Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
4155
~
41
61
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp
4155
-
41
61
4155
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
The stud
ents’ a
cceptan
ce
of
l
earni
ng man
agem
ent systems i
n
Saud
i Ara
bi
an Un
iversiti
es
Mutase
m K
. Alsm
adi
Depa
rtment
o
f
Mana
gement Inf
orm
at
ion
S
y
s
te
m
s
,
Coll
ege of
Ap
pli
ed
Studie
s
an
d
Com
m
unity
Se
rvic
e
,
Im
am Abdulra
hm
an
Bin
Faisa
l U
nive
rsit
y
,
Saud
i
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 10,
2018
Re
vised Feb
23, 2
020
Accepte
d
Ma
r
2,
2020
For
dista
nce
le
a
rne
rs,
cont
inuou
s
offic
ia
l
edu
cation
is
ver
y
important
fo
r
improving
knowledge
and
learni
ng
expe
ri
ence
to
m
ee
t
the
ca
r
ee
r
cha
l
le
nges
in
the
m
oder
n
world.
Th
is
work
studie
s
th
e
s
ucc
ess
fa
ct
ors
which
aff
ect
the
use
of
LMS
and
evalua
te
s
t
he
a
bi
li
t
y
to
ap
pl
y
the
propose
d
m
odel
in
the
f
ie
ld
of
d
ista
nc
e
l
ea
rn
ing
(DL)
p
art
i
cularl
y
in
high
er
educat
ion
.
The
surve
y
was
ca
rri
ed
out
on
highe
r
educ
a
ti
on
l
ea
rne
rs
who
were
inc
lud
ed
in
the
DL
instr
uct
ions.
Thi
s
work
has
uti
l
iz
ed
a
questi
onn
ai
r
e
that
was
m
odifi
ed
from
li
te
r
at
ur
e
to
inspec
t
thr
ee
m
eas
ure
m
ent
s,
s
y
st
em
design,
s
y
stem
usage
,
a
nd
sy
st
em
outcom
e.
Util
izing
t
he
obta
in
ed
surve
y
d
at
a
for
student
s
of
DL
(N=149),
the
pat
h
an
aly
sis
di
scove
red
th
at
th
e
design
o
f
the
s
y
st
em
has
a
signifi
c
ant
e
ffe
ct
on
th
e
sati
sf
a
ct
ion
of
users
a
nd
int
en
ti
on
for
using
LMS
which
aff
ect
s
the
use
of
the
s
y
st
em.
Consequentl
y
,
the
sat
isfaction
of
users
and
the
s
y
stem
us
ed
has
a
gre
at
impact
on
the
n
et be
nef
it.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ed
ucati
on
al
te
chnolo
gy m
odel
Inform
at
ion
syst
e
m
su
ccess
Syst
e
m
i
m
pact
Syst
e
m
d
esi
gn
Tech
no
l
og
y ac
ceptance
m
od
el
Syst
e
m
u
sage
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muta
sem
K
. Als
m
adi,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Ma
nag
em
ent Inf
or
m
at
ion
Sys
tem
s
,
Coll
ege
of
A
ppli
ed
St
ud
ie
s
a
nd Com
m
un
it
y
Ser
vice,
Im
a
m
A
bd
ulra
hm
an
Bi
n
Fais
al
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Dam
m
a
m
, S
aud
i A
ra
bia
.
Em
a
il
:
m
ks
al
s
m
adi@g
m
ai
l.c
om
,
m
kals
m
adi@iau.e
du.sa
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Dista
nce
le
a
rn
i
ng
(
DL
)
is
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
ed
uc
at
ion
al
syst
em
s
cu
rr
e
ntly
[
1
-
6].
Howe
ver,
it
is
a
ver
y
us
efu
l
way
f
or
di
ff
ere
nt
le
arn
e
r
s’
cat
eg
or
ie
s
t
o
get
a
n
ed
uca
ti
on
.
Pe
ople
w
it
h
diff
e
re
nt
le
arn
i
ng
capaci
ti
es,
di
fferent
a
ges
,
or
tho
se
w
ho
a
re
l
eaving
fa
r
a
w
ay
from
the
ed
ucati
on
s
ource
co
uld
be
nef
it
from
su
c
h
ty
pe
of
s
yst
e
m
s.
Moreover,
it
helps
pe
op
le
w
ho
ha
ve
lost
their
ed
ucati
on
c
ha
nce
,
du
e
to
a
ny
so
ci
al
,
econom
ic
,
po
li
ti
cal
or
age
rea
so
ns,
to
get
a
ne
w
cha
nce
to
r
each
their
go
al
.
DL
c
ou
l
d
be
a
ver
y
ef
fecti
ve
way
to
save
c
os
ts
f
or
in
sti
tutes,
in
structo
rs
a
nd
le
arn
e
rs
[
7
-
9].
D
L
ena
bles
ed
uc
at
ion
al
insti
tutes
to
us
e
m
edia
too
ls
su
c
h
as
we
b
-
ba
sed
m
edia, v
i
de
os
,
and a
udios
eff
ect
iv
el
y [10
, 11].
