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W
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(W
S
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is
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th
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m
p
ti
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W
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N.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lu
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ter
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Mu
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p
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P
ath
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tio
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tier
W
ir
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Co
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©
2
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In
stit
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te o
f
A
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E
n
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C
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A
uth
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:
W
an
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i
v
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s
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la
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ah
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Gam
b
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,
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Ma
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ail: so
f
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u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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o
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ate,
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p
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m
en
ta
tio
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o
f
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ir
eless
Sen
s
o
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Net
w
o
r
k
(
W
SN)
h
av
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b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
an
d
ex
citi
n
g
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
c
h
w
er
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co
n
d
u
cted
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
lif
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m
e
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th
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s
en
s
o
r
n
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wo
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k
.
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co
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s
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d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ev
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o
r
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
ate
w
a
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
,
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
w
i
d
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
,
2
]
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
w
ir
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
w
a
s
u
s
ed
,
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
s
o
m
e
li
m
ita
tio
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s
.
I
t
o
n
l
y
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p
er
ates
w
it
h
a
f
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x
ed
co
n
n
ec
tio
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n
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li
m
ited
co
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is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
f
o
r
in
s
tal
latio
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an
d
m
ai
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ten
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ce
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e
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a
s
co
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p
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to
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m
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n
tatio
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s
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p
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ted
to
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co
m
e
t
h
e
w
ir
ed
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
n
et
w
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k
is
m
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e
s
ca
lab
le
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d
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to
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ea
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e
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e
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m
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o
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ta
n
t
p
o
ten
tial
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o
les
o
f
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
s
)
[
3
,
4
]
.
I
t
r
u
n
s
a
lo
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
n
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t o
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p
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th
s
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t
io
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to
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s
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.
.
.
.
(
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ap
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to
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elp
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R
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all
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co
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[
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
I
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8
0
2
p
r
o
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co
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w
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b
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s
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ta
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a
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d
th
at
allo
w
s
w
ir
e
less
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
[
6
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
l
y
,
s
i
n
g
le
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
i
s
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w
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e
u
s
ed
to
s
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n
d
an
d
r
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o
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e
to
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f
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t
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i
n
k
/b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et
[
7
]
.
A
b
ase
s
tatio
n
r
ec
ei
v
es
th
e
p
a
c
k
et,
an
d
co
llects
t
h
e
d
ata
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
s
o
f
m
u
lt
i
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
it
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
o
p
tim
is
e
t
h
e
W
S
N
lif
eti
m
e
[
8
]
.
I
n
W
SN
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
s
m
ad
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
t
o
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
t
h
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
W
SN,
w
h
ich
is
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
th
e
ti
m
e
tak
e
n
to
s
en
d
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et
[
9
]
.
B
o
th
is
s
u
e
s
w
il
l
af
f
ec
t
th
e
n
o
d
e
lif
eti
m
e.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
le
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
th
e
m
a
in
i
s
s
u
e.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
er
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
h
av
e
a
lo
n
g
er
li
f
eti
m
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
is
lo
ca
ted
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
n
ee
d
s
to
c
ar
r
y
a
p
ac
k
et
i
n
h
ea
v
y
tr
a
f
f
ic
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
w
ill
w
aste
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ti
m
e
f
o
r
s
en
d
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
th
e
p
ac
k
et.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
w
ill
d
r
ain
f
ast
a
n
d
o
n
ce
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
t
h
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
a
lu
e
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
o
m
o
r
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
u
n
til
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
c
h
an
g
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
it
y
o
f
t
h
is
s
itu
a
tio
n
w
ill
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
au
s
e
i
f
m
o
r
e
d
ea
d
n
o
d
es
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
W
S
N,
t
h
en
a
h
i
g
h
d
ela
y
i
n
p
ac
k
et
d
el
iv
er
y
w
i
ll h
ap
p
en
[
1
1
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
s
o
lu
t
io
n
i
s
n
e
ed
ed
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
f
a
s
t
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
a
n
d
lo
w
d
ela
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
s
av
e
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
r
en
d
er
a
lo
n
g
er
li
f
et
i
m
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
Hen
ce
,
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
ill
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
es.
