Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020,
pp.
2117
2127
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp2117-2127
r
2117
A
literatur
e
r
e
view
on
industrially
accepted
MPPT
techniques
f
or
solar
PV
system
Indr
esh
Y
ada
v
,
Sanjay
K
umar
Maurya,
Gaura
v
K
umar
Gupta
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
GLA
Uni
v
ersity
,
India
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
No
v
13,
2018
Re
vised
Oct
18,
2019
Accepted
Oct
30,
2019
K
eyw
ords:
A
C/DC
grid
MPPT
techniques
PV
array
PV
po
wer
generation
ABSTRA
CT
Solar
ener
gy
is
a
clean
rene
w
able
ener
gy
and
it
is
a
v
ailable
around
89,000
TW
on
the
earth
surf
ace.
T
o
get
maximum
po
wer
from
a
solar
PV
system
with
minimum
po
wer
transfer
loss
is
one
of
the
main
design
objecti
v
es
of
an
ener
gy
transferring
netw
ork.
Po
wer
electronic
de
vices
perform
a
v
ery
important
character
for
an
ef
ficient
PV
po
wer
tracking
system
control
and
either
incorporates
to
transfer
the
generated
po
wer
to
the
ac/dc
grid
or
battery
storage
system.
In
this
case
the
duty
of
the
po
wer
electronics
de
vices
used
in
PV
system
is
to
track
maximum
po
wer
point
under
dif
ferent
operating
conditions
of
en
vironment,
so
that
po
wer
tracking
ef
ficienc
y
of
solar
PV
system
can
be
impro
v
ed.
This
paper
encapsulates
based
the
on
performance
comparisions
on
the
beha
vior
of
MPP
under
uniform
and
nonuniform
operating
conditions
and
selects
the
optimum
duty
c
ycle
for
industrially
accepted
MPPT
techniques
with
their
algorithm.
Copyright
c
2020
Insitute
of
Advanced
Engineeering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Indresh
Y
ada
v
,
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
IET
,
GLA
Uni
v
ersity
,
Mathura
U.P
.
India.
Email:indresh.yada
v@gla.ac.in
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
Solar
PV
(SPV)
ener
gy
is
one
of
the
rapidly
gro
wing
and
most
encouraging
rene
w
able
ener
gy
sources
in
the
w
orld.
In
last
three
years,
solar
capacity
has
been
increased
by
370%
from
around
2.6GW
to
more
than
12.2GW
in
India
[1]
alone.
Solar
ener
gy
is
the
most
f
a
v
ourable
ener
gy
resource
out
of
all
a
v
ailable
rene
w
able
ener
gy
sources
w
orldwide.
This
ener
gy
comes
from
endless
sun
ener
gy
.
It
has
g
ain
popularity
w
orldwide
in
comparison
with
other
rene
w
able
ener
gy
resources
because
it
can
be
directly
con
v
erted
into
electrical
ener
gy
.
The
con
v
ersion
of
solar
ener
gy
into
electrical
ener
gy
in
v
olv
es
photo
v
oltaic
material.
Earlier
solar
PV
w
as
v
ery
costly
,
b
ut
because
of
mass-scale
production
and
impro
v
ement
in
technology
,
no
w
it
has
become
af
fordable
to
most
of
the
consumer
.
These
days
the
a
v
erage
cost
of
solar
PV
installation
in
India
is
around
Rs.33,
000/-per
kW
(lar
ge
scale).
T
o
address
the
issues
of
the
cost
of
finance
and
cos
t
of
technology
,
60
countries
ha
v
e
signed
the
International
Solar
Alliance
(ISA)
agreement
on
11
March
2018
in
Ne
w
Delhi.
This
alliance
f
acilitates
mutual
cooperation
for
solar
ener
gy
uses
among
more
than
121
countries
[2].
