
it
h
T
C
P
n
e
w
r
en
o
b
y
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
3
4
-
2142
2136
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
in
M
A
NE
T
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
a
n
d
ta
k
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
s
ig
na
l st
re
ng
t
h
Mo
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
i
n
M
A
NE
T
n
et
wo
r
k
s
is
th
e
g
r
ea
te
s
t
o
f
all
d
ef
ian
ce
s
f
ac
e
T
C
P
MA
NE
T
s
.
C
au
s
ed
b
y
m
o
b
ilit
y
th
e
l
in
k
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
b
r
o
k
en
d
u
e
to
r
es
u
lts
i
n
p
ac
k
et
lack
o
r
f
ailed
.
T
C
P
in
its
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
er
s
io
n
p
ac
k
et
co
n
g
es
tio
n
w
ill
o
f
te
n
j
u
s
ti
f
y
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es
at
th
e
T
C
P
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
lev
el.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
r
ep
lay
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ac
k
e
ts
u
n
til
th
e
y
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
ar
r
iv
e
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
to
v
a
lid
ate
th
i
s
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
o
n
e
h
an
d
,
an
d
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
,
it
lif
t
s
th
e
d
ela
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
wh
y
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
it
m
i
n
i
m
izes
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
,
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
d
eg
r
ad
ed
.
Klem
m
et
a
l
.
[2
6
]
s
u
g
g
es
t
m
o
d
ali
ties
th
a
t
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
t
h
e
s
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es
o
w
in
g
to
m
o
b
ilit
y
id
ea
r
ev
o
l
v
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
s
:
I
f
li
n
k
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
t
h
e
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
a
r
e
m
o
ten
e
s
s
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
i
n
g
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
it
m
a
k
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
al
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
an
d
r
e
-
e
s
tab
lis
h
th
e
l
in
k
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
a
p
ath
r
ed
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ac
tiv
el
y
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
th
e
p
ath
,
i
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
in
d
icate
th
a
t th
e
i
n
ter
r
elatio
n
i
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
lack
.
3
.
2
.
RT
T
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
tr
a
f
f
ic
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et
r
el
y
o
n
T
C
P
to
d
eliv
er
y
d
ata
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et.
P
r
in
cip
al
g
o
al
o
f
T
C
P
is
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
an
i
n
ac
cu
r
ate
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
r
d
er
ly
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
d
er
to
r
ec
eiv
er
p
r
ec
is
el
y
.
U
n
ti
l
n
o
w
,
a
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
T
C
P
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
C
P
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ep
lo
y
ed
[
27
,
28
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
h
av
e
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
Qo
S
o
f
M
ANE
T
as
it
w
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
.
E
v
er
y
T
C
P
v
ar
ian
t
h
as
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
lo
s
s
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
T
C
P
-
R
E
NO
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
r
u
it
f
u
l
atte
m
p
t
s
it
ca
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
n
e
v
er
th
ele
s
s
th
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
b
ased
o
n
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
av
o
id
an
ce
.
W
h
e
n
a
s
o
u
r
ce
r
e
d
u
ce
s
i
ts
s
p
ee
d
t
h
e
lo
s
s
es
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
o
cc
u
r
,
b
y
r
e
aso
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
ct
t
h
at
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
f
T
C
P
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
is
g
r
o
w
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
g
es
tio
n
w
in
d
o
w
w
i
th
ti
m
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
it
j
u
s
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
ar
e
lo
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
id
ea
o
f
T
C
P
-
R
e
n
o
i
s
t
h
at:
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
-
tr
ip
ti
m
e
(
R
T
T
)
ca
n
b
e
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
a
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
M
: T
h
e
in
ev
itab
le
ti
m
e
o
f
a
s
eg
m
e
n
t d
is
m
i
s
s
al
t
h
e
AC
K
α:
T
h
e
s
tab
le
v
al
u
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
,
co
n
tr
o
l h
o
w
f
ast t
h
e
s
u
i
tab
le
R
T
T
ch
an
g
es
.
R
T
T
(
n
)
:
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
T
T
is
s
u
ed
b
y
las
t p
ac
k
et
d
is
p
atch
ed
.
R
T
T
(
n
+1
)
:
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
i
s
esti
m
ated
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
T
T
(
n
1
)
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
T
T
,
T
C
P
R
E
NO
w
ill co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
m
a
n
d
tak
e
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
as a
v
a
r
iab
le
n
a
m
ed
DI
FF
.
