Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 3
136~
3144
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp3136
-
31
44
3136
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
e
ce.iaesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Stu
dy of
t
roposph
er
i
c
s
cin
tillation
e
ff
ects in
Ku
-
b
an
d
frequ
en
cy
for sat
ellite com
mu
nicati
on syst
em
Nadirah
Abd
ul R
ah
im
,
H
ani
s Nabilah
A.
M
ul
op
,
Kh
air
ayu Badr
on
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Co
m
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
In
te
rn
at
ion
a
l
Islamic
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
s
ia
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
22
, 2
019
Re
vised
Dec
7
,
20
19
Accepte
d
Dec
15
, 201
9
Scint
illation
is
a
rap
id
fluctuation
of
el
ectrom
agnetic
wave
s
in
t
er
m
s
of
phase
and
amplit
ude
d
ue
to
a
sm
al
l
-
sca
le
inc
onsist
enc
y
in
the
tr
ansm
ission
pat
h
(or
pat
hs)
with
ti
m
e
.
Scint
i
ll
a
ti
on
ex
ists
cont
inuousl
y
throughou
t
a
da
y
whe
the
r
during
rai
ning
o
r
cl
ea
r
sk
y
cond
it
ions.
Th
e
raw
signal
data
nee
d
to
exc
lud
e
othe
r
propa
ga
tions
fac
tors
tha
t
include
sig
nal
fluctuations
to
furthe
r
under
stand
t
he
scint
illation
studie
s.
Thi
s
paper
pre
sents
the
ana
l
y
sis
o
f
tropospher
ic
sci
nti
llati
on
da
ta
f
rom
Janua
ry
20
16
ti
ll
Dec
emb
er
2016
at
Ku
-
band
fre
que
nc
y
of
12
.
202
GH
z
bea
con
sig
nal
.
Th
e
exp
erim
ent
al
data
from
MEAS
AT
3B
were
co
llected
and
an
aly
z
ed
to
se
e
th
e
eff
ect
o
f
tropospher
ic
sc
i
nti
llati
on
.
Th
e
eleva
t
ion
angle
of
the
dish
antenn
a
is
77.
45
o
.
The
high
li
ght
ed
obje
c
ti
ves
are
t
o
ana
l
y
z
e
the
sc
int
illation
da
ta
a
t
Ku
-
band,
and
to
compare
and
val
idate
t
he
result
s
with
othe
r
scint
illa
t
ion
m
odel
s.
The
result
sh
o
ws
tha
t
the
st
ipul
ated
scintill
at
ion
an
aly
sis
has
highe
r
amplit
ude
,
whic
h
is
0.
73
dB
co
m
par
ed
to
oth
er
scint
i
ll
a
ti
on
an
aly
s
is
which
has
lower
scint
i
ll
ation
amplit
ud
e:
0.
45
dB
(Ka
rasa
wa),
0
.
42
dB
(IT
U
-
R)
,
0.
4
dB
(Nadi
r
ah
&
Rafi
qu
l),
0
.
42
dB
(Van
D
e
Ka
m
p)
,
and
0.
11
d
B
(Anthon
y
&
Mande
ep)
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CDF
Ku
-
ba
nd
Sate
ll
it
e co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
n
syst
e
m
Scinti
ll
at
ion
m
od
el
s
Trop
osph
e
ric s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nad
i
ra
h A
bdul
Rahim
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
In
te
r
natio
nal Is
lam
ic
U
niv
er
sit
y M
al
ay
sia
,
Jal
an
Go
m
bak
53100 K
uala L
um
pu
r
.
Em
a
il
:
nad
irah
abdulra
him
@iiu
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Sate
ll
it
e
is
the
m
ai
n
el
e
m
e
nt
in
m
os
t
of
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
sys
te
m
around
the
globe.
Data
inf
or
m
at
ion
ar
e
exch
a
nge
d
and
receive
d
in
va
rio
us
f
or
m
s
by
earth
sta
ti
on
s
that
are
tran
sm
i
tt
e
d
by
a
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
rep
eat
er
sta
ti
on
or
al
s
o
known
as
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
sat
el
li
te
[1]
.
The
sig
nific
ance
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
sat
el
li
te
is
th
at
it
is
basical
l
y
util
iz
ed
fo
r
t
he
busine
ss
an
d
go
vernm
ent
serv
ic
es
pur
po
ses
su
c
h
as
data
tra
nsfe
r
ser
vices,
voi
ce
ser
vices
an
d
et
c.
T
he
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
at
el
li
te
is
al
so
us
e
d
f
or
obta
ining
the
co
rpor
at
e
a
ssets,
sen
ding
e
m
ai
ls,
br
owse
internet
a
nd
it
can
li
kew
ise
be
util
iz
ed
to
co
m
m
un
ic
at
e
thro
ug
h
a h
ig
h q
ualit
y vo
ic
e c
om
pr
es
si
on w
it
ho
ut takin
g
int
o
acc
ount t
he
loc
at
io
n
a
rou
nd the
w
or
l
d
[
2]
.
Ther
e
a
re
seve
ral
propagati
on
eff
ect
s
w
hich
are
cause
d
by
th
e
tro
posphe
ric
la
ye
r:
at
te
nu
at
ion
due
t
o
rain,
de
pola
riz
at
ion
,
gas
abs
orptio
n
a
nd
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
ca
us
e
d
by
the
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
tu
rbule
nce
[3
]
.
Alth
ough
i
n
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
rain
has
th
e
m
ai
n
i
m
pact,
scin
ti
ll
at
ion
now
has
bec
om
e
cru
ci
al
fo
r
l
ow
-
m
arg
in
s
yst
e
m
s
at
hig
h
f
reque
ncies
an
d
l
ow
el
evati
on
an
gles
[
3].
I
m
pr
ope
rly
ti
tl
ed
paper
m
ay
nev
er
rea
c
h
the
aud
ie
nce
f
or
wh
ic
h
it
was
intende
d,
s
o
be
sp
eci
fic
.