The
solar
photo
v
oltaic
cells
ha
v
e
poor
con
v
ersion
ef
ficienc
y
.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
ef
ficienc
y
de
graded
further
with
an
increa
se
in
temperature
because
of
the
ne
g
ati
v
e
temperature
coef
ficient
of
the
PV
cell.
The
output
of
PV
systems
also
af
fected
by
solar
radiation
intensity
[3,4].
Light
trapping,
antireflection
techniques
and
front
surf
ace
optical
enhancement
of
solar
PV
generation
impro
v
e
the
output
of
the
system
[5].
These
days
the
highes
t
commercially
a
v
ailable
SPV
con
v
ersion
ef
ficienc
y
is
25.73%
[6].
These
cells
are
designed
with
hetero-junction
intrinsic
thin
layer
with
pillar
structure.
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijece
.iaescor
e
.com/inde
x.php/IJECE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2118
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Solar
PV’
s
output
V
oltage
and
current
are
functions
of
the
solar
irradiance
and
the
operating
tempera-
ture
of
the
panel.
En
viornmental
conditions
and
solar
irradiance
changes
abruptly
with
time
which
consequently
changes
the
PV
output
v
oltage
and
current.The
mathematical
equation
relating
the
solar
irradiance,
operating
temperature
with
output
PV
v
oltage
and
current
are
gi
v
en
in
[7,8].
The
change
in
PV
output
v
oltage
and
current
cause
the
change
in
maximum
po
wer
point
of
the
system.
A
solar
PV
panel
of
short
circuit
current
of
8.21A
and
open
circuit
v
oltage
of
32.9V
is
simulated
and
the
result
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
It
is
e
vident
that
with
the
v
ariation
in
the
PV
pannel
temperature
and
solar
irradiance
the
MPP
shifts
from
its
pre
vious
determined
point.
F
or
e
xtracting
maximum
po
wer
from
a
solar
PV
module,
the
designed
control
technique
is
such
that
it
ensures
the
operating
point
characteristic(v
oltage-current)
at
maximum
possible
output
po
wer
[9,10];
such
a
control
technique
is
kno
wn
as
maximum
po
werpoint
tracking
(MPPT).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
1.
Solar
PV
characteristics
for
the
dif
ferent
v
ariation
of
solar
Irradiance
and
panel
temperature;(a)
Current
response
at
25
c
and
dif
ferent
Irradiance,(b)
Po
wer
response
at
25
c
and
dif
ferent
Irradiance,
(c)
Current
response
at
1000
W
m
2
and
dif
ferent
temperature,
(d)
Po
wer
response
at
1000
W
m
2
and
dif
ferent
temperature,
(e)
Current
Response
with
dif
ferent
temperature
and
Irradiancde,
(f)
Po
wer
Response
with
dif
ferent
temperature
and
Irradiancde
2.
METHODOLOGY
T
O
A
CHIEVE
THE
MAXIMUM
PO
WER
POINT
The
use
of
MPPT
is
to
mak
e
sure
that
the
PV
operating
v
oltage
and
current
al
w
ays
stay
at
the
MPP
on
PV
curv
e.
In
present
situation
the
PV
pannel
goes
through
v
arying
en
viornmental
condition
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2(a),
it
sho
ws
that
MP
is
continuously
changing
with
di
f
ferent
v
ariation
of
solar
intensity
(G)
and
panel
temperature
(T);
for
e
xample
at
G=1000
W
m
2
and
T=65
c,
MPP
occurs
at
17.5V
of
PV
v
oltage
while
at
G=900
W
m
2
and
T=55
c,
MPP
occurs
at
20V
of
PV
v
oltage
and
so
on.
So
there
is
a
requirement
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
which
can
con
v
ert
one
le
v
el
of
PV
v
oltage
to
other
so
that
MPP
can
be
obtained.
The
controlling
action
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
is
done
by
MPPT
controller
.
The
in
v
estig
ation
of
the
MPP
is
then
carried
out
by
changing
the
duty
c
ycle
of
po
wer
-con
v
erters.
