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lized
.
An
o
th
er
p
ap
er
o
f
L
ia
n
g
et
al.
co
n
s
id
er
ed
T
iO
2
as
a
p
o
ten
tial e
le
m
e
n
t to
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UV/T
iO
2
,
a
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
f
o
r
h
a
za
r
d
o
u
s
o
r
g
an
ic
p
o
llu
ta
n
ts
,
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it i
s
a
ca
tal
y
s
t
th
at
ca
n
g
i
v
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
x
id
an
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
w
ater
w
it
h
o
u
t
h
a
v
in
g
to
b
e
r
e
p
len
is
h
ed
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
tea
m
o
f
Gen
g
an
d
Xu
h
as
alr
ea
d
y
p
r
ac
ticed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SiO
2
b
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
QD
s
-
Si
O
2
-
B
NA
s
a
n
d
u
s
ed
it
to
cr
ea
te
QDs
-
SiO
2
-
B
N
n
an
o
p
late,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
eli
m
i
n
ate
th
er
m
al
q
u
en
c
h
i
n
g
,
an
ef
f
ec
t
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
in
ad
eq
u
ate
h
ea
t
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
h
ea
t
r
etain
i
n
g
li
m
it
i
n
QDs
-
Si
O
2
m
ater
ial,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
QDs
i
n
L
E
Ds.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
ese
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
m
ater
ials
,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
also
in
ter
e
s
ted
in
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
C
a
F
2
w
i
t
h
o
th
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
atter
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
o
w
in
g
to
th
e
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
in
g
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
h
i
g
h
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
is
p
ar
ticle.
B
h
an
v
ase
’
s
te
a
m
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
,
an
d
in
th
e
ir
2
0
1
8
p
ap
er
,
th
e
y
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
o
p
tical
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
C
aF
2
:E
u
3+
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
ized
b
y
u
s
in
g
u
l
tr
aso
u
n
d
ass
is
ted
m
eth
o
d
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
r
esear
ch
es,
th
e
n
e
w
s
y
n
t
h
esized
C
aF
2
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
as
ex
citatio
n
b
an
d
th
at
ag
r
ee
s
w
it
h
th
e
ex
ci
tatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
L
E
D;
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
E
u
3+
io
n
s
ele
m
e
n
ts
h
as
t
h
e
p
ea
k
ex
ci
tatio
n
at
3
9
4
n
m
a
n
d
ex
h
ib
its
5
9
1
n
m
an
d
6
1
2
n
m
e
m
is
s
io
n
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
is
C
aF
2
:E
u
3+
ca
n
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
r
e
d
em
i
ttin
g
m
at
er
ial.
I
n
2
0
1
9
,
c
o
n
tin
u
in
g
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
aF
2
,
Xie
a
n
d
W
an
g
a
n
d
th
eir
p
ar
tn
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
aF
2
-
Y
A
G:
C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ce
r
a
m
ic,
w
h
ic
h
in
c
lu
d
es
y
ello
w
-
e
m
itti
n
g
Y
AG:C
e
p
ar
ticles
m
i
x
ed
w
it
h
a
n
o
n
-
lu
m
in
e
s
ce
n
t
C
a
F
2
ce
r
a
m
ic
m
a
tr
ix
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ir
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
C
aF
2
-
Y
A
G:
C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ce
r
am
ic
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
all
y
,
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
,
C
C
T
an
d
C
R
I
ar
e
3
5
9
.
7
lm
,
4
0
2
1
-
7
9
4
1
K
a
n
d
7
0
.
1
-
8
2
.
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
ese
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
is
h
ig
h
as
t
h
e
y
ar
e
co
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
f
le
x
ib
le
w
h
ic
h
o
p
en
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
alter
atio
n
s
y
et
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
m
an
y
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
o
n
u
ti
lizi
n
g
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
a
cr
ea
ti
v
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
as
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
h
o
w
W
L
E
Ds
r
ea
ct
to
th
e
p
ar
ticles
[
2
2
-
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
ti
m
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
s
p
ec
u
latio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
lex
s
p
ec
ialized
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
an
o
p
ti
m
al
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
m
ater
ial
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
C
C
T
is
q
u
ite
co
n
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
ep
etitiv
e,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
.