I
t
w
ill
f
in
d
t
h
e
b
est p
ath
to
s
e
n
d
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t to
th
e
cl
u
s
t
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
a
lo
w
er
co
s
t o
f
t
h
e
p
ath
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
.
I
t
w
ill
m
a
k
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
in
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
W
S
N
lif
eti
m
e.
I
n
d
esi
g
n
in
g
a
W
SN,
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
e
x
tr
e
m
el
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
[
1
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
3
]
,
W
SN
ex
ec
u
tes
ar
o
u
n
d
8
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
a
n
d
if
t
h
e
y
f
a
il
to
d
o
s
o
,
th
en
t
h
e
y
w
i
ll
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
li
f
eti
m
es,
an
d
th
u
s
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ef
f
icien
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
.
I
n
W
SN
ca
s
es,
th
e
b
o
ttle
n
ec
k
s
is
s
u
e
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
li
m
ited
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
ith
n
o
n
-
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
atter
ies.
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
o
u
t
o
f
b
atter
y
,
t
h
en
it
w
i
l
l
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
d
ea
d
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
a
ch
alle
n
g
e
an
d
s
o
m
et
i
m
e
s
it
i
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
to
d
o
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
y
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
W
S
N
ar
ea
o
f
p
lace
m
en
t.
D
u
e
to
t
h
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
W
SN
i
s
p
u
ttin
g
p
r
io
r
ity
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
in
g
f
o
r
d
esig
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
W
SN so
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
a.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
A
d
Ho
c
On
-
De
m
a
n
d
Dis
ta
n
ce
Vec
to
r
(
A
ODV)
is
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
u
n
ica
s
t
a
n
d
m
u
lticast
r
o
u
ti
n
g
t
h
at
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
e
p
a
ck
et
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
.
A
ODV
co
n
tain
s
a
R
o
u
ter
R
eq
u
est
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
(
R
R
E
Q)
,
R
o
u
ter
R
ep
l
y
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
(
R
R
E
P
)
an
d
R
o
u
ter
E
r
r
o
r
Me
s
s
ag
e
(
R
E
R
R
)
as
a
m
es
s
ag
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
an
d
s
elec
t
in
g
a
p
ath
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
p
lain
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
(
S)
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
D)
.
T
h
e
R
R
E
Q
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
p
ath
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
i
tu
at
io
n
,
th
e
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
is
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
w
ill
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
r
eq
u
est
to
all
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
W
SN
an
d
i
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
is
n
o
t
a
d
es
tin
atio
n
,
t
h
en
th
e
m
ess
a
g
e
w
i
ll
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
an
o
th
er
n
o
d
e
u
n
til
it
f
i
n
d
s
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
R
R
E
P
w
ill
f
o
r
w
ar
d
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
af
ter
R
R
E
Q
is
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
a
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
.
I
t i
s
u
s
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
m
ak
e
a
n
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
il
l
co
n
ti
n
u
e
u
n
ti
l
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
r
u
n
s
o
u
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
n
R
E
R
R
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
a
ll
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
n
o
t
a
v
ailab
le
a
n
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es n
ee
d
to
f
lo
o
d
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
o
f
R
R
E
Q
to
f
i
n
d
a
n
e
w
p
at
h
to
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
OD
V
p
r
o
to
co
l m
es
s
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
5
3
6
0
-
5
3
6
7
5362
T
h
e
D
y
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
ti
n
g
(
DSR
)
i
s
a
n
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
a
r
ea
cti
v
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
t
is
b
u
ilt
f
o
r
a
w
i
r
eless
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
ad
h
o
c
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
ap
p
lies
t
wo
ty
p
e
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
[
1
4
]
.
Fo
r
DSR
r
o
u
te
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
No
d
e
A
m
u
s
t
co
n
n
ec
t
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
No
d
e
D,
th
e
n
i
t
w
il
l
s
e
n
d
a
r
eq
u
est
to
t
h
e
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
e.
T
h
en
,
No
d
e
B
w
ill
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est,
b
u
t
if
No
d
e
B
p
ath
h
as
b
ee
n
s
to
r
ed
in
a
p
ath
r
ec
o
r
d
b
ef
o
r
e,
it
w
i
ll
d
is
ca
r
d
th
e
n
e
w
r
eq
u
e
s
t.
