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n
e
n
t
f
lo
w
i
n
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
an
n
er
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
p
er
ip
h
er
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
f
l
o
w
p
atter
n
co
u
ld
b
e
an
al
y
s
e
d
q
u
an
titati
v
e
an
d
q
u
alitati
v
e
w
i
th
o
u
t
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
n
o
n
-
in
v
a
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
in
tr
u
s
i
v
el
y
)
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
it
y
to
w
ar
d
s
ch
a
n
g
es
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
it
y
(
o
r
s
o
u
n
d
d
en
s
it
y
)
w
h
er
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
ater
ial
o
r
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
o
w
n
s
a
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t o
f
s
o
u
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
it
y
.
W
ith
th
i
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
i
t
w
il
l b
e
ab
le
to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t f
lo
w
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
n
ea
ch
u
ltra
s
o
n
i
c
s
en
s
o
r
to
p
en
etr
ate
t
h
e
m
ed
i
u
m
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
b
ea
m
b
ec
o
m
es
s
m
a
ller
,
w
h
i
ch
n
o
t
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
to
co
v
er
a
lar
g
er
ar
ea
.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
is
w
ill
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
p
ip
elin
e,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
h
en
it
in
v
o
lv
e
s
i
m
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
b
ased
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
is
w
i
ll
n
o
t
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
lem
i
f
it
d
o
esn
’
t
in
v
o
l
v
e
i
m
ag
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
Fo
r
m
u
l
tip
h
a
s
e
f
lo
w
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
e
n
s
o
r
is
b
ei
n
g
ex
p
lo
r
ed
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
ed
iu
m
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
h
a
s
e
f
lo
w
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
liq
u
id
an
d
g
as,
l
iq
u
id
a
n
d
s
o
li
d
,
liq
u
id
an
d
liq
u
id
o
r
liq
u
id
,
s
o
lid
an
d
g
a
s
f
lo
w
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ip
elin
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
to
w
a
r
d
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
h
ase
f
lo
w
s
u
s
i
n
g
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
e
m
ain
in
g
ac
ti
v
e
u
p
u
n
til p
r
es
en
t d
a
y
s
a
s
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
ta
-
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
h
ase
f
lo
w
d
etec
tio
n
v
ia
u
l
tr
aso
n
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t s
y
s
te
m
Ty
p
e
s o
f
mu
l
t
i
p
h
a
se
f
l
o
w
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
Y
e
a
r
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
L
i
q
u
i
d
–
so
l
i
d
-
g
a
s
[
2
]
2
0
0
4
S
o
l
i
d
a
n
d
g
a
s fl
o
w
i
n
l
i
q
u
i
d
(
0
.
1
t
o
3
0
M
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s)
[
3
]
,
[4
]
2
0
1
3
S
a
n
d
-
g
a
s
-
l
i
q
u
i
d
f
l
o
w
i
n
l
i
q
u
i
d
(
1
0
0
k
H
z
t
o
7
5
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s)
v
i
a
st
e
e
l
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
.
L
i
q
u
i
d
–
so
l
i
d
[
5
]
2
0
1
0
P
V
C
-
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
–
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
i
z
e
o
f
P
V
C
si
z
e
b
e
e
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
(
4
0
k
H
z
)
.
[
6
]
2
0
1
1
O
i
l
-
S
a
n
d
f
l
o
w
(
5
-
1
0
M
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
v
i
a
p
u
l
se
e
c
h
o
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
[
7
]
2
0
1
2
P
V
C
/
C
e
r
a
m
i
c
/
S
t
e
e
l
-
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
(
2
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
[
8
]
2
0
1
2
W
a
t
e
r
-
g
l
a
ss b
e
a
d
(
2
-
1
2
M
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
i
n
h
i
g
h
sh
e
a
r
f
l
o
w
[
9
]
2
0
1
5
W
a
t
e
r
/
h
e
a
v
y
–
S
a
n
d
f
l
o
w
(
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
l
i
q
u
i
d
[
1
0
]
2
0
0
7
O
i
l
-
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
(
4
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
[
1
1
]
2
0
0
9
C
o
r
n
o
i
l
/
S
o
y
b
e
a
n
o
i
l
/
P
a
l
m o
i
l
-
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
(
4
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
[
1
2
]
2
0
0
9
W
a
t
e
r
-
O
i
l
f
l
o
w
-
t
i
me
o
f
f
l
i
g
h
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
L
i
q
u
i
d
–
g
a
s
[
1
3
]
2
0
0
7
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
2
M
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
-
me
t
h
y
l
-
me
t
h
a
c
r
y
l
a
t
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
f
o
r
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
.
[
1
4
]
2
0
1
0
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
4
M
h
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
u
si
n
g
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
u
l
t
r
a
so
u
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
[
1
5
]
2
0
1
0
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
4
0
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
-
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
se
n
so
r
.
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
2
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
G
a
s fl
o
w
(
4
0
k
H
z
a
n
d
3
3
3
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
[
1
8
]
2
0
1
4
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
1
5
0
-
7
5
0
k
H
z
)
,
me
a
s
u
r
e
sl
u
g
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
2
]
2
0
0
8
-
2
0
1
4
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
3
3
3
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
-
3
2
t
r
a
n
sce
i
v
e
r
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
3
L
i
q
u
i
d
-
g
a
s fl
o
w
(
3
3
3
k
H
z
u
l
t
r
a
so
n
i
c
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
-
1
6
p
a
i
r
s
2.
