Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 5, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
5
,
pp
. 96
7~
97
4
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
9
67
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Inves
t
igation of
Rectifi
e
r Circui
t Configurations
for Microwave
Power Transmission System Operating at S Band
Do
an
Hu
u
Ch
uc*,
Bac
h
Gi
a
Du
on
g
*
*
* Department of
Electrical and
Elect
ron
i
cs, Hai Phong Private Un
iversity
** Department of Electronics
an
d Telecommunications,
VNU University
of Engineerin
g and Technology
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Feb 10, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May 14
, 20
15
Accepted
Jun 10, 2015
The purpose of
this work is to propose rectifier circu
it top
o
logies for
m
i
crowave power trans
m
is
s
i
on s
y
s
t
em
operatin
g
at ISM band. This paper
particular
ly
pr
esents in d
e
tail th
e pr
oposed r
ectifier
cir
c
uit con
f
igurations
including
series
diode h
a
lf wav
e
rec
tifier
and vo
ltag
e
doubler r
e
ctifier. Th
e
maximum conv
ersion efficien
cy
of rect
ifier u
s
ing series diod
e half wav
e
rect
ifier
is 40.17
% with 220
load r
e
s
i
s
t
anc
e
whereas
i
t
is
70
.06 % wit
h
330
load resistance for voltage doubler re
ctifier. Compared
to the series
rect
ifier
circu
i
t
,
it is signific
a
n
t
to note th
at t
h
e voltag
e
dou
bler re
ctif
ier
circu
it has
higher effic
i
en
c
y
. T
h
e circu
its
pres
ented ar
e tuned
for a cente
r
frequency
of 2
.
45 GHz. The r
ectifiers
were f
a
bric
ated using
m
i
crostrip
techno
log
y
. Th
e design, fab
r
ication a
nd measurement results were obtained
using a well-kno
wn professional
design so
ftware
for m
i
crowave e
ngineer
ing
,
Advanced Desig
n
Sy
stem 2009
(ADS
2009). Al
l design and measurement
results will be reported.
Keyword:
Conversion efficiency
H
S
MS2
820
Microwa
v
e power
transm
ission
Rectifier
W
i
reless powe
r
tra
n
sm
ission
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
D
o
an
Hu
u
Chuc,
Depa
rtm
e
nt of
Electrical and
Electronics
,
Hai Ph
ong
Pri
v
ate Un
iv
ersity,
36
Da
n
Lap
R
o
ad,
Le C
h
a
n
Di
st,
H
a
i Phon
g City,
V
i
etn
a
m
Em
a
il: ch
u
c
dh@hpu
.ed
u
.vn
1.
INTRODUCTION
Microwa
v
e power tra
n
sm
ission (M
PT) is one of the
hot
t
opi
cs i
n
m
i
crowave a
nd m
i
ll
im
et
er wave
devices
, circuit
,
and system
s.
Micr
owa
v
e power
tra
n
sm
ission has had
a
l
o
ng history be
fore
the
m
o
re
recent
m
ovem
e
nt
t
o
w
a
rd
wi
rel
e
ss
p
o
w
er t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on
(
W
PT
). M
P
T resea
r
ch
has
been
d
r
i
v
e
n
pri
m
ari
l
y
by
t
h
e d
e
si
re
to rem
o
tely power
unm
anne
d aerial vehicles
(UAVs
) a
nd
by the conce
p
t
of s
p
ace s
o
lar
powe
r (SPS)
first by
Dr. Peter Glaser o
f
th
e
Arthu
r
D. Little Co
m
p
an
y in
1
9
6
8
[1
]. MPT can
b
e
app
lied
n
o
t
on
ly to
b
e
a
m
t
y
p
e
poi
nt
t
o
poi
nt
WPT
but
al
so t
o
an ene
r
gy
ha
rvest
i
n
g sy
st
em
fed fr
om
di
st
ri
but
e
d
or
br
o
a
dcast
i
n
g radi
o
waves
.
A rectifyin
g
an
tenn
a
(Rectenn
a
), wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
conv
ert the m
i
crowa
v
e
powe
r to t
h
e direct c
u
rre
n
t (DC)
po
we
r, i
s
on
e of t
h
e
key
co
m
ponent
s o
f
t
h
e M
P
T sy
st
em
. A rect
enna
i
s
a passi
ve el
em
ent
wi
t
h
rect
i
f
y
i
n
g
diodes that
operates wit
hout an internal
power s
o
urce
. It
can r
ecei
ve a
n
d rectify m
i
crowa
v
e
powe
r
to DC
po
we
r [
2
]
-
[
5]
.
A
gene
ral
bl
oc
k
di
ag
ram
of a
co
nv
ent
i
o
nal
rect
en
na i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1.