As
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
,
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
n
tai
n
in
g
Z
n
O
ca
m
e
ac
r
o
s
s
as
a
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
ab
o
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
o
w
ea
s
y
it
is
to
o
p
er
ate,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
co
n
tain
i
n
g
Z
n
O
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
(
n
=
2
.
0
)
ca
n
ac
t
as
a
s
lo
p
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
r
ec
o
r
d
la
y
er
b
et
w
ee
n
GaN
an
d
air
w
it
h
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ices
r
es
p
ec
tiv
e
l
y
b
ein
g
(
n
=
2
.
5
)
an
d
(
n
=
1
)
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
at
o
th
er
ele
m
e
n
t
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
s
u
c
h
as
th
er
m
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
an
tece
d
e
n
t
f
o
c
u
s
ar
e
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
i
n
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Z
n
O
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
L
E
D
s
d
ev
ices
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
Z
n
O
in
s
p
ec
ialized
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
a
s
i
n
s
p
ir
e
d
m
a
n
y
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Y
et
m
a
n
y
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
ar
e
s
til
l
n
eg
lecte
d
f
o
r
Z
n
O
u
ti
lizatio
n
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
th
er
lig
h
ti
n
g
cr
i
ter
ia
w
it
h
Dr
o
v
e
b
u
n
d
li
n
g
b
esid
e
t
h
e
lig
h
t
o
u
t
p
u
t,
s
p
ec
if
ical
l
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
n
lig
h
t
p
o
w
er
an
d
C
C
T
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
.
W
ith
t
h
at
b
ei
n
g
s
aid
,
t
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
v
ed
to
th
ese
ar
ea
f
o
r
n
e
w
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
Z
n
O
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
li
g
h
t
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
C
C
T
.
Hen
ce
,
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
i
n
g
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
is
s
u
e
s
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
w
ill
p
r
esen
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
Z
n
O
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
b
ased
o
n
an
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
Z
n
O
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ies,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
an
y
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
ies.
P
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
,
th
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
ar
e
in
v
est
ig
ated
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
at
h
e
m
a
tic
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
f
i
g
u
r
es.
T
h
e
attain
r
es
u
lt
s
w
i
ll p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
b
asis
f
o
r
s
elec
t
in
g
s
u
i
tab
le
Z
n
O
’
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
lu
m
e
n
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eit
y
o
f
W
L
E
D.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
e
v
en
ts
in
t
h
e
W
L
E
D,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
ize
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
i
s
clar
if
ied
.
R
esear
ch
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
v
al
u
ab
le
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Z
n
O.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
hy
s
ica
l a
nd
o
pto
elec
t
ro
nic c
ha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
w
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
W
L
E
D
w
i
th
Z
n
O
tr
aits
t
h
at
i
s
u
s
ed
in
all
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
a
ti
c
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
W
L
E
D
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
h
o
w
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
is
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
el
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
:
f
ir
s
t,
a
b
lu
e
ch
ip
w
ith
GaN
tr
ait
s
w
h
ich
e
m
it
s
at
4
5
0
n
m
an
d
h
as
t
h
e
ap
p
r
aised
in
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
1
W
at
a
3
5
0
m
A
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
as
p
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
l
ea
d
-
o
u
tli
n
e
b
u
n
d
le.
T
h
en
,
a
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
Y
AG:C
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
D
h
alf
,
1
3
±
2
µ
m
)
a
n
d
s
il
ico
n
e
g
l
u
e
i
s
f
o
r
m
in
1
2
m
i
n
u
te
s
w
it
h
a
v
ac
u
u
m
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
izer
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
at
1
3
6
0
r
p
m
a
n
d
0
.
2
MP
a
(
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
n
d
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
is
3
:8
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
is
d
i
f
f
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
lu
e
c
h
ip
an
d
d
r
ied
at
1
2
0
°C
f
o
r
3
h
o
u
r
s
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
atin
g
la
y
er
.
A
g
la
s
s
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
e
is
p
u
t
ab
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
to
p
r
o
tect
it
f
r
o
m
co
n
ta
m
i
n
atio
n
an
d
i
m
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tep
w
o
u
ld
b
e
cu
r
in
g
t
h
e
Z
n
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f Zn
O
p
a
r
ticles o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
h
o
mo
g
e
n
eity
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
ve
r
ted
.
