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n
f
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m
a
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y
s
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ar
t
m
en
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Kin
g
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b
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n
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m
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u
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u
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i
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h
p
er
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m
an
ce
s
.
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h
e
P
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C
ca
n
n
o
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ce
r
tain
l
y
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s
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e
a
s
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s
tai
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r
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u
ir
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en
er
g
y
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n
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o
m
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
To
s
o
lv
e
th
is
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o
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lem
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to
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tr
an
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ien
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a
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b
r
id
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lectr
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Sto
r
ag
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a
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tial
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n
d
id
ate
f
o
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n
.
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e
p
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a
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m
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t
s
.
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h
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co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ar
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
y
d
r
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g
e
n
v
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n
s
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d
t
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e
f
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ce
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s
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tr
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d
th
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co
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ar
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I
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O
N
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,
t
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H
y
b
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Sto
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n
d
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al
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n
at
iv
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g
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to
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ag
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[
1
]
.
T
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o
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g
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s
to
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s
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av
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tr
ial
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ield
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ee
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ices
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lace
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ei
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ep
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id
ly
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o
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th
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ir
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m
e
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t.
T
o
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lv
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e
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e
p
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o
b
lem
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h
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s
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g
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s
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li
k
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u
p
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ca
p
ac
ito
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an
d
b
atter
y
w
er
e
tr
ea
ted
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
ed
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Mo
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
FC
HE
V
s
h
y
b
r
id
i
za
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
t
ar
e
ap
p
r
ec
iated
as
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
o
ten
tiall
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
F
C
HE
V
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
P
E
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,
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io
n
B
atter
y
(
B
T
)
,
an
d
Su
p
er
-
C
ap
ac
ito
r
(
S
C
)
ar
e
q
u
ali
f
ied
b
y
i
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
a
n
d
its
e
f
f
icie
n
cies
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
P
E
MFC
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
its
s
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
d
its
r
ap
id
it
y
to
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
q
u
ic
k
v
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n
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th
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Vs.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
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s
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s
ed
esp
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iall
y
d
u
r
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n
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ien
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tar
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ize
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y
d
r
o
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co
n
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u
m
p
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n
[6
-
8
]
.
T
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lio
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b
atter
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tech
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w
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u
s
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F
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atter
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w
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k
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n
p
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ith
th
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P
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MF
C
t
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r
v
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d
p
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[
9
]
.
Ho
w
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th
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Su
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n
cl
u
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t
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it
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P
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C
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B
atter
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it
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[
1
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.
T
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Sto
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
-
8708
I
J
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C
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Vo
l.
7
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No
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4
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A
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g
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s
t
2017
:
1
7
8
9
–
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6
1790
T
h
e
m
o
s
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p
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p
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s
ed
Hy
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id
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ted
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a
b
r
ief
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
H
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
Sectio
n
4
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
F
C
HE
V
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e;
Se
ctio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
o
u
r
MW
-
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
;
Sectio
n
6
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
an
d
th
e
co
n
cl
u
d
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
7
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
A
ND
CO
NT
R
I
B
UT
I
O
N
S
I
n
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
H
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
w
er
e
ev
a
lu
ated
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
o
w
er
th
at
s
ee
m
s
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
ic
les.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
[
1
3
]
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
esen
ted
a
Hy
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
E
MFC
/B
T
/SC
)
w
h
ic
h
ai
m
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
B
T
d
ev
ice
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
w
er
w
h
e
n
th
e
P
E
MFC
i
s
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
S
C
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
to
co
o
p
er
ate
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
u
n
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
W
h
ile,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
1
4
]
,
an
FC
HE
V
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
P
E
M
FC
,
B
T
an
d
SC
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
5
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
e
f
f
icien
t
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
E
MFC
/B
T
/SC
)
f
o
r
a
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
,
w
h
er
e
P
E
MFC
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
ain
p
o
w
er
an
d
B
T
/SC
w
er
e
u
s
ed
as
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices.
A
s
ea
m
le
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
is
tr
ea
ted
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
6
]
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
p
o
w
er
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
u
n
it.
T
o
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
e
f
f
icien
t
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
H
y
b
r
id
(
P
E
MFC
/B
T
/SC
)
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
[
1
7
]
,
in
w
h
ic
h
ea
ch
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
w
a
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
/D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e,
f
r
o
m
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
v
e
h
icle
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
li
ed
.