After
sensing
PV
output
v
oltage
and
current,
the
MPPT
algorithm
generates
the
v
oltage
refere
n
c
e
signal
to
be
controlled
by
the
con
v
erter
.
The
Gating
signal
of
the
con
v
erter
is
an
important
f
actor
to
get
MPP
.
If
proper
g
ating
is
not
done,
output
po
wer
will
osci
llate
belo
w
MPP
le
v
el
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2(b).
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2117
–
2127
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2119
(a)
(b)
Figure
2.
(a)
V
ariation
of
MPP
with
dif
ferent
solar
irradiance
and
temperature,
(b)
Oscillations
near
MPP
The
interconnected
block
diagram
of
a
general
MPPT
solar
PV
system
is
s
ho
wn
in
Figure
3(a),
[11].This
system
consists
of
PV
array
,
dc/dc
po
wer
con
v
erter
,
current
and
v
oltage
sensor
,
MPPT
controller
and
load.
PV
array
is
made
of
semiconductor
material
which
w
orks
on
the
principle
of
optical
absorption;
it
means
that
PV
array
directly
con
v
erts
solar
radiation
ener
gy
into
electrical
ener
gy
follo
wed
by
e
xcess
generation
of
electron-hole
carriers.
T
ill
date
a
lar
ge
number
of
researches
are
inno
v
ated
on
the
de-
sign
of
materials
and
its
manuf
acturing
for
PV
de
vices
so
that
its
o
v
erall
cost
and
ef
ficienc
y
can
be
impro
v
ed.
The
multi-junction
solar
cell
(InGaP/GaAs/InGaN
As)
is
reported
to
gi
v
e
ef
ficienc
y
of
44%and
Thermodynamic
suggests
that
ef
ficienc
y
of
SPV
can
be
raised
up
to
70%
[12].
Dc/dc
con
v
erters
interf
ace
the
SPV
system
with
the
v
ariety
of
loads
requirements
and
w
ork
as
a
MPP
track
ers.
These
con
v
erters
may
be
b
uck,
boost
or
b
uck
boost
type
[13].
The
input
and
output
v
oltage
relations
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
are
gi
v
en
as
follo
ws:
If
D
=
T
O
n
T
is
the
duty
c
ycle
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
which
lies
between
zero
and
one,
then;
F
or
b
uck
con
v
erter
V
o
V
P
V
=
D
(1)
F
or
boost
con
v
erter
V
o
V
P
V
=
1
1
D
(2)
F
or
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
V
o
V
P
V
=
D
1
D
(3)
Where
V
o
,
V
P
V
,
T
on
and
T
on
are
output
v
oltage,
input
v
oltage,
on
time
and
switching
time
period
to
the
dc/dc
con
v
erter
respecti
v
ely
.
MPPT
controller
is
the
collection
of
solar
PV
,
dc
link
and
grid
sensors
(which
is
not
mentioned
in
basic
diagram
),
MPPT
algorithm,
and
g
ate
dri
v
er
signal
generation
system
for
dif
ferent
con
v
erters
to
control
the
output
po
wer[14,
15].
I
t
senses
the
PV
output
v
oltage
and
current
and
generates
a
signal
which
is
used
to
control
the
action
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
so
that
maximum
po
wer
with
minimum
loss[16],
can
be
obtained
from
the
output
of
dc/dc
con
v
erter
[17].
MPP
with
v
ariation
of
PV
output
v
oltage
is
in
Figure
3
(b).
Dif
ferent
MPPT
algorithms
which
are
part
of
MPPT
controller
block;
to
track
solar
the
PV
po
wer
with
their
features
are
discussed
in
this
paper
.
A
liter
atur
e
r
e
vie
w
on
industrially
accepted
MPPT
...
(Indr
esh
Y
adav)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2120
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
(a)
(b)
Figure
3.
(a)
Basic
block
diagram,
(b)
Po
wer
tracking
curv
e
of
MPPT
solar
PV
system
3.
