Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
4053
~
40
59
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp4053
-
40
59
4053
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A water
-
activat
ed
battery ba
sed on a
ctiv
ated ca
rb
on
Dang T
rang
Nguy
e
n
,
Ko
z
o T
aguchi
Depa
rtment
o
f
S
ci
en
ce a
nd
Enginee
ring
,
R
it
sum
ei
kan
Univer
sit
y
,
Japa
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
25
, 201
8
Re
vised
A
pr
19
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
25
, 201
9
In
thi
s
rese
ar
ch,
a
novel
prop
erty
of
a
ctivated
c
arb
on
powder
(
AC
powder)
has
bee
n
uti
lized
to
rea
lize
a
disp
osable
pape
r
-
b
ase
d
bat
t
er
y
.
AC
powder
was
loa
ded
on
a
3D
ca
rbon
pap
er
su
bstrat
e
to
m
ake
the
anod
e.
The
ca
thod
e
was
int
egr
at
ed
direct
l
y
on
th
e
pap
er
-
base
d
batter
y
cas
e
b
y
coating
m
ult
iwalled
ca
rbon
nano
tube
m
ixe
d
with
pot
assium
fer
ricy
an
ide
on
a
sid
e
of
a
shee
t
of
fil
ter
pape
r,
th
e
othe
r
side
worked
as
a
pape
r
-
base
d
proto
n
exc
hang
e
m
embrane
.
Thi
s
design
provides
a
sim
ple
but
pra
ctical
disposable
wat
er
-
ac
t
iva
t
ed
b
at
t
er
y
.
Th
e
d
eve
lop
ed
ba
tt
er
y
gen
e
rat
ed
the
m
axim
um
power
density
o
f
10.
4
µW
/c
m
2
at
the
AC
powder
conc
ent
r
at
ion
of
1
7
m
g/c
m
2
.
Although,
the
o
utput
power
of
the
bat
ter
y
is
lo
w,
it
is
m
ade
of
low
-
cost
and
abunda
nt
m
a
te
ri
al
s,
and
th
ere
for
e
bei
ng
a
bl
e
to
sca
le
up
.
The
b
at
t
er
y
is
a
disposable
and
on
-
demand
m
ic
ropower
ge
ner
ation
a
ct
iv
ated
an
y
t
ime,
an
y
wh
ere b
y
wa
te
r.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
ct
ivate
d ca
r
bon
A
ir
-
cat
hode
C
arbon
na
notu
be
P
ape
r
-
base
d
P
otassium
f
er
ricy
anide
W
at
er
-
a
ct
ivate
d batt
ery
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ko
z
o Tag
uc
hi,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Sci
ence a
nd E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Ri
tsu
m
ei
kan
Unive
rsity
,
Ku
sat
s
u, S
hig
a
, J
a
pa
n.
Em
a
il
:
ta
gu
chi@se.
ritsum
ei
.a
c.jp
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
the
ener
gy
an
d
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
crisi
s
has
bec
om
e
a
seriou
s
pro
blem
,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
loo
m
ov
e
r
ne
xt
gen
e
rati
on
s
.
The
refor
e
,
the
exp
l
orat
ion
of
ever
y
po
s
sible
ways
to
gen
e
rate
en
erg
y
thr
ough
green
e
r
and
cl
eane
r
processes
bec
ome
s
esse
ntial
.
S
us
ta
ina
ble
ene
r
gy
res
ources
a
re
belie
ved
to
beco
m
e
the
ef
f
ect
ive
so
luti
on
for
t
his issu
e
[
1]
.
Acti
vated
ca
r
bon
(
AC)
has
be
en
popula
rly
util
iz
ing
f
or
co
un
tl
ess
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
incl
ud
i
ng
purificat
io
n
of
water
[2]
a
nd
biodiese
l
[
3]
,
hea
vy
m
et
a
l
rem
ov
al
[4]
,
capaci
tors
[
5]
,
natu
ral
gas
a
nd
bi
og
a
s
sto
ra
ge
[
6]
,
i
m
pr
ovin
g
hydro
ge
n
producti
on
[
7]
.
Be
ca
use
AC
has
high
surface
area
a
nd
ad
sorptio
n
capaci
ty
,
pl
us
it
is
abun
dan
t
an
d
low
-
c
os
t.
AC
can
be
pro
duce
d
from
a
l
m
os
t
al
l
carb
on
-
rich
and
inex
pe
ns
i
ve
pr
ec
urso
rs
(
su
c
h
as
cocon
ut
sh
el
l,
woo
d,
saw
dus
t)
by
ph
ysi
cal
act
ivati
on
or
chem
ic
al
act
ivatio
n
[
8]
.
AC
ha
s
al
so
been
k
now
n
f
or
it
s
cat
al
yst
su
pp
or
t
ca
pacit
ie
s
in
gas
-
so
l
id
reacti
on
[9]
and
hy
dro
ge
n
generati
on
from
su
lf
ur
-
iod
ine
therm
och
em
ical w
at
er
-
sp
li
tt
ing cy
cl
e
[
10
]
.