Up
t
o
date
st
udie
s
in
the
fiel
d
ha
ve
int
rod
uc
ed
m
any
ad
va
ntages
a
nd
di
sad
van
ta
ges
of
us
in
g
D
L
syst
e
m
s.
The
ben
e
fits
of
suc
h
syst
em
s
lead
to
m
any
hi
gh
e
r
e
du
cat
io
n
in
sti
tutes
to
ap
ply
them
t
o
the
i
r
pro
gr
am
s
and
courses.
DL
has
bee
n
int
egr
at
e
d
into
t
he
ed
ucati
on
process
i
n
m
a
ny
co
un
t
ries
s
uch
a
s
the
U
nited
Stat
e
s
an
d
t
he
Un
it
ed
Kingdom
a
long
ti
m
e
ago
[12].
Sa
udi
A
r
abian
unive
rsiti
es
ha
ve
j
oi
ned
suc
h
a
grow
i
ng
wa
ve
of
usi
ng
D
L
[13].
U
nfo
rtun
at
el
y,
the
e
xi
sti
ng
DL
syst
e
m
s
sti
l
l
hav
e
m
any
bugs
a
nd
nee
d
m
or
e
enh
a
nce
m
ents.one
of
t
he
m
ai
n
adv
a
nt
ages
of
us
in
g
DL
e
du
c
at
ion
in
Sa
ud
i
Ar
a
bian
univer
sit
ie
s
is
to
enab
le
w
om
en
to b
e
in
vo
l
ve
d i
n
the
highe
r
e
du
cat
io
n sy
ste
m
eff
ect
ively
[
14
]
.
DL
has
bee
n
f
aci
li
ta
te
d
by
the
existe
nce
of
t
he
I
nter
net.
St
ud
e
nts
ca
n
at
te
nd
t
he
le
ct
ur
e
s
and
cl
asse
s
from
anywh
er
e
and
at
a
ny
tim
e
if
th
e
le
ctu
re
is
op
e
n
to
acce
ss
an
d
ha
s
no
ti
m
e
restrict
ion
s.
M
or
e
ov
e
r,
the
In
te
rn
et
he
lps
both
inst
ruct
or
s
a
nd
st
udents
to
acce
ss
a
la
rg
er
var
ie
t
y
of
res
ources
and
i
nfor
m
at
ion
[
12
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4155
-
4161
4156
As
the
inte
rn
et
serv
ic
es
im
pr
ov
e
d
in
S
au
di
Ar
a
bia
in
the
l
ast
decad
es
,
th
e
us
e
of
D
L
ha
s
been
e
nc
oura
ged
by
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s
an
d
highe
r
ed
uca
ti
on
insti
tutes.
Fo
r
t
he
Saudi
Ar
a
bian
c
ommun
it
y,
DL
c
ou
l
d
play
an
im
p
or
ta
nt
ro
le
i
n
distrib
ut
ing
e
du
cat
i
on,
especial
ly
am
ong
w
om
en
[15].
T
he
fem
al
e
stude
nt
ca
n
ba
la
nce
he
r
e
du
cat
ion
process
a
nd
ta
king
care
of
he
r
hom
e.
Moreo
ve
r,
s
om
e
a
dd
e
d
e
xp
e
ns
es
su
ch
as
tra
nsporta
ti
on
from
and
t
o
the
unive
rsity
cou
l
d
be
re
duced
.
N
ot
on
l
y
ind
ivi
du
al
s
cou
l
d
be
ne
fit
from
the
DL
syst
e
m
s
bu
t
al
so
on
the
nati
on
al
le
vel.
It
co
uld
he
lp
in
im
pr
ovin
g
the
ed
ucati
onal
syst
em
qu
a
li
ty
and
distrib
ution
an
d
he
nc
e
help
s
the k
i
ngdom
in
com
peting glo
bally
w
it
h othe
r hig
hly
-
ra
nk
e
d
e
du
cat
io
nal s
yst
e
m
s [
14
]
.
It
is
a
m
us
t
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
us
e
d
DL
syst
em
s
in
Saudi
Ar
a
bia
f
or
m
any
reas
ons.
T
he
inc
reasi
ng
enroll
m
ent
in
t
he
di
ff
e
ren
t
e
d
ucati
on
al
pro
gram
s,
especial
l
y
fo
r
w
om
en,
is
the
m
os
t
i
mp
ort
ant
f
act
or
[14]
.
Of
c
ourse
,
th
e
tradit
iona
l
edu
cat
io
n
syst
e
m
s
sh
ou
ld
be
ap
plied
as
w
el
l
as
the
DL
ap
proach.
A
stud
y
perform
ed
by
Al
-
S
ultan
has
sh
ow
n
the
in
c
reased
e
nrollm
ent
of
stu
den
ts
as
well
a
s
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
de
nied
higher
ed
ucati
on
stu
de
nts.
T
he
st
ud
y
has
c
la
rified
t
hat
in
1993,
wh
il
e
7000
0
st
ud
e
nts
hav
e
been
gra
du
at
e
d,
2000
stu
de
nts
wer
e
una
ble
to
procee
d
t
o
hi
gh
e
r
e
ducat
ion.