Th
e
troposphe
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
effe
ct
s
are
i
m
po
rtant
to
be
obse
rv
e
d
es
pecial
ly
in
bro
adcasti
ng
an
d
t
el
ecom
m
un
ic
ation
se
rv
ic
es
w
hich
us
e
the
K
u
-
ba
nd
fr
e
quen
cy
in
the sate
ll
it
e comm
un
ic
at
ion
li
nk
s
[
4]
.
Scinti
ll
at
ion
is
on
e
of
the
ev
ents
wh
ic
h
le
ad
to
sign
al
de
gr
a
datio
n
thr
ough
the
eart
h’
s
atm
os
ph
ere
.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
ty
pes
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
s:
ionos
pheric
sci
ntil
la
tio
n
an
d
tr
oposph
e
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
[
2].
T
his
pape
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Study
of tro
pos
ph
e
ric
scinti
ll
at
io
n
ef
fe
ct
s in...
(
Nad
ir
ah Abd
ul R
ah
i
m
)
3137
e
m
ph
asi
zes
on
tro
posphe
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
be
cause
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
fo
c
us
e
d
her
e
is
at
Ku
-
ba
nd
i
n
tr
op
ic
al
cl
i
m
at
e.
Several
sci
ntil
lation
m
od
el
s
hav
e
been
de
velo
pe
d
an
d
stud
ie
d
by
oth
e
r
res
earche
rs
in
th
e
pa
st,
howe
ver
m
os
t
of
the
m
od
el
s
can
only
be
us
ed
in
t
he
f
our
seas
on
s
(
winter
,
sprin
g,
su
m
m
er
and
autum
n)
countries
an
d
cannot
be
a
ppli
ed
in
the
t
ropi
cal
co
un
trie
s
s
uch
as
Ma
la
ysi
a,
Sin
ga
pore,
Thail
an
d,
B
raz
il
,
an
d
et
c.
Fu
rth
erm
or
e,
previ
ou
s
sc
inti
ll
at
ion
st
udie
s’
data
wer
e
colle
ct
ed
from
non
-
tr
opic
al
countries
su
c
h
a
s
US
,
Finlan
d,
Ge
rm
any,
U
nited
K
ingdo
m
and
m
any
m
or
e.
Hen
ce
,
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s
cann
ot
be
us
e
d
in
tro
pical
co
un
t
r
ie
s
due
to
the
diff
e
re
nt
patte
r
n
of
cl
i
m
at
e
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
fou
r
-
sea
son
c
oun
trie
s.
T
he
t
ropical
countries
co
ns
i
st
of
hi
gh
hum
idit
y,
un
if
orm
tem
per
at
ur
e
an
d
hea
vy
rai
nf
al
l.
The
re
a
r
e
only
a
fe
w
r
esearch
act
ivit
ie
s
con
duct
ed
on
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
in
tro
pi
cal
countries
a
nd
data
colle
ct
ed
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
do
es
not
fit
w
it
h
any
existi
ng
m
od
el
s
[
5
-
13
]
.
The
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s
m
us
t
be
evaluate
d
bas
ed
on
t
he
tr
op
ic
al
coun
trie
s
data
colle
ct
ion
an
d
m
easur
em
ent.
The
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
data
f
or
tro
pi
cal
cl
i
m
at
e
cou
ntries
are
ver
y
lim
it
ed
ty
pical
l
y
fo
r
high
el
evati
on
ang
le
.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
t
o
stud
y
the
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
ef
fects
base
d
on
t
he
data
m
easur
ed
in
t
he
tropica
l
co
un
trie
s.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
Scinti
ll
at
ion
can
be
f
ound
in
io
no
s
pher
e
an
d
tro
pos
ph
e
re
la
ye
rs.
In
t
he
io
no
sp
he
re
la
ye
r
,
the
irr
eg
ularit
ie
s
of
el
ect
r
on
t
hat
af
fect
f
re
quencies
up
t
o
6
G
Hz
a
re
cal
le
d
io
nos
ph
e
ric
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
.
Wh
ereas
,
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
s
w
hich
a
ff
e
ct
the
troposphe
re
la
ye
r
f
or
the
fr
e
que
ncies
ba
nd
a
bove
3
G
Hz
du
e
t
o
the
ref
r
act
ive
ind
ex
ir
regu
la
riti
es
is
called
troposp
he
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
o
n.
The
resear
ch
aim
is
to
stud
y
the
tr
oposph
e
r
ic
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
w
hich
a
ff
e
ct
s
the
K
u
-
band.
This
ty
pe
of
sc
inti
ll
at
ion
is
al
so
c
aus
ed
by
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
nversi
on
la
ye
rs
and
hi
gh
hum
i
dity
gr
a
dients
[
4]
.
W
it
h
the
va
riet
y
of
lo
cal
cl
i
m
a
te
,
the
im
p
act
of
tro
po
s
pheric
is
seaso
nally
de
pende
nt.
T
he
s
tructu
re
of
t
he
refract
ive
in
de
x
in
t
he
tr
oposph
e
re
ca
n
be
re
garde
d
hori
zo
ntall
y
layered
.
F
ur
t
herm
or
e,
with
the
change
in
al
ti
tud
e,
t
he
va
riat
ion
s
seem
to
be
ap
pear
e
d
a
s
thin
la
ye
rs
[4]
.
M
oreo
ver,
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
c
onditi
ons
af
fect
m
or
e
sign
ific
a
ntly
to
sla
nt
path
at
low
el
e
vation
ang
le
wh
ic
h
is
highl
y
sl
anted
to
the
la
ye
r
fo
rm
at
ion
.
T
he
tro
posphere
c
omm
on
pro
per
ti
es
of
th
e
ref
racti
ve
i
ndex
are
widely
known
.
The
ind
e
x
of
r
efr
act
io
n
or
the
atm
os
ph
eric
rad
i
o
refract
iv
e
ind
ex
,
n,
is
a
fu
nctio
n
of
pressure,
water
vapo
ur
con
te
nt,
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e
[
4]
.