In
this
resea
rc
h,
we
ha
ve
dis
cov
e
re
d
the
prop
e
rty
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
erati
on
by
AC
powd
e
r:
if
AC
pow
der
is
loa
de
d
in
the
a
node
com
par
tm
ent
of
a
batte
ry
w
it
h
the
cat
hode
an
d
a
node
se
par
at
e
d
by
a
prot
on
exch
a
nge m
e
m
br
a
ne; the
n wa
te
r
is i
nject
ed
t
o
the a
node
com
par
t
m
ent, sig
nificant el
ect
ri
c pow
e
r
is
generate
d.
Util
iz
ing
this
pro
per
ty
,
we
fa
br
ic
at
ed
a
pa
pe
r
-
base
d
water
-
act
ivate
d
batt
ery
(
WA
B),
w
hich
us
e
d
AC
pow
der
to
gen
e
ra
te
el
ect
rici
ty
.
To
the
best
of
our
knowle
dge,
thi
s
is
the
first
s
tud
y
util
iz
ing
this
prop
e
rty
of
AC
pow
der
to
generate
power.
W
it
h
the
ad
va
ntages
of
lo
w
cost,
ab
unda
nc
e,
and
s
us
ta
ina
bili
ty
,
AC
po
w
der
is
a
prom
isi
ng
su
st
ai
nab
le
e
nergy
resou
rce.
The
pa
pe
r
-
ba
sed
desi
gn
was
us
e
d
be
cause
pa
pe
r
has
so
m
e
uniqu
e
prop
e
rtie
s
includi
ng
(i)
ine
xpensi
ve
ness
a
nd
ab
un
dan
ce
,
(ii)
c
on
ven
ie
nce
a
nd
biodeg
ra
dab
il
it
y,
and
(iii
)
fle
xib
il
it
y.
The
pa
per
-
base
d
e
nergy
s
tora
ge
dev
ic
es
can
facil
it
at
e
disp
os
a
ble
a
nd
sta
nd
-
al
one
la
b
-
on
-
c
hip
syst
em
s
[11]
,
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
recently
em
erg
ed
as
a
ne
w
pa
rad
i
gm
fo
r
cl
inica
l
po
i
nt
-
of
-
care
(
PO
C
)
diagn
os
ti
cs
[
12]
.
In
this
wor
k,
X
-
ray
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
0
5
3
-
4
0
5
9
4054
diffracti
on
sp
e
ct
rogr
am
(X
RD)
a
nd
sca
nning
el
ect
r
on
m
i
cro
sc
ope
(SE
M)
wer
e
us
e
d
to
char
a
ct
erize
the
A
C
pow
der
a
nd
a
node
el
ect
r
ode.
The
perform
ance
of
th
e
WAB
in
var
i
ou
s
w
orkin
g
c
onditi
on
s
we
re
in
ves
ti
gated
to un
der
sta
nd it
s oper
at
in
g pr
i
nciple.
2.
RES
EA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Materials
Coco
nut
s
hell
-
base
d
act
ivate
d
carbo
n
pow
de
r
KD
-
P
WSP
(
par
ti
cl
e
siz
e
of
6µm
)
was
pu
r
chase
d
from
UES
Co
.,
Ltd.
Adva
ntec
#6
fi
lt
er
pap
er
(pore
siz
e
of
3
µ
m
)
was
purc
hase
d
from
Ad
va
ntec
Toyo
Kais
ha
,
Ltd.
Mult
i
-
wall
ed
c
arbo
n
na
notu
be
(CNT
)
disp
e
r
sion
c
oatin
g
li
qu
i
d
N70
06L
(
6.1
wt%
CNT
)
was
purc
hase
d
f
r
om
KJ
S
pecial
ty
Pape
r
Co
.,
Ltd.
Hyd
r
ophili
c
car
bon
pa
per
C1
-
P2
(ca
r
bon
fibr
e
50
wt
%
an
d
cel
lul
ose
fib
r
e
50
wt%)
wa
s
pro
vid
e
d
by
Azu
m
i
Fil
t
er
Pape
r
Co.,
Lt
d.
P
otassium
fer
ricy
anid
e
(PF,
K
3
[
Fe(C
N)
6
]
)
was
purc
hased
f
rom
W
ak
o
Pure
Chem
ic
a
l
Industri
es
Ltd
.
Naf
i
on
pr
oton
e
xchang
e
m
e
m
br
ane
(P
EM
)
was
boug
ht
from
A
GC E
nginee
rin
g
Co
., Lt
d.
2.2.
Pap
er
-
b
as
ed
WAB de
sign
Fig
ure
1
s
how
s
the
detai
l
design
of
the
de
velo
ped
pap
e
r
-
base
d
WAB
.
The
desi
gn
re
pr
ese
nts
th
e
fu
si
on
of
t
he
a
rt
of
or
i
gam
i
a
nd
pa
per
-
base
d
W
AB.
T
he
ba
tt
ery
case
was
fabrica
te
d
ba
se
d
on
a
sh
eet
of
filt
er
pap
e
r.
Fig
ure
1(
a
)
s
hows
t
he
fro
nt
an
d
bac
k
side
vie
ws
with
4
pa
rts
in
dex
e
d
from
①
to
④
,
w
hi
ch
were
pre
-
di
vid
e
d
by crease
li
nes
(
da
sh
li
ne
).