No
d
e
B
w
il
l
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
r
eq
u
est
m
ess
a
g
e
to
n
ex
t
h
o
p
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
o
es
to
No
d
e
C
i.e
.
u
n
ti
l
d
esti
n
atio
n
No
d
e
D
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
r
eq
u
est.
W
h
e
n
n
o
d
e
D
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
r
eq
u
est
m
ess
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
No
d
e
A
t
h
e
n
it
w
ill
r
ep
l
y
b
ac
k
to
th
e
r
o
u
ter
w
h
ich
co
n
tai
n
s
a
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
No
d
e
A
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
No
d
e
D.
B
u
t
i
f
th
e
r
eq
u
est
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
f
ailed
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
i
ll
s
en
d
a
R
o
u
ter
E
r
r
o
r
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
w
il
l
r
ef
er
to
th
e
las
t
r
eso
r
t
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
m
es
s
ag
e
ag
ain
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
h
o
w
D
SR
w
o
r
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DSR
R
o
u
te
Me
ch
a
n
i
s
m
s
T
h
e
SP
F A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
is
u
s
e
d
in
Op
en
S
h
o
r
test
P
ath
First
(
OSP
F)
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
b
est p
at
h
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
u
r
ce
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
w
il
l d
is
co
v
er
all
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
ath
s
to
r
ea
ch
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
th
e
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ath
w
il
l
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
a
r
o
u
ter
d
atab
ase,
it
w
il
l
b
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
to
th
e
lo
n
g
e
s
t
p
ath
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
SP
F
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
w
o
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
it
w
i
ll
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
co
s
t
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
,
th
en
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
w
i
ll b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
SP
F
T
ab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SP
F P
ath
C
alcu
latio
n
T
h
e
b
est
p
ath
(
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
lo
w
e
s
t
m
etr
ic)
w
ill
b
e
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
o
w
a
s
a
m
ai
n
p
ath
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
th
e
m
ain
p
at
h
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
h
as
a
p
r
o
b
lem
(
lo
g
ical
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
)
,
th
e
n
S
P
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
il
l
au
to
m
at
icall
y
u
s
e
a
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ath
i
n
th
e
tab
le
as
t
h
e
n
e
w
r
o
u
t
e
u
n
til
th
e
m
ain
p
ath
is
r
ep
air
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
u
s
ed
to
av
o
id
an
y
d
i
s
r
u
p
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
b.
MA
P
P
r
o
to
co
ls
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
M
A
P
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
I
n
M
A
P
,
th
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
it
t
ed
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
w
i
ll
u
s
e
a
s
i
n
g
le
h
o
p
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
id
n
o
t
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
b
est
p
ath
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
ch
ec
k
if
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
is
s
till
ali
v
e,
th
e
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
ca
n
s
e
n
d
t
h
e
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
s
w
it
h
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
f
ir
s
t,
wh
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
ill
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
b
est p
ath
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
ir
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
SS
N:
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tier
1
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2
CH
S
TAR
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F
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ea
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h
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a
live
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
MA
P
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
r
esear
ch
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et
h
o
d
w
h
ich
i
s
th
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
is
f
o
r
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
last
l
y
,
Sectio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
MA
P
in
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
clu
s
t
e
r
h
ea
d
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
M
A
P
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
[
16
]
.
I
n
M
A
P
,
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
u
s
e
s
a
s
in
g
le
h
o
p
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
t
h
e
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
w
il
l
b
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
M
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
SP
F
w
as
c
h
o
s
en
to
s
e
n
d
th
e
d
ata
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
I
n
M
A
P
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
ill
b
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
ield
1
0
0
x
1
0
0
m
etr
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
asic
f
o
r
m
u
la
ar
ea
o
f
cir
cle
(
A
=
π
×
r
²)
[
17
].
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
tr
ac
k
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
(
co
o
r
d
in
ates)
o
f
ea
ch
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
d
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
an
d
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
.
M
A
P
u
s
e
s
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
to
s
e
lect
a
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
M
A
P
a
r
e
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
co
s
t
a
n
d
ce
n
tr
alis
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e.