W
e
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
in
[
2
9
]
in
o
r
d
er
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
T
C
P
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
B
y
T
C
P
w
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tar
ted
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
w
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
o
n
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
in
ac
ti
v
e
en
er
g
y
3
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
s
o
lutio
n:
hy
brid T
CP
w
it
h inte
ra
ct
io
n r
o
uting
pro
t
o
co
ls
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
i
n
d
icate
d
an
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
[
3
0
],
th
e
T
C
P
is
n
o
t
r
ea
lly
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
w
it
h
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
at
T
C
P
en
v
is
a
g
e
all
p
ac
k
e
ts
lo
s
s
as
s
u
f
f
e
r
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
m
a
n
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
co
m
p
l
ian
ce
[
31
].
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
h
ich
r
u
n
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
r
e
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
in
cip
al
m
o
d
el
OSI
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
w
ith
v
ir
tu
a
ll
y
s
tr
ict
li
m
it
a
m
o
n
g
la
y
er
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
la
y
er
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
s
ev
er
al
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
o
u
r
p
ap
er
is
to
o
f
f
er
a
cr
o
s
s
lay
e
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
R
T
T
an
d
B
en
ef
it
th
e
f
o
r
ce
o
f
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
s
i
g
n
al
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
T
C
P
in
M
A
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
id
io
s
y
n
cr
a
s
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
is
th
at
it
ta
k
es
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
o
u
ts
id
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ities
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
n
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
to
id
en
ti
f
y
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
i
n
MA
NE
T
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
it
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
es
ti
m
ated
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
T
T
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it
w
i
th
R
T
T
in
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
ca
s
e
s
o
as to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
lo
s
s
a
n
d
tak
e
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
an
al
y
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
meth
o
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
cro
s
s
la
ye
r
a
n
d
TC
P
o
ve
r
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
…
(
Mo
u
la
y
Hich
a
m
Ha
n
in
)
2137
Ne
w
H
YB
R
I
D
T
C
P
alg
o
r
ith
m
:
0
: str=getLast_str();
1
: Th=getLast_energy();
//lower signal strength value of pervious nodes
//Threshold energy cost of node
2
: NOI=get_noise();
3
: Er=get_energy();
//to get the highest value of noise of the path
//to get energy value
4
: c_Rtt=get_current_RTT;
//the current RTT
5
: e_Rtt=(
(RTT(i))+(1
-
)M)*fct(str)
//e
-
Rtt is the estimated value of RTT using sign
a
l strength
6
:
if(e_Rtt+x>=y and Er>=Th)
// x is
a constant
of time
7
: then cwnd=cwnd+1;
8
: else if(noi>=y)
//y is limit v
alue of noise to take effect
9
: // change channel to resolve noise problem
10
: else if(str<=z)
// z is a limit value of signal strength to interfere in communication
11
: //check routing protocol for new path is chose
// Congestion so the flow window
divide by 2
12
: else cwnd=cwnd/2;
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
T
T
ev
alu
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
T
C
P
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
t
h
e
NS3
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
w
a
s
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
its
lar
g
e
lib
r
ar
y
o
f
T
C
P
v
er
s
io
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
ev
er
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
T
C
P
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
w
it
h
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
cited
in
th
e
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
w
e
cr
ea
te
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
b
ased
o
n
f
iv
e
n
o
d
es,
an
d
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
d
ef
i
n
e
in
n
o
d
e
t
h
at
in
m
id
d
le.
T
h
is
o
cc
u
r
s
b
y
Data
tr
af
f
i
c
f
lo
w
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
r
e
ce
iv
er
.
On
e
s
h
o
u
ld
also
n
o
te
t
h
at,
d
if
f
er
en
t
le
v
els
o
f
d
ata
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
T
C
P
d
ata
f
lo
w
s
tr
av
er
s
i
n
g
t
h
is
g
iv
e
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
o
d
e
at
a
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
m
e
n
t.
W
e
p
ick
M
A
NE
T
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
i
th
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
b
et
w
ee
n
1
0
an
d
5
0
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
r
o
u
ti
n
g
O
L
S
R
an
d
A
OD
V
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
v
al
u
e
is
v
ar
y
i
n
g
.
I
n
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
w
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
o
f
n
o
r
m
al_
T
C
P
an
d
n
e
w
_
h
y
b
r
id
_
T
C
P
o
v
er
O
L
S
R
,
A
O
DV
an
d
D
SDV.