T
he
ai
r
-
cat
hode
wa
s
fa
br
ic
at
ed
in
p
art
①
by
coa
ti
ng
C
NT
m
ixed
with
PF
(
0.4
0
m
l
of
0.76
M
K
3
[Fe
(CN
)
6
]
in
2
m
l
CNT
so
luti
on)
(F
-
CNT
)
on
the
bac
k
side
by
screen
pri
nti
ng
m
et
ho
d
(p
ai
nting
on
m
asked
areas)
.
T
he
f
r
on
t
si
de
se
rv
e
d
as
a
pa
per
-
ba
sed
m
e
m
br
an
e
.
The
w
hole
batte
ry
case
was
t
hen
sp
raye
d
with
hy
droph
ob
ic
s
ol
ution
(
Water
P
roof
S
pr
ay
)
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
water
le
akin
g
to
the
ba
tt
ery
case.
A half
-
ci
r
cl
e cut at the
r
i
gh
t
-
ha
nd side
of p
a
rt
①
e
xpos
es t
he
a
nodic
elec
tr
ic
al
co
nt
act
term
inal.
In
pa
rt
②
,
a
hole
was
cut
at
the
centre
f
or
water
in
j
ect
ion
to
the
anode.
The
an
ode
was
at
ta
ched
to
the
m
idd
le
area
of
pa
rt
②
usi
ng
a
dhesi
ve
(3
M
-
55
S
pray
Adhesi
ve)
.
Ele
ct
rical
con
ta
ct
for
the
a
node
we
r
e
m
ade
by
coati
ng
the
CNT
c
oa
ti
n
g
li
qu
i
d
us
i
ng
scree
n
pri
nti
ng
m
et
ho
d.
Par
t
③
had
t
wo
ha
lf
-
ci
rcle
cuts
at
th
e
rig
ht
and
le
ft
-
hand
sides
for
the
expos
ur
e
of
a
nodic
an
d
cat
hodic
el
ect
rical
con
ta
ct
te
rm
inals,
resp
ect
ively
.
Dou
ble
-
side
d
ta
pe
was
at
ta
ched
t
o
par
t
④
to
fasten
and
cl
am
p
th
e
who
le
batte
ry
w
hen
c
omplet
el
y
assem
bling
.
Then,
pa
rt
①
was
f
old
e
d
to
par
t
②
fl
ow
i
ng
th
e
cr
ease
li
ne
between
t
he
two
par
ts
.
Parts
③
a
nd
④
we
re
f
old
ed
a
rou
nd
pa
rt
①
an
d
②
to
assem
ble
the
com
ple
te
batte
ry
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1(b).
It
is
furthe
r
el
a
borated
by
A
-
A
a
nd
B
-
B
cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
vi
ews.
Fig
ure
1(b
)
al
so
sho
w
s
the
m
ic
ro
sco
pe
im
age
of
t
he
cr
oss
-
sect
io
n
of
th
e
integrate
d
m
e
m
br
ane
c
at
ho
de
with
sm
oo
th
c
on
ti
nuit
y
be
twee
n
the
coated
cat
hode
a
nd
t
he
m
e
m
br
ane.
The
c
om
plete
W
AB h
ad
c
om
pact
si
ze
of
ab
out
2
cm
x
2
c
m
x
0.
08
cm
and li
gh
t
dry
-
weig
ht of a
bout
1
50 m
g.
Figure
1
.
(
a
)
T
he
sc
hem
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
s o
f
t
he fr
on
t a
nd
back
sides
of the
bat
te
ry case.
(b)
T
he
sc
hem
at
ic
diag
ram
s o
f
th
e fro
nt and
bac
k
si
des of t
he
a
ssem
bled W
A
B wit
h
it
s
A
-
A
and B
-
B
cr
os
s
-
sect
ions,
the m
ic
ro
sco
pe
i
m
age of
the
integ
rated m
e
m
br
a
ne
cat
hode c
ro
ss
-
se
ct
io
n,
and
the
phot
o
i
m
age of
the
anod
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A water
-
activ
at
ed
batt
ery
ba
s
ed on acti
vate
d car
bon (
Dan
g Tra
ng Ng
uye
n)
4055
2.3.
Anode
fabri
ca
tion and ch
ar
act
eri
z
at
i
on
To
m
ake
the
anode,
AC
po
w
der
was
loa
de
d
on
a
hy
drophili
c
3D
car
bo
n
pa
per
s
ubstr
at
e
(C1
-
P
2,
0.2
m
m
thickne
ss)
by
i
m
m
er
sing
the
car
bo
n
pa
per
int
o
th
e
so
luti
on
of
AC
pow
der
(
4
g
AC
pow
der
m
ixed
with
10
m
l
disti
ll
ed
water
usi
ng
a
m
agn
et
ic
sti
rr
er
for
24
h).
A
fter
im
m
ersing
the
c
arbo
n
pa
per
f
or
on
e
m
inu
te
,
it
was
ta
ken
out
f
or
dry
ing
at
40
o
C
f
or
30
m
in.
Thi
s
is
cal
le
d
as
AC
pa
pe
r,
wh
i
ch
was
c
ut
to
t
he
siz
e
of 1x
1
cm
to
m
ake th
e
ano
de.
The
c
oncent
rati
on
of
AC po
w
der in t
his ano
de
sam
ple w
as
about
17 m
g/cm
2
.
2.4.