T
h
en
,
W
SN
w
i
ll
m
e
asu
r
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
li
f
eti
m
e
to
s
ee
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
s
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
ill
lo
o
k
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
last
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
t
h
e
SP
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
i
ll
b
e
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
n
o
d
e
li
f
eti
m
e
an
d
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
s
ee
h
o
w
lo
n
g
en
er
g
y
co
u
ld
b
e
s
av
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
i
s
n
e
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t o
f
M
AP
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
is
t
h
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
i
s
tin
g
MA
P
.
I
n
M
A
P
,
it
co
n
tai
n
s
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
p
r
im
ar
y
n
o
d
es.
As
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
b
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
ill
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
d
ata
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
i
s
is
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
h
ile
tr
a
n
s
m
it
tin
g
th
e
d
ata;
h
e
n
ce
,
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
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et
i
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
5
3
6
0
-
5
3
6
7
5364
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
MA
P
d
esig
n
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
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o
n
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
i
n
o
r
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er
to
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ed
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ce
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s
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ak
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ten
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th
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s
e
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o
r
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o
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e
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m
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
ese
g
o
als,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t to
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t th
e
s
tu
d
y
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ea
an
d
its
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
w
h
i
ch
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e
ex
p
lain
ed
as
f
o
llo
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s
.
T
h
e
Mu
lti
-
t
ier
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
MA
P
)
[
17
]
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
i
ll
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
o
p
er
ate
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
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o
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tin
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in
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SN,
an
d
th
e
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ar
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h
o
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T
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1
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tatic
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at
w
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e
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ted
in
a
2
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tie
r
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t
w
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k
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u
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ter
i
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.
T
h
e
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o
d
e
w
i
ll
b
e
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et
u
p
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it
h
t
h
e
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a
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e
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er
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el
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iz
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ic
(
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an
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u
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o
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er
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e
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tes,
3
0
m
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to
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o
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e
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i
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an
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ax
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m
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m
n
o
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e
lif
e
ti
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e
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h
ic
h
ca
n
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e
r
ec
o
r
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ed
.
Sin
ce
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
o
cu
s
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o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e,
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
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y
u
s
i
n
g
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
[
17
]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
w
il
l
u
s
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
a
s
a
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
to
o
l.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
ca
lcu
latio
n
u
s
es
SP
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
b
est
p
a
th
f
o
r
s
en
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
d
ata
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
,
an
d
f
as
t
d
eliv
er
y
m
es
s
ag
e
to
m
ak
e
lo
n
g
li
f
eti
m
e
s
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
ab
le
1
.
MA
P
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
1
6
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
e
t
w
o
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k
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I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
9
9
9
9
T
h
e
i
m
p
r
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e
m
e
n
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ath
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tio
n
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ar
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r
r
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t
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m
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le
m
en
ta
tio
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d
t
h
e
n
e
w
ap
p
r
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h
o
f
p
at
h
s
elec
tio
n
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
e
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
r
esu
lt
s
t
h
an
e
v
er
b
ef
o
r
e.
T
h
es
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
in
g
l
e
n
o
d
e
lif
eti
m
e
an
d
th
e
las
t
s
u
r
v
i
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
a
f
lo
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
s
e
lecti
n
g
a
p
ath
b
y
u
s
in
g
SP
F
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
SP
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
to
s
elec
t
a
p
ath
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
A
t
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
SP
F
w
il
l
d
is
co
v
er
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
ath
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
en
,
it
w
ill
ch
o
o
s
e
a
p
ath
w
h
ic
h
h
as
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
co
s
t.
SP
F
w
i
ll
d
o
s
o
m
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
p
a
th
s
,
to
id
en
t
if
y
t
h
e
p
ath
w
i
t
h
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
co
s
t.
I
f
th
e
p
at
h
X
h
as
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
co
s
t
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
p
ath
s
,
t
h
e
n
it
w
i
ll
b
e
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
m
ai
n
p
at
h
,
h
o
w
ev
er
i
f
p
at
h
X
’
s
co
s
t
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
at
h
,
t
h
en
it
w
ill
b
ec
o
m
e
a
b
ac
k
u
p
p
at
h
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ain
p
ath
.
I
f
th
e
m
a
in
p
ath
h
as
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
th
at
m
a
k
es
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
e
n
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
p
ath
w
ill
ta
k
e
o
v
er
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
as
th
e
m
a
in
p
ath
.