I
n
th
e
Fig
u
r
es
3
-
6
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
t
h
e
O
L
SR
u
s
e
n
e
w
_
h
y
b
r
id
_
T
C
P
g
iv
es
a
g
o
o
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
r
m
al_
T
C
P
.
A
n
d
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
th
a
n
A
OD
V
an
d
DSDV.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
tak
e
s
i
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
,
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
ch
an
g
es,
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
e
en
it a
n
d
a
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
3
4
-
2142
2138
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
v
al
u
es
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
t
y
p
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss C
h
a
n
n
e
l
R
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
P
o
w
e
r
1
.
4
w
M
A
C
8
0
2
.
1
1
I
d
l
e
P
o
w
e
r
1
.
1
.
w
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
O
L
S
R
,
D
S
D
V
,
A
O
D
V
S
l
e
e
p
P
o
w
e
r
0
.
0
0
2
w
S
p
e
e
d
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
,
5
0
m/
s
TC
-
I
N
T
ER
V
A
L
5
se
c
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
R
a
n
g
e
2
5
0
m
H
e
l
l
o
-
I
N
T
ER
V
A
L
3
se
c
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
1
0
0
Jo
u
l
e
T
o
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
1
0
0
0
m
×
1
0
0
0
m
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
1
.
6
5
w
T
i
me
o
f
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
3
0
0
se
c
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Scen
ar
io
d
escr
ib
ed
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
o
v
er
OL
S
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
o
v
er
A
ODV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
meth
o
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
cro
s
s
la
ye
r
a
n
d
TC
P
o
ve
r
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
…
(
Mo
u
la
y
Hich
a
m
Ha
n
in
)
2139
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
o
v
er
DSDV
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
O
L
S
R
,
A
ODV
a
n
d
DSD
V
in
ca
s
e
o
f
p
ac
k
e
t lo
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
O
L
S
R
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
in
v
ie
w
o
f
c
alcu
late
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
k
b
p
s
)
.
if
w
e
n
o
tice
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
ca
n
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
co
s
t
i
s
ele
v
ated
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
O
L
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ca
s
e
o
f
DSD
V
a
n
d
A
ODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Fo
r
th
e
s
a
k
e
o
f
clar
it
y
,
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
ill
u
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
o
v
er
DSDV
p
r
o
to
co
l
g
iv
es
a
g
o
o
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
Ne
w
H
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
tak
es
i
n
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
i
n
s
tead
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
as
co
n
g
e
s
ti
v
e
w
h
ic
h
d
eg
r
ad
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
w
h
en
w
e
u
s
e
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
r
o
u
te
ch
an
g
e
w
e
n
o
te
in
ca
s
e
o
f
O
L
S
R
co
n
s
u
m
e
les
s
th
a
n
AODV
an
d
DSDV.
W
e
u
s
e
a
s
tatic
ad
h
o
c
n
et
wo
r
k
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
o
u
te
c
h
an
g
es
to
s
ep
ar
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
af
f
i
c
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
1
an
d
1
2
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
OL
SR
an
d
A
O
DV
co
n
s
u
m
ed
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
n
A
O
DV
o
v
er
n
e
w
T
C
P
h
y
b
r
id
.
C
a
u
s
ed
b
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
to
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
v
er
OL
SR
,
A
O
DV
an
d
DS
DV
w
ith
m
o
b
ilit
y
n
o
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
3
4
-
2142
2140
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
o
v
er
OL
SR
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
o
v
er
DSDV
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
f
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
T
C
P
o
v
er
A
ODV
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ne
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
o
v
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
OL
S
R
,
DSD
V
an
d
A
ODV
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Ne
w
h
y
b
r
id
T
C
P
o
v
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
OL
S
R
,
DSD
V
an
d
A
ODV
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
meth
o
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
cro
s
s
la
ye
r
a
n
d
TC
P
o
ve
r
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
…
(
Mo
u
la
y
Hich
a
m
Ha
n
in
)
2141
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
h
a
n
d
le
d
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
Qo
S
i
n
M
ANE
T
,
in
clu
d
es
t
w
o
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
W
e
f
ir
s
t
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
h
e
i
n
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
ef
f
ec
ts
h
a
s
o
n
T
C
P
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
n
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
i
t,
th
ese
lead
s
ar
e
to
j
u
s
tify
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
e
s
b
ased
o
n
en
er
g
y
,
R
T
T
an
d
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
o
v
er
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
s
to
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
t
h
is
en
d
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
ed
o
v
er
NS
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
O
L
SR
i
s
th
e
b
est
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
g
iv
en
to
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
DSDV
co
n
s
u
m
e
les
s
e
n
er
g
y
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
AO
DV
is
u
n
d
esira
b
le
p
r
o
to
co
l
a
ttach
ed
to
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
co
m
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
s
w
e
w
i
ll
atte
m
p
t
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
T
C
P
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
m
a
k
e
it
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t o
f
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
L
a
e
e
q
,
N.