An
ef
f
icie
n
t
h
y
b
r
id
(
F
C
/B
T
/SC
)
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
a
tr
a
m
w
a
y
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
in
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
a
n
i
n
te
llig
e
n
t
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
t
r
o
l to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
p
o
w
er
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ci
ted
w
o
r
k
s
,
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
d
ea
l
s
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
Mu
l
ti
-
w
a
y
s
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
s
:
a.
W
e
o
f
f
er
an
e
f
f
icie
n
t
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
u
n
it
b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
m
u
lt
i
-
wa
y
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
t
h
a
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
as
t
h
e
y
u
s
e
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
d
ef
ic
it.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
v
is
a
g
ed
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
an
ac
cu
r
ate
s
ce
n
ar
io
to
m
ee
t e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
.
b.
W
e
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
:
(
1
)
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
(2
)
B
T
an
d
SC
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e,
(
3
)
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
i
t,
(
4
)
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
an
d
d
ef
icit.
W
e
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
a
Mu
lti
-
w
a
y
s
w
h
er
e
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
is
i
g
n
o
r
ed
b
y
ce
r
tai
n
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
s
.
3.
O
VE
RA
L
L
S
YST
E
M
DE
SC
RIPT
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
(
FC
HE
V)
s
h
o
w
ed
in
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ic
h
is
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
p
o
w
er
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
DC
b
u
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
.
T
h
e
I
-
io
n
-
b
atter
y
a
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
d
ea
ls
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
P
E
MF
C
p
o
w
er
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
es li
k
e:
a.
W
h
en
it
s
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
b.
W
h
en
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
q
u
a
n
ti
t
y
i
s
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
th
e
SC
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
d
ir
ec
tly
to
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
ai
m
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
as
t
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
d
u
r
in
g
B
T
an
d
S
C
s
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
ese
t
h
r
ee
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
a
n
MW
-
E
MS
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es it p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
er
v
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
r
io
r
itiz
in
g
P
o
w
er d
ema
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
fo
r
Hyd
r
o
g
en
P
E
MFC
-
E
lectric V
eh
icles u
s
in
g
….
(
Ja
w
a
d
i S
a
mir
)
1791
Fig
u
r
e
1
Ov
er
all
F
C
HE
V
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
4.
P
E
M
F
C
DYNA
M
I
C
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PEM
FC
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
b
ein
g
an
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
P
E
MFC
is
ev
al
u
ated
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
alid
ated
P
E
MFC
s
tack
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
19
]
w
h
i
ch
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
by
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t a
n
d
an
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
r
ess
u
r
e
c
h
an
n
el.
T
h
e
m
ain
P
E
MFC
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
as
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e,
t
h
e
o
h
m
ic
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
ten
tial.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
P
E
MFC
s
tac
k
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ie
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
en
s
it
y
cu
r
r
en
t
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
P
E
MFC
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
Eq
u
atio
n
s
:
_
_
_
_
_
.
f
c
c
e
l
l
N
e
r
n
s
t
a
c
t
c
e
l
l
o
h
m
c
e
l
l
c
o
n
c
e
l
l
f
c
f
c
f
c
c
e
l
l
V
E
V
V
V
V
N
V
(
1
)
5.
SC D
YNAM
I
C
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
T
h
e
SC
h
a
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
as
a
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
SC
ai
m
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
B
T
an
d
PE
MFC
s
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
SC
h
as
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
itie
s
an
d
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icie
n
t
th
a
n
t
h
e
b
atter
y
[
21
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
SC
m
a
in
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
E
q
u
at
io
n
s
:
_
__
_
2
2
_m
a
x
11
.
()
()
c
e
ll
c
e
ll
sc
c
e
ll
c
e
ll
p
c
e
ll
sc
c
e
ll
c
e
ll
sc
c
e
ll
s
sc
sc
sc
c
e
ll
SC
SC
SC
du
ui
dt
C
R
C
V
u
i
R
V
N
V
Vt
SO
C
Vt
(
2
)
6.
B
T
DYNA
M
I
C
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
T
h
e
B
T
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
tr
ea
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
m
o
d
el
s
c
h
e
m
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
latter
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
t
h
e
O
h
m
ic
r
esi
s
t
an
ce
(
R
0
)
,
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
(
R
S
,
C
S
)
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
(
R
I
,
C
I
)
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2017
:
1
7
8
9
–
1
7
9
6
1792
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
it o
f
B
T
m
o
d
el
7.
M
UL
T
I
-
WAYS
-
E
M
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
a
n
d
e
v
alu
a
tes
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SM
-
E
MS.