Experim
en
ta
l
meth
od
Scan
ning
el
ect
ron
m
ic
ro
sco
py
(S
EM,
Hita
chi
S
4300)
was
us
e
d
to
obser
ve
the
s
urface
of
the
ca
rbo
n
pap
e
r
s
ub
st
rate
and
t
he
AC
pow
de
r.
X
-
ray
diffracti
on
sp
e
ct
ro
s
c
op
y
(X
R
D,
X'
Pert
3
Powd
e
r
P
AN
al
yt
ic
al
)
wa
s
us
e
d
to
m
easure
cryst
al
li
ne
m
orp
ho
l
og
y
of
t
he
AC
pow
de
r
,
car
bon
pa
per
,
an
d
AC
pa
per.
I
n
al
l
ex
per
i
m
ents,
un
le
ss
oth
e
rw
i
se
sta
te
d,
we
use
d
the
AC
pa
per
a
nodes
with
the
AC
po
w
der
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
of
17
m
g/cm
2
,
the
cat
hodes
with
the
PF
co
nce
nt
rati
on
of
0.4
0
m
l
of
0.
76
M
K
3
[F
e
(CN
)
6
]
i
n
2
m
l
CNT
so
luti
on,
pa
pe
r
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
ane,
an
d
ta
p
water
(pH
= 7
)
. Th
e e
xperim
ental
co
nd
it
ion
s
wer
e
open
ai
r
, at r
oo
m
te
m
per
at
ur
e o
f 25
o
C.
Each
ex
pe
rim
e
nt
was
co
nduc
te
d
three
tim
es
in
identic
al
conditi
ons
an
d
the
ave
rag
e
res
ult
was
pr
e
sen
te
d
in
this
pap
e
r.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
a
5
kΩ
resist
or
was
c
onnected
betw
een
the
an
ode
and
cat
hode
to
discha
rg
e
the
WA
B
.
Af
te
r
in
j
ect
in
g
20
µl
ta
p
water
int
o
the
a
node,
t
he
volt
age
over
the
resist
or
was
m
o
nito
red
eve
ry
10
s
by
a
data
acq
uisit
i
on
syst
em
(
Nati
on
al
I
ns
tr
um
ents
US
B
-
6210)
via
a
custom
iz
ed
LabVIE
W
i
nterf
ac
e
on a c
om
pu
te
r.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
Anode c
ha
r
ac
teriz
at
ion
SEM
im
age
of
the
3D
ca
rbo
n
pap
e
r
C1
-
P
2
is
show
n
in
Fig
ure
2(
a
).
C
arbo
n
fi
br
es
a
nd
cel
lulose
fibr
e
s
are
i
nter
la
ced
to
m
ake
a
flexible
3D
s
tructu
re.
T
he
i
nterc
onnecti
on
betwee
n
the
c
arbo
n
fib
res
e
na
bles
el
ect
rical
cond
uctivit
y
for
the
carbo
n
pap
e
r.
The
AC
pow
der
l
oad
e
d
on
the
an
ode
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2
(
b).
It
can
be
c
onf
irm
ed
that
the
aver
a
ge
par
ti
cl
e
siz
e
is
6
µ
m
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
inset
of
Fig
ure
2(b)
s
hows
honeycom
b
-
li
ke
struct
ur
e
of
nanoscale
por
os
it
y
on
the
s
urface
of
the
AC
po
wd
e
r.
Du
e
to
t
his
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
the A
C
po
wd
e
r
h
as
larg
e
s
urfa
ce area
[8]
.
Figure
2. SEM
i
m
ages of (a)
t
he 3D ca
r
bon p
aper C
1
-
P
2
a
nd
(b)
the
A
C
powde
r
(t
he
in
s
et
shows hi
gh
l
y
por
ou
s
surfa
ce
of the
AC
pap
e
r
at
high m
agn
ific
at
ion
)
Fig
ure
3
sho
w
s
the
m
easur
ed
XRD
data
of
t
he
AC
pow
der,
carbon
pap
e
r,
and
AC
pa
per.
The
XR
D
patte
rn
of
the
AC
po
wd
e
r
ha
d
str
ong
a
nd
wea
k
diffracti
on
pea
ks
at
2Ɵ=
24
o
a
nd
44
o
,
w
hich
show
good
agr
eem
ent
with
the
XRD
data
of
oth
e
r
ty
pe
s
of
AC
po
wd
e
r
previ
ously
rep
ort
ed
[13
-
15]
.
Obviously
,
th
e
XR
D
patte
rn
of
the
AC
pa
pe
r
was
the
com
bin
at
ion
of
the
AC
pow
der
a
nd
ca
rbo
n
pa
pe
r
XR
D
patte
r
ns.
Ba
sed
on
the
di
ffract
ion
patte
rn,
it
can
be
c
onfirm
ed
that
no
s
pecial
con
ta
m
inati
on
fou
nd
i
n
the
fa
br
ic
at
ed
an
ode
,
su
c
h
as the
pea
ks
of any m
et
al
co
nta
m
inati
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
0
5
3
-
4
0
5
9
4056
Figure
3. XR
D
p
at
te
r
n of
t
he AC p
owde
r, ca
rbo
n pap
e
r,
a
nd
AC pape
r
3.2.