Isla
m
,
J.
Bh
a
y
o
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
T
CP
a
n
d
UD
P
o
v
e
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
S
t
u
d
ies
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
–
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
14
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
-
1
5
,
Ja
n
-
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
L
i
m
,
Ch
a
n
g
-
h
y
e
o
n
,
a
n
d
Ju
-
w
o
o
k
Ja
n
g
,
“
A
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
l
o
ss
d
if
f
e
re
n
ti
a
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
tc
p
o
v
e
r
w
ired
/
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
S
e
c
u
rity (
IJ
CS
NS
),
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
8
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
]
G
.
Ho
ll
a
n
d
a
n
d
N.
V
a
id
y
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
T
CP
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
ACM
W
ire
les
s
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
2
8
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
]
M
.
Be
c
h
ler,
S
.
Ja
a
p
,
a
n
d
L
.
C.
W
o
lf
,
“
A
n
Op
ti
m
ize
d
T
CP
f
o
r
in
tern
e
t
a
c
c
e
ss
o
f
v
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
Ho
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
4
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
FIP
Ne
two
rk
i
n
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
]
M
.
T
h
o
tt
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
C
.
W
e
ig
le,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
8
0
2
.
1
1
e
EDCA
o
n
m
ix
e
d
T
CP
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
W
ire
les
s In
ter
n
e
t
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
W
ICON),
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
A
.
M
.
A
l
-
Ju
b
a
ri,
M
.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
B.
M
.
A
li
,
N.A
.
W
a
ti
a
n
d
A
.
Ha
m
id
,
“
T
CP
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
p
w
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
ne
tw
o
rk
s: ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s an
d
so
lu
ti
o
n
,
”
EURA
S
IP
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
A.
Sa
a
d
,
A
.
R
a
h
e
m
,
A
.
Hu
ss
e
in
,
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
Gro
w
th
a
n
d
S
u
rv
e
y
f
o
r
T
h
re
e
L
a
y
e
rs,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
-
2
8
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
7
i1
.
p
p
2
7
1
-
2
8
4
.
[8
]
S.
A
n
b
u
Ka
ru
p
p
u
sa
m
y
a
n
d
K.
Ba
tri
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
T
CP
in
A
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
sig
n
a
l
stre
n
g
th
a
n
d
b
u
f
fe
rin
g
s
y
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ied
S
c
ien
c
e
s R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
4
-
2
5
6
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
A
.
S
a
c
h
a
n
a
n
d
A
.
Ra
jp
u
t
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
T
CP
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
n
W
LA
N,”
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
re
p
o
rt,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
0
]
C.
M
b
a
ru
s
h
im
a
n
a
,
A
.
S
h
a
h
ra
b
i,
T
.
Bu
g
g
y
,
“
A
c
ro
ss
-
la
y
e
r
T
C
P
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
in
Q
oS
-
a
w
a
re
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
-
3
0
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
G
.
M
a
r
f
ia,
C.
P
a
laz
z
i,
G
.
P
a
u
,
M
.
G
e
rla,
M
.
Y
.
S
a
n
a
d
i
d
i
a
n
d
M
.
Ro
c
c
e
tt
i,
“
T
CP
L
ib
ra
:
Ex
p
l
o
rin
g
RT
T
-
F
a
irn
e
ss
f
o
r
T
CP
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
4
4
7
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
H.
Jia
n
g
a
n
d
C.
Do
v
ro
li
s,
“
P
a
ss
iv
e
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
CP
Ro
u
n
d
T
rip
T
i
m
e
s,
”
Ne
wsle
tt
e
r
ACM
S
IGCO
M
M
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Rev
iew,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
5
-
8
8
,
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
5
7
1
6
9
7
.
5
7
1
7
2
5
.
[1
3
]
M
.
G
u
n
e
s
a
n
d
D.
V
lah
o
v
ic,
“
T
h
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
T
CP
/RCW
E
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
S
e
v
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
s
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
IS
CC‟
0
2
),
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
CC.2
0
0
2
.
1
0
2
1
6
5
6
.
[1
4
]
S
.
L
o
h
ier,
Y.