H
oweve
r,
i
n
2003,
m
or
e
t
ha
n
200000
st
udents
hav
e
bee
n
gradu
at
e
d
a
nd
alm
os
t
12000
stud
e
nts
w
er
e
un
a
ble
to
procee
d
to
hig
he
r
e
du
cat
io
n
[
16]
.
As
a c
oncl
us
i
on
of
t
he
st
ud
y
r
esults, it
h
a
s be
en
s
how
n
that t
he
r
at
io
of
high
er e
du
cat
io
n gra
du
at
e
d
st
ud
e
nt
s to
the
nu
m
ber
of
hig
h
sc
hool
grad
uates
is
getti
ng
highe
r
w
hi
ch
le
ads
to
th
e
necessit
y
to
giv
e
m
or
e
fo
c
us
to
the pr
ob
le
m
[
16]
.
Exam
ples
of
Saudi
un
i
ver
si
ti
es
that
hav
e
app
li
ed
t
he
D
L
appro
ac
h
ar
e
King
Sa
ud
Un
i
ver
sit
y
i
n
Ri
ya
dh
(KSU
),
King
Abd
ulazi
z
Un
ive
rsity
i
n
Jed
da
h
(KA
U)
a
nd
Ki
ng
F
ai
sal
Un
iver
sit
y
in
Al
-
Hasaa
(K
F
U
).
Pr
e
viously
,
the
DL
syst
em
s
w
ere
base
d
on
hard
c
op
ie
d
m
ater
ia
ls.
Su
c
h
m
at
erial
s
wer
e
s
ent
to
the
stu
de
nts
via
sta
nd
a
rd
m
ai
l
serv
ic
es
.
The
m
issi
on
of
the
three
univer
sit
ie
s’
DL
pro
gra
m
s
is
to
util
ize,
integrate,
a
nd
trai
n
stud
e
nts
a
nd
f
acult
y
with
th
e
la
te
st
te
chn
ol
og
y
in
DL
[
14]
.
Dea
nships
of
E
-
le
ar
ning
and
DL
ha
ve
bee
n
est
ablished
i
n
the
three
unive
rsiti
es
to
serve
the
m
a
in
go
al
of
DL
a
nd
t
o
accom
plish
their
m
issi
on
.
I
n
2006,
KAU
ha
s
est
ablishe
d
the
de
ans
hip
w
hile,
in
2010,
bo
t
h
KSU
an
d
KFU
ha
ve
est
abli
sh
e
d
their
dea
ns
hi
ps
.
The
DL
progr
a
m
in
the
thr
ee
un
i
versi
ti
es
–
as
sta
te
d
i
n
thei
r
we
bs
it
es
–
is
re
spo
ns
ible
f
or
pr
ovidin
g
the
stud
e
nts
wi
th
on
li
ne
trai
ni
ng
m
at
erial
s
a
nd
to
ols.
Virtu
al
cl
assro
om
s
con
ce
pt
has
be
en
intr
oduce
d
in
their
pro
gr
am
s.
In
2012,
the
U
niv
e
rsity
of
Dam
m
a
m
(U
O
D
)
has
de
velo
ped
it
s
own
e
-
le
ar
ning
an
d
DL
deans
hip
and
sta
rted
it
s fi
rst progr
am
s in
the
f
ie
ld
[1
4].
Ar
ti
fici
al
intel
li
gen
ce
(AI)
ha
s
bee
n
su
cce
ss
fu
ll
y
us
e
d
in
m
any
do
m
ai
ns
su
c
h
as
[
17
-
27
]
.
Re
centl
y;
AI
has been
im
plem
ented
in the LMS es
peci
al
ly
in
fiel
ds
lik
e ed
ucati
on, v
irtual
learni
ng, sm
a
ll
-
scal
e o
r
la
rg
e
gro
up
s
of
us
e
rs,
co
rpo
rate.
More
ov
e
r;
AI
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
the
trai
nin
g
pr
ogram
s
'
eff
ect
iveness
an
d
pro
vide
d
pr
eci
sio
n
a
nd
qual
it
y i
n
ed
uca
ti
on
al
pr
ocesse
s [
28
-
30
].
In
t
his
work,
we
ai
m
to
evol
ve
an
ef
fecti
ve
LMS
f
or
the
instr
uction
of
distance
le
arni
ng
w
hich
i
s
fu
ll
y
util
iz
ed
a
nd
usa
ble
f
or
a
dm
inist
rator
s,
i
ns
tr
ucto
rs
a
nd stud
e
nts.
It
is
not valua
ble
to
d
evel
op
a good
LMS
if
the
su
ccess
factors
are
unc
le
ar
and
th
e
te
chnolo
gy
acce
ptance
is
low.
P
re
viously
,
the
su
ccess
fact
ors
and
acce
ptance
of
the
us
a
ge
of
L
MS
a
m
o
ng
sta
keholde
rs
a
re
inv
e
sti
gate
d
a
nd
res
ult
ed
in
t
he
of
the
e
du
c
at
ion
al
te
chnolo
gy
m
od
el
(E
TM)
c
on
structio
n.