The
feat
ur
e
s
of
t
he
re
fr
act
i
ve
in
de
x
are
norm
al
ly
descr
ibed
i
n
te
rm
s o
f
N
unit
s,
f
or n i
s
ver
y
cl
os
e to
1. I
t i
s
def
i
ned as
=
(
−
1
)
×
10
6
=
77
.
6
(
+
4810
)
(1)
wh
e
re
the
at
m
os
phe
ric
press
ur
e
i
n
m
i
ll
ibars
(m
b)
is
ex
pr
e
ssed
as
;
Tem
p
eratur
e
,
in
de
grees
K
is
T;
an
d
e
is
the w
at
e
r vap
our
press
ur
e
in m
b.
I
n
(
2
)
,
the
first e
xpressio
n i
s kn
own
as
th
e “d
ry term
”
=
77
.
6
(2)
wh
il
e the
“w
et
te
rm
” is the second
e
xpres
sio
n
=
3
.
732
×
10
5
2
(3)
Fo
r
fr
e
quenci
es
up
to
100
GH
z
the
ac
cur
ac
y
of
Eq
uations
(
2
)
to
(
4
)
a
re
with
in
0.5%
[
4]
.
The ref
racti
vity
o
f
the l
ong
-
te
rm
d
epende
nce
can be
re
pr
ese
nted
i
n
a
n
e
xponentia
l f
or
m
,
=
315
−
ℎ
7
.
36
(4)
wh
e
re t
he
al
ti
tud
e
, in km
is
ℎ
. T
his esti
m
ation
is a
ppli
cable
for
al
ti
tud
e
up t
o
ab
out 1
5 km
[
14
]
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
Ku
-
Ba
nd
sig
na
l
was
t
ran
sm
i
tt
ed
at
12.
2
02
G
Hz
fr
e
quen
cy
from
the
MEAS
AT
3
B
at
lo
ng
it
ud
e
(91.5
East
)
wi
th
ver
ti
cal
pol
arizat
ion
t
hat
pro
vid
es
m
or
e
tha
n
100
cha
nn
el
s
w
hich
c
ov
e
rs
South
ea
st
Asia
includi
ng
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
I
ndon
esi
a
as
well
as
Au
st
rali
a.
Ta
ble
1
show
s
the
sat
el
li
te
sp
eci
fi
cat
ion
s
f
or
ASTR
O
Broa
dcast
Net
work
Syst
e
m
.
The
sat
el
li
te
raw
data
co
nsi
sts
of
12
m
on
ths
per
i
od
from
Janu
ary
2016
ti
ll
Decem
ber
2016
in
or
der
to
st
ud
y
the
sci
ntil
l
at
ion
ef
fect.
T
he
ra
w
beac
on d
at
a
co
ns
ist
of
scinti
ll
at
ion
,
ra
in
an
d
oth
e
r
prop
a
gat
ion
data.
The
r
efore,
i
n
order
to
se
par
at
e
t
he
sci
nt
il
la
ti
on
data
f
ro
m
oth
e
r
data
,
a
te
c
hniqu
e
is
app
li
ed
by
us
i
ng
filt
ering
i
n
MATLAB
.
Fi
gure
1
il
lust
rates
the
ste
ps
to
acqu
i
re
the
sc
inti
ll
at
ion
a
m
plit
ud
e.
Cum
ulati
ve
Distribu
ti
on
F
unct
ion
(CD
F)
of
the
s
ci
nt
il
la
ti
on
data
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
the
div
isi
on
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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p
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ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
31
36
-
3144
3138
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
o
n
am
pli
tud
e
into
tw
o
par
ts:
sci
ntil
la
t
ion
f
ades
w
hich
is
the
neg
at
ive
sign
al
am
plit
u
de
an
d
enh
a
ncem
ents
wh
ic
h
is
t
he
posit
ive
si
gn
al
a
m
plit
ud
e
.
Ne
xt,
t
he
C
DF
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
are
cal
c
ulate
d
m
on
thly
and
a
nnually
.
Fig
ure
2
il
lustrate
s
on
ho
w
to
ac
quire
the
m
on
th
ly
and
a
nnual
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
functi
on
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
f
a
des
.
Table
1.
Sate
ll
i
te
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
Satellite
ME
AS
AT
3
B
Site
ASTRO B
road
cast
Network S
y
ste
m
,
Bu
k
it Jalil,
Ku
ala
Lu
m
p
u
r,
Mala
y
sia
Grou
n
d
statio
n
longitu
d
e
1
0
1
.70
Grou
n
d
statio
n
lat
itu
d
e
3
.15
Satellite
po
sitio
n
9
1
.51
7
o
E
Elevatio
n
ang
le
7
7
.45
o
Azi
m
u
th
2
5
3
.02
o
Po
larization
Vertica
l
Frequ
en
cy
1
2
.20
2
GHz
An
ten
n
a dia
m
eter
1
3
m
Figure
1
.
Flo
w
char
t
of scinti
ll
at
ion
data e
xtr
act
ion
from
r
aw dat
a
Figure
2
.
Flo
w
char
t t
o
a
naly
ze m
on
thly
and an
nual
CD
F
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
Trop
osph
e
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
le
ads
to
ra
ndom
sci
ntillat
ion
fad
es
a
nd
sc
inti
ll
at
ion
enhancem
ent
of
the
recei
ved
si
gn
al
at
a
lo
we
r
el
evati
on
an
gles
[
14
]
.
Ma
jority
of
t
he
tr
oposphe
ric
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
stu
di
es
that
hav
e
bee
n
fo
c
use
d
on
lo
w
el
evati
on
an
gles
a
nd
hi
gh
fr
e
que
ncies
due
t
o
th
e
fact
that
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
am
plitu
de
is
highly
obser
ve
d
in
t
his
case.