MPPT
ALGORITHM
FOR
DECIDING
OPTIMAL
DUTY
CYCLE
A
notable
quantity
of
research
has
already
been
carried
out
to
boost
the
ef
ficienc
y
of
PV
tracking
systems.
It
is
important
to
select
the
best
suitable
MPPT
based
on
dif
ferent
features
for
e
xample
preciseness
in
est
imating
the
actual
MPP
,
cost,
speed
of
con
v
er
gence
and
sensiti
v
eness[18].
Dif
ferent
MPPT
techniques
along
with
their
algorithm
based
flo
w-chart
are
gi
v
en
belo
w
.
3.1.
Con
v
entional
perturb
and
obser
v
e
(P
&
O)
In
commercial
product
applications
P&O
is
mostly
used
because
it
can
be
simply
implanted,
rob
ust-
ness,
e
xhibits
superior
con
v
er
gence
and
also
requires
less
number
of
sensors
[19].
This
technique
is
applied
by
changing
duty
c
ycle
at
well
or
g
anized
interv
als
and
by
measuring
PV
current
and
v
oltage,
thereby
obtaining
po
wer
.
Once
the
po
wer
is
kno
wn,
an
e
xamination
for
the
slope
of
the
PV
curv
e
is
carried
out
[20].
At
the
left
of
MPP
slope
is
positi
v
e
and
at
right
of
MPP
slope
is
ne
g
ati
v
e.
In
this
method
the
maximum
po
wer
tracking
is
done
by
changing
the
reference
set
v
oltage
and
then
observing
the
system
response
to
get
the
direction
of
the
ne
xt
change
in
system
v
oltage
[21]
as
sho
wn
in
flo
w
chart
Figure
4
(a).
The
change
in
reference
v
oltage
is
carried-out
in
the
direction
of
increment
of
po
wer
.
This
action
is
repeated
until
maximum
po
wer
is
reached.
The
algorithm
of
abo
v
e
system
is
described
with
the
help
of
follo
wing
mathematical
e
xpressions:
At
the
left
of
MPP:
dP
P
V
dV
P
V
>
0
(4)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
+
K
(by
increment
of
duty
c
ycle)
At
right
of
MPP:
dP
P
V
dV
P
V
<
0
(5)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
K
(by
decrement
of
duty
c
ycle)
At
MPP:
dP
P
V
dV
P
V
=
0
(6)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
(no
change
of
duty
c
ycle)
Where
K
Sho
ws
a
v
oltage
step
size
(K),
for
the
implementation
of
con
v
entional
P&O
algorithm
[21].
Although
ha
ving
too
man
y
qualities,
this
algorithm
f
aces
tw
o
major
issues.
One
issue
is
that
it
has
continuous
oscillation
around
its
MPP
and
its
amplitude
depends
on
magnitude
of
perturbation
step
v
oltage.
Other
,
the
P&O
f
ails
under
rapid
changing
solar
irradiance
and
other
en
vironmental
ambience.
Both
these
issue
contrib
ute
to
the
w
aste
of
po
wer
a
n
d
hence
shrink
of
the
po
wer
tracking
ef
ficienc
y
of
solar
PV
.
T
o
o
v
ercome
this
issue
a
modified
P&O
is
designed
in
[22],
in
which,
the
perturbation
step
v
oltage
size
K
is
reduced
as
the
operating
PV
output
v
oltage
reaches
near
its
MPP
[23,
24].
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2117
–
2127
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2121
3.2.
Modified
adapti
v
e
perturb
&
obser
v
e
The
f
ailure
of
chasing
direction
is
e
xplained
as
follo
ws.
While
the
tracking
is
done
on
continuous
basis,
the
change
in
amount
of
standardized
po
wer
P
(
k
)
P
P
V
(
k
)
is
measured
and
correlated
with
a
set
v
alue
M
P
r
,
where
M
P
r
is
normalize
change
in
PV
output
po
wer
and
P
(
k
)
is
the
change
in
po
wer
between
current
and
pre
vious
iteration.