.
.
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
5157
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
b
y
b
len
d
i
n
g
v
a
cu
u
m
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
eg
as
s
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
in
s
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
m
in
to
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
al
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lef
t
til
l
d
r
ied
in
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
a
t
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
2
5
°C
.
T
h
e
f
ield
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
FE
-
SEM
,
Me
r
lin
)
is
th
e
to
o
l
to
d
r
af
t
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
Z
n
O.
T
h
e
UV
-
Vis
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
(
UV
-
Vi
s
,
Ag
ile
n
t
C
ar
y
5
0
0
0
)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
w
it
h
Z
n
O.
T
h
e
E
lectr
o
-
o
p
tical
v
alu
es
i
n
f
li
m
s
an
d
W
L
E
D
s
w
ith
Z
n
O
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
ec
ialized
s
y
s
te
m
(
M
u
lti
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
T
-
9
5
0
/9
3
0
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
v
alu
e
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
t
h
e
a
ir
an
d
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t th
er
m
a
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
(
2
5
°C
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
P
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
9
W
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ice
an
d
(
b
)
s
ch
e
m
atic
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
v
ie
w
o
f
Z
n
O
-
d
o
p
ed
W
L
E
D
d
e
v
ices
2
.
2
.
M
ie
-
s
ca
t
t
er
ing
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
dot
-
co
n
v
er
ted
ele
m
e
n
ts
(
QDCEs),
w
e
ca
n
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
r
o
m
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
o
d
el
[
2
7
]
an
d
ap
p
ly
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
W
L
E
D.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
b
elo
w
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
fi
cie
n
t
an
d
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
µ
sca
an
d
µ
sca
(
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
:
=
̅
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
is
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
a
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
ele
m
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
i
s
v
alu
e
w
h
ic
h
p
r
esen
ted
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
̅
⁄
f
o
r
th
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
QDs
p
ar
ticles;
c
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
QD
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
(
m
g
/c
m
3
);
D
is
th
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
p
ar
ticle
in
n
m
;
is
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
i
n
n
m
;
f
(
D
)
is
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
QD
p
ar
ticle
in
s
ize;
̅
d
ep
icts
QD’
s
m
a
s
s
(
m
g
)
i
n
t
h
e
QD
C
E
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
o
v
er
f(
D)
;
C
sca
(
D,
)
is
th
e
QD
’
s
s
c
atter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
,
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
,
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
(
)
=
∫
(
,
)
(
)
(
2
)
I
n
w
h
ich
,
(
)
is
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
cid
en
t
r
ad
iatio
n
(
W
/
m
2
)
;
(
,
)
is
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
er
g
y
(
W
)
,
w
h
en
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
it
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
QD;
(
,
,
)
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
o
w
er
(
W
)
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
t
h
at
d
ep
icts
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
c
atter
ed
en
er
g
y
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
si
m
p
li
fied
f
o
r
m
b
elo
w
:
(
,
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
,
)
(
,
)
(
,
)
⁄
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
3
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
o
n
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
W
L
E
D,
w
e
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
w
ith
ea
ch
d
is
ti
n
ct
s
ca
tter
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Z
n
O
p
a
r
ticles,
(
,
)
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ize
v
ar
ie
s
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
n
m
,
5
0
0
n
m
to
6
0
0
n
m
,
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
-
c)
.
As
th
e
Z
n
O
s
ize
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
(
,
)
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
es,
r
es
u
lt
in
g
i
n
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
L
ig
h
t
te
n
d
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
to
lar
g
er
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
ic
h
is
b
e
n
ef
icial
to
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
s
in
a
l
l
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
w
i
th
s
m
all
p
ar
ticl
es.