R
ect
en
na
m
a
i
n
l
y
consists of a receiving ante
nna, low
pass filter,
rectifying circuit
(rectif
ie
r) a
n
d output filter (DC filter). The
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of
rect
en
na i
s
f
e
d t
o
l
o
a
d
resi
s
t
ance.
We can a
p
pl
y
vari
ous a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s an
d rect
i
f
y
i
ng ci
rcui
t
s
. T
h
e sel
ect
i
on de
pen
d
s
on
re
qui
rem
e
nt
s fo
r
the syste
m
s and its use
r
s.
When we
use a
re
ctenna a
rra
y, t
h
e ante
nna
s in
the rectennas c
a
n absorb
100
% of
input m
i
crowa
v
es. Hi
ghe
r e
f
ficiency rectifying circ
uits
a
r
e re
quire
d
be
cause t
h
e MPT system
is an ene
r
gy
syste
m
. There
are
various
rec
tifying circ
uits
that
can reac
h 100 %
efficien
cy in
th
eo
ry
[6].
Wo
r
k
i
n
g f
r
eq
u
e
ncy
i
s
al
so a
n
im
port
a
nt
par
a
m
e
t
e
r t
o
con
s
i
d
er
whe
n
desi
gni
ng a
rect
en
na.
It
i
s
oft
e
n
di
ct
at
ed by
t
h
e
desi
re
d ap
pl
i
cat
i
on.
At
l
o
w
fre
que
nci
e
s (
b
el
ow
1G
Hz)
,
h
i
gh
gai
n
a
n
t
e
n
n
as t
e
n
d
t
o
be
qui
t
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
967
–
9
74
96
8
l
a
rge. I
n
cre
a
si
ng t
h
e f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
t
hus al
l
o
ws t
h
e use of m
o
re com
p
act
ant
e
nna
s. O
n
t
h
e ot
her ha
n
d
, t
h
e a
m
ount
o
f
av
ailab
l
e
power at a certai
n
d
i
stan
ce fro
m
an
em
itter is g
i
v
e
n b
y
Friis equ
a
tio
n [6
-8
].
Fi
gu
re
1.
B
l
oc
k
di
ag
ram
of re
ct
enna.
∙
∙
∙
4
(1
)
Whe
r
e P
t
is th
e
p
o
wer of
th
e em
i
tter, G
t
and G
r
are
the em
itter and recei
ver ant
e
nna
gai
n
respectively,
is the wa
velengt
h used a
nd R is the distance
se
parating the em
itter and t
h
e recei
ve
r. T
h
is
mean
s th
at availab
l
e p
o
wer
at a certain
d
i
stan
ce fro
m
th
e emitter d
ecreases as th
e frequ
e
n
c
y in
creases.
Fre
que
ncies in the 1 GHz
–
3 GHz ra
nge a
r
e conside
r
e
d
to provide a
good c
o
m
p
rom
i
s
e
betwee
n free
space
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n an
d ant
e
n
n
a di
m
e
nsi
o
ns. I
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r, we f
o
cuse
d on t
h
e
m
i
crowa
v
e capt
u
re an
d con
v
e
rsi
o
n i
n
th
e ISM (Indu
strial Scien
tific
M
e
di
cal
) ba
n
d
at
2.
45
G
H
z.
Rectifier is a
no
n
lin
ear ci
rcu
i
t
,
wh
ich
co
nv
erts RF
p
o
wer into
DC
power.
Th
e m
a
th
em
a
t
i
cal relatio
n
that desc
ribes
the c
o
nve
r
sion
e
fficiency
is gi
ven
by (2) [6].
η
P
P
V
/R
P
(2
)
Whe
r
e V
R
(V
)
i
s
t
h
e out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge d
r
op ac
r
o
ss t
h
e l
o
ad
, R
L
(
) is th
e lo
ad
v
a
l
u
e, P
r
is th
e RF inp
u
t
po
we
r at
t
h
e
re
cei
vi
ng
ant
e
n
n
a
’s
out
put
p
o
rt
,
an
d P
DC
is t
h
e
DC power ente
ring at the
loa
d
R
L
.
In
ge
neral
,
a
r
ect
i
f
i
e
r co
nsi
s
t
s
of
a rect
i
f
y
i
n
g
di
o
d
e, a
n
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
out
put
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
net
w
or
ks,
a b
a
n
d
p
a
ss or low p
a
ss filter, and
a DC filter. Th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
DC f
ilter is o
f
ten
con
s
t
itu
ted
b
y
a lu
mp
ed
shu
n
t
cap
a
cito
r,
a d
i
stribu
ted
micro
s
trip
low p
a
ss filter o
r
a rad
i
al
stu
b
.