If
P
(
k
)
P
P
V
(
k
)
<
M
P
r
,
then
it
can
be
ultimate
that
the
change
in
po
wer
is
not
adequately
lar
ge,
which
informs
that
there
is
slo
w
v
ariation
in
solar
irradiance.
F
or
this
case,
the
step
size
K
is
k
ept
lo
w
v
alue
[22,
25,
26].
If
P
(
k
)
P
P
V
(
k
)
>
M
P
r
,
K
is
raised
to
satisfy
that
dri
ving
point
can
manage
with
the
v
ariation
of
solar
irradiance.
A
set
v
alue
of
change
in
po
wer
with
the
v
ariation
of
solar
irradiance
is
gi
v
en
in
detail
in
[22,
25].
At
the
time
of
continuous
v
ariation
of
solar
irradiance
incident
on
the
panel,
there
will
be
local
MPP
as
well
as
global
MPP
,
so
algorithm
will
set
a
track
direction
flag
(TDF)
to
find
the
global
MPP
.
If
TDF=1,
the
algorithm
will
try
to
find
the
left
side
of
the
PV
curv
e
and
if
TDF=-1,
it
will
try
to
find
the
right
side
of
PV
curv
e.
Based
on
abo
v
e
tw
o
TDF
based
action,
the
algorithm
will
determine
the
gradient
of
P
(
k
)
P
P
V
(
k
)
.If
the
gradient
is
positi
v
e,
which
confirms
absence
of
an
y
local
MPP
and
if
gradient
is
ne
g
ati
v
e,
it
confirms
that
there
is
local
MPP
(LMPP)
nearby
.
So
the
algorithm
will
call
to
reach
ne
w
higher
v
alue
of
LMPP
and
compares
po
wer
from
the
pre
vious
LMPP
.
This
process
continues
until
global
MPP
(GMPP)
is
obtained.
A
boundary
for
PV
v
oltage
is
also
decided
in
[22].
A
detail
flo
w
chart
of
MP&O
for
rapid
changing
PV
panel
parameter
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
4
(b).
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
Flo
w
chart;
(a)
Con
v
entional
P&O
algorithm,
(b)
Modified
P&O
algorithm
3.3.
Incr
emental
conductance
Solar
PV
po
wer
tracking
ef
ficienc
y
and
speed
of
IC
(incremental
conductance)
is
better
than
the
P&O
[27].This
technique
is
acquired
from
t
he
PV
characteristics
of
solar
panel.
The
slope
of
the
PV
characteristics
can
be
obtained
from
follo
wing
equations.
A
liter
atur
e
r
e
vie
w
on
industrially
accepted
MPPT
...
(Indr
esh
Y
adav)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2122
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
dp
pv
dv
pv
=
i
P
V
+
v
P
V
di
pv
dv
pv
(7)
At
the
left
of
MPP:
dp
pv
dv
pv
>
I
P
V
V
P
V
(8)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
+
K
(by
increment
of
duty
c
ycle)
At
right
of
MPP:
dp
pv
dv
pv
<
I
P
V
V
P
V
(9)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
K
(by
decrement
of
duty
c
ycle)
At
MPP:
dp
pv
dv
pv
=
0
(10)
V
P
V
=
V
P
V
(no
change
of
duty
c
ycle)
The
maximum
po
wer
can
be
obtained
when
dp
pv
dv
pv
=
0
,
which
gi
v
es
di
pv
dv
pv
=
I
P
V
V
P
V
where
I
P
V
V
P
V
and
di
pv
dv
pv
are
kno
wn
as
conductance
and
incremental
conductance
respecti
v
ely
.
Flo
w
chart
used
in
Figure
5(a),
sho
ws
con
v
entional
IC
algorithm.