Co
nse
qu
e
ntly
,
this
work
ai
m
s
to
ver
ify
a
nd
de
ve
lop
t
he
i
nteg
r
it
y
of
an
ETM
w
hich
can
be
util
iz
ed
as
a
gu
i
delin
e
f
or
de
velo
pi
ng
or
e
valuati
ng
a
n
LMS
.
T
he
rest
of
the
pa
per
is
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
Sect
ion
2
discu
sse
d
the
co
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
of
ETM
.
Sect
ion
3
de
scribes
the
r
esearc
h
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
.
Sect
ion
4
il
lu
strat
es
the
de
m
og
raphic
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
Sect
ion
5
s
hows
the
m
easur
e
of
fit
.
Sect
ion
6
il
lustrate
s
Hyp
oth
es
es
Test
ing
.
Sec
ti
on
7
is
a
disc
us
sio
n
of
the
r
esults
.
Sect
io
n
8
is
the
c
on
cl
us
io
n
of this
pap
e
r.
2.
EDU
CA
TI
ONAL
TE
C
HNO
LOGY
MOD
EL
(
ET
M)
C
ONS
T
RUCTI
ON
The
m
od
el
of
the
resea
rc
h
w
as
f
or
m
ed
as
a
com
par
iso
n
outc
om
e
betwee
n
the
DL
&ML
IS
s
uccess
m
od
el
and
the
TAM
m
od
el
.
The
T
AM
m
od
el
highli
ghts
gaugin
g
the
use
r
be
ha
vio
r
by
the
pro
fesse
d
util
ity
and
e
ase
of
use
as
the
key
in
the
us
e
dim
ension
va
riables
an
d
th
at
will
determ
ine
the
syst
em
re
al
us
e.
This
resea
rc
h
r
eveals
the
valu
e
of
e
valuati
ng
the
su
cces
s
of
DL&MS
fr
om
an
in
form
at
io
n
syst
em
s
vie
wpoint
on
t
he
w
hole
,
and
es
pecial
ly
from
the
edu
ca
ti
on
al
Tech
nolog
y
view
po
i
nt.
Figure
1
c
onta
ins
the
el
em
e
nt
an
d
dim
ension
of
t
he pr
opos
e
d E
TM.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
This r
esea
rch
i
nten
ds
to
co
nf
i
rm
the p
la
nn
e
d success ETM by
ver
ify
in
g
S
aud
i st
ude
nt'
s s
uccess level
towa
rd
t
he
usa
ge
of
LMS
.
A
stud
y
is
perfor
m
ed
on
a
trai
l
from
6
Saudi
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s
of
arou
nd
149
stu
den
ts
who
us
e
the
LMS
platfo
rm
and
pro
vid
e
d
DL
pro
gr
am
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Dam
m
a
m
,
Ki
ng
Faisa
l
U
niv
ersit
y,
King
A
bdulazi
z
Un
i
versi
ty
,
Saudi
Ele
ct
ron
ic
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Ar
a
b
Op
e
n
U
niv
e
rsity
and
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Im
a
m
Muh
am
m
ad
bin
Sa
ud.
Th
e
in
vestigat
ors
have
us
e
d
survey
te
chn
iq
ue,
a
nd
to
al
l
stud
e
nts
enroll
ed
in
t
he
DL
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e st
udents
’ a
ccepta
nce
of le
ar
ni
ng ma
nage
men
t
syste
ms
in Sau
di Ar
ab
i
an….
(
Mut
as
e
m K
. Alsma
di)
4157
sect
ion
fro
m
tho
se 6
Sa
udi uni
ver
sit
ie
s'
f
eedb
ack
form
s is c
irculat
ed.
T
he feed
bac
k
f
or
m
is dev
el
ope
d
de
rive
d
from
qu
est
ions
m
entioned
by
form
er
stud
ie
s
an
d
in
vestig
at
or
s,
in
a
dd
it
i
on
to
po
i
nts
st
at
ed
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e
associat
ed
wit
h
ETM
dim
en
sion
s
.
To
see
if
the
ou
tc
om
e
of
this
stud
y
is
reli
able
wit
h
pr
e
vious
li
te
rature
,
the
in
vestigat
or
at
te
m
pted
to
go
with
certai
n
thi
ngs
wit
h
LMS
co
nce
rn
s
.
Thi
ngs
a
re
m
easur
e
d
by
the
us
e
of
five
point
-
Lik
ert
-
scal
es
w
hich
range
f
ro
m
strongly
ag
ree
to
strongly
disagr
ee
.
A
ppr
oxim
a
te
ly
15
m
inu
te
s
wer
e
ta
ke
n
by
res
pondents
to
finish
the
que
sti
onnaire
.
Re
sp
on
den
ts
wer
e
guara
nte
ed
that
t
heir
per
s
onal
respo
ns
es
will
be
secret.
T
o
stu
dy
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
an
d
us
e
AMO
S
18
f
or
the
or
ie
s
t
est
ing
a
nd
to
f
ind
out
the
m
od
el
m
atch
by
way
of
structu
ral
eq
ua
ti
on
m
od
el
(SEM
)
the
resea
rch
e
rs
us
ed
St
at
ist
ic
al
Packag
e
f
or
the s
ocial
scien
ces (SPSS
) 17.