Th
e micro
w
av
e-t
o
-DC rectifier can
tak
e
sev
e
ral
configurations
. The single series an
d
shun
t d
i
od
e h
a
lf
wav
e
rectifier ci
rcu
it co
nfiguratio
n
s
are the
m
o
st
po
p
u
l
a
r.
The
v
o
l
t
a
ge
do
u
b
l
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
gi
es ca
n
be
use
d
s
o
as
t
o
e
nha
nce t
h
e
out
put
DC
v
o
l
t
a
ge[
9
]
.
In
[5]
,
t
h
e a
u
t
h
o
r
s
pr
o
pose
a
n
I
S
M
ba
n
d
re
ct
enna
o
p
erat
i
ng at
2.
4
5
G
H
z
. It
co
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
a ci
rc
ul
ar
micr
o
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
a and
a ser
i
es d
i
o
d
e
h
a
lf
w
a
v
e
r
ectif
ier
.
Th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m
m
i
cr
o
w
av
e-
t
o
-D
C conver
s
ion
efficiency i
n
this configuration is
34 % at
-
1
0 dB
m
of
t
h
e R
F
i
n
ci
de
nt
up
on
t
h
e di
o
d
e.
The four m
i
cr
owa
v
e rectifie
r circu
its are
reporte
d
in [9]. The rec
tifier con
f
iguration
s
are sing
le
series, shu
n
t
d
i
o
d
e
,
v
o
ltag
e
do
ub
ler and
Villard vo
ltag
e
do
u
b
l
er.
Th
e h
i
gh
est co
nv
ersion
efficien
cy is
5
6
.6 %.
In
[10
]
, th
e
p
a
p
e
r sho
w
s all t
h
e activ
ities add
r
essed
t
o
d
e
si
g
n
a
wid
e
b
a
n
d
syste
m
to
recov
e
r
wid
e
b
a
n
d
en
erg
y
fr
om
el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
so
urc
e
s
prese
n
t
i
n
t
h
e en
vi
r
onm
ent
fo
r wi
rel
e
s
s
senso
r
n
o
d
e
.
R
F
-DC
co
n
v
ersi
on
efficiency reac
hes 37
%.
In t
h
i
s
pape
r,
we are p
r
ese
n
t
i
ng t
h
e desi
gn
, si
m
u
l
a
ti
on
and fa
b
r
i
cat
i
on
of t
w
o rec
t
i
f
i
e
r ci
rcui
t
t
o
p
o
l
o
gi
es f
o
r
m
i
crowa
v
e p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssion
o
p
erat
i
n
g at
S ba
nd
. The
fi
rst
pa
rt
of t
h
i
s
pape
r
prese
n
t
s
several
d
e
sign
ch
alleng
es
o
f
rectifier circu
it. Fab
r
icatio
n
and m
easurem
ent of the
propose
d
rectifier m
o
dels are
prese
n
t
e
d i
n
t
h
e sub
s
eq
ue
nt
p
a
rt
s. Th
e p
r
i
n
t
e
d ci
rc
ui
t
boa
rd (PCB) technology is used t
o
minimize the circuit
size and los
s
es. Finally, concl
u
sions a
n
d
fut
u
re
work of t
h
is
researc
h
a
r
e
di
scusse
d.
2.
RECTIFIE
R CIR
C
U
IT CO
NFIG
U
RATI
O
NS
2.1. Series Diode
Ha
lf Wave Rectifier
Seri
es di
ode
h
a
l
f
wave
rect
i
f
i
e
r i
s
m
a
de up o
f
a di
o
d
e a
nd a ca
paci
t
o
r
.
The rect
i
f
i
e
r
bl
oc
ks t
h
e
negat
i
v
e
hal
f
c
y
cl
e [9]
.
The
basi
c st
r
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
a
seri
es
di
ode
h
a
l
f
wa
ve
rect
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
In
vestiga
tion
of Rectifier Circ
u
it Con
fig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r Microwa
ve Po
wer Tra
n
s
mission
…
(
D
oan
H
u
u
C
h
uc)
96
9
i
n
p
u
t
im
pedan
ce
m
a
t
c
h net
w
or
k co
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
m
i
crost
r
i
p
l
i
n
es TL1, TL
2
and s
h
ort
st
u
b
TL3 w
o
r
k
i
n
g
at
S-
ban
d
.
The
ch
oi
ce of
di
ode
s pl
ay
s an i
m
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
po
we
r co
n
v
ers
i
on ci
r
c
ui
t
.
Ac
cor
d
i
n
gl
y
,
t
h
e
di
o
d
e
m
u
st
have l
o
w re
verse
rec
ove
ry
t
i
m
e
and t
h
e co
n
v
ersi
on e
ffi
ci
ency
m
u
st
be hi
gh
[1
1]
. Sc
hot
t
k
y
di
o
d
e
HSM
S
28
2
0
i
s
ch
ose
n
as
co
nve
rsi
o
n
de
vi
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
desi
gn
o
f
rect
en
na
sy
st
em
i
n
t
h
e
resea
r
ch
.