The
P&O,
used
in
MPPT
tracking
is
an
arithmetic
di
vision
free
algorithm.
On
the
other
side,
IC
is
ha
ving
more
comple
xity
in
structure
than
P&O
[28].
Ho
we
v
er
,
P&O
can
easily
lead
to
inaccurate
de-
termination
and
also
produces
oscillation
around
MPP
.
On
the
other
hand
IC
gi
v
es
better
performance
than
P&O
both
during
dynamic
as
well
as
static
en
vironment.
Therefore,
IC
is
good
choice
mainly
during
sudden
v
ariation
of
climate
conditions
[29-34].
A
mathematical
as
well
as
practical
comparison
between
IC
and
P&O
is
also
gi
v
en
in
detail
in
[28,
33]
and
e
xperimental
result
at
dif
ferent
operating
frequenc
y
is
compared
between
IC
and
P&O
[28].
Hardw
are
based
successful
implementation
of
Cuk
con
v
erter
using
IC
with
fix
ed
step
size
is
presented
in
details
in
[34].
The
con
v
entional
IC
(CIC)
algorithm
based
MPPT
normally
emplo
ys
a
fix
ed
change
in
step
size.
Thus,
the
corresponding
design
is
a
compromise
between
the
dynamics
and
steady
state
oscillations.
T
o
resolv
e
this
issue,
a
modified
with
v
ariable
step
size
IC
based
MPPT
[35-40]
is
successfully
implemented
both
with
simulation
[39]
and
hardw
are
[35-38].
When
there
is
rapid
change
of
en
vironmental
conditions,
there
are
global
maxima
along
with
local
maxima.
CIC
wit
h
v
ariable
step
size
is
not
able
to
dif
fer
-
entiate
between
local
and
global
maxima,
so
further
modification
is
made
to
track
global
maxima
[41-50].
3.4.
Modified
incr
emental
conductance
At
the
time
of
uniform
v
ariation
of
solar
radiation
incident
on
PV
panel,
Controlling
based
on
v
oltage
control
pro
vides
better
accomplishment
than
the
controlling
based
on
current
control
as
the
v
oltage
at
V
M
P
P
is
around
0.8
times
[41,
42]
of
Open
circuit
V
oltage.
But
at
the
time
of
non-uniform
of
solar
radiation
incident
on
the
PV
panel,
GMPP
is
a
v
ailable
at
an
ywhere
between
zero
to
open
circuit
v
oltage.
A
flo
w
chart
based
on
modified
incremental
conductance
(MIC)
to
track
GMPP
is
gi
v
en
in
Fi
gure
5(b),
and
the
detail
information
to
call
CIC
subroutine
and
load
v
ariation
subroutine
is
gi
v
en
in
[41].
T
o
get
f
aster
response
and
track
GMPPT
a
h
ybrid,
which
is
combination
of
IC
and
soft
computing
is
emplo
yed
in
[47-49].
When
there
is
GMPP
as
well
LMMP
,
IC
is
used
to
track
an
y
LMPP
and
then
soft
computing
is
used
to
track
GMPP
[48].
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2117
–
2127
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2123
(a)
(b)
Figure
5.
Flo
w
Chart;
(a)
Con
v
entional
incremental
conductance
(CIC)
algorithm,
(b)
Modified
incremental
conductance
(MIC)
algorithm
4.
FRA
CTION
AL
METHOD
4.1.
Fractional
open
cir
cuit
v
oltage
Dif
ferent
literature
suggests
that
on
the
PV
curv
e,
MP
comes
in
the
range
of
0.71
to
0.8
times
of
its
open
circuit
v
oltage
(OCV)
[3,
51],.