WAB ch
ar
acter
iz
at
ion
First,
to
co
nf
i
r
m
wh
et
her
the
AC
pow
der
is
the
m
a
in
cause
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
erati
on
in
th
e
anode,
w
e
cond
ucted
a
n
exp
e
rim
ent
us
ing
t
wo
an
odic
m
a
te
rial
s,
w
hich
were
the
carbo
n
pap
e
r
on
ly
(w
it
ho
ut
AC
pow
der)
an
d
the
AC
pap
e
r
(
with
AC
pow
de
r)
.
T
he
e
xp
e
ri
m
ental
resu
lt
is
disp
la
ye
d
in
Fig
ure
4.
O
bviou
sly
,
the
car
bon
pa
per
a
node
generate
d
neg
li
gi
ble
disch
ar
ging
volt
age
with
the
m
axi
m
um
vo
lt
age
of
7
m
V.
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
AC
pap
e
r
a
node
ge
ner
at
e
d
m
uch
hi
gh
e
r
volt
age
with
the
m
axi
m
u
m
vo
lt
age
of
180
m
V.
This
res
ult
co
nf
irm
s
that
the
AC
pow
de
r
was
th
e
m
ain
cause
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
er
at
ion
in
the
a
node
of the
WA
B
.
Seco
nd, to
ev
a
luate
the p
er
for
m
ance o
f
the paper
-
ba
sed
m
e
m
br
ane,
the com
m
ercial n
afio
n
PEM wa
s
us
e
d
in
the
pla
ce
of
t
he
pa
pe
r
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
ane
in
t
he
WAB
.
In
t
his
ex
pe
rim
ent,
the
nafi
on
P
EM
was
coated
by
F
-
C
NT
us
in
g
the
sam
e
m
eth
od
as
us
e
d
with
the
pap
e
r
-
ba
sed
m
e
m
br
ane.
The
n,
it
was
use
d
to
re
place
part
①
in
Fig
ure
1
.
Fig
ure
5
sho
ws
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
t
he
nafi
on
PEM
in
c
om
par
ison
with
the
fa
br
ic
at
ed
pap
e
r
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
a
ne.
I
n
the
case
of
us
i
ng
t
he
na
fio
n
PEM
the
dischargin
g
volt
age
was
si
gnific
antly
high
er
than
that
of
the
cas
e
us
in
g
t
he
pa
per
-
ba
sed
m
em
br
ane,
the
m
axim
u
m
ou
tput
vo
lt
age
of
300
m
V
com
par
ed
with
180
m
V.
Althou
gh
the
na
fio
n
PEM
ha
s
bette
r
pe
rfo
rm
ance
than
the
pap
e
r
-
bas
ed
m
e
m
br
ane,
it
i
s
ov
e
r
qu
al
ifie
d
f
or
dis
po
sa
ble
pa
per
-
ba
sed
de
vi
ces
beca
us
e
it
is
exp
e
ns
i
ve.
T
her
e
fore,
i
n
thi
s
resea
rch
we
us
e
d
the p
a
pe
r
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
ane to m
ini
m
iz
e the co
st
of
t
he WA
B.
Figure
4. Disc
hargin
g v
oltag
e of the
WA
Bs
u
si
ng
carbo
n pap
e
r
a
nd A
C
pa
per a
nodes
.
T
he pap
er
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
ane a
nd tap
wat
er
wer
e
u
se
d
i
n
this
exp
e
rim
ent
Figure
5. Per
f
orm
ance co
m
par
iso
n betwee
n
t
he
WA
Bs
u
si
ng t
he fab
ricat
ed p
aper
-
ba
sed
m
e
m
br
ane
and the c
omm
e
rcial
n
afi
on PE
M. The
A
C
anod
e
and
ta
p
wat
e
r were
us
e
d
in
this e
xperim
ent
Finall
y,
the
inf
luence
of
the
pH
of
water
us
e
d
f
or
act
ivati
on
(acti
vatin
g
s
olu
ti
on)
to
t
he
perform
ance
of
the
WAB
w
as
al
so
in
vestigat
ed.
We
c
ondu
ct
e
d
an
e
xpe
rim
ent
with
the
W
ABs
act
iva
te
d
by
aci
dic
s
olu
ti
on
(0.1
M
HCl,
pH
=
1)
,
basic
so
luti
on
(
0.1
M
NaO
H
,
pH
=
13),
an
d
ta
p
water
(pH=7),
re
sp
e
ct
ively
.
The
e
xp
e
rim
ental
resu
lt
is
show
n
i
n
Fig
ure
6.
With
t
he
s
a
m
e
vo
lum
e
of
20
µl
in
j
ect
i
ng
to
th
e
an
od
es,
the
aci
dic
so
luti
on
gen
e
rated
the
lowest
volt
age
(120
m
V
at
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
),
wh
il
e
the
basi
c
so
luti
on
ge
ne
rated
the
highest
volt
age
(32
0
m
V
at
the
m
axi
m
u
m
),
and
the
m
i
dd
le
wa
s
the
ta
p
water
(
180
m
V
a
t
the
m
ax
i
m
u
m
).
Ba
sed
on
this
r
esult,
the
pH
of
the
act
ivati
ng
so
luti
on
is
an
i
m
po
rtant
fact
or
a
ff
ect
in
g
th
e
perform
ance
of
th
e
WA
B
.