T
h
is
latter
d
ea
l
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
to
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
e
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
te
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
th
e
B
T
an
d
SC
s
tate
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
t
h
e
MW
-
E
MS
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
co
o
p
er
ate
w
ith
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
lo
ad
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
w
a
y
s
.
T
h
ese
w
a
y
s
ar
e
ev
al
u
at
ed
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etails as
:
Wa
y
1
:
W
h
en
th
e
P
E
MFC
i
s
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
,
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
a
d
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
B
T
is
en
ab
led
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
S
C
)
d
u
e
to
it
s
ca
p
a
cit
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
B
u
t,
th
e
S
C
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
p
o
w
er
.
Wa
y
2
:
if
(
ϕ
>0
)
T
h
e
B
T
ca
n
n
o
t
s
atis
f
y
t
h
e
n
ee
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
,
s
i
n
ce
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
B
T
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
s
till
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
ai
m
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
B
T
d
eliv
er
s
it
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
w
i
th
a
≥
.
T
h
e
P
E
MFC
ac
ti
v
ated
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
r
e
m
ain
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
tr
ac
ti
o
n
v
e
h
icle.
Wa
y
3
:
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
h
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
p
er
ate
s
i
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
an
g
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t b
e
r
esp
ec
ted
th
ese
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
R
esp
ec
t th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
to
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
B
T
(
Un
til
)
.
R
esp
ec
t th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
S
C
f
r
o
m
D
C
b
u
s
(
U
n
til
).
Wa
y
4
:
if
<
,
<
.
T
h
e
P
E
MFC
ac
tiv
ated
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
ly
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
w
er
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
tr
ac
tio
n
v
e
h
i
cle.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
ele
ctr
ical
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
ea
cti
v
ated
.
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
,
a
d
ec
eler
atio
n
p
h
ase
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
ill al
lo
w
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
H
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ical
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
8.
O
VE
RA
L
L
E
F
F
I
CI
E
NC
Y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
v
eh
icle
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
io
r
it
y
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
t
h
at
h
as
t
h
e
b
est
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icle
c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icle
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
c
e
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
H
E
V
t
H
E
V
F
C
B
T
S
C
t
t
t
P
d
t
P
d
t
P
d
t
P
d
t
W
h
er
e,
P
HEV
is
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icle
tr
ac
tio
n
p
o
w
er
,
P
FC
is
th
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
E
MFC
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
MW
-
E
M
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
r
io
r
itiz
in
g
P
o
w
er d
ema
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
fo
r
Hyd
r
o
g
en
P
E
MFC
-
E
lectric V
eh
icles u
s
in
g
….
(
Ja
w
a
d
i S
a
mir
)
1793
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
MW
-
E
MS
alg
o
r
it
h
m
9.
F
ind
ing
s
a
n
d Disc
us
s
io
n
T
h
e
MW
-
E
MS
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
MW
-
E
M
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
ac
cu
r
ate
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
is
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Ma
tlab
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
m
o
d
el
is
ev
al
u
at
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
f
o
r
2
0
0
s
b
y
a
n
E
C
E
c
y
cle
d
r
iv
e
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
w
a
y
s
s
tates,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
io
r
it
y
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
ac
h
w
a
y
ac
t
s
t
o
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
ce
(
S
OC
BT
a
nd
SO
C
SC
)
.
T
h
es
e
SOC
s
d
ea
ls
to
tes
t
t
h
e
M
W
-
E
MS
e
f
f
icie
n
cies.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
MW
-
E
MS
is
s
i
m
u
lated
a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
elo
w
p
r
o
f
ile
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
8.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
es
u
lts
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
)
,
th
e
B
T
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
en
er
g
y
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
o
p
er
ated
w
it
h
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
F
ig
.
7
th
e
SO
C
BT
i
n
itia
l
v
alu
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
o
r
eq
u
al
t
h
a
n
80%
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
w
a
y
-
1
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
ese
r
a
n
g
es
(
[
1
5
,
2
3
s
]
[
6
1
,
8
5
s
]
[
1
4
3
,
1
5
5
s
]
[
1
6
2
,
1
7
5
s
]
)
:
I
t
is
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
in
th
i
s
p
er
io
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates
acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
w
a
y
-
1
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
)
.
T
h
e
B
T
m
a
n
ag
e
s
th
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
p
h
ase
o
f
d
eli
v
er
in
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
BT
=
P
L
)
,
th
e
SC
ca
n
s
atis
f
y
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
th
e
tr
an
s
it
io
n
p
h
ase
s
.