So
a
mathematical
equation
sho
wing
relation
between
the
v
oltages
at
which
maximum
po
wer
occurs
and
open
circuit
v
oltage
is
described
by
follo
wing
relation-
V
P
V
(
M
P
P
)
=
k
1
V
oc
;
0
<
k
1
<
1
(11)
Fraction
open
circuit
v
oltage
(FOCV)
method
of
fers
number
of
adv
antages
as
compare
with
IC
and
P&O:
(1)
It
requires
only
one
parameter
to
measure
(
v
ol
tage);
(2)
It
requires
less
number
of
computations;
(3)
It
does
not
ha
v
e
steady
state
oscillation
lik
e
P&O
and
steady
state
error
lik
e
(IC).In
order
to
obtain
the
po
wer
at
MPP
using
abo
v
e
equation,
the
v
alue
of
OCV
must
be
measured
for
dif
ferent
v
alues
of
solar
irradiance
and
temperature.
This
measurement
can
be
obtained
by
either
shutting
of
f
of
dc/dc
con
v
ert
er
or
dc/ac
con-
v
erter
.
This
intermittent
shutdo
wn
of
PV
system
for
the
measurement
of
open
circuit
v
oltage
causes
significant
amount
of
po
we
r
loss
[52].
This
issue
can
be
resolv
ed
by
usi
ng
spare
PV
panel
of
same
rating
which
is
ag
ain
not
economical.
A
solution
to
a
v
oid
intermittent
shut
do
wn
is
to
use
semi-pilot
cell
based
FOCV
[53,
54].
A
further
impro
v
ement
in
FOCV
is
done
in
[49],
in
which
IC
as
well
as
FOCV
is
implemented
simultaneously
b
ut
comparison
part
is
missing.
A
comparati
v
e
analysis
of
FOCV
method
with
dif
ferent
algorithm
is
gi
v
en
in
[55-58].
4.2.
Fractional
short
cir
cuit
curr
ent
Just
lik
e
FOCV
,
Fractional
short
circuit
current
(FSCC)
is
simple.
Dif
ferent
literatures
[9,
59]
suggest
that
the
v
alue
of
MP
lies
in
the
range
of
78%
to
92%
of
short
circuit
current
(SCC).
So
the
current
at
which
maximum
po
wer
occurs
can
be
written
in
terms
of
linear
equations:
i
P
V
(
M
P
P
)
=
k
2
I
sc
;
0
<
k
2
<
1
(12)
A
liter
atur
e
r
e
vie
w
on
industrially
accepted
MPPT
...
(Indr
esh
Y
adav)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2124
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
As
in
case
of
FOCV
,
it
also
requires
only
one
parameter
to
measure
b
ut
measuring
of
SCC
is
v
ery
comple
x
as
compared
to
OCV
while
PV
system
is
in
operation.
The
modeling
and
design
of
grid
connected
FSCC
based
MPPT
and
its
v
alidity
using
MA
TLAB
simulink
is
done
in
[60,
61].
T
o
reduce
the
limitations
of
P&O,
a
FSCC
along
with
P&O
is
used
[62-64]
t
o
track
MPP
under
normal
condition
and
GMPP
under
v
ariation
of
climatic
conditions.
A
further
comparati
v
e
analysis
is
done
in
[65,
66].
5.
ALGORITHM
COMP
ARISION
In
this
research
paper
a
compressi
v
e
study
of
duty
c
ycle
based
algorithm
to
get
the
MPP
on
the
most
accepted
MPPT
both
under
uniform
and
v
arying
en
vironmental
conditi
ons
is
in
v
estig
ated.
T
racking
speed,
oscillation
around
MPP
,
steady
state
error
,
ener
gy
ef
ficient
system,
design
comple
xity
,
ability
to
track
global
MPP
and
ability
to
track
true
MPP
features
are
considered
while
designing
an
industrially
accepted
MPPT
.
The
P
&
O
algorithm
is
the
simplest
and
easier
to
implement.
The
comple
xity
in
the
P
&
O
is
less
than
INC
b
ut
at
the
same
time
the
dynamic
performance
of
INC
both
under
uniform
and
non-uniform
condition
of
solar
irradiance
is
better
than
that
of
P&O.