It
h
a
s t
h
e
equi
valent circ
uit param
e
ters as follo
ws,
seri
es resistance R
S
= 6
, zero bias junction ca
pacitor C
j
0
= 0
.
7
pF,
fo
rwa
r
d v
o
ltag
e
V
F
= 0.
34 V
,
an
d brea
k
d
o
w
n v
o
l
t
a
ge V
B
= 15
V. Th
e ou
tpu
t
filter is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
of a ch
i
p
cap
acito
r and
a qu
arter-wavelen
g
t
h tran
smissio
n
line
λ
/4, wh
ich sm
o
o
t
h
e
s t
h
e
DC
vo
ltag
e
and
reutilizes
harm
oni
cs ene
r
gy
[
12]
-
[
1
4
]
.
Si
nce t
h
e di
o
d
e
i
s
connect
ed
in series, the harm
onic wa
ves
are directly reflected
back, and the
n
they are re-rec
tified by the di
ode
. The
DC
powe
r is collected by a lo
a
d
re
sistance. The circuit
is si
m
u
lated
in
d
oub
le sid
e
d
FR4
(Dielectric
co
nstan
t
=
4
.
34
,
Heigh
t
=
1
.
6 mm, Th
ickn
ess = 0.035
mm
).
Rectifier circui
ts have
a
highly no
nlinea
r be
havi
or m
o
stly because of
t
h
e
diode re
ctification
process
.
It is not practical to design s
ub
part
s se
pa
ra
tely because they highly inter
act with each
other. T
h
e loa
d
of the
in
pu
t filter
d
e
pen
d
s on
t
h
e d
i
o
d
e
and
the outp
u
t
filter.
Fo
r
th
is reaso
n
, a
glo
b
a
l circu
it opti
m
izatio
n
techn
i
qu
e
m
u
st be used for
dim
e
nsioning the
passive c
o
m
pone
nts of
the filter elem
en
ts [6]. These
optim
izations
were
mad
e
with
th
e so
ftware ADS fro
m
Ag
ilen
t
Tech
no
lo
gies
. The ADS is
chose
n
bec
a
use of its excel
lence
featu
r
es su
ch
as flex
i
b
ility in
sch
e
m
a
t
i
c an
d layo
u
t
editin
g
and
time efficien
t sim
u
la
tio
n
.
Th
e d
e
tail
p
a
ram
e
ters o
f
Scho
ttk
y d
i
odes th
at are u
s
ed
in
b
o
t
h
rectifier circu
its can
b
e
ob
tained
d
i
rectly from th
e
com
pone
nt
l
i
b
r
a
ry
i
n
A
D
S
[9]
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
The
s
c
hem
a
t
i
c
of t
h
e
series diode half wa
ve
recti
f
ier
Ou
r desi
gn i
s
exp
o
r
t
e
d i
n
t
e
r
m
s of l
a
y
out
and
fab
r
i
cat
ed
by
m
ean of L
PFK P
r
ot
om
at – C
4
0
.
The
l
a
y
out
di
m
e
nsi
on
of t
h
e rect
i
f
i
e
r sy
st
em
i
s
4.
2 cm
2.4
cm
. It
was fa
bri
cat
ed
usi
n
g
FR
4 s
ubst
r
at
e. The
fabricatio
n of t
h
e series
d
i
od
e h
a
lf wa
v
e
rect
ifier is illu
strat
e
d
in Figure
3
.
(a)
(
b
)
Fi
gu
re
3.
Lay
o
u
t
(a
) a
n
d
Fa
br
i
cat
i
on (
b
)
o
f
S
e
ri
es di
ode
hal
f
w
a
ve
rect
i
f
i
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
967
–
9
74
97
0
Th
e m
i
cro
w
ave sign
al g
e
n
e
rato
r
Alig
en
t 86
48
C is
use
d
as the m
i
crowave s
o
urce
for the
powe
r
a
m
p
lifier u
s
ing
E-pHEMT
MMG20
271
H. Th
e
DC vo
ltag
e
V
RL
on t
h
e load R
L
i
s
m
easured
by
a
vol
t
a
ge
meter. W
ith
the
series d
i
od
e h
a
lf wav
e
recti
f
ier,
it h
a
s b
e
e
n
f
o
un
d i
n
t
h
e
expe
ri
m
e
nt
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
rect
i
f
y
i
ng
ci
rcui
t
has t
h
e DC
v
o
l
t
age of
5.