Howe
ver,
f
or
t
he
case
of
high
el
evati
on
a
ngle
s
an
d
hi
gh
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
on
ly
a
fe
w
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
be
en
done.
T
his
resea
rch
was
done
on
the
ba
sis
of
hi
gh
el
e
vation
an
gle
a
nd
hi
gh
f
reque
ncy
an
d
is sim
i
la
r
to the r
esearc
h
in
[
5
-
13
]
. T
he diff
eren
ces
betwee
n
th
os
e resea
rc
hes
are t
he
loc
at
ion
, elevati
on angle
,
fr
e
qu
e
ncy,
the
sat
el
li
te
us
ed
and
t
he
data
sa
m
pl
ing
as
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
Table
2.
F
ro
m
Table
2,
it
can
be
de
duc
e
d
that
this
pap
e
r,
has
the
sam
e
el
evati
on
a
ng
le
as
in
IIUM
bu
t
is
hig
her
t
han
the
on
e
from
US
M.
T
he
hu
m
idit
y
and
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
for
ea
ch
resea
rch
a
re
dif
fer
e
nt
due
to
the
dis
ti
nct
locat
ion
s
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
due
to
the d
i
ff
e
ren
ce
in hu
m
idit
y and t
e
m
per
at
ure, t
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
eff
ect
s
w
il
l va
ry for
each
r
es
earch
[1
5
-
16
]
.
Table
2
.
Re
sea
rch
c
om
pa
rison in
Mal
ay
sia
Res
earc
h
Locatio
n
Elevatio
n
An
g
le (
o
)
Ty
p
e of
Anten
n
a /
Dia
m
et
er
(
m
)
Frequ
en
cy
(GHz
)
Data
Sa
m
p
lin
g
(
s)
Satellite
USM
Pen
an
g
,
Mala
y
sia
4
0
.1
Cas
seg
rain An
ten
n
a /
2
.4
1
2
.25
5
1
.0
Su
p
erbird C
II
U
M
Go
m
b
ak
,
Kuala
L
u
m
p
u
r,
Mala
y
sia
7
7
.5
Dish
Ant
en
n
a /
2
.4
1
0
.98
2
0
.1
ME
AS
AT
-
3
ASTRO
Bu
k
it Jalil,
Ku
ala
Lu
m
p
u
r,
Mala
y
sia
7
7
.5
Dish
Anten
n
a /
1
3
1
2
.20
1
5
0
.05
ME
AS
AT
-
3B
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
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om
p
En
g
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S
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88
-
8708
Study
of tro
pos
ph
e
ric
scinti
ll
at
io
n
ef
fe
ct
s in...
(
Nad
ir
ah Abd
ul R
ah
i
m
)
3139
4.1.
Ex
tra
c
tio
n
of scin
till
at
i
on
data
In
orde
r
t
o
el
i
m
inate
oth
e
r
pro
pa
gation
fact
or
s
that
le
a
d
t
o
data
fluct
uatio
ns
,
the
ra
w
m
e
asur
e
d
data
need
to
be
stud
ie
d
a
nd
pr
oc
essed
[1
7
]
.
T
his
is
du
e
to
the
fact
t
hat
ot
her
pro
pag
at
i
on
fact
or
s
intr
oduce
fluctuati
ons
at
a
lo
we
r
rate
than
th
os
e
ca
use
d
by
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
[
4
]
.
T
herefo
re,
the
ra
w
data
obta
ine
d
fro
m
AS
TR
O need
to go t
hro
ugh
a
high
pass fil
te
r
with a
n
a
ppr
opriat
e c
ut off f
r
equ
e
ncy to
obs
er
ve
the sci
ntil
la
ti
on
sign
al
le
vel.
T
he
data
obta
in
ed
we
re
al
ready
div
ided
int
o
two:
rain
an
d
cl
ear
sk
y.
For
the
purpose
of
this
researc
h,
cl
ear
sk
y
data
are
use
d
to
discar
d
a
ny
data
that
con
trib
ute
to
rain
at
te
nu
at
ion.
The
ra
w
data
ob
ta
ined
wer
e
rec
orde
d
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
at
te
nu
at
io
n
in
dB;
hen
ce
,
the
data
need
to
be
subtract
ed
by
75
dB
to
ob
ta
in
the
or
i
gin
al
re
cei
ved
sig
nal
le
vel.
Fig
ur
e
3
il
lustrate
s
the
received
sig
nal
le
vel
of
m
easur
ed
ra
w
data
ve
rsus
nu
m
ber
of
dat
a
fo
r
22
Fe
bru
ary
2016.
The
data
are
usual
ly
rep
rese
nted
i
n
te
rm
s
of
perce
ntage
of
tim
e
[1
6
]
bu
t
the
nu
m
ber
of
sam
ples
and
sam
pling
tim
e
var
y
f
or
eac
h
day
for
the
ra
w
data
re
cei
ve
d
f
ro
m
AS
TRO
th
us,
the d
at
a
are
re
presente
d
in
ter
m
s o
f
num
ber
of d
at
a.
Nex
t,
pe
rio
do
gr
am
m
et
ho
d
with
the
help
from
Han
ni
ng
wind
ow
wa
s
us
e
d
to
acq
uir
e
the
pow
e
r
sp
ect
ral
den
sit
y
(d
B/
ra
d/sam
ple)
plo
t
of
t
he
raw
data
[1
8]
.
Usi
ng
MA
TLAB,
t
he
a
ve
rag
e
powe
r
s
pectral
densi
ty
plo
t
w
as
ob
ta
ine
d
with
a
su
it
able
cut
off
f
reque
nc
y.
The
no
n
-
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
eff
ec
ts
will
be
include
d
if
the
cut
off
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
set
to
be
to
o
lo
w
w
hile
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
ef
fec
ts
in
the
rec
ei
ved
sig
nal
le
ve
l
are
el
i
m
inate
d
if
t
he
c
ut
off
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
set
to
be
t
oo
hi
gh
[1
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
the
cut
off
f
re
qu
e
ncy
need
s
to
be
cauti
ously
set
.
