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e
ll.
2.
ST
RUC
T
UR
E
O
F
T
H
E
3
3
K
V
L
O
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P
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F
NO
UAK
CH
O
T
T
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
–
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e
d
iag
r
a
m
(
Fi
g
u
r
e1
.
)
o
n
l
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
3
3
KV
p
a
r
t
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
d
ata
lin
es
(
ca
b
les),
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
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s
p
o
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er
s
an
d
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e
s
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o
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n
in
tab
l
es
1
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d
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.
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h
e
elec
tr
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e
t
w
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k
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n
s
i
s
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o
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9
tr
an
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e
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d
5
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at
b
u
s
2
,
4
,
5
,
6
an
d
7
o
f
(
Fig
u
r
e1
.
)
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
g
en
er
ated
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
MW
an
d
MV
A
r
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
ea
c
h
b
u
s
(
i)
is
g
i
v
en
i
n
p
er
u
n
it.
T
h
e
lo
ad
b
u
s
i
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
its
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
P
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
Q.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
(
P
,
Q)
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
,
w
h
ile
(
V)
i
s
to
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
No
r
th
b
u
s
(
1
)
,
to
b
e
s
lack
b
u
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
a
b
u
s
i
s
n
u
m
b
er
ed
(
i)
an
d
it is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
n
o
th
e
r
b
u
s
es s
u
ch
a
s
th
o
s
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Si
m
p
li
f
ied
lin
e
d
ia
g
r
a
m
; o
f
No
u
ak
c
h
o
tt s
u
p
p
l
y
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
[
12
]
I
t
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
,
th
e
li
n
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
s
as
w
el
l
as
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
len
g
th
s
o
f
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ch
l
in
e
2
.
1
.
Ca
ble
da
t
a
T
ab
le
1
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C
ab
le
Data
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f
Fig
u
r
e
1
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a
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l
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i
k
R (
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l
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D
P
. N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
timiz
a
tio
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fo
r
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lectric
P
o
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.
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is
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r
o
p
o
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in
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a
b
le
2
,
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e
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it
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v
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r
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ases
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n
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r
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n
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s
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en
er
all
y
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n
tr
o
lled
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
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er
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(
MW
)
in
j
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cted
to
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e
b
u
s
an
d
t
h
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v
o
lta
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r
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s
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e
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er
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ter
m
i
n
als
ar
e
k
ep
t c
o
n
s
tan
t
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Data
Sy
s
te
m
i
n
2
0
1
5
y
ea
r
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
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g
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r
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5
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
d
ata
at
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
3
0
y
ea
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
n
j
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
s
b
et
w
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n
2
0
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5
-
2030.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
2015
-
2
0
3
0
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
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ast d
ata
[
1
2
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Gen
er
atio
n
Data
at
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
3
0
y
ea
r
s
[
1
2
]
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r
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u
s
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r
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r
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r
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2
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
In
j
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ted
p
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etw
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n
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0
1
5
-
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(
a)
ac
tiv
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(
b
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r
ea
ctiv
e
T
ab
le
4
.
20
15
-
2
0
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Dem
an
d
Fo
r
ec
ast Da
ta
[
12
]
Y
e
a
r
s
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u
s
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r
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r
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3
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
4
5
3
–
3
4
6
2
3456
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
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n
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ab
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s
h
o
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in
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it (
Y
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.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
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u
lt
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o
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R
w
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h
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u
t ST
A
T
C
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[
3
]
.
(
a)
(
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)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
De
m
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f
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r
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e
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(
b
)
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
T
ab
le
5
.
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m
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n
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tr
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i
T
ab
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6
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
NR
w
i
th
o
u
t ST
A
T
C
OM
[
3
]
B
u
s
Ty
p
e
V
p
u
A
n
g
l
e
(
°)
1
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l
a
c
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2
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9
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3
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8
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4
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8
9
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4
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2
6
7
PQ
0
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9
4
-
2
.
8
3.
NUM
E
RICAL
M
O
DE
L
O
F
ST
A
T
CO
M
3
.
1
.
Descript
io
n o
f
ST
A
T
CO
M
:
T
h
e
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
ST
A
T
C
OM
is
o
n
e
o
f
F
AC
T
S
d
er
iv
ates
f
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F
ig
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4
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2
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Sy
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o
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1
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6
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5
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li
S
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gi
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Q
Q
Q
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(6
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W
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P
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TCi
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l p
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A
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ased
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Seid
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[
1
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[
7
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3
.
3
.