F
ro
m
3
2
s
t
o
1
5
2
s
t
h
e
B
T
d
eliv
er
s
i
ts
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
e
SC
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
w
er
e
n
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
B
T
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
s
tate,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
w
a
y
-
2
.
Fro
m
165
s
t
o
175s
th
e
P
E
MFC
s
w
itch
ed
o
f
f
(
P
FC
=
0
W
)
an
d
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
B
T
/S
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
w
e
r
to
g
eth
er
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
is
s
tate,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
w
a
y
-
3
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
ese
r
an
g
es
[
1
0
,
2
2
s
]
[
5
0
,
8
2
s
]
[
1
2
0
,
1
5
8
s
]
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
a
t
th
e
av
e
r
a
g
e
v
e
h
icle
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
B
T
o
p
er
atio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
8
)
,
th
is
j
u
s
t
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P
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itiz
in
g
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o
w
er d
ema
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
fo
r
Hyd
r
o
g
en
P
E
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-
E
lectric V
eh
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s
in
g
….
(
Ja
w
a
d
i S
a
mir
)
1795
10.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
MW
-
E
MS
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
F
C
HE
V
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
y
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MW
-
E
MS
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
P
E
MF
C
,
B
T
an
d
SC
p
o
w
er
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
t
h
e
BT
an
d
t
h
e
SC
i
s
d
es
i
g
n
ed
f
o
r
an
u
r
b
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el
ec
tr
ic
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e
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icle.
T
h
e
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ee
d
s
as
t
h
e
m
ain
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r
im
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icle,
th
e
BT
an
d
th
e
S
C
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
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m
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let
e
th
e
P
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o
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u
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g
v
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ic
le
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
p
h
ases
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d
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ler
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n
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h
i
s
h
y
b
r
id
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s
o
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r
ce
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s
also
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tili
z
ed
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o
r
b
r
ak
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e
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er
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y
f
r
o
m
D
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s
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h
e
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le
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u
p
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l
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n
d
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n
s
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e
th
e
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k
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o
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er
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ec
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u
s
e
o
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it
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v
ated
s
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ec
i
f
ic
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o
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er
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d
elev
ated
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
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n
s
e.
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ce
,
i
n
o
r
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er
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en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
p
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w
er
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u
r
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g
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ick
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iatio
n
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d
d
is
tr
i
b
u
te
th
e
r
eq
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ir
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e
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a
n
d
s
ap
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r
o
p
r
iately
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o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
M
W
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E
MS
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ased
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n
th
e
h
y
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s
to
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ag
e
s
o
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r
ce
s
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o
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ch
ar
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e
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w
s
a
p
r
io
r
it
y
o
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er
atin
g
o
f
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
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o
r
aim
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i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
id
e
an
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
P
E
MF
C
lif
eti
m
e
o
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
s
id
e
.
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h
e
m
ai
n
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
ca
n
n
o
t
tr
ea
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
all
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
p
ar
ties
d
u
r
in
g
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
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n
th
i
s
s
t
ate,
th
e
S
C
h
a
s
s
ati
s
f
ied
all
o
f
th
e
q
u
ick
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
k
ee
p
th
e
P
E
MF
C
ag
ai
n
s
t
d
a
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
B
T
ca
n
ab
s
o
r
b
th
e
s
lo
w
v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
n
eg
at
iv
e
p
o
w
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
h
elp
s
th
e
P
E
MFC
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
p
h
ase
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MW
-
E
MS
ca
n
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
a
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
lib
er
ate
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
P
E
MFC
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
lif
eti
m
e
o
f
ev
er
y
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
.
NO
M
E
NCLAT
UR
E
V
fc
_c
e
l
l
:
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h
e
P
EM
F
C
c
e
l
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
V
F
R
:
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h
e
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
c
e
s,
N
E
N
e
rn
s
t
:
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h
e
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
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m :
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e
h
i
c
l
e
mass,
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g
V
a
c
t
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h
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a
c
t
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t
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t
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m.
s/
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d
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mi
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o
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h
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mi
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r
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fc
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h
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v
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g
e
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C
x
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h
e
a
e
r
o
d
y
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a
mi
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st
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f
f
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fc
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e
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r
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t
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h
e
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r
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t
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m
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h
e
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c
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s n
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r
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s
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m/
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h
e
P
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t
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mp
e
r
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r
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,
K
e
l
v
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n
:
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T
max
i
m
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m
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h
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%
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[1
]
J.