T
h
is
is
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
to
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
b
u
t
n
o
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
55
-
5
5
6
1
5158
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
Dep
en
d
en
t
v
al
u
es
(
,
)
an
d
w
av
e
len
g
th
v
al
u
es
(
,
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
w
i
th
in
th
e
3
8
0
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
lu
e
(
,
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
w
it
h
a
ll
p
a
r
ticle
s
izes.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
ase
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
also
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ize
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
o
f
4
0
0
n
m
,
5
0
0
n
m
,
a
n
d
6
0
0
n
m
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
n
s
ca
tter
in
g
i
n
ten
s
it
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Scatter
in
g
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
w
i
th
v
ar
io
u
s
s
izes:
(
a)
4
0
0
n
m
,
(
b
)
5
0
0
n
m
,
(
c)
6
0
0
n
m
Si
m
i
lar
to
(
,
)
,
(
)
th
e
v
al
u
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
s
c
atter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticl
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
lar
g
er
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
is
,
th
e
s
m
aller
(
)
b
ec
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
at
3
8
0
n
m
,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
p
ar
ticles
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
li
g
h
t
q
u
al
it
y
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ex
p
lain
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
to
(
,
)
,
(
)
,
lik
e
th
i
s
:
-
W
e
n
ee
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
ab
ilit
y
in
t
h
e
la
y
er
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
o
th
at
th
e
e
m
itted
lig
h
t
ar
e
m
i
x
ed
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
s
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t e
m
it c
o
lo
r
co
p
p
e
r
.
-
Scatter
in
g
v
al
u
e
p
ea
k
s
at
3
8
0
n
m
,
th
e
n
g
r
ad
u
all
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
,
an
d
ev
e
n
t
u
all
y
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
alle
s
t
v
alu
e
a
t
7
8
0
n
m
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
th
e
w
a
v
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
is
4
5
3
n
m
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
at
Z
n
O
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
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ad
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ce
d
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tter
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i
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
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lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
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2
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
t
h
e
lar
g
er
t
h
e
Z
n
O
p
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ticle
s
ize,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
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w
h
ic
h
Z
n
O
s
ize
i
s
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i
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le
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o
r
ap
p
licatio
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(
,
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s
h
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ld
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e
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n
s
id
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ed
.
(
,
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
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an
g
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s
ca
tter
in
g
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it
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h
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s
s
elec
ti
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g
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ita
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le
Z
n
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p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
ep
en
d
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o
n
s
ca
tter
in
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d
s
ca
tter
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g
ab
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y
.
Fo
r
lar
g
e
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s
ized
p
ar
ticles,
lig
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ts
w
i
ll
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
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t
r
ai
g
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th
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g
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th
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m
,
lead
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n
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th
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ited
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m
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W
it
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a
s
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al
ler
p
ar
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ize,
t
h
e
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is
d
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ed
i
n
m
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y
d
ir
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t
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n
s
,
m
ea
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n
g
th
a
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f Zn
O
p
a
r
ticles o
n
th
e
co
lo
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h
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eity
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N
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5159
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ca
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o
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to
f
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t.
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lu
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ca
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b
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s
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t
ter
ed
m
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o
f
ten
w
i
th
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m
all
Z
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p
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A
n
d
t
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b
l
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e
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a
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ar
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t to
m
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c
h
ip
s
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At
t
h
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p
o
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n
t,
th
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is
a
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m
b
i
n
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o
f
b
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an
d
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o
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m
w
h
ite
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ig
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t.
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h
e
r
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ar
e
a
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ctio
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in
th
e
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lo
w
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ef
f
ec
t
a
n
d
an
i
m
p
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v
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m
e
n
t
in
co
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if
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r
m
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.
T
h
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v
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(
,
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is
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
lar
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er
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O
p
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s
ize,
th
e
g
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ter
th
e
i
n
ten
s
it
y
o
f
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
b
u
t
th
e
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m
al
ler
th
e
s
ca
tter
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n
g
an
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le.
T
h
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f
i
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d
in
g
s
clea
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o
n
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tr
ate
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g
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ican
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ef
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o
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izes
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n
t
w
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cial
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tical
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it
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o
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s
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lu
x
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h
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s
,
th
is
h
elp
s
m
an
u
f
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t
u
r
er
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f
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g
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r
e
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t th
e
s
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itab
le
s
ize
o
f
Z
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p
ar
ticles
w
h
e
n
ap
p
lied
th
e
m
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
p
h
ase
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
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p
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ticles
w
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t
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v
ar
io
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s
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ize
s
:
(
a)
4
0
0
n
m
,
(
b
)
5
0
0
n
m
,
an
d
(
c)
6
0
0
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m
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w
e
v
er
,
to
in
v
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tig
a
te
th
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l
u
m
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n
e
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itted
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e
s
ize
i
n
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o
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i
s
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o
t
en
o
u
g
h
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h
e
em
itted
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m
e
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also
in
f
l
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ce
d
b
y
t
h
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co
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ce
n
tr
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f
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i
n
t
h
e
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
l
a
y
er
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
As
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
O
in
cr
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s
e
s
,
th
e
p
as
s
i
n
g
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m
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ten
d
s
to
d
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s
e
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ig
n
i
f
ica
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tl
y
at
an
y
s
ize.