Figure
4
de
picts
the
a
ve
rag
e
powe
r
s
pectral
densi
ty
.
Ba
sed
on
Fig
ure
4,
a
flat
portio
n
bet
ween
0.03
Hz
to
0.1
Hz
is
seen
an
d
f
ollow
e
d
by
a
slop
e
of
ap
pro
xim
at
e
ly
f
-
8/3
above
0.1
Hz.
Fo
r
fu
ll
y
generate
d
tur
bu
le
nce,
t
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
s
pectr
um
has
a
com
m
on
patte
rn
of
lo
w
pa
ss
filt
ered
w
hi
te
no
ise
with
a
-
8/
3
slop
e
[
9
]
.
Figure
3.
Me
as
ur
e
d raw
d
at
a
f
or 22 Fe
brua
ry
2016
Figure
4
.
A
verage
powe
r
s
pe
ct
ral d
e
ns
it
y
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
-
7
0
.
5
-
7
0
-
6
9
.
5
-
6
9
-
6
8
.
5
-
6
8
-
6
7
.
5
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
D
a
t
a
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
L
e
v
e
l
(
d
B
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
31
36
-
3144
3140
4
.2
.
A
na
l
ys
is
of
sci
nt
il
lati
on data
usin
g
M
ATLAB
Scinti
ll
at
ion
fa
des
a
nd
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
ents
we
re
com
pu
te
d
by
usi
ng
the
c
ut
off
fr
e
quen
cy
of
0.11
Hz
with
the aid of h
ig
h pass f
il
te
r
of or
der
10
s
o
that t
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on sign
al
s could
be
obse
rv
e
d
cl
early
[
7
]
. Th
e
cut of
f
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
was
ob
ta
i
ned
by
cal
culat
ing
the
aver
a
ge
c
ut
off
f
re
qu
e
ncy
for
the
12
m
on
ths
of
ye
ar
20
16
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
da
ta
as
sho
wn
in
Table
3
.
I
n
MATLAB
,
a
fter
go
i
ng
th
rou
gh
the
filt
erin
g
process
,
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
a
m
plit
ud
es
f
or
each
da
y
were
disp
la
ye
d.
A
fter
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
am
plit
ud
es
wer
e
obta
in
ed
in
th
e
MA
TLAB
,
the
am
plit
ud
es
wer
e
t
hen
divi
ded
int
o
tw
o:
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
f
ades
a
nd
s
ci
nt
il
la
ti
on
enh
a
nc
e
m
ents.
Scinti
ll
at
ion
enh
a
ncem
ents
ref
e
r
to
the
posit
ive
sign
al
le
vel
of
t
he
sci
nt
il
la
ti
on
a
m
plitu
de
w
her
eas
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
fades
refe
r
to
the
ne
gative
signa
l
le
vel
of
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
o
n
am
plit
ud
e.
S
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
en
ha
ncem
ents
pro
du
ce
an
inc
rea
se
in
interm
od
ulati
on
disturba
nce
i
n
a
sat
el
li
te
trans
ponder
util
iz
ed
in
m
ulti
ca
rr
ie
r
an
d
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
usua
ll
y
influ
e
nce
the
earth
sta
ti
on
tracki
ng
syst
e
m
s,
con
sideri
ng
the
us
a
ge
of
tim
e
con
sta
nt
in
the
syst
em
[1
8
]
.
Figure
5
il
lustr
at
es the scinti
ll
at
ion
am
plit
ude f
or
13
April
2016.
Table
3
.
C
ut
off
f
re
qu
e
ncies
Mon
th
Cu
t
-
o
ff
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
(Hz)
Jan
u
ary
20
1
6
0
.11
Feb
ruary 2
0
1
6
0
.12
Mar
ch
20
1
6
0
.11
Ap
ril
2
0
1
6
0
.12
May 2
0
1
6
0
.11
Ju
n
e 20
1
6
0
.12
Ju
ly
20
1
6
0
.12
Au
g
u
st 2
0
1
6
0
.11
Sep
te
m
b
er
2
0
1
6
0
.11
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
6
0
.11
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
0
.11
Dece
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
0
.12
Figure
5
.
Scint
il
la
ti
on
a
m
pli
tud
e
of 13
A
pr
il
2016
4
.3
.
D
ata
pr
oc
essing
f
or
cu
mulati
ve
dis
tr
ibution
functi
on
(CDF
)
Scinti
ll
at
io
n
da
ta
wer
e
cat
e
gorize
d
into
tw
o
pa
rts:
posit
iv
e
sign
al
le
vels,
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
enh
a
ncem
ents
and
the n
e
gativ
e
sign
al
le
vels,
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
[19
-
2
5
]
.
T
hen,
the
cum
ulati
ve
distrib
uti
on
was
com
pu
t
ed
f
or
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es.
Fig
ure
6
dep
ic
ts
the
m
e
asur
e
d
cu
m
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
functi
on
f
or
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
on
m
on
thly
basis.
From
Figu
re
6
it
can
be
c
oncl
ud
e
d
that
the
m
easur
e
d
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
fa
des
i
n
Fe
bruar
y
20
16
a
re
the
hi
gh
est
un
t
il
at
0.
3%
of
t
he
data,
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
i
n
Ma
rch
e
xcee
de
d
the
rest
of
t
he
m
on
ths
.
Mo
r
eov
e
r,
sever
e
fad
i
ng
can
be
see
n
in
Februa
ry
2016
at
0.01%
and
fo
ll
ow
ed
by
Se
ptem
ber
2016.
Me
anwhil
e,
in No
vem
ber
2016, sci
ntil
la
tio
n fa
des
a
re t
he
w
ea
kest.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Study
of tro
pos
ph
e
ric
scinti
ll
at
io
n
ef
fe
ct
s in...