G
.
Do
u
d
a
n
e
a
n
d
G
.
P
u
jo
ll
e
,
“
Cro
ss
-
lay
e
r
lo
ss
d
iff
e
r
e
n
ti
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
to
im
p
ro
v
e
TCP
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
W
LA
Ns
,
”
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
-
3
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
7
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
D.
P
a
n
d
a
,
a
n
d
R.
Da
sh
,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
4
8
5
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
e
c
e
.
v
7
i1
.
p
p
4
7
9
-
4
8
5
.
[1
6
]
T
.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
i,
V
.
F
r
id
e
rik
o
s,
O
.
Ho
ll
a
n
d
a
n
d
A
.
H.
Ag
h
v
a
m
i,
“
Cro
ss
L
a
y
e
r
De
sig
n
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
W
irele
ss
T
CP
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
w
it
h
L
in
k
-
La
y
e
r
A
d
a
p
tatio
n
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
6
5
t
h
IEE
E
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
VT
C
S
p
rin
g
2
0
0
7
),
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
4
-
1
5
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
V
ET
ECF
.
2
0
0
7
.
3
2
0
.
[1
7
]
Bh
a
g
y
a
sh
ri
R.
Ha
n
ji
,
a
n
d
Ra
jas
h
re
e
S
h
e
tt
a
r,
“
Cro
ss
L
a
y
e
r
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
De
la
y
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
in
M
A
NE
T
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
4
5
-
4
7
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
8
i6
.
p
p
4
7
4
5
-
4
7
5
4
.
[1
8
]
F
e
n
g
,
D.,
a
n
d
Zh
u
,
Y.,
“
A
n
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
A
OD
V
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
Re
m
a
in
in
g
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
F
a
m
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
ro
n
ic Co
m
p
u
ter
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
–
1
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
E
CT
.
2
0
0
9
.
1
1
7
.
[1
9
]
H
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
H.
Ka
n
,
M
.
Ho
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
T
CP
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
u
sin
g
c
ro
ss
-
la
y
e
r
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
4
–
4
7
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
M
H.
Ha
n
in
,
Y.
F
a
k
h
ri
a
n
d
M
.
Am
n
a
i,
“
A
n
e
w
e
ff
icie
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
s
e
rv
ic
e
in
OL
S
R
p
ro
to
c
o
l,
”
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
fo
r C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
8
5
-
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
Y.
Ha
m
z
a
o
u
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
En
h
a
n
c
e
n
i
g
OL
S
R
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
Us
in
g
K
-
M
e
d
o
i
d
s
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
M
e
th
o
d
in
M
A
NET
s,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
IJ
AE
R),
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
-
2
0
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
D.
Ka
n
e
ll
o
p
o
u
l
o
s.,
“
Co
n
g
e
stio
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
s:
A
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,
”
ICT
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
7
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
icte
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
6
.
0
0
1
.
[2
3
]
G
.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
n
,
“
A
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
sc
h
e
m
e
o
f
v
id
e
o
p
a
c
k
e
t
tran
s
m
issi
o
n
to
im
p
ro
v
e
c
ro
ss
la
y
e
r
to
su
p
p
o
rt
Qo
S
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
,
”
Al
e
x
a
n
d
ria
En
g
.
J
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
1
-
1
5
0
8
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
e
j.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
0
3
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
3
4
-
2142
2142
[2
4
]
P
ra
t
h
v
iraj
N
.
,
S
a
n
to
s
h
L
.
,
De
sh
p
a
n
d
e
,
“
Ro
u
g
h
se
t
b
a
se
d
Qo
S
e
n
a
b
led
m
u
lt
ip
a
th
so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NE
T
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
5
-
1
9
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
1
0
i
2
.
p
p
1
9
1
5
-
1
9
2
3
.
[2
5
]
D.
Kliaz
o
v
ich
a
n
d
F
.
G
ra
n
e
ll
i,
“
Cro
ss
-
lay
e
r
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
a
d
h
o
c
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
(
El
se
v
ier
),
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
6
9
-
7
9
2
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
d
h
o
c
.
2
0
0
5
.
0
8
.
0
0
1
[2
6
]
F.
Kle
m
m
,
Zh
e
n
q
ian
g
-
Ye
,
S
.
V.
Kr
ish
n
a
m
u
rth
y
a
n
d
S
.
K.
T
rip
a
th
i,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
T
CP
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
S
ig
n
a
l
S
tren
g
th
b
a
se
d
L
in
k
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
3
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
1
9
1
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[2
7
]
Ja
c
o
b
so
n
,
V
.