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th
e
Z
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co
n
ce
n
tr
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n
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s
es,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
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ca
p
ac
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t
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i
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a
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d
th
e
en
er
g
y
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o
r
th
is
lar
g
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
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ce
s
th
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en
er
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o
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li
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h
t
e
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itted
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h
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r
e,
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h
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ig
h
t
s
ize
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d
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n
ce
n
tr
at
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n
o
f
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b
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o
m
e
s
v
er
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m
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r
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d
u
ctio
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ased
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h
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r
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lt
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f
Fi
g
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r
e
4
,
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co
n
ce
n
tr
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n
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
0
%
ca
n
b
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s
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ted
at
an
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ize
to
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h
iev
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i
g
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est
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m
en
.
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wev
er
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e
g
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al
o
f
th
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s
t
u
d
y
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n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
l
u
m
en
e
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itted
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u
t
al
s
o
th
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ti
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e
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n
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id
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th
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es
u
lt
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
w
h
ic
h
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
ep
o
n
s
e
o
f
Δ
C
C
T
in
W
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to
d
if
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en
t size
a
n
d
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n
ce
n
tr
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n
o
f
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n
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.
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ith
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4
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r
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e
w
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h
5
0
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1
4
%
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n
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itio
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lize
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t
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s
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e
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n
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f
r
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m
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ich
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a
m
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t
b
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o
m
es r
ed
u
n
d
an
t,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
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0
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1
55
-
5
5
6
1
5160
w
it
h
s
m
a
ller
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ize
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ar
ti
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r
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t
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ize
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h
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t
e
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itted
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as
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m
w
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m
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s
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h
er
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e,
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ased
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t
ter
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h
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g
h
v
al
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e
s
(
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(
)
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d
(
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th
e
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e
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ti
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n
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w
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ar
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ter
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o
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licatio
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f
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an
u
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e
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e
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h
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h
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f
t
h
e
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a
n
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f
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[1
]
S
.
K.
A
b
e
y
s
e
k
e
r
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
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o
f
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ian
tu
n
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n
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th
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s E
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p
p
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3
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5
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0
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[2
]
Q.
W
.
X
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Na
n
o
c
ry
st
a
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f
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p
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6
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6
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4
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.
[3
]
R.
E.
Ch
risti
a
n
se
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
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d
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sig
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o
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Exp
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ss
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l.
2
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p
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4
4
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0
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.
[4
]
Jia
sh
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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m
su
rf
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c
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s,”
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ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
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1
,
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p
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2
3
6
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6
.
[5
]
Yo
n
g
z
h
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,
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t
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l
.
,
“
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ti
c
s L
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,
p
p
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.
[6
]
X
ian
g
ti
a
n
,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
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ti
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s E
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[7
]
Yu
,
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t
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l
.
,
“
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M
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rn
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Dig
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[8
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ru
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t
a
l
.
,
“
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g
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ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
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l.
2
3
,
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1
4
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p
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1
7
9
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3
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8
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0
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.
[9
]
Ha
ib
o
,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
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m
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sh
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re
ss
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l.
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5
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p
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5
.
[1
0
]
Yu
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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e
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s
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l
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r,
”
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s E
x
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re
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l.
2
4
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e
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
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6
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2
0
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6
.
[1
1
]
C.
F
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ra
m
a
n
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ter
m
in
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in
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n
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t
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it
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s,”
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ti
c
s L
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tt
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rs
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4
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[1
2
]
Y.
J.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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v
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m
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s L
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3
]
Ch
ian
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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ts
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ra
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n
o
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th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
t
ter
s
,
v
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l.
4
0
,
issu
e
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
0
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2
8
3
3
,
2
0
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5
.
[1
4
]
M
ich
a
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
f
ro
m
sin
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le
c
r
y
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l
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sp
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o
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e
rted
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e
r
-
b
a
se
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
ti
n
g
sy
st
e
m
,
”
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ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
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l.