M
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t
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u
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4
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(
a)
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b
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3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
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I
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12
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(
1
1
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SC
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1
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3
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1
2
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1
3
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m
p
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en
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e
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p
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en
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ST
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T
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s
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o
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d
as E
q
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atio
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s
(
1
4
)
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d
(
1
5
)
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esp
ec
tiv
el
y
:
2
1
2
2
S
TC
S
TC
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TC
f
e
V
(
1
4
)
S
T
C
S
T
C
S
T
C
e
f
1
t
a
n
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
ST
A
T
C
OM
an
d
b
u
s
i
o
n
th
e
b
as
is
o
f
E
q
u
ati
o
n
s
(
1
0
)
to
(
1
5
)
a
r
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
ex
p
r
es
s
e
d
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
1
6
)
to
(
1
9
)
:
i
S
T
C
i
S
T
C
SC
i
S
T
C
i
S
T
C
S
T
C
S
T
C
SC
S
T
C
f
e
f
e
B
f
f
e
e
f
e
G
P
2
2
(
1
6
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d
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n
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t
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u
s
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is
g
iv
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n
b
y
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q
u
atio
n
(
2
0
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[6
],
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
fo
r
E
lectric
P
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w
er Lo
a
d
F
o
r
ec
a
s
t
(
I
.
A
.
E
th
ma
n
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)
3459
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Resul
t
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m
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n
I
n
th
e
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el
o
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n
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h
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ib
le
ST
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le
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.
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f
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s
2
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2
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s
h
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g
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r
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5
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ate
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it
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ates
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d
eg
r
ee
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
to
tal
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
4
5
3
–
3
4
6
2
3460
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
u
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9
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8
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2
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u
r
e
7
. C
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r
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e
o
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p
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s
s
w
i
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o
u
t
w
it
h
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O
M
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
t
h
er
e
w
as
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r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
to
ta
l
ac
tiv
e
p
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er
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s
s
f
r
o
m
1
1
9
MW
to
8
8
.
2
MW,
th
er
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y
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m
p
r
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n
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th
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
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an
s
m
is
s
io
n
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n
es.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
ST
A
T
C
O
M
h
as t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ili
t
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
at
b
u
s
e
s
an
d
r
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u
ce
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
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s
o
n
th
e
p
o
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s
te
m
.
T
ab
le
9
s
h
o
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s
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h
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t
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tal
r
ea
cti
v
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p
o
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er
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.
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ab
le
9
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T
o
tal
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o
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er
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s
s
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o
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a
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a
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t
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l
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i
t
h
o
u
t
S
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M
1
5
8
W
i
t
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T
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1
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7
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2
Fig
u
r
e
8
. C
u
r
v
e
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
w
i
th
o
u
t a
n
d
w
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h
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T
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OM
Fro
m
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h
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o
v
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g
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r
e
8
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er
e
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s
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ctio
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r
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MV
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r
to
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2
MV
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r
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er
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ti
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s
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i
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o
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T
h
ese
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esu
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s
h
o
w
t
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h
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h
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at
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an
d
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r
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ctiv
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lo
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s
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
fo
r
E
lectric
P
o
w
er Lo
a
d
F
o
r
ec
a
s
t
(
I
.
A
.
E
th
ma
n
e
)
3461
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
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h
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h
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Ma
tlab
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n
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m
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s
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e
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t
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ld
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e
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e
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e
NR
m
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d
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ith
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u
t
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e
g
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ter
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an
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h
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e
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h
e
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e
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m
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er
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n
o
f
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e
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice
(
ST
A
T
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OM
)
to
1
p
u
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
in
s
tab
ili
t
y
li
m
it
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
p
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ted
d
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et
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e
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o
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ated
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ta
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h
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ter
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FAC
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ated
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ied
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
0
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an
d
[
5
]
.
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ti
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al
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.
RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
Ja
g
p
re
e
t
S
in
g
h
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
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f
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w
to
n
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Ra
p
h
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n
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o
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e
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h
n
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e
s
in
Distrib
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ted
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ra
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s
m
issio
n
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n
d
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e
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ra
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tri
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w
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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ics
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
17
-
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
A
rsh
d
e
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p
Ka
u
r
Ka
il
a
y
,
“
Id
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n
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c
a
ti
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d
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th
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-
3
0
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S
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y
ste
m
u
sin
g
M
AT
LAB”
,
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
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e
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tro
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ics
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
6
1
,
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e
p
t
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
P
.
S
.