0.
This
instr
um
e
nt
validit
y
wa
s
evaluate
d
by
way
of
re
vision
of
the
qu
e
sti
onnaire,
pr
e
-
te
sti
ng
,
a
nd
con
te
nt
validit
y.
The
co
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
an
d
m
att
er
of
t
he
quest
ionnaire
wer
e
e
ven
asse
ssed
by
2
crit
ic
s.
The
crit
ic
s
a
re
pro
fess
or
s
in
the
sp
he
r
e
of
I
ns
tr
uctional
Tec
hnology,
at
the
Universit
y
of
Da
m
m
a
m
,
King
Faisa
l
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Ki
ng
A
bdulazi
z
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Sa
ud
i
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Ar
a
b
O
pe
n
U
niv
e
r
sit
y
and
U
niv
e
rsity
of
Im
a
m
Muh
am
m
ad
bin
Sa
ud
.
The
i
nv
est
ig
at
or
s
the
n
ca
r
ry
out
a
co
ns
ist
ency
te
st
fo
r
ever
y
c
on
st
ruct
to
evaluate
the
m
easur
es'
reli
abili
ty
and
goodne
ss.
Ta
ble
1
by
Se
kar
a
n
[
31
]
rev
eal
s
t
he
high
c
onsist
ency
of
ever
y c
onstr
uct as stat
ed.
Figure
1.
The
m
ai
n
el
e
m
ents o
f
the
pro
pose
d
ETM
Table
1.
C
ron
ba
ch'
s al
pha
Ite
m
Reliab
ilit
y
Ite
m
Reliab
ilit
y
Net ben
ef
it
0
.80
3
User satisf
actio
n
0
.84
5
Service qu
ality
0
.89
0
Sy
ste
m
qu
ality
0
.94
4
Perceived
us
ef
u
ln
ess
0
.91
4
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
qu
alit
y
0
.91
9
Sy
ste
m
us
e
0
.95
4
Perceived
ease
of
us
e
0
.89
2
Inten
tio
n
to u
se
0
.82
2
4.
DEM
OG
RA
P
HIC
D
ATA
Table
2
s
hows
the
synopsis
of
the
backg
rou
nd
inf
orm
ation
.
It
cou
l
d
be
obs
erv
e
d
that
75.
2
per
ce
nt
of
the
res
ponde
nts
are w
om
en
w
hile
24.
8
per
ce
nt
of
them
are m
en.
Most of
the
re
spo
nd
e
nts
age
d
twe
nty
to
f
ort
y
ye
ars
old.
A
round
22.81
per
c
ent
of
t
he
res
ponde
nts
ha
ve
us
e
d
a
com
pu
te
r
f
or
m
or
e
th
an
10
ye
ars
a
nd
m
os
t
hav
e
used
a c
om
pu
te
r
for o
ve
r on
e
yea
r.
For
ov
e
r 1 year
all
of them
know
us
in
g
LM
S.
5.
MEASU
RE O
F FIT
The
proj
ect
e
d
researc
h
m
od
e
l
includes
t
he
IS
s
uccess
m
od
el
an
d
the
fe
at
ur
es
of
t
he
te
chnolo
gy
acce
ptance
m
od
el
.
T
he
m
od
e
l
offer
s
4
e
nd
og
e
nous
va
ria
bles
(B
I,
US
E
,
SAT,
NB,)
a
nd
5
e
xoge
no
us
or
ob
s
er
ved
va
ria
bles
(
SVQ,
P
U,
PE
U,
SYQ
,
I
N
Q,
)
.
Af
te
r
m
od
ific
at
ion
and
te
sti
ng,
th
e
m
od
el
is
kn
own
a
s
the ETM al
l t
hro
ugh t
he rem
a
ining o
f
t
his st
ud
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4155
-
4161
4158
The
CF
A
is
pe
rfor
m
ed
us
i
ng
AMOS
18
S
E
M
so
ft
war
e
.
T
he
CF
A
ai
m
s
t
o
bu
il
d
a
str
uc
tural
m
od
el
that
arr
an
ges
the
te
ste
d
m
easur
es
to
the
in
di
vid
ual
buil
ds,
by
lim
it
ing
the
incon
sist
e
ncy
of
eve
ry
m
eas
ur
e
to
the
hidden
buil
d
it
m
us
t
sig
nify.
Be
side
s
e
va
luati
ng
the
a
m
ou
nt
to
w
hich
e
ver
y
m
easur
e
adds
to
it
s
do
rm
ant
const
ru
ct
,
the
CFA
e
ve
n
c
hecks
the
di
vision
am
on
g
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
by
a
ssessin
g
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
in
the
on
the wh
ole m
od
el
.
Table
3
s
ho
ws
th
e m
easure
s of
fit
.
Table
2.