He
ll
g
re
n
a
n
d
J.
G
ro
o
t
,
―
En
e
r
g
y
S
to
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S
y
ste
m
Op
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m
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a
ti
o
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a
P
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in
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V
,
‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
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a
l
J
o
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l
o
f
El
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c
tric a
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Hy
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rid
Veh
icle
s
,
v
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l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
3
1
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
J.
Ca
o
,
A
.
Ema
d
i,
―
A
n
e
w
b
a
tt
e
ry
/
UltraCa
p
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c
it
o
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H
y
b
rid
En
e
rg
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to
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El
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tri
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rid
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d
P
l
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g
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in
H
y
b
rid
El
e
c
tri
c
V
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icle
s,‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
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tro
n
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c
s
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v
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2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
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1
2
2
–
1
3
2
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
A
.
Kh
a
li
g
h
,
Z.
L
i,
―
Ba
tt
e
r
y
,
Ultr
a
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
,
a
n
d
Hy
b
rid
En
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―
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ra
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E
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2
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1
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.
[5
]
S
.
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sri,
B.
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.
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a
m
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A
.
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―
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‖
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ter
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8
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[6
]
A
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rici,
F
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[7
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O.
Kra
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,
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El
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iri
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[9
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.
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re
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.
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A
.
Ottav
ian
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,
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In
ter
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T
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Da
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A
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6
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T
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7
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P
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P
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Ch
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In
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.
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a
ll
o
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t
a
m
p
in
o
,
S
.
L
a
to
rra
ta,
S
.
T
o
sc
a
n
i,
―
S
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
S
izi
n
g
f
o
r
F
a
st
P
o
w
e
r
Dip
s
in
a
H
y
b
rid
S
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
—
P
E
M
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
S
y
ste
m
,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
6
–
2
2
0
3
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
F
.
Od
e
im
,
J.
Ro
e
s,
A
.
He
in
z
e
l,
―
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
a
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
/Batter
y
/S
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
H
y
b
rid
S
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
T
ra
n
sit
Bu
s A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
i
c
u
la
r T
e
c
h
n
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l
o
g
y
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
N
.
Ka
r
a
m
i,
N.
M
o
u
b
a
y
e
d
,
R.
Ou
tb
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,
―
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
P
EM
F
C
–
P
V
Hy
b
rid
S
y
ste
m
,
‖
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
–
1
6
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
N.
Ka
ra
m
i,
N.
M
o
u
b
a
y
e
d
,
R.
Ou
tb
ib
,
―
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
A
d
a
p
tativ
e
P
V
b
a
se
d
B
a
tt
e
r
y
F
lo
a
ti
n
g
Ch
a
rg
e
r,
‖
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
3
–
2
3
9
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
M
.
Ra
sh
e
d
i,
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
ian
,
―
On
li
n
e
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
A
p
p
li
e
d
to
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
H
y
b
rid
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s,‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tric a
n
d
H
y
b
rid
Ve
h
icle
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
J
a
w
a
d
i
S
a
m
ir
,
P
h
D
S
tu
d
e
n
t
:
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
T
u
n
is
El
M
a
n
a
r,
P
B
2
0
9
2
,
Be
lv
e
d
e
re
,
T
u
n
isia
S
a
m
i
B
e
n
S
la
m
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
,
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
r,
m
a
ste
r
a
n
d
d
o
c
to
ra
te
d
e
g
re
e
s,
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
s
o
f
T
u
n
is
(F
S
T
),
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
in
2
0
0
5
,
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
a
ss
i
sta
n
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
Kin
g
A
b
d
u
l
-
A
z
iz
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
,
Je
d
d
a
h
S
a
u
d
i
A
ra
b
ia.
T
h
e
in
tere
st
f
ield
s
a
re
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
er
,
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
s
m
a
rt
c
it
ies
,
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
v
e
h
icle
s,
In
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
Adn
a
n
e
C
h
e
r
if
re
c
e
iv
e
d
,
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
r,
m
a
st
e
r
a
n
d
d
o
c
t
o
ra
te
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
u
n
is
(ENIT
),
in
T
u
n
isia.
He
is
a
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
tea
c
h
e
r
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
T
u
n
is
(F
S
T
).
He
is
re
sp
o
n
sib
le
o
f
th
e
m
a
ste
r
sp
e
c
ialt
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
His
f
ield
o
f
in
tere
st
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
d
ig
it
a
l
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
d
e
sig
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
.
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