(
Nad
ir
ah Abd
ul R
ah
i
m
)
3141
Figure
6. Me
as
ur
e
d
m
on
thly
c
um
ulati
ve
distr
ibu
ti
on
for
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
f
a
des
T
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
for
al
l
the
m
on
ths
in
2016
are
m
erely
the
sam
e,
bu
t
tho
se
plo
ts
br
anch
e
d
out
at
approxim
at
e
ly
10
%
of
the
data.
I
n
Septe
m
ber
2016,
th
e
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
jum
ped
f
ur
t
her
up
ti
ll
it
reached
it
s
m
axi
m
u
m
at
0.8
dB
an
d
overla
pp
e
d
wit
h
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
in
Dec
e
m
ber
2016
a
t
0.
17%.
Be
si
des
that,
the
m
easur
ed
a
ver
a
ge
a
nnual
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
excee
ded
t
he
ind
ivi
du
al
m
on
th
a
t
appr
ox
im
at
ely
at
1%
of
the
da
ta
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
in
Fe
bruar
y
20
16,
the
pl
ot
ov
er
pr
e
dicte
d
t
he
ave
rag
e
an
nu
al
plo
t
at
ever
y
pe
rce
ntage
nu
m
ber
of
data
w
her
e
as
in
Ma
rch
2016,
t
he
pl
ot
exceede
d
the
a
ver
a
ge
a
nnual
plo
t
at
0.03%
of
the
da
ta
.
The
values
of
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fades
for
each
m
on
th
and
the
per
centa
ge
nu
m
ber
of
dat
a
are
ta
bu
la
te
d i
n
Ta
ble 4.
Table
4
.
Me
as
ur
e
d
m
on
thly
di
stribu
ti
ons
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
f
a
de
s
Scin
tillatio
n
Fad
es (dB
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Data
(
%)
Jan
Feb
Mar
ch
Ap
ril
May
Ju
n
e
Ju
ly
Au
g
Sep
t
Oct
No
v
Dec
0
.1
8
6
.5
8
7
.88
8
6
.7
8
8
.5
9
0
.2
8
9
.8
9
0
.2
9
1
.1
9
2
.07
9
0
.7
9
2
.6
9
1
.4
0
.2
1
2
.33
1
0
.52
1
1
.64
1
0
.4
9
.1
8
9
.78
9
.25
8
.3
7
.67
8
.74
7
.36
8
.43
0
.3
0
.97
0
.87
1
.37
0
.96
0
.48
0
.40
0
.51
0
.48
0
.17
0
.45
0
.01
0
.17
0
.4
0
.13
0
.3
0
.24
0
.11
0
.05
0
.04
0
.04
0
.08
7
0
.03
0
.04
0
.5
0
.03
0
.15
0
.04
0
.01
8
0
.01
8
0
.00
6
0
.01
3
0
.02
8
0
.01
0
.6
0
.02
0
.07
5
0
.00
3
6
0
.00
3
2
0
.01
0
.00
3
0
.00
4
5
0
.01
8
0
.00
6
3
0
.7
0
.00
8
0
.06
7
0
.00
8
0
.01
4
0
.8
0
.00
6
0
.03
6
0
.00
5
0
.01
0
.9
0
.00
2
1
0
.02
7
0
.00
3
0
.00
7
1
.0
0
.02
4
0
.00
4
4
.4
.
C
ompari
so
n
o
f
me
as
ur
ed
d
ata
w
ith
t
he ex
is
ting sci
nt
il
lation
m
odel
s
The
f
our
m
od
el
s:
K
arasa
w
a,
IT
U
-
R,
V
an
De
Kam
p
,
an
d
OT
U
N
G
are
c
om
par
ed
a
gainst
the
m
easur
ed
cum
ulati
ve
distribu
ti
on.
The
com
par
ison
ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
locat
ion
,
el
eva
ti
on
a
ng
le
,
f
re
qu
e
ncy
and
data
sa
m
pling
are
ta
bula
te
d
as
in
Table
5.
All
the
cum
ulati
ve
distrib
ut
ion
of
the
pr
e
dicti
on
m
od
el
s
wer
e
com
pu
te
d
us
i
ng
the
eq
uatio
ns
el
abo
rate
d
in
the
li
te
rature
rev
ie
w
.
Fro
m
Figu
re
7
it
can
be
de
duc
ed
that
the
an
nu
al
m
easur
e
d
plo
t
exceed
s
the
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
f
or
Ka
ra
sawa.
Sim
il
ar
ly
,
fr
om
Figu
re
7,
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
o
n
fa
des
f
or
IT
U
-
R
is
unde
r
predict
ed
the
a
nnual
m
easur
ed
plo
t
at
al
l
per
centages
of
ti
m
e.
Nex
t
,
to
com
pu
te
t
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
f
or
Van
de
Kam
p,
cl
ou
d
in
f
or
m
at
ion
was
i
nclu
ded.
Ba
sed
on
Fi
gure
7,
the
annual
m
easur
e
d
pl
ot
exceed
s
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
f
or
IT
U
-
R
m
od
el
whereas
for
OT
UNG
,
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
o
n
fa
des
over
predict
ed
the
a
nnual
m
easur
ed
plo
t.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
at
0.
3%
,
the
annual
m
easur
ed
plo
t
exceed
s
the
O
TUNG
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
e
s
plot
.
Fo
r
this
rese
arch
stu
dy,
the
m
easur
ed
cu
r
ve
is
com
par
ed
with
the
oth
e
r
sci
nti
ll
at
ion
m
od
el
s
to
see
w
hether
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
am
plit
ud
e
is
com
par
able
or
no
t.
T
he
f
uture
wor
k
for
this
stu
dy is that t
he
m
eas
ur
e
d
c
urve is
m
od
ifie
d
acco
r
ding to
the
ch
ose
n
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
31
36
-
3144
3142
Table
5
.