Dem
og
ra
phic
data
Gen
d
er
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
Male
37
2
4
.8
Fe
m
ale
112
7
5
.2
Ag
e
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
20
-
24
91
6
1
.1
25
-
29
24
1
6
.1
30
-
40
27
1
8
.1
41
-
50
6
4
.0
Ov
er
5
0
1
0
.7
Co
m
p
u
ter
Usag
e
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
less
than
1 y
ea
r
20
1
3
.42
1
-
3
y
ear
30
2
0
.13
3
-
7
y
ears
40
2
6
.84
7
-
1
0
y
ears
25
1
6
.77
m
o
re
th
an
10
years
34
2
2
.81
LM
S
Usag
e
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
less
than
1 y
ea
r
30
2
0
.13
1
-
3
y
ear
60
4
0
.26
3
-
7
y
ears
45
3
0
.20
7
-
1
0
y
ears
13
8
.72
m
o
re
th
an
10
years
1
0
.67
Total
149
100
Table
3.
T
he
used
fit m
easur
es
Fit Me
asu
r
es
Stan
d
ards
Fit
Mod
el Fit
CMIN/Df
A valu
e
n
ear
1
an
d
no
t
m
o
re
th
an
3
re
p
resents
a go
o
d
f
it.
2
.80
0
P Value
A P
v
alu
e
of
m
o
r
e
th
an
0.0
0
5
represen
ts
an
acc
ep
tab
le f
it.
0
.02
2
RMSEA
A valu
e
th
at do
esn
’t
ex
ceed
0
.1.
0
.49
0
TLI
A valu
e
n
ear
1
rep
resents
a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
0
.98
6
CFI
A valu
e
n
ear
1
rep
resents
a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
0
.99
6
GFI
A valu
e equ
al to o
r
f
ewer
than
1
r
ep
re
sen
ts
a perf
ect fi
t.
0
.98
9
AGFI
A valu
e equ
al to o
r
f
ewer
th
an
1
r
ep
re
sen
ts
a perf
ect fi
t.
0
.95
3
RMR
RMR o
f
f
ewer
th
a
n
0.0
5
represen
ts
a
pe
r
f
ect fi
t.
0
.01
6
IFI
IFI
va
l
u
es
n
ea
r
1
r
ep
resent
a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
0
.99
6
RFI
RFI va
l
u
es
n
ear
1
r
ep
resent
a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
0
.97
3
NFI
TL
I
va
l
u
es
n
ear
1
r
ep
resent
a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
0
.99
2
6.
HYP
OTHE
S
ES TE
STING
To
try
out
a
set
of
hypothe
se
s
at
the
sa
m
e
t
i
m
e
in
the
way
of
a
m
od
el
with
co
ns
ide
rab
l
e
le
vel
0.
05
structu
ral
eq
ua
ti
on
m
od
el
ing
is
pr
ope
rly
su
it
able.
H
oweve
r,
it
assist
s
to
show
th
ese
hypot
heses
a
nd
to
re
flect
on
eve
ryo
ne
s
epar
at
el
y.
F
r
om
Table
4
,
th
e
hypothe
ses
w
hich
e
xpla
in
t
he
ass
ociat
io
n
a
m
on
g
the
de
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
ble
(BI
,
SA
T,
)
a
nd
in
dep
e
ndent
vari
ables
(PU,
S
vQ,
I
nQ,
P
E
U,
Sy
Q,)
are
i
m
po
rtant
e
xc
lud
in
g
the
ass
ociat
ion
am
on
g
B
I
a
nd
InQ.
It
reve
al
s
that
PE
U,
SyQ,
PU,
InQ,
SvQ,
ha
ve
ex
te
ns
ively
ef
fec
t
PU
,
SA
T,
P
EU
,
SvQ,
an
d
SyQ,
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
co
ns
ide
rab
ly
aff
e
ct
ed
BI.
It
eve
n
rev
e
al
s
that
the
SA
T
ha
s
a
m
ajo
r
li
nk
with
NB,
US
E,
a
nd
BI.
Howe
ver
,
B
I
has
an
im
po
rt
ant
associat
io
n
with
USE,
a
nd
U
SE
co
ns
id
erab
ly
aff
ect
s
NB.
T
her
e
is
en
ough
proof
li
nke
d
with
the
ca
us
al
ass
ociat
io
n
am
on
g
de
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
bles
an
d
ind
e
pende
nt
va
riables
in
the
m
od
el
that
a
ssist
s
the
eff
ort
to
know
th
e
dynam
ic
s
a
m
on
g
the
const
ru
ct
s
.
The
st
ud
ie
s
r
e
ve
al
that PE
U
a
nd P
U
ar
e c
orr
el
at
ed
as fo
rec
ast
ed
in
the
hy
po
t
hetic
al
task.
The
basis
f
or
su
ch
a
conn
ect
ion
in
the
associat
ions
is
po
ssi
ble
ow
i
ng
to
th
e
hi
gher
phase
of
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
an
d
co
ns
ta
nt
us
age
of
ex
per
ti
se.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
AM
O
S
Mod
ific
at
io
n
I
nd
ic
es
18
adv
ise
s
the
ind
e
pe
nde
nt
va
riable
to
be
inter
relat
ed;
Table
5
re
veals
the
in
de
pende
n
t
va
riab
le
s
correla
ti
on
resu
lt
.
This
researc
h
est
ablishes
t
ha
t
there
is
a
gr
eat
m
ajo
r
c
orr
el
at
ion
am
on
g
TAM
in
dep
e
nd
e
nt
var
ia
ble
s
an
d
the
DL&ML
qual
it
y
di
m
ension
s
.