I
n
this
researc
h,
we
use
d
ta
p
water
with
pH
=
7
f
or
al
l
ex
per
im
ents
beca
us
e
it
is
no
nt
oxic
and,
i
n
pr
i
nciple, ea
sil
y ac
cessi
ble.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A water
-
activ
at
ed
batt
ery
ba
s
ed on acti
vate
d car
bon (
Dan
g Tra
ng Ng
uye
n)
4057
Figure
6.
Per
f
orm
ance co
m
par
iso
n betwee
n
t
he WABs
acti
va
te
d
by aci
dic
so
luti
on
(0.1
M HCl
, pH=
1), b
a
sic
so
luti
on
(0.1
M NaO
H, p
H=
13), an
d
ta
p w
at
er (pH
=
7),
re
sp
ect
ively
. T
he
A
C a
node
and
p
a
per
-
ba
sed
m
e
m
br
ane
were use
d
i
n
this e
xp
e
rim
ent
3.3.
Power de
nsit
y
To
eval
uate
th
e
power
d
e
ns
it
y
of
the W
AB,
diff
e
ren
t
e
xter
nal
resist
ors
w
ere
us
e
d
f
or
d
i
schargin
g
th
e
batte
ry.
Fig
ure
7(
a
)
sho
ws
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
a
nd
the
c
orrespo
nd
i
ng
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
of
the
WA
B
a
s
a
functi
on
of
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
de
nsi
ty
reco
rd
e
d
a
t
the
giv
en
e
xt
ern
al
resist
or
s
of
140
kΩ
,
10
kΩ,
5
kΩ,
1
kΩ
,
an
d
0.51
kΩ.
The
discha
rg
i
ng
vo
lt
ages
are
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ure
7(b)
.
At
1
kΩ
exter
nal
resis
ta
nce,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
of
10.4
µ
W/c
m
2
was
ob
ta
ine
d.
Ba
se
d
on
th
is
resu
lt
,
the
in
te
rn
al
resist
anc
e
of
the
pa
per
-
base
d
WA
B
w
as
abo
ut 1 k
Ω
.
Figure
7. (a
)
P
olarizat
ion cu
r
ve of
the m
axim
u
m
d
isc
har
gi
ng volt
age a
nd
the
m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r dens
it
y
as a
functi
on
of
t
he c
urren
t
de
ns
it
y. (
b) Outp
ut
volt
age d
isc
harge
d by so
m
e exte
rn
al
resist
ors.
The AC a
node,
pap
e
r
-
base
d
m
e
m
br
ane
, a
nd tap
water
wer
e
us
e
d
in
this e
xperim
ent
3.4.
Discussio
n
To
e
xp
la
in
f
or
the
ex
per
im
ental
resu
lt
s
sho
w
n
in
Fi
g
ure
s
4,
5,
a
nd
6,
we
s
uppose
that
th
e
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
WA
B
is
as
f
ollo
ws:
el
ect
rons
a
nd
pr
otons
a
re
gen
e
rated
i
n
the
a
node
com
par
tm
ent
after
ad
ding
wate
r
to
the
AC
an
ode
to
act
ivate
;
the
el
ect
ro
ns
go
th
r
ough
the
extern
al
ci
rc
ui
t
to
the
cat
ho
de
w
hile
the
prot
on
s
m
igrate
to
the
cat
hode
thr
ough
the
m
e
m
br
ane
to
com
plete
t
he
el
ect
rical
cir
cuit
an
d
kee
p
the
el
ect
ro
-
ne
ut
rali
ty
in
the
syst
em
.
Ba
sed
on
the
res
ult
show
n
in
Fi
g
ure
5,
the
ge
ne
rati
on
of
the
proto
ns
(
H
+
)
i
n
the
anod
e
com
par
t
m
ent
can
be
c
onfirm
ed
beca
us
e
the
naf
i
on
P
EM
can
sup
port
only
the
penet
rati
on
of
prot
ons.
Du
e
t
o
the
naf
io
n
PE
M
facil
it
at
ed
the
m
igrati
on
of
the
pr
otons
from
the
an
od
e
t
o
th
e
cat
ho
de,
the
perform
ance
of
the
naf
i
on
PEM
w
as
bette
r
tha
n
that
of
t
he
paper
-
base
d
m
e
mb
ra
ne.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
t
o
e
xp
la
in
the
res
ult
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
6,
in
aci
dic
so
luti
on
the
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
H
+
is
hi
gh,
w
hile
that
is
low
in
basic
so
luti
on.
Wh
e
n
the
proto
n
c
oncen
trat
ion
i
n
the
anode
c
om
par
tm
ent
is
high,
it
te
nd
s
t
o
ho
l
d
back
el
ect
rons,
a
s
a
res
ult,
le
ss
el
ect
ro
ns
ca
n
r
each
t
o
the
cat
hode
an
d
t
her
e
fore,
the
outp
ut
volt
age
is
de
creased
.