A
ll
p
at
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
w
i
ll
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
SP
F
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
il
l r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
t t
h
e
p
ath
an
d
it
w
i
ll
w
aste e
v
er
y
t
h
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
th
e
SP
F
ca
lcu
late
s
th
e
co
s
t
b
ased
o
n
d
is
tan
ce
v
alu
e.
No
d
e
A
w
i
ll
b
e
d
ec
lar
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
w
ill
s
tar
t
at
No
d
e
A
to
all
n
o
d
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
A
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
No
d
e
A
h
as
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
w
h
ich
is
No
d
e
B
an
d
No
d
e
C
.
T
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
ta
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
A
is
0
a
n
d
will
ad
d
th
e
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
No
d
e
B
d
ir
ec
tio
n
w
h
ich
is
0
+
9
=
9
,
th
e
n
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
p
ath
f
r
o
m
A
to
C
i
s
0
+
8
=
8
.
No
w
b
o
th
p
at
h
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
th
e
lo
w
est
co
s
t
b
et
w
ee
n
A
to
B
,
an
d
A
to
C
.
I
f
A
to
C
is
o
f
lo
w
e
s
t
v
a
lu
e,
th
en
th
e
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
s
to
r
ed
at
th
e
W
SN
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
s
a
m
ai
n
p
ath
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ill
co
n
ti
n
u
e
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
e
s
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
an
d
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
b
est
p
at
h
f
o
r
all
n
o
d
es
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
at
h
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
A
to
I
is
3
0
,
s
o
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
p
a
th
,
it
n
ee
d
to
lo
o
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
n
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t o
f
p
a
th
s
elec
t
io
n
to
clu
s
ter h
ea
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
ng
.
.
.
.
(
W
a
n
I
s
n
i S
o
fia
h
W
a
n
Din
)
5365
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
s
.
Star
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
I
an
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
th
at
c
a
m
e
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
H,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
p
ath
f
r
o
m
H
to
A
w
a
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
No
d
e
G,
a
n
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
G
to
A
w
as
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
No
d
e
E
,
th
en
No
d
e
E
to
A
w
a
s
o
v
er
th
e
No
d
e
D
an
d
f
r
o
m
D
to
A
w
as
v
ia
C
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
p
ath
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
C
to
No
d
e
A
w
a
s
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
w
h
ic
h
is
C
to
A
.
So
th
e
p
ath
w
il
l
b
e
A
C
D
E
G
F
H
I
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ath
co
s
t
3
0
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
p
ath
m
a
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
s
t
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
t
h
e
p
ath
f
r
o
m
No
d
e
A
to
No
d
e
I
is
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
p
ath
s
elec
ti
o
n
,
A
B
E
G
H
I
.
W
h
ich
is
f
r
o
m
A
to
B
ar
e
(
9
)
,
f
r
o
m
B
to
E
(
6
)
,
f
r
o
m
E
to
G
(
7
)
f
r
o
m
G
to
H
(
1
1
)
,
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
H
to
I
(
5
)
.
T
h
e
to
tal
c
o
s
t
w
ill b
ec
o
m
e
3
8
,
w
h
ic
h
is
h
ig
h
er
t
h
a
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
SP
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
co
s
t
is
r
ec
o
r
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ed
f
r
o
m
p
at
h
s
e
lec
tio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
lo
n
g
es
t
ti
m
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
eliv
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th
e
m
e
s
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a
g
e,
w
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ll
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
an
d
m
a
k
e
a
s
h
o
r
t
n
o
d
e
lif
eti
m
e.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
ad
v
er
s
el
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
SN.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t f
o
r
SP
F
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
SP
F c
alcu
latio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
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8708
I
n
t J
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lec
&
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p
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l.
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No
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6
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Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
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5366
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h
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8
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D
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13
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21
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G
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H
25
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I
30
H
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
al
u
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
SP
F,
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
M
A
P
al
g
o
r
ith
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
ile
tr
a
n
s
m
it
tin
g
th
e
d
ata.