Pr
e
dic
ti
on
m
od
el
s c
om
par
ison
Res
earc
h
Locatio
n
Elevatio
n
An
g
le (
o
)
Ty
p
e of
Anten
n
a /
Dia
m
et
er
(
m
)
Frequ
en
cy
(GHz
)
Data
Sa
m
p
lin
g
(
s)
Satellite
Kara
saw
a
[
2
1
]
Ya
m
ag
u
ch
i,
Jap
an
4
-
30
Dish
Anten
n
a /
7
.6
1
1
.45
2
1
Intels
at
-
V
ITU
-
R
[
1
4
]
Glo
b
al
>4
Dish
Anten
n
a /
3
-
36
7
-
14
NA
NA
Van
de Ka
m
p
[
2
2
]
Glo
b
al
3
-
33
D
ish
Anten
n
a
7
-
30
0
.05
Satellite
Link
s in
Euro
p
e,
Jap
an
an
d
US
OTUN
G
[
1
7
]
Sp
arsh
o
lt,
UK
2
8
.74
Dia
m
o
n
d
Shap
ed
An
ten
n
a /
1
.2
1
9
.77
0
4
0
.1
Oly
m
p
u
s
USM
[
7
]
Pen
an
g
,
Mala
y
sia
4
0
.1
Cas
seg
rain An
ten
n
a /
2
.4
1
2
.25
5
1
.0
Su
p
erbird C
II
U
M
[
1
1
-
12]
Go
m
b
ak
,
Kuala
Lu
m
p
u
r,
Mala
y
sia
7
7
.5
Dish
Anten
n
a /
2
.4
1
0
.98
2
0
.1
ME
AS
AT
-
3
ASTRO
(M
easu
red)
Bu
k
it Jalil,
Ku
ala
Lu
m
p
u
r,
Mala
y
sia
7
7
.5
Dish
Anten
n
a /
1
3
1
2
.20
2
0
.05
ME
AS
AT
-
3B
Figure
7. Scint
il
la
ti
on
f
ade
s
of
pr
e
dicti
on
m
od
el
a
nd m
easur
e
d data
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
c
oncl
us
i
on,
the
sat
el
li
te
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
st
udy
per
t
ai
nin
g
t
o
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
ing
i
n
Ku
-
b
an
d
has
be
en
repor
te
d
a
nd
com
par
e
d
with
the
pre
vio
us
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s.
T
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
effe
ct
s
on
high
el
evati
on
ang
le
a
nd
hi
gh
f
reque
ncy
ha
ve
be
en
a
nal
yz
ed
an
d
di
scusse
d.
T
he
r
es
ults
of
t
he
m
e
asur
e
d
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
data
fr
om
Janu
ar
y
20
16
ti
ll
Dece
m
ber
2016
ar
e
pr
ese
nted
in
this
pap
e
r.
Dat
a
fr
om
AS
TRO
with
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
12.20
2
G
Hz
and
el
evati
on
a
ng
le
of
77.
5
o
wer
e
use
d
to
ob
s
er
ve
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
eff
e
ct
s
in
the
tro
pi
cal
cl
im
at
e.
The
raw
d
at
a
we
re
proc
essed
in
t
he
MATL
AB
to
gai
n
a
su
it
able
c
ut
off
f
reque
ncy.
The
n,
the
ave
rag
e
c
ut
off
f
reque
ncy
was
us
ed
i
n
th
e
high
pa
ss
filt
er
of
or
der
10
to
el
im
inate
any
prop
a
gatio
n
f
act
ors
that
le
ad
t
o
ot
her
pro
pag
at
i
on
ef
fects.
T
he
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
data
wer
e
th
en
filt
ered
a
nd
div
ide
d
i
nto
two:
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
an
d
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
enh
a
nce
m
ents.
However,
this
pa
per
is
on
ly
fo
c
us
e
d
on
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
a
nd
the
r
efore
the
data
fo
r
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
e
nh
a
ncem
e
nts
wer
e
ig
nor
ed.
The
c
um
ul
at
ive
distribu
ti
on
s
of
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
were
c
ompu
te
d
base
d
on
m
on
thly
a
nd
an
nual
.
T
he
n,
the
a
nnual
cu
m
ula
ti
ve
data
were
com
par
ed
with
the
six
existi
ng
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
m
od
el
nam
el
y
Kar
asa
wa,
IT
U
-
R,
O
TUNG,
Van
de
Kam
p,
An
t
hony
-
Ma
ndeep
,
a
nd N
a
di
rah
-
Ra
fiq
ul
.
Ba
sed
on
the
fin
ding,
the
a
nnual
m
easur
ed
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
ove
r
predict
ed
al
l
oth
er
e
xisti
ng
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s
w
hich
ha
s
the
hi
gh
est
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
rea
ding.
T
he
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
fa
des
at
0.0
1%
f
or
annual
m
easure
d
da
ta
is
0.7
3
dB
w
he
reas
f
or
OT
UN
G
is
0.55
dB,
Ka
ra
sawa
is
0.45
dB
,
IT
U
-
R
is
0.42
dB,
Nad
i
rah
-
Ra
fiq
ul
is
0.4
dB,
Van
de
Ka
m
p
is
0.
42
dB
,
an
d
A
ntho
ny
-
Ma
ndee
p
0.11
dB.
The
refore
,
the
obj
ect
ives
of
this
resea
rc
h
st
ud
y
a
re
m
et
accor
dingly
,
wh
ic
h
a
re:
to
a
naly
ze
the
sci
nt
il
la
t
ion
data
obta
ine
d
for Ku
-
ba
nd a
nd to
co
m
par
e a
nd v
al
idate
the
resu
lt
s
with
ot
her sci
ntil
la
ti
on
m
od
el
s.
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
T
i
m
e
(
%
)
S
c
i
n
t
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
Fa
d
e
s
(
d
B
)
K
a
r
a
s
a
w
a
I
T
U
-
R
V
a
n
d
e
K
a
m
p
O
T
U
N
G
A
n
t
h
o
n
y
M
a
n
d
e
e
p
N
a
d
i
r
a
h
,
R
a
f
i
q
u
l
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Study
of tro
pos
ph
e
ric
scinti
ll
at
io
n
ef
fe
ct
s in...