T
his
judg
m
ent
validat
es
add
it
io
nal
stu
dy
su
ggest
ed
by
Ulta
n
et
al
.,
[32
]
that
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
ad
diti
on
al
look
at
the
interde
pe
nd
e
ncy
of
the
a
sp
ect
s
of
s
uc
cess
an
d
qu
al
it
y
and
the
correla
ti
ons
a
m
on
g
as
pect
s.
In
Ta
ble
5
a correlat
ion
a
na
ly
sis
rev
eal
s
a
po
sit
ive
c
orrelat
ion
in
ETM
a
m
on
g
ind
e
pende
nt
va
riables
(i.e.
i
nfor
m
at
ion
qual
it
y,
serv
ic
e
qu
al
it
y,
syst
em
qu
al
it
y,
per
cei
ved
ease
of
us
e
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e st
udents
’ a
ccepta
nce
of le
ar
ni
ng ma
nage
men
t
syste
ms
in Sau
di Ar
ab
i
an….
(
Mut
as
e
m K
. Alsma
di)
4159
per
cei
ved
us
e
f
ul
ness
).
E
ve
ry
con
st
ru
ct
revea
ls
bigger
va
riat
ion
with
it
s
own
gro
up
of
si
gn
s
t
han
with
the d
i
ff
e
ren
t c
onstr
ucts sig
nify
ing
a
d
i
ver
se
ar
ray o
f
si
gn
s
.
Table
4
.
Hyp
ot
heses o
f
the
E
TM
[
33
]
No
.
Hy
p
o
th
eses
Ref
erence
Ef
f
ect
β
Sig
1
PU
SAT
[
3
4
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.25
4
***
2
Sv
Q
SAT
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.25
4
***
3
InQ
SAT
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.21
1
***
4
Sy
Q
SAT
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.23
6
***
5
PEU
SAT
[
3
4
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.08
4
.03
6
6
PEU
BI
[
3
6
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.10
2
.01
9
7
PU
BI
[
3
6
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.38
2
***
8
Sv
Q
BI
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.12
6
.00
9
9
InQ
BI
[
3
5
]
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
-
0
.16
9
***
10
Sy
Q
BI
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.14
9
***
11
SAT
BI
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.33
9
***
12
BI
USE
[
3
5
]
an
d
[
3
6
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.14
5
.04
5
13
SAT
USE
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.15
0
.03
8
14
SAT
NB
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.47
9
***
15
USE
NB
[
3
5
]
Su
p
p
o
rted
0
.13
5
.00
2
Table
5
.
C
orrel
at
ion
s
betwee
n i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riables
Esti
m
at
e
PU <
--
> S
y
Q
0
.55
9
Sv
Q <
--
> P
EU
0
.55
8
InQ <
--
> P
EU
0
.47
0
Sv
Q <
--
> S
y
Q
0
.70
3
InQ <
--
> S
y
Q
0
.62
1
PU <
--
> SvQ
0
.63
2
Sv
Q <
--
> I
n
Q
0
.75
5
Sy
Q
<
--
> P
EU
0
.49
1
PU <
--
> P
EU
0
.79
1
PU <
--
>
InQ
0
.59
8
7.
DISCU
SSI
ON
The
a
ssessm
ent
of
the
LMS
i
s
vital
to
m
ake
sure
of
their
use
fu
l
exec
utio
n
an
d
posit
ive
i
nf
l
uen
ce
on
DL
distrib
utio
n.
A
lot
of
in
sti
tutes
reali
ze
that
it
’s
ve
ry
sim
ple
,
to
beg
in
with
,
a
c
omm
ercial
LMS,
ho
wev
e
r,
they
com
e
acro
ss
a
lot
of
issues,
f
or
instance,
su
it
a
bili
ty
to
ta
rg
et
us
er
s,
assessm
ent
too
ls,
li
nguisti
c,
an
d
pr
ic
in
g.
A
n
L
MS
assessm
en
t
research
that
was
pe
rfor
m
ed
sh
owed
that
the
upgradi
ng
of
the
pr
ese
nt
syst
e
m
is
essenti
al
.
T
o
f
ulfill
this
nece
ssit
y,
the
la
te
st
fr
am
ewo
r
k
is
la
un
c
hed
f
or
the
assessm
ent
of
IS
in
i
ns
tr
uctive
set
ti
ng
s.
T
he
pro
j
ect
ed
ET
M
fr
am
ewo
r
k
with
3
feat
ures
was
bu
il
t
after
ha
ving
analy
ti
cal
l
y
assessed
the
current
fin
dings
of
acce
ptance
stu
dies
and
IS
s
ucce
s
s.
ETM
is
bu
il
d
fou
nd
e
d
on
past
m
od
el
s
of
IS
assessm
ent,
par
ti
cularly
,
IS
Ach
ie
vem
ent
m
od
el
and
the
TAM.
T
he
a
uthors
i
nteg
rate
the
init
ia
ti
ve
of
fit
a
m
on
gst
tech
nolo
gy d
e
sig
n q
ualit
y, Use
a
nd
syst
e
m
r
esult (
net g
ai
n).