I
n
t
h
is
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
w
ill
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
t
w
o
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
A
w
il
l
u
s
e
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
;
M
A
P
w
i
th
o
u
t
c
h
an
g
in
g
a
n
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
w
il
l
b
e
co
llected
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
B
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
er
e
S
P
F
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
at
a
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
u
lti
-
p
at
h
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
T
e
ch
n
iq
u
e
A
w
h
ic
h
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
B
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
i
ll
u
s
e
1
0
0
an
d
2
0
0
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
2
,
0
0
0
,
4
,
0
0
0
,
6
,
0
0
0
,
8
,
0
0
0
an
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
b
its
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
is
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
w
h
ile
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
M
A
P
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
il
l
ad
d
s
o
m
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
S
P
F
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
ab
le
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
f
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
p
ath
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
at
h
s
elec
tio
n
h
a
s
th
e
lo
w
es
t
co
s
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ef
f
i
cien
t
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
en
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lo
o
k
at
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
it c
a
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
f
u
l
f
ill t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t a
s
n
ee
d
e
d
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
b
o
th
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
ill
r
u
n
ar
o
u
n
d
9
,
9
9
9
tim
e
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ataset,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
t
h
e
last
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e
w
ill
b
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
M
A
P
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
later
w
ill
id
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
s
tead
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
h
o
p
s
f
o
r
a
2
-
tier
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
e
s
ig
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
v
er
y
d
a
y
,
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
W
SN
is
r
ap
id
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
,
an
d
it
w
ill
k
ee
p
i
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
in
th
e
n
ex
t
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
f
le
x
ib
ilit
ie
s
an
d
co
s
t
e
f
f
icie
n
cies
[
18
]
.
T
h
e
W
SN
is
ea
s
il
y
m
ad
e
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
eir
j
o
b
,
s
u
ch
as
co
l
l
ec
tin
g
d
ata,
tr
ac
in
g
a
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
i
s
s
u
es
th
at
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
W
SN
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ich
is
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e,
an
d
t
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
to
s
e
n
d
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
[
19
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
W
SN
p
lace
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
w
h
en
th
e
W
S
N
en
er
g
y
r
u
n
s
o
u
t,
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
s
e
n
d
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
e
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
p
ath
s
elec
t
io
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
W
SN
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
SP
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
n
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t o
f
p
a
th
s
elec
t
io
n
to
clu
s
ter h
ea
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
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u
ti
ng
.
.
.
.
(
W
a
n
I
s
n
i S
o
fia
h
W
a
n
Din
)
5367
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ted
i
s
s
u
es,
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
f
in
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
co
s
t
in
th
eir
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
s
to
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
.
L
ater
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
i
n
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
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io
n
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t
to
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
w
i
ll
b
e
r
u
n
i
n
M
AT
L
A
B
.
B
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
is
,
it
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
s
en
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
;
h
en
ce
,
p
r
o
lo
n
g
i
n
g
th
e
W
SN
lif
eti
m
e.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
il
l
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
w
h
ile
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
e
d
ata
an
d
it
m
u
s
t
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
w
ar
d
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
UM
P
R
DU
Gr
an
ts
(
R
DU
-
1
8
0
3
6
4
)
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
f
i
n
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
f
ac
il
ities
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
W
e
ar
e
also
g
r
atef
u
l
an
d
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
th
an
k
t
h
e
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
y
s
te
m
s
&
So
f
t
war
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
UM
P
an
d
S
y
s
te
m
s
Net
w
o
r
k
&
Sec
u
r
it
y
R
esear
c
h
Gr
o
u
p
(
S
y
s
n
ets)
t
h
at
h
as s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
M
u
d
u
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
s
o
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ba
se
d
F
ire
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
In
Un
d
e
rg
ro
u
n
d
C
o
a
l
M
in
e
s:
A
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
Pro
c
e
ss
S
a
fety
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
Pr
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
-
4
4
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
M
.
El
h
o
se
n
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
m
i
z
in
g
K
-
Co
v
e
ra
g
e
O
f
M
o
b
il
e
W
S
Ns
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
stria
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
In
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
-
1
5
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
Y.
H.
L
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
A
n
d
M
a
x
im
i
z
e
d
Co
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
P
o
w
e
r
S
a
v
in
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
F
o
r
Co
r
o
n
a
-
Ba
se
d
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
, v
o
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
4
-
2
5
5
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
M
.