7 V at
2.4
5
GHz with
th
e lo
ad
resi
s
t
ance of
22
0
wh
en
in
pu
t power lev
e
l is 2
6
d
B
m
(t
he m
a
xim
u
m
po
wer l
e
vel
o
f
t
h
e po
wer am
pl
i
f
i
e
r M
M
G
2
0
2
7
1
H
)
. T
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge and t
h
e m
easure
d
R
F
-
DC c
o
nversion efficiency of t
h
e se
ries
r
ectif
i
e
r
ar
e sh
own
in Figu
r
e
4.
The
highest conve
rsion e
fficiency reac
hes
40.17 %
with t
h
e loa
d
resista
n
ce of 220
at the input
po
we
r of
2
4
d
B
m
.
The con
v
e
rsi
o
n effi
ci
e
n
cy
i
n
creases g
r
adual
l
y
wi
t
h
t
h
e i
nput
po
wer
whe
n
t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
po
wer
is less than 24dBm
.
The efficiency
d
r
o
p
s w
h
en
th
e inpu
t p
o
w
e
r
is m
o
r
e
th
an
24
d
B
m
.
Betw
een
22
dB
m
and
25
dB
m
i
n
p
u
t
po
we
r, t
h
e ef
fi
ci
ency
excee
ds
3
7
%.
The
DC
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
2.
8
5
V
@
2
0
dB
m
,
4.2
V
@
23
dB
m
and
reac
hes
5.
7
V
@
26
dB
m
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Fo
r
p
r
a
c
t
i
cal
appl
i
cat
i
ons
, t
h
e a
n
t
e
n
n
a a
n
d
rectifier circu
it can
b
e
i
n
tegrated
d
i
rectly o
n
o
n
e
sub
s
t
r
ate by o
m
i
ttin
g
SM
A co
nn
ectors.
Eli
m
in
atin
g
the lo
ss
o
f
S
M
A
s
,
th
e
mic
r
o
w
av
e
to
D
C
co
nv
ersion efficiency can
be
higher.
Fi
gu
re
4.
The
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
m
easured
con
v
e
r
si
o
n
e
ffi
ci
ency
o
f
Se
ri
e
s
di
ode
hal
f
wa
ve
rect
i
f
i
e
r
3.2.
Voltage Doubler Recti
f
ier
Th
e v
o
ltag
e
do
ub
ler rectifier
(VDR)
is
an a
m
p
litu
d
e
am
p
lifyin
g
circu
it th
at
uses
dual diodes. The
v
o
ltag
e
do
ub
ler rectifier is com
p
o
s
ed
of a peak
rectif
i
e
r
f
o
rm
ed by
di
o
d
e
D1 a
n
d capa
c
i
t
o
r C
1
a
n
d a
v
o
l
t
a
ge
cl
am
p fo
rm
ed by
di
ode
D
2
a
n
d
capaci
t
o
r C
2
[6]
.
A
d
u
al
d
i
odes
v
o
l
t
a
ge
d
o
u
b
l
e
r
wi
t
h
o
n
l
y
si
ngl
e ca
pac
i
t
o
r i
s
un
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
but
t
h
e VDR
i
s
a wel
l
defi
ne
d si
ngl
e st
age
v
o
l
t
a
ge d
o
ubl
er t
h
at
do
ubl
i
n
g t
h
e am
pl
i
t
ude of
i
nput
si
gnal
s
. I
n
o
u
r
desi
gn a HS
M
S
28
2
0
Sch
o
t
t
ky
di
ode wa
s
al
so used i
n
vol
t
a
ge
do
u
b
l
e
r rect
i
f
i
e
r, an
d
has a
vol
t
a
ge
dr
o
p
o
f
34
0m
V. Thi
s
l
o
w v
o
l
t
a
ge d
r
o
p
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
h
i
gh swi
t
c
hi
n
g
spee
d an
d bet
t
e
r sy
st
em
effi
ci
ency
.
The sc
hem
a
ti
c of a V
D
R
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
5. T
h
e
m
i
crost
r
ip lines requi
red
for efficient charging and
im
pedance t
r
a
n
sf
orm
a
t
i
on ar
e sh
ort
e
r as c
o
m
p
ared t
o
t
h
e
ot
he
r c
o
n
f
i
g
ur
at
i
ons.
As
a re
sul
t
,
t
h
i
s
c
o
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
o
n
h
a
s th
e po
ten
t
i
a
l to
allo
cate smaller fo
o
t
p
r
i
n
t. Th
e m
e
rit o
f
sm
a
ller fo
rm
facto
r
is si
g
n
i
fican
t b
ecau
s
e m
u
ltip
le
rectifiers are essen
tial in
recten
n
a
ar
ray. In
t
h
is circu
it, th
e
micro
s
trip
lin
e
TL2
is
u
s
ed
for inp
u
t
m
a
tch
i
n
g
and
th
e micro
s
trip
lin
e TL3
is
u
s
ed
fo
r
ou
tpu
t
match
i
n
g
.Th
e
circu
it was
d
e
sign
ed, sim
u
lated
an
d
op
timized
u
s
ing
Ad
va
nce
Desig
n
Sy
stem
(AD
S
), t
h
e
n
it was
fa
bricated
on FR4 s
ubst
r
ate f
o
r
verificatio
n.