Bh
o
wm
ik
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
P
e
rtu
r
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ti
o
n
M
e
th
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d
f
o
r
P
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r
F
lo
w
A
n
a
ly
sis”
,
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ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
r
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l
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u
to
ma
ti
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n
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Po
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n
g
in
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rin
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
L
a
k
sh
m
i
M
,
e
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a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
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a
tch
Us
in
g
Cr
o
w
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e
a
rc
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lg
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ter
n
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ti
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l
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trica
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ter
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g
in
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,
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o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
3
-
1
4
3
1
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
Jo
h
n
J.
P
a
se
rb
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
A
C
TS
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
Be
n
e
f
it
A
C
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
S
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st
e
m
”
,
(
M
it
su
b
ish
i
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
Pro
d
u
c
ts.
In
c
.
W
a
rre
n
d
a
le,
P
e
n
n
s
y
l
v
a
n
ia,
USA
,
G
a
n
n
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
2
0
0
7
)
.
[6
]
Dr.
H.
V.
Ra
m
a
k
rish
n
a
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Ac
c
e
ler
a
ti
o
n
F
a
c
to
r
in
G
a
u
ss
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e
id
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l
M
e
th
o
d
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n
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o
a
d
F
lo
w
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tu
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ies
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te
rn
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t
io
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l
J
o
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rn
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r R
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se
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rc
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in
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rg
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g
S
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e
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n
d
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y
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v
o
l.
2,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
A
rsh
d
e
e
p
Ka
u
r
K
a
il
a
y
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
A
C
T
S
b
a
se
d
P
o
w
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r
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y
ste
m
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ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
b
y
u
sin
g
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w
to
n
Ra
p
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so
n
T
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c
h
n
iq
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e
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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rg
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n
g
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rc
h
i
n
M
a
n
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g
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me
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&
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h
n
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lo
g
y
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v
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l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
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n
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a
ry
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
A
CT
S
,
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
i
n
P
o
w
e
rs
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
”,
(
T
h
e
At
ri
u
m,
S
o
u
t
h
e
rn
Ga
te,
Ch
ich
e
ste
r,
W
e
st S
u
ss
e
x
P
O1
9
8
S
Q,
En
g
lan
d
2
0
0
4
).
[9
]
A
h
m
e
d
Zu
b
a
ir,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
la
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
S
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
S
o
lar
–
W
in
d
–
Die
s
el
f
o
r
Co
a
sta
l
A
re
a
o
f
Ba
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
v
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l.
2
,
p
p
.
7
3
1
-
7
3
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
O
y
e
d
o
ja,
e
t
a
l
.,
ʺ
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
i
m
u
latio
n
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
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se
o
f
S
tati
c
V
A
r
Co
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r
(S
V
C)
f
o
r
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Co
n
tro
l
in
Nig
e
ria T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
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l
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g
in
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rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
, v
o
l.
5
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
En
riq
u
e
A
c
h
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
A
CT
S
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
N
e
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
a
n
d
S
o
n
s,
L
TD,
2
0
0
4.
[1
2
]
Je
a
n
P
ierre
,
“
P
lan
D
irec
teu
r
d
e
P
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
e
t
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
d
e
l‟én
e
rg
ie
é
le
c
tri
q
u
e
e
n
M
a
u
rit
a
n
ie
e
n
tre
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
3
0
”
,
G
OP
A
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
lt
a
n
ts
Gm
b
H L
e
o
p
o
ld
swe
g
2
,
6
1
3
4
8
Ba
d
Ho
m
b
u
rg
,
A
ll
e
m
a
g
n
e
,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
En
g
.
Eth
m
a
n
e
Is
se
l
e
m
Ar
b
i
h
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
T
id
ji
k
ja,
M
a
u
ri
tan
ia
,
in
1
9
6
6
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
s
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ste
m
s
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
ro
m
U
k
ra
in
a
-
V
in
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it
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sta
te
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n
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rsity
in
1
9
9
4
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tea
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h
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se
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o
n
d
a
ry
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h
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ica
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h
o
o
l
in
No
u
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d
h
i
b
o
u
–
M
a
u
ri
tan
ian
c
it
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sin
c
e
1
2
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e
a
rs.
Cu
rre
n
tl
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rk
in
d
o
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to
ra
te t
h
e
sis.
His c
u
rr
e
n
t
re
se
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rc
h
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tere
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c
lu
d
e
El
e
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tri
c
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tw
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rk
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P
o
w
e
r
S
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s an
d
En
e
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icie
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n
d
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a
ti
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c
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A
u
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f.
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rra
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h
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o
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1
9
5
5
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(M
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n
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M
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m
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t,
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7
9
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h
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De
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r.
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