Bu
rh
a
n
u
d
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
S
e
c
u
rit
y
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
F
e
a
tu
re
s
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
Io
T
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
te
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
2
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
I.
De
l
Ca
stil
lo
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ha
rd
wa
re
P
latf
o
rm
f
o
r
W
id
e
-
A
r
e
a
V
e
h
icu
l
a
r
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
W
it
h
M
o
b
i
le
No
d
e
s,”
Veh
icu
la
r C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
S
.
G
.
S
a
n
th
i
a
n
d
B.
Div
y
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
Ie
e
e
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
-
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
T.
C.
W
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
A
.
M
a
h
d
i,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
Of
S
in
g
l
e
-
P
a
th
A
n
d
M
u
lt
ip
a
t
h
M
a
n
e
ts Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
F
o
r
De
n
se
A
n
d
S
p
a
rse
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
P
.
Ku
il
a
a
nd
P
.
K.
Ja
n
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
L
o
a
d
-
Ba
lan
c
e
d
Clu
ste
rin
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
7
7
1
-
7
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
B.
A
.
Ba
k
r
a
n
d
L
.
T
.
L
il
ien
,
“
Ex
ten
d
i
n
g
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
o
f
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
b
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
p
a
re
No
d
e
s,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
-
4
9
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
P
.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
A
.
G
u
p
ta,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
M
u
lt
ip
le
S
in
g
le
Ho
p
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
Ba
se
d
Da
ta
T
ra
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
, v
o
l.
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
A
.
A
.
J.
Al
-
S
a
b
b
a
g
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
O
f
M
o
b
il
it
y
M
o
d
e
ls
A
n
d
No
d
e
s,”
In
t.
J
.
Ad
Ho
c
,
S
e
n
s.
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s
Co
mp
u
t
.,
v
o
l.
5
,
pp
.
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
C.
T
u
n
c
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Rin
g
Ro
u
ti
n
g
:
A
n
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
W
it
h
A
M
o
b
il
e
S
i
n
k
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sit
io
n
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
, v
o
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
7
-
1
9
6
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Bra
n
c
h
a
n
d
R.
Bra
n
c
h
,
“
Re
c
o
g
n
it
io
n
A
n
d
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
Of
F
lex
i
b
le
Err
o
r
Us
in
g
M
u
lt
i
-
L
e
v
e
l
Re
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
Re
sid
u
e
Nu
m
b
e
r,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
rit
ica
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
, v
o
l.
6
4
,
p
p
.
4
84
-
4
8
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
U.
Na
g
a
ra
j
a
n
d
P
.
P
.
D
h
a
m
a
l
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
ro
to
c
o
ls
i
n
V
a
n
e
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
I
n
fra
str
u
c
tu
re
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
4
-
4
3
8
,
2
0
1
2
[1
5
]
F
.
L
.
L
u
g
a
y
izi
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
Of
Os
p
f
A
n
d
Ei
g
rp
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
F
o
r
V
i
d
e
o
S
trea
m
in
g
O
v
e
r
Ne
x
t
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
s
, v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
W
.
I.
S
.
W
.
Din
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
D
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
M
u
lt
i
-
T
ier Ne
t
w
o
rk
D
e
sig
n
f
o
r
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
Clu
ste
r
He
a
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
i
n
W
S
N,”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
W
.
I.
S
.
W
.
Din
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
p
:
T
h
e
Ne
w
Clu
ste
rin
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
Ba
se
d
On
M
u
lt
it
ier
Ne
tw
o
rk
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
T
o
P
ro
l
o
n
g
T
h
e
L
ifeti
m
e
O
f
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
IEE
E
1
0
t
h
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
ll
o
q
u
i
u
m
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
Its
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
C
S
P
A
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
-
1
7
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
A
.
A
.
A
ll
a
h
h
a
m
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
A
S
m
a
rt
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
F
o
r
Ca
m
p
u
s
Us
in
g
Zi
g
b
e
e
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
H.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
P
.
K.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
N
o
d
e
E
n
e
rg
y
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
Ne
t
w
o
rk
L
i
fe
ti
m
e
a
n
d
T
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
8
3
-
8
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
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