T
his
m
echan
ism
work
s
in
opposit
e
fash
i
on
wh
e
n
the
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
proto
n
is
low
as
in
the
sit
uation
of
a
dd
i
ng
basic
so
luti
on.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
basic
so
l
ution
gen
e
rated
the
highest
ou
t
pu
t,
w
hile
the
aci
dic
so
luti
on
ge
ner
at
e
d
the lo
west
ou
t
put.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4
0
5
3
-
4
0
5
9
4058
More
ov
e
r,
at
t
he
PF
-
prel
oa
de
d
ai
r
-
cat
hode
,
the
pr
otons
are
reduce
d
by
oxygen
in
t
he
ai
r
diffuse
d
i
n
the
cat
hode
(
1)
,
howe
ver
th
e
slow
re
duct
ion
ki
net
ic
of
plain
ox
y
gen
lim
i
ts
this
redu
ct
ion
r
eact
ion
[16]
.
In
a
ddit
ion
t
o
the
re
du
ct
io
n
r
eact
ion
by
ox
ygen,
PF
is
t
he
m
a
in
el
ec
tro
n
acce
pto
r
at
the
cat
ho
de
(
2)
[16]
.
Howe
ver,
the
r
edu
ct
io
n
reacti
on
by
PF
co
uld
not
la
st
fo
re
ver
;
after
a
gi
ve
n
tim
e
of
op
e
rati
on
al
l
ferric
ya
nid
e
ion
s
wou
l
d be
reduce
d.
T
he
re
fore,
t
he devel
op
e
d WAB
is
on
ly
s
ui
ta
ble
f
or d
is
po
s
able a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
O
2
+
4H
+
+
4e
-
→
2H
2
O
(1)
[F
e(C
N)
6
]
3
-
+ e
-
→
[F
e
(CN
)
6
]
4
-
(2)
The
m
ov
em
ent
of
el
ect
r
ons
a
nd
pr
otons
e
xp
la
ined
a
bove
is
sim
il
ar
to
that
of
the
bio
f
uel
cel
ls
[
17
]
.
We
ha
ve
not
cl
early
un
de
rst
ood
the
m
echan
ism
of
how
el
ect
ro
ns
a
nd
proto
ns
are
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
th
e
AC
pow
der
when
water
is
prese
nt.
T
his
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
m
ay
be
relat
ed
t
o
the
cat
al
yt
ic
ac
ti
vity
and
na
nopo
rous
structu
re
of
the
AC
pow
der.
It
sh
ould
be
no
t
ed
that
the
W
AB
presente
d
her
e
has
a
di
fferent
m
echan
ism
fr
om
the
tradit
io
nal
m
e
ta
l
-
based
WA
B
,
w
he
re
water
form
s
t
he
el
ect
r
olyt
e
with
io
ns
pro
du
ce
d
by
m
etal
-
base
d
el
ect
ro
de
react
ion
s
a
nd
a
s
ol
uble
sal
t
[
18
]
.
A
lt
ho
ug
h
at
this
sta
ge,
t
he
WAB
can
gen
e
rate
low
po
wer
de
ns
it
y,
it
is
wo
rth
to
c
on
si
der
this
ty
pe
of
WA
B
f
or
furthe
r
dev
el
op
m
ent
becau
s
e
it
is
based
on
low
-
co
st,
ab
unda
nt,
and s
us
ta
inable
A
C m
at
erial
, w
hic
h
is easy
t
o
acc
ess
ev
e
n
a
t dev
el
op
i
ng c
ountries.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
de
m
on
strat
ion
of
po
w
er
ge
ner
at
ion
by
act
ivate
d
carbo
n
in
a
pap
e
r
-
bas
e
d
WA
B
.
The
ba
tt
ery
can
instantl
y
pr
od
uce
on
-
dem
and
el
ect
rici
ty
activated
by
water
.
T
he
de
velo
pe
d
WA
B
gen
e
rated
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
pow
er d
ensity
o
f
10.
4
µ
W
/c
m
2
at
the
AC
po
wd
e
r
co
nce
ntrati
on o
f
17
m
g/c
m
2
l
oad
e
d
on
the
3D
car
bon
pa
per
-
bas
ed
a
node
.
T
he
pa
per
-
based
WA
B
ena
bles
a
lo
w
-
cost
powe
r
s
ource
t
hat
ca
n
po
te
ntial
ly
e
m
powe
r
the
ne
xt
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
sel
f
-
power
e
d
pa
per
-
ba
sed
dia
gnos
ti
c
de
vice
s.
F
or
fu
t
ur
e
stud
ie
s
,
enou
gh att
ention sh
ould
b
e
pai
d
on
f
ur
the
r disco
ver
i
ng the
operati
ng
pr
i
nc
iple o
f
this
ty
pe of
b
at
te
ry.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
A part
of this
r
esearch
w
a
s s
uppo
rted by
AZ
UMI FILT
ERP
AP
ER C
O.
,
Lt
d
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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N.
L.
Panwar,
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“
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ir
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ent
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r
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ew
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”
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new
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ves
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Ads
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components
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ac
t
iv
at
e
d
ca
rbon,
”
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l.
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[7]
M.
Haka
m
iz
adeh,
et
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“
Im
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h
y
droge
n
produc
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on
via
wate
r
split
t
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over
Pt/T
iO
2/a
ctivated
ca
rbo
n
nanoc
om
posite
,
”
Int. J.
Hydrogen
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rgy
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e
t
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“
Acti
va
te
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Carbo
n
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va
ted
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”
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H.
Jüntgen
,
“
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iva
t
ed
c
arb
on
as
ca
t
aly
st support
,
”
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[10]
D.
M.