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e
2
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p
p
.
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2
1
5
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2
2
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
Bin
,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
S
tr
u
c
tu
ra
l
o
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t
im
iza
ti
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o
r
re
m
o
te
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
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g
d
i
o
d
e
s
w
it
h
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r:
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
m
a
tt
e
rs,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
4
,
iss
u
e
2
6
,
p
p
.
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1
5
6
0
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0
,
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0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
L
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
l
y
e
ff
icie
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t
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rro
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re
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n
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b
li
n
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lo
r
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g
a
m
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t
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ED
b
a
c
k
li
g
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t
f
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r
m
o
re
b
ril
li
a
n
t
d
isp
lay
s,”
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ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
3
,
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e
2
2
,
p
p
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8
7
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7
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8
7
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7
,
2
0
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5
.
[1
7
]
S
h
a
o
j
u
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
rg
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s
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3+
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n
d
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b
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n
d
th
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h
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rB
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4
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3+
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T
b
3+
,
Na
+
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”
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ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
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ls E
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re
ss
,
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l.
6
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e
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p
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6
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[1
8
]
S
h
u
d
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
g
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lar
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o
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n
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o
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e
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h
a
n
c
e
m
e
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t
o
f
w
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it
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g
h
t
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ti
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g
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io
d
e
s
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y
re
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o
te
m
icro
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p
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tt
e
rn
e
d
p
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s
p
h
o
r
f
il
m
,
”
Ph
o
to
n
ics
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
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l.
4
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e
4
,
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p
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1
4
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4
5
,
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0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
Hu
a
ju
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Clo
se
-
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
lu
m
in
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
stru
c
t
u
ra
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
in
e
ff
icie
n
t
n
a
n
o
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
Mo
4
O
15
:Eu
3+
,
”
O
p
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
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e
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
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0
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5
.
[2
0
]
L
in
li
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ne
a
r
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in
f
ra
re
d
q
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a
n
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m
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in
Nd
3+
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n
d
Yb
3+
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o
p
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d
Ba
G
d
2
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O
5
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
issu
e
4
,
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p
.
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5
6
-
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6
3
,
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0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
Hiro
k
a
z
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
e
n
e
rg
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-
tr
a
n
sf
e
r
r
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te
f
ro
m
S
n
2+
to
M
n
2+
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
te
g
las
se
s,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
issu
e
3
,
p
p
.
6
1
7
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6
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
Hiro
y
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Eu
r
o
p
iu
m
-
d
o
p
e
d
S
iA
lON
a
n
d
b
o
r
o
sili
c
a
te
g
las
s
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
e
s
f
o
r
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
issu
e
2
9
,
p
p
.
8
7
2
7
-
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7
3
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
Dic
k
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
b
rig
h
tn
e
ss
so
u
rc
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
issu
e
1
4
,
p
p
.
A
1
0
6
9
-
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1
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4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
4
]
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
ici
e
n
t
h
y
b
rid
wh
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
b
y
o
rg
a
n
ic
-
in
o
rg
a
n
ic
m
a
teria
ls
a
t
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
CCT
f
ro
m
3
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0
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o
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0
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0
K,”
Op
t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
3
,
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e
7
,
p
p
.
A
2
0
4
-
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2
1
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
S.
-
J.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
In
G
a
N/
G
a
N
M
QW
L
ED
w
it
h
stra
in
-
re
lax
in
g
G
a
-
d
o
p
e
d
Zn
O
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
lay
e
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
7
,
iss
u
e
8
,
p
p
.
A
4
5
8
-
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4
6
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
Z.
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
p
-
ty
p
e
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
o
f
n
it
ro
g
e
n
io
n
im
p
lan
ted
Zn
O
th
in
f
il
m
s
in
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
ra
p
id
t
h
e
rm
a
l
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
9
,
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e
7
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
8
-
3
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
J.
X
.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
El
e
c
tro
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
e
v
ice
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
rb
iu
m
-
d
o
p
e
d
Zn
O/
n
-
S
i
h
e
tero
stru
c
tu
re
s:
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h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
f
lu
o
rin
e
c
o
-
d
o
p
in
g
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
issu
e
2
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
1
9
-
3
0
9
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
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