The
pap
e
r
s
um
m
arizes
the
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
of
t
he
re
vie
w
m
et
ho
d
us
in
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
from
Stru
ct
ur
al
Eq
uation
M
odel
ing
(SEM
)
a
naly
sis
and
distance
le
arn
e
rs
149
(
N=14
9).
The
key
fin
di
ng
s
of
t
he
stu
dy
are
the
rec
ogniti
on
of
the
facto
rs
w
hich
deci
de
the
s
uccess
and
us
e
of
t
he
ed
ucati
onal
te
chnolo
gy
s
yst
e
m
.
Der
i
ved
f
ro
m
s
uch
as
pects
we
inv
ent
a
m
easur
em
ent
m
od
el
to
con
firm
the
associat
ion
s
a
m
on
gs
t
IS
and
TA
M
su
ccess
el
em
e
nts.
Be
ca
us
e
of
the
cha
nges
in
the
te
ch
no
l
ogy
the
us
e
r
ne
ed
s
are
c
hange
d.
Th
us
;
there
is
a
ne
e
d
for
m
or
e
LMS
im
pr
ov
em
ents
an
d
e
n
han
cem
en
ts
f
r
om
tim
e
to
ti
m
e
[3
7
]
i
n
orde
r
to
m
ee
t
the
us
er
ne
ed
s
a
nd
requirem
ents.
The
pro
po
se
d
prototypi
ng
syst
e
m
was
de
velo
ped
ba
se
d
on
t
he
nee
ds
of
t
he
st
udents
,
instru
ct
or
s
,
a
nd
a
dm
inist
rator
s
in
the
DL
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s
w
hich
a
re
cal
le
d
SLM
S.
T
his
w
ork
inte
gr
at
ed
20
featur
e
s
to
t
he
curre
nt
LM
S
featu
res
t
ha
t
wer
e
re
qu
ire
d
by
the
S
L
MS
us
e
rs.
Th
e
prototypi
ng
syst
e
m
con
ce
ntrate
d o
n
the
im
po
rtant
and
require
d f
eat
ur
es
by the
distance le
a
rn
e
rs
s
uch as:
Syst
e
m
ap
poin
t
m
ent
,
Book
-
s
ha
rin
g
s
yst
e
m
,
Ex
per
ie
nc
e
-
s
ha
rin
g
syst
em
,
To
ols for p
ubli
sh
in
g
le
ar
ne
rs
,
Chat r
oo
m
, p
la
giarism
d
et
ect
i
on
,
Vide
o
c
onve
rs
at
ion
,
On
li
ne
s
urveys
,
So
ci
al
n
et
wor
ks
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4155
-
4161
4160
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
re
searc
h
has
ver
ifie
d
a
nd
c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d
an
inst
ru
ct
ive
te
chnolo
gy
suc
cess
m
od
el
.
By
m
eans
of
LMS as a
hypo
theti
cal
b
ack
groun
d,
we b
uild
3
m
easur
es i
n sy
stem
u
sage
5 m
easur
es in sy
stem
d
esi
gn qu
al
it
y
and
net
pro
fit
in
syst
em
resu
lt
as
instr
uctiv
e
te
chnol
og
y
s
uccess
el
em
ents.
T
he
e
xperie
ntial
outc
om
e
offer
s
su
it
able
sup
port
for
the
m
odel
.
Near
ly
al
l
theo
rized
relat
ion
s
wer
e
obs
er
ve
d
to
be
im
po
rtant.
The
pr
ese
nt
LMS
stu
dy
thin
ks
a
bout
t
he
s
uccess
di
m
ension
s
as
syst
e
m
info
rm
at
ion
se
rv
ic
e,
inf
or
m
at
ion
qu
al
it
y,
beh
a
vio
ral
intent
to
us
a
ge,
use
fu
l
ness,
ease
of
use
,
syst
em
us
e
and
us
er
con
te
ntm
ent
to
aff
ect
the
net
gain
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
d
evel
op
e
d
ET
M
resp
ect
s
cau
sal
eff
ect
s
a
nd
the
inter
relat
io
ns
hi
ps
betwee
n
the
key
el
em
ents
of
the
m
easur
e:
s
yst
e
m
us
e,
sys
tem
design
an
d
syst
em
resu
lt
(n
et
pro
fits).
All
oth
e
r
as
pe
ct
s
of
syst
em
desi
gn
exclu
ding
in
form
ation
qual
it
y
hav
e
a
dire
ct
i
m
pact
on
the
be
hav
i
oral
intent
of
usa
ge.
Be
si
des,
us
e
r
sat
isfact
ion
a
nd
beh
a
vioral
in
te
nt
to
us
e
have
a
dire
ct
infl
ue
nce
on
syst
em
us
age.
H
ow
ever,
us
er
sat
isfact
io
n
and syst
em
u
se h
a
ve
a
posit
iv
e i
m
pact on
net g
ai
n.
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h
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ti
on
al
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ion
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in
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201
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m
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epor
ts/
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ng
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ct
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n
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onal
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ecent
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ie
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ista
nce
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