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ar,
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a
l.,
“
Com
m
er
ci
a
l
activ
at
ed
carbon
for
the
ca
t
a
l
y
ti
c
produc
t
ion
of
h
y
drog
en
vi
a
the
sulfur
-
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e
the
rm
oche
m
ic
a
l w
at
er
spl
it
t
ing c
y
c
le,”
Int. J.
H
y
drogen
Ene
rgy
,
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ss
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15
)
,
pp
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8914
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2011.
[11]
L.
Ge
,
e
t
a
l.,
“
Photoelect
ro
che
m
ic
a
l
la
b
-
on
-
pape
r
devi
c
e
bas
ed
o
n
an
integra
te
d
pape
r
super
ca
pa
ci
tor
and
in
te
rn
a
l
li
ght
sour
ce,”
An
al.
Ch
em.
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
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88
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8708
A water
-
activ
at
ed
batt
ery
ba
s
ed on acti
vate
d car
bon (
Dan
g Tra
ng Ng
uye
n)
4059
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Xie
,
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ora
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pee
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and
la
ndfi
ll
l
eacha
t
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subs
eque
n
t
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a
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Ch
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bioe
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c
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g
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ra
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A
rev
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A
le
xandri
a
Eng.
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BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
D.
T
rang
Ngu
yen
was
born
in
V
ie
tna
m
in
198
6.
He
recei
v
ed
t
he
BS
degr
ee
in
2009
from
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
T
el
e
comm
unic
at
i
on
S
y
stems
Hanoi
Univer
sit
y
of S
ci
ence
and
T
e
c
hnolog
y
,
Hanoi
,
V
ie
tna
m
.
Aft
er
tha
t
he
re
ceive
d
th
e
ME
in
2
01
1
from
the
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
El
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Donggu
k
Univer
sit
y
,
S
eoul
,
South
Ko
rea
.
From
201
1
to
2014
,
he
complet
ed
his
PhD
progra
m
in
int
egr
at
ed
scie
n
ce
and
eng
ine
er
ing
at
Rit
sum
eikan
Univer
sit
y
,
K
y
oto
,
Japa
n
.
A
fte
r
ea
rning
his
PhD
,
he
was
a
q
ual
ity
assuranc
e
engi
ne
er
a
t
T
akako
In
dustrie
s,
Inc
.
from
2015
t
o
2017.
Curr
ent
l
y
,
he is a
sen
ior
r
ese
arc
h
er at
the
Rit
sum
ei
kan
Glo
bal
Innov
at
ion
Resea
rch
Or
gan
iz
a
ti
on,
R
it
sum
ei
kan
Univer
si
t
y
.
His
fie
lds
of
i
nte
rest
inc
lud
e
Biofue
l
C
el
ls,
Solar
Ce
ll
s,
Biosensors,
and
H
y
dr
ogen
En
er
g
y
.
Koz
o
T
ag
uchi
was
born
in
K
yoto,
Japa
n
,
on
D
ec
ember
18,
19
68.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
the
B
.
E
.
,
M.E
.
,
and
Dr
.
Eng
.
D
egr
ee
s
in
e
lectr
i
ca
l
eng
ineeri
ng
from
Rit
sum
ei
k
an
Univ
ersity
,
K
y
oto
,
Japa
n
,
in
1991,
1993,
and
1996,
resp
ec
t
iv
ely
.
In
1996,
h
e
joi
ned
Fuku
y
am
a
Univer
sit
y
,
Hir
oshim
a,
Japa
n,
where
h
e
h
ad
b
ee
n
enga
g
ed
in
rese
arc
h
and
de
vel
opm
ent
on
th
e
opt
ical
f
ibe
r
tr
appi
ng
s
y
stem,
sem
ic
onduct
or
r
ing
l
ase
rs
and
the
ir
appl
icati
on
for
op
toe
l
ectro
nic
s
dev
ices,
a
nd
pol
y
m
eri
c
opti
c
al
wav
eguides
for
opt
ic
a
l
i
nte
rco
nn
ec
t
ion.
In
1996
–
2003,
he
worked
as
a
n
assistant
and
le
c
ture
r
in
Fuku
y
ama
Univer
sit
y
.
In
2003,
he
m
oved
to
Rit
sum
e
ika
n
Univ
ersity
,
Shiga,
Japa
n
,
and
cur
ren
tly
he
is
a
prof
essor
o
f
dep
art
m
ent
of
el
e
ct
ri
c
and
e
lec
troni
c
en
gineeri
ng.
From
2006
to
2007,
h
e
was
a
visi
ti
ng
prof
e
ss
or
at
Univer
sit
y
of
St
Andrews
(Scotl
and
,
Uni
t
ed
Kingdom
).
From
2014
to
2015,
he
was
a
visi
ti
ng
pro
fessor
at
Nan
yang
T
ec
hnolog
i
ca
l
Univ
ersity
(Sing
apor
e).
His
cur
ren
t
r
ese
ar
ch
intere
sts inc
lud
e
cells
tra
p
,
m
ic
ro
flui
dic
c
ell
-
base
d
device
s,
d
y
e
sensiti
z
ed
sol
ar
ce
l
l,
biofu
el
c
el
l
s,
biosensors,
an
d
h
y
droge
n
ene
r
g
y
.
Dr
.
T
aguc
hi
i
s
a
m
ember
of
the
JJ
AP
.
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