So
in
t
erms
of
simplicity
in
design
and
implementation
P
&O
is
better
choice
than
INC
b
ut
in
terms
of
dynamic
performance
INC
is
a
better
choice
than
P&O.
Both
these
techniques
are
f
acing
to
track
GMMP
during
v
arying
en
vironmental
conditions.
The
dynamic
performance
of
FM
is
f
astest.
The
main
issue
to
apply
fractional
technique
is
the
complication
of
measuring
s
hort
circuit
current
for
FSCC
and
open
circuit
v
oltage
for
FOCV
while
the
PV
system
is
in
the
state
of
op
e
rating
condition.
Remarkable
supervision
has
to
be
tak
en
care
to
select
pilot
cell
for
open
circuit
v
oltage
measurement
such
that
it
has
the
same
feature
as
the
PV
array
and
an
additional
switch
is
used
t
o
measure
short
circuit
current.
Periodical
sweep
action
is
needed
in
case
of
v
arying
en
vironmental
condition
of
operation.
The
fractional
methods
are
not
able
to
track
the
true
MPP
,
so
there
is
al
w
ays
w
aste
of
po
wer
and
less
ef
ficient.
A
performance
comparison
under
dif
ferent
operation
is
gi
v
en
in
table
1
.
T
able
1.
The
performance
comparisions
T
echniques/P
arameters
CP&O
[19]-[24]
MP&O
[22,
25,
26]
CIC
[27]-[40]
MIC[41]-[50]
FM[51]-[64]
T
racking
speed
M
MH
M
H
VH
Oscillations
VH
M
M
L
L
Steady
state
Error
H
M
H
L
VH
Ener
gy
ef
ficient
M
VH
H
VH
L
Comple
xity
M
H
M
H
L
Global
MPPT
ability
VL
VH
VL
VH
L
Approaching
true
MPP
No
Y
es
No
Y
es
No
Where
the
notation
are:
VH=V
ery
high,
M=Medium,
MH=Medium
high,
H=High,
L=Lo
w
,
VL=V
ery
lo
w
.
6.
CONCLUSION
In
the
current
scenario
P&O
and
IC
are
widely
accepted
at
industrial
le
v
el.
On
the
basis
of
abo
v
e
re
vie
w
,
it
can
be
concluded
that
the
o
v
erall
response
of
SPV
tracking
system
depends
on
perturbation
step
size
and
climatic
conditions.
If
there
is
less
step
size,
the
response
of
MPPT
is
slo
w
and
if
there
is
lar
ge
step
size,
the
response
of
MPPT
will
be
f
ast
b
ut
at
the
same
time
there
is
oscillation
around
the
MPP
.
Solar
intensity
,
solar
PV
temperature
and
partial
shading
on
solar
panel
are
also
changing
with
time.
Hence
MPP
is
shifting
with
time,
so
there
is
a
requirement
to
de
v
elop
an
MPPT
algorithm
which
can
identify
MPPT
zone
and
has
lar
ge
step
size
before
MPPT
zone
and
small
step
size
within
M
PPT
zone
i.e.
71
to
80
%
of
open
circuit
v
oltage
and
78
to
90%
of
short
circuit
current
.
It
should
also
ha
v
e
ability
to
track
global
MPP
during
f
ast
changing
climatic
conditions.
REFERENCES
[1]
W
orld’
s
lar
gest
rene
w
able
ener
gy
e
xpansion
Programme,
https://mnre.go
v
.in
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March
2018.
[2]
Ministry
and
E.
A.
G.
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I.
Af
f
airs,
”11
March
2018
Ne
w
Delhi,
Go
v
ernment
of
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International
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”
pp.
11-14,
March
2018.
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D.
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N.
Ananth,
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v
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oltaic
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Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2117
–
2127
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Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2125
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A.
K.
Gupta
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R.
Sax
ena,
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vie
w
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A.
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L.
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C.
Lai,
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Y
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a,
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