(
Nad
ir
ah Abd
ul R
ah
i
m
)
3143
This
resea
rc
h
can
be
im
pr
ov
ed
by
a
naly
zi
ng
the
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
e
nh
a
ncem
e
nts
f
or
the
m
easur
e
d
data
and
c
om
par
e
it
with
the
ex
ist
ing
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
en
ha
ncem
ents
m
od
el
s.
I
t
is
al
so
recom
m
end
ed
to
stud
y
the
m
on
thly
,
seaso
nal,
di
urna
l
and
a
nnual
st
at
ist
ic
s
of
both
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
enh
a
ncem
ents
and
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
fad
es
.
In
order
t
o
kn
ow
how
reli
ab
le
,
the
m
od
el
is
fo
r
t
his
m
e
asur
e
d
data,
a
new
sci
ntil
la
t
ion
m
od
el
bas
ed
on
the
m
easur
e
d
data
nee
d
to
be
c
om
pu
te
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
m
or
e
resea
rc
h
ac
ti
viti
es
sh
ould
be
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
after
com
par
ing t
he a
nnual m
easure
d
c
um
ulati
ve
distrib
ution wit
h
the
o
t
her exis
ti
ng
m
od
el
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
e
xpress
grat
it
ud
e
to
MEAS
AT
Sate
l
li
te
Syst
e
m
Sd
n.
B
hd.
(
MEAS
AT)
for
data acce
ss and Researc
h
Ma
nag
em
ent Centre (
RM
C)
of
IIUM f
or
the
f
unding of th
e
res
earch u
nd
e
r
th
e g
ra
nt
schem
e P
-
RIG
S18
-
005
-
00
05
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B
.
E
lbe
rt
,
“
Intro
duct
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Sa
tell
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e
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on
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oth
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lnut
t
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unic
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uc
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ti
ons
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inte
nsit
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in
th
e
V
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band
for
the
ea
rth
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sate
llit
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li
nks
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T
he
4th
W
SE
AS
Inte
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l
Confe
renc
e
o
n
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ct
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n
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-
b
and
fre
que
nci
es
for
one
of
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c
al
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s
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BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nad
ir
ah
Binti
Ab
d
ul
Rah
im
o
bta
in
e
d
the
deg
r
ee
s
B.
Hons
(Com
m
unic
at
ions
Engi
nee
r
ing)
in
2007
and
Master
s
b
y
rese
ar
ch
in
Comm
unic
at
ions
Engi
neeri
ng
in
2013
fro
m
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Islamic
Univer
s
ity
Mal
a
y
si
a
(I
IUM
),
Malay
s
ia.
She
obtained
her
PhD
degr
ee
in
S
y
s
te
m
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
the
Schoo
l
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
nive
rsit
y
of
So
uth
Aus
tra
l
ia
,
Maws
on
La
kes
,
Adela
id
e,
Aus
tralia
in
June
2018
.
She
has
pre
viou
sl
y
worked
as
a
Network
Inte
gra
ti
on
Engi
n
ee
r
in
a
M
al
a
y
si
an
t
el
e
comm
unic
at
i
on
compan
y
c
al
l
ed
Sapura
Secur
ed
T
ec
hnolog
ie
s
.
Her
r
ese
ar
ch
int
er
ests
include
Sate
llite
Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on
S
y
s
te
m
s
,
Program
m
ing
a
nd
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Mana
gement.
She
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
working
as
a
n
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
In
te
rn
at
ion
a
l
Islamic
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
si
a,
under
the
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ctrical
and
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g
te
ac
h
ing
Program
m
ing
for
Engi
ne
ers
in
Undergra
dua
te l
ev
e
l.
Nad
ira
h
is
a
m
ember
of
I
EE
E
,
BEM a
nd
I
ET.
Hanis
Nab
il
ah
Ab
d
Mulop
rec
ei
ved
the
d
egr
e
e
B.
Hons
(Com
muni
cations
Engi
n
ee
ring)
in
2019
from
Inte
rna
ti
on
al
Islamic
Unive
rsit
y
Ma
lay
sia
(I
IUM
),
Malay
s
ia
.
She
pre
viousl
y
worked
as
a
n
Inte
rnship
Tr
a
i
nee
at
Mal
a
y
s
i
an
Com
m
unic
at
ions
and
Multi
m
edi
a
Com
m
is
sion
(MCM
C),
a
gover
nm
ent a
g
ency
for
3
m
ont
hs.
Khair
a
y
u
Bad
ron
obta
ine
d
her
BEng
(2006),
Ms
c
(2011)
and
P
h.
D
(2016)
from
Inte
rna
ti
on
al
Islamic
Univer
si
t
y
Ma
lay
si
a
(II
UM
).
Previously
,
she
worked
a
s
a
Pow
er
Deli
v
er
y
Engi
n
ee
r
at
INTE
L
Corp,
B
a
y
an
L
epa
s,
Pen
ang.
She
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
on
e
of
th
e
As
sistant
Profess
ors
at
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
nee
r
ing,
IIUM
.
She
rec
e
ntly
comm
enc
ed
her
rese
arc
h
ar
ea
s
in
Rada
r
an
d
Radi
om
et
r
y
rese
arc
h
,
quan
ti
f
y
ing
prop
agation
eff
ects
on
m
ic
rowave
and
m
il
li
m
et
re
wav
e
li
nks.
Khair
a
y
u
is
a
m
ember
of
IEEE,
I
EM,
BEM
a
nd
MTSF
B.
She
has
publ
ished
and
co
-
aut
hor
e
d
m
ore
tha
n
50
pape
rs
in
Inte
r
nat
ion
al
Journal
s
as
well
as
Confer
ences
on
subjec
ts
rel
ati
ng
to
wire
le
s
s
propa
gation,
sat
el
lite
comm
un
icati
ons
and
r
ada
r
dat
a
proc
essing.
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