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
0
2
4
6
8
10
I
nput
P
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m
)
O
u
t
p
ut
V
o
l
t
age
[
V
]
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
20
30
40
50
C
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
[
%
]
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
E
f
f
i
ci
en
cy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
In
vestiga
tion
of Rectifier Circ
u
it Con
fig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r Microwa
ve Po
wer Tra
n
s
mission
…
(
D
oan
H
u
u
C
h
uc)
97
1
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Th
e sch
e
m
a
tic o
f
the vo
ltag
e
d
oubler
r
ectif
ier
Th
e layou
t an
d fab
r
ication
o
f
th
e vo
ltag
e
dou
b
l
er r
ect
i
f
i
e
r
are s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
6. T
h
e
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
o
f
th
e rectifier syste
m
is 4
c
m
1.
4 cm
. The PC
B
(Pri
nt
e
d
C
i
rcui
t
B
o
ard
)
was m
a
nufac
t
u
re
d by
a co
m
put
er-
cont
rol
l
e
d
m
a
chi
n
e
LPF
K
Pr
ot
om
at
- C
4
0.
C
o
m
p
ared t
o
t
h
e se
ri
es
di
o
d
e
hal
f
wa
ve
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r, t
h
e
si
ze
of
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
dou
b
l
e rectifier is smaller.
Fi
gu
re
6.
The
l
a
y
out
a
n
d
fa
bri
cat
i
on
of
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
do
u
b
l
e
r
rect
i
f
i
e
r
The c
o
nve
r
sion efficiency is
m
easure
d
wit
h
res
p
ect
to
t
h
e rectifier lo
ad at rang
e of
10
d
B
m
to
2
6
dB
m
of i
n
p
u
t
po
we
r. T
h
e o
p
t
im
al
load resi
stance is around 330
f
o
r +
2
3dB
m
i
nput
po
wer at
t
h
e
fre
q
u
enc
y
of 2.45
GHz. The
m
easured efficien
cy
values are pl
otted i
n
Figure 7.
Acco
rd
ing
l
y, th
e
ma
x
i
mu
m c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
effi
ci
ency
of
7
0
.
0
6
% i
s
reac
hed
at
23
dB
m
of
i
n
put
p
o
we
r
.
F
r
om
Fi
gu
re
7, a
s
ca
n
be se
en t
h
at
t
h
e c
o
n
v
ersi
o
n
efficiency inc
r
eases until th
e
input
power reaches 23 dB
m
,
then c
o
nve
r
sion effici
enc
y
decreases
ra
pidly.
B
e
t
w
een
1
6dB
m
and 2
5dB
m
i
n
p
u
t
po
we
r, t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
effi
ci
ency
e
x
c
eeds
6
0
%.
T
h
e DC
v
o
l
t
a
ge
out
put
l
e
vel
i
s
4.
7
5
V
@
20
dB
m
,
6
.
8
V
@ 2
3
dB
m
and 8.
7V
@
2
6
dB
m
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
we
r re
spect
i
v
el
y
.
Fo
r
prac
t
i
c
al
applications, the antenna and rectif
ier circu
it can
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
d
i
rectly o
n
o
n
e
su
bstrate o
m
itt
in
g
SMA
co
nn
ector
s.
W
i
th
ou
t th
e l
o
ss
of
SM
As, t
h
e m
i
crowave
to
DC conve
rsion e
fficiency ca
n
be highe
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
967
–
9
74
97
2
Fi
gu
re 7.
M
eas
ure
d
DC
vol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
co
n
v
ers
i
on
e
ffi
ci
e
n
cy
of
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
ge do
u
b
l
e
r rect
i
f
i
e
r
Figure 8 s
h
ows the
m
easured conver
si
on e
f
f
i
ci
ency
as a funct
i
on
of
loa
d
resistance with respect t
o
di
ffe
re
nt
i
n
p
u
t
po
wers
. Acc
o
rdi
ngl
y
,
t
h
e m
easure
d
rect
i
f
y
i
ng ef
fi
ci
ency
i
s
hi
ghe
r t
h
a
n
54
% w
h
en t
h
e
l
o
a
d
resi
st
ance i
s
b
e
t
w
een 1
5
0
O
h
m
t
o
56
0 O
h
m
.
The
m
a
xim
u
m
DC
out
put
vol
t
a
ge i
s
1
1
V
wi
t
h
5
6
0
O
h
m
l
o
ad
resistance, the
efficie
n
cy re
aches
54.3 %
.