“
Co
n
g
e
s
ti
o
n
a
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
Rev
iew,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
-
3
2
9
,
1
9
8
8
.
[2
8
]
Ja
c
o
b
so
n
,
V.,
“
M
o
d
if
e
d
T
CP
C
o
n
g
e
stio
n
A
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
re
p
o
rt,
1
9
9
0
.
[2
9
]
B.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
S
in
g
h
,
“
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
st
o
f
T
CP
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IE
EE
INFOCO
M
’0
4
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IN
F
COM.
2
0
0
4
.
1
3
5
6
9
6
7
.
[3
0
]
M
b
a
ru
sh
im
a
n
a
,
S
.
a
n
d
S
h
a
h
ra
b
i,
A
.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
re
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
ro
a
c
ti
v
e
ro
u
t
in
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
2
1
st
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
AINA
W
2
0
0
7
)
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
6
7
9
-
6
8
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/A
INA
W
.
2
0
0
7
.
1
2
3
.
[3
1
]
Bh
a
g
y
a
sh
ri
R.
H
a
n
ji
a
n
d
Ra
jas
h
re
e
S
h
e
tt
a
r
,
“
Cro
ss
La
y
e
r
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
De
la
y
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
in
M
A
NE
T
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
&
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJECE)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
4
5
-
4
7
5
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
H
a
n
in
M
o
u
la
y
H
ic
h
a
m
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
(DEUG
)
d
e
g
re
e
o
n
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
2
0
0
6
f
ro
m
Ib
n
Z
o
h
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
A
g
a
d
ir
c
it
y
,
m
o
ro
c
c
o
.
T
h
e
n
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
d
e
g
re
e
o
n
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
.
In
2
0
0
9
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
g
o
t
h
is
M
.
S
d
e
g
re
e
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
ro
m
Ib
n
Zo
h
r,
A
g
a
d
ir,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
d
m
in
istrativ
e
o
f
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
(2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
2
).
S
i
n
c
e
2
0
1
2
,
he
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
h
D
r
e
se
a
rc
h
e
r
o
f
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
se
rv
ice
q
u
a
li
t
y
in
A
D
-
HO
C
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
A
lso
,
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
d
o
in
g
h
is
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (L
A
RI
T
)
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
A
m
n
a
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
2
0
0
0
,
in
IEE
A
(Co
m
p
u
ters
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
M
o
la
y
Is
m
a
il
'
s
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
E
rra
c
h
id
ia
c
it
y
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r
'
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
2
0
0
7
,
f
ro
m
Ib
n
T
o
f
a
il
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
,
K
e
n
it
ra
c
it
y
.
In
2
0
1
1
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
o
n
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
,
f
ro
m
Ib
n
T
o
f
a
il
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
Ke
n
it
ra
c
it
y
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
S
i
n
c
e
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
4
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
A
ss
istan
t
a
t
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
Kh
o
u
rib
g
a
,
S
e
tt
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
j
o
in
e
d
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
Ké
n
it
ra
,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
te
r
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
Ib
n
T
o
fa
il
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
a
s
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
is
a
lso
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
Lab
o
ra
to
ry
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(L
A
RI
T
),
T
e
a
m
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
a
n
d
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
is
a
lso
an
a
ss
o
c
iate
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
l
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
IP
OSI
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Ha
ss
a
n
1
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Kh
o
u
ri
b
g
a
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
.
Fa
k
h
r
i
Y
o
u
ss
e
f
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
De
g
re
e
(B.
S
)
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
P
h
y
sic
s
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r’s
De
g
r
e
e
(DES
A
)
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
,
Ra
b
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
in
2
0
0
3
w
h
e
re
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r’s
P
ro
jec
t
a
t
th
e
ICI
Co
m
p
a
n
y
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
P
h
D
in
2
0
0
7
f
ro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
-
Ag
d
a
l,
Ra
b
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
in
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
th
e
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
talo
n
ia
(UP
C)
,
S
p
a
in
.
He
jo
in
e
d
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
Ké
n
it
ra
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
Ib
n
T
o
fa
il
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
a
s
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
s
so
r
in
M
a
rs
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
is
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
h
e
a
d
a
t
LA
RI
T
,
A
ss
o
c
iate
Re
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
a
t
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
f
o
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(L
RIT
)
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
Ra
b
a
t
,
a
n
d
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
o
le
o
f
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
e
s S
T
IC
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.