The
hi
ghe
st
efficiency a
ttain
s 7
0
.6
% with
33
0 Oh
m
lo
ad
resistance. The
conve
r
sion
efficiency also i
n
crease
s
whe
n
the input
p
o
wer is less t
h
an
24
d
B
m
.
Th
en
the
conve
r
sion e
ffi
ciency drops
rapidly
whe
n
t
h
e input
powe
r i
s
m
o
re than
24dBm
because
t
h
e diode volta
ge has
exceede
d
t
h
e
brea
kdown vol
t
age.
As ca
n
be see
n
that the optim
al load resistance is a
r
ound
330
fo
r
all
in
pu
t po
wer lev
e
ls at th
e frequ
en
cy
o
f
2.45
GHz. Co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e series
d
i
od
e h
a
lf
wave rectifier, th
e
VDR
has hi
ghe
r co
n
v
ersi
on e
ffi
ci
e
n
cy
as can be
seen i
n
Fi
gu
re
7 an
d Fi
g
u
re
8. F
r
om
t
h
i
s
anal
y
s
i
s
, we co
ncl
u
de
th
at th
e
v
o
ltage do
ub
ler rectifier h
a
s b
e
tter perfo
r
m
a
n
ce com
p
ared to t
h
e s
e
ries di
ode
hal
f
rectifie
r.
Fi
gu
re
8.
M
eas
ure
d
c
o
nve
rsi
o
n e
ffi
ci
ency
ve
rsus
l
o
a
d
resi
st
ances
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
In
vestiga
tion
of Rectifier Circ
u
it Con
fig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r Microwa
ve Po
wer Tra
n
s
mission
…
(
D
oan
H
u
u
C
h
uc)
97
3
3.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
A rectifier is on
e of th
e k
e
y t
ech
no
log
i
es for mi
crowa
v
e p
o
we
r t
r
a
n
sm
i
s
si
on a
nd e
n
er
gy
har
v
est
i
n
g.
Seri
es di
ode
s hal
f
w
a
ve a
n
d
vol
t
a
ge
d
o
u
b
l
e
rect
i
f
i
e
r
ci
rc
ui
t
con
f
i
g
urat
i
ons
ha
ve bee
n
researc
h
e
d
,
d
e
si
gne
d
and
m
easured
fo
r
di
ffe
re
nt
l
o
ad re
si
st
ances.
Go
o
d
per
f
o
r
m
a
nces
ha
ve b
e
e
n
obt
ai
ne
d i
n
t
e
rm
s of m
i
crowave
-
to-DC convers
i
on e
fficiency
. The m
easure
d
conve
rsion e
f
fi
ciency of
vol
tage double
r
rectifier is over 70 %
.
The propose
d rectifier circui
ts can be use
d
for m
i
crowa
v
e po
wer t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on sy
st
em
s appl
i
cat
i
o
n
s
. Fo
r
fu
t
u
re
work, the o
b
j
ectiv
e is to
in
crease th
e rectifier
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
n
t
e
rm
of m
i
crowa
v
e
– t
o
– DC
c
o
n
v
ersi
o
n
efficiency.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Thi
s
wo
rk
ha
s
bee
n
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
e
d
by
Vi
et
nam
Nat
i
o
nal
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
,
Han
o
i
(V
N
U
)
,
un
der
Pr
oj
ect
N
o
.
QG
.1
5.
2
7
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Bernd Strassner and Kai Chang
,
“Micro
wave Power Transmission:
Historical Milestines
and S
y
stem Components”,
Pr
oceed
ings
of
t
h
e IE
EE
, Vol. 1
01, No. 6, pp. 13
79-1396, June 2
013.
[2]
N. Shinohara, “Rectennas for
mi
crowave pow
er transmission”,
IEIC
E El
ec
tronics Express
, v
o
l. 10
, N
o
. 21
,
November 2013.
[3]
Duan Zhao
, En
j
i
e Ding
and Xin
Wang, “Multipl
e
-Input Si
ngl
e-
Output Wirel
e
ss Power Transm
ission Sy
st
em
fo
r
Coal Min
e
”,
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal
of Electrical En
gineering
, Vol.
12 No. 6
,
pp
457
2-4578, 2014
.
[4]
Duan Zhao,
Enj
i
e Ding and Xi
n W
a
ng, “
D
esign and Si
m
u
lati
on of Multipl
e
Coil Model for
W
i
reless Power
Tra
n
smission Sy
ste
m
”,
TELKOMNIKA Indones
i
an Journal of
Electrica
l
Eng
i
n
eering
, Vol. 12
No. 6, pp
. 4166
-
4177, 2014
.
[5]
Moham
e
d Louzazni
,
El Hassan
Aroudam
,
Hanane Yatim
i, “
M
odeling and Sim
u
lation of A Solar
Power Source for
a
Clean Energ
y
without
Pollutio
n”,
International Journal of Electrica
l and Computer Engineering
(
I
JECE)
, V
o
l. 3
,
No. 4, August 2
013.
[6]
S
.
Rivier
e,
et
al
.
,
“
A
com
p
act r
e
ctenn
a
dev
i
de
at
low power”,
Pr
ogress In Electromagnetics Research C
, vol.16,
pp.137-146, 201
0.
[7]
A. Ad
y
a
Pramudita, Ly
dia Sari,
V. Wi
ndha Mahy
astu
ti, “Experimental Stud
y
on
Increasing th
e
Received Power
of
Antenna using C
i
rcularly
-P
olar
iz
ed Arra
y Antenn
a”,
International Journal of
Electr
ical and Compu
t
er Engin
eerin
g
(I
J
E
C
E
)
, Vol. 2
,
No. 2
,
2012
.
[8]
Y.
Y.
Gao,
X.
X.
Yang,
C.
Jiang,
and J.
Y. Zhou
, “
A
circul
arl
y
po
la
rized r
e
c
t
e
nna w
ith low profile fo
r wireless power
tra
n
smission”
,
Progress In Electr
omagne
tics Research
Letters
, vol. 43
, pp
. 41-49
,
2013.
[9]
Wa
i Sia
ng, Ye
oh,
“Wire
le
ss powe
r tra
n
smission (WPT
) application
at 2.4 G
H
z in
common
network”,
RMIT
University, Doctor of
Ph
ilosophy’s Thesis
, March
2010.
[10]
D. Pavone, et al, “Design cons
iderations for radio frequ
ency
energ
y
h
a
rvesting dev
i
ces”,
Progress In
Electromagnetics Research
B
, V
o
l. 45
, pp
. 19-35
, 2012
.
[11]
K. Chaudhar
y
,
Babau R. Vishva
karma, “Comparative stud
y
o
f
rectenn
a
config
urations for Satellite solar pow
er
station”,
IPCSIT, IACSIT
Press
,
vol. 7
,
pp
. 73-77
, Singapor
e, 201
1.
[12]
Zied Haroun
i, Lotfi Osmanand and Ali Gharsallah, “E
ffi
ci
ent 2
.
45 GHz Rect
en
na
Design with
High Harmonic
Rejection for Wireless
Powe
r Tra
n
smission”
,
IJCSI International
Journal of Computer Scien
ce Issues
, V
o
l. 7, Is
s
u
e
5, pp
. 424-427
,
September 2010
.
[13]
V. Marian, C
.
Vollair
e, B
.
Allar
d
, J. Verdier
,
“
Low power recten
na topologies fo
r
medium range wireless energy
transfer
”, Proc.
14th EPE 2011,
pp. 1-
10
, Birmin
gham, UK, Aug
2011.
[14]
Changjun Liu
,
et al, “Stud
y
on an S – band rectenna
arra
y for wi
reles
s
m
i
crowav
e power trans
m
i
s
s
i
on”,
Progress
In Electromagnetics
Research
, v
o
l. 135
, pp
. 747-
758, 2013
.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Doan Huu Chuc
was born in H
a
i Phong City
, Vietn
a
m, in
1978. He received
the B.S. and M.S.
degrees
in
engin
eering
electronics from the Vi
etn
a
m National University
(VNU),
Hanoi in
2000
and 2007, r
e
spectiv
ely
.
H
e
is a
Lecturer of Dep
a
rtment of
Electrical a
nd
Electro
n
ics, Hai Phong
Private University
.
He is currently
pursuing th
e Ph.
D
.
degree in electr
onic
engineering at VNU,
where his
dis
s
e
rtation is
focus
e
d
on m
i
crowave
circu
it designs for wire
le
ss pow
e
r
tra
n
smission
and high
power
semiconductor
amplifiers.
Email: chucdh@
hpu.edu.vn
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
967
–
9
74
97
4
Assoc. Prof. B
a
ch Gia Duong
was born in Ha Dong Dist, Ha
noi, Viet Nam, in 1950. He
received
the B
.
S degree in
radio
ph
y
s
ics
in 1972
and the Ph.D. d
e
gree
in wireless
ph
y
s
ics from
University
of
Scien
c
e, in
1988.
Since 2006, h
e
is
a Lecturer
and Head of
Electronics and
Telecommunication Center, University
of
En
g
i
neer
ing and
Technolog
y
,
Vietnam National
University
. He is
the author of thr
ee books and mo
re than 80 articles. His research focuses on R
F
Analog Signal Processing, RF chip design,
R
a
dar Engin
eer
in
g and Technolo
g
y
, Automatic
Control.
Email: duongbg
@vnu.edu.vn
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.