SYST
E
M
O
VE
RVI
E
W
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
it
w
ill
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
p
ar
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
ar
t
as
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tin
g
t
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
is
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
u
l
tr
aso
n
ic
t
r
an
s
d
u
ce
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
p
en
et
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
p
ip
elin
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
also
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
s
i
g
n
al
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
ip
e
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
m
ater
ial
i
n
th
e
liq
u
id
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
l
tr
aso
n
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
p
er
ip
h
er
y
o
f
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
is
v
ital
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
b
est
r
es
u
lts
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
air
s
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
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I
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8
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I
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u
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e
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Fig
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r
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2
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m
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1
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u
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2
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A
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ates
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6
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
Dev
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p
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4
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e
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u
r
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4
.
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CO
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en
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ater
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to
its
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p
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er
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.
3
.
1
.
T
he
M
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P
ro
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s
s
f
o
r
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lt
ra
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o
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M
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y
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e
m
Ultr
aso
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ic
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an
s
ce
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l
MCUSD1
3
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0
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h
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f
r
eq
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en
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n
tr
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r
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15
k
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is
b
ein
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o
s
e
n
in
th
is
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o
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e
ct.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
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it
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ig
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al
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t
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a
m
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e.
Fo
r
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g
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h
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
in
v
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es
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ar
d
w
ar
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an
d
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o
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t
w
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T
h
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ar
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e
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clu
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et
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ar
d
w
ar
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ar
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g
e
m
e
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t
as
in
Fi
g
u
r
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5
.
P
air
s
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
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e
attac
h
ed
at
th
e
cir
cu
m
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
p
ip
elin
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f
u
ll
w
it
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l
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et
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c
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it
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l
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aso
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ic
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e
n
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r
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as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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r
th
is
s
y
s
te
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to
o
p
er
ate,
s
im
p
le
C
p
r
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g
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a
m
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n
g
la
n
g
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a
g
es a
r
e
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elo
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ed
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ia
Mic
r
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C
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ate
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3
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A
m
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n
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h
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ated
p
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l
s
e
w
ill
b
e
s
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t
to
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e
s
w
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e
s
.
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h
e
s
en
s
o
r
w
ill
ac
t
as
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tr
an
s
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itter
o
r
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ep
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o
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th
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ig
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o
b
tain
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f
r
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s
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tch
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r
p
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o
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ce
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s
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er
to
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eter
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en
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itter
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er
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if
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er
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t
co
n
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ig
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Fr
o
m
Fi
g
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r
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7
,
t
w
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g
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e
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el
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1
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ir
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n
s
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r
(
S1
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itter
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d
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d
s
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n
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r
(
S2
)
as
r
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.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
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g
u
e
s
w
i
tch
i
s
in
j
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ted
w
it
h
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
u
ls
e
at
p
o
r
t
6
.
T
h
is
w
ill
ca
u
s
e
p
o
r
t
1
an
d
p
o
r
t
8
is
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
ited
.
Hen
ce
,
s
en
s
o
r
1
(
lo
ca
ted
at
p
o
r
t
1
)
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
cir
cu
it
(
lo
ca
ted
at
p
o
r
t
8
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
h
ich
m
ak
e
S1
as
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
.
Ultr
aso
n
ic
s
ig
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
p
ip
e
is
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
.
O
n
a
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
p
u
ls
e
i
s
in
j
ec
ted
at
p
o
r
t
6
.
Sen
s
o
r
S2
(
lo
ca
ted
at
p
o
r
t
1
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
cu
it
(
lo
ca
ted
at
p
o
r
t
2
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
a
k
es
s
en
s
o
r
S2
as
a
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
i
s
b
ein
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
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g
h
t
h
e
r
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eiv
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(
s
i
g
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al
co
n
d
itio
n
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n
g
)
cir
cu
it a
n
d
t
h
e
d
ata
w
i
ll b
e
co
llected
to
a
P
C
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
n
th
e
p
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ip
h
er
y
o
f
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m
p
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s
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te
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ip
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e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
r
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s
s
o
f
o
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tain
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
u
l
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ic
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en
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o
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
an
a
lo
g
u
e
s
w
itc
h
es
f
o
r
S1
as tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
S2
as r
ec
eiv
er
As
f
o
r
an
o
th
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
S2
as
tr
an
s
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itter
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d
S1
as
r
ec
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er
,
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
r
ev
er
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
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itter
4.
DE
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h
ich
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itter
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n
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itio
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g
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c
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it.
4
.
1
.
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ra
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it
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Circ
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n
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ltra
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ic
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r
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ig
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.
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h
is
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m
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h
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h
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e
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e
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Hen
ce
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to
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ee
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t
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q
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co
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it n
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g
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r
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9
.
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u
r
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9
.
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r
an
s
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it
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n
d
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n
o
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ato
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1
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7
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ig
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h
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o
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s
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ce
r
s
w
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e
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an
s
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itter
.
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I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8708
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J
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Vo
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er
2
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6
–
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0
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(
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u
r
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.
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al
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u
ls
e
Ge
n
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ated
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ia
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P
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C
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0
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4
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(
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ig
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d
s
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C
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0
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(
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Sig
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m
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it
4
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2
.
Sig
na
l C
o
nd
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nin
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Circ
u
it
W
h
en
t
h
e
u
ltra
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o
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ic
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en
s
o
r
t
r
an
s
m
its
t
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e
s
i
g
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al
t
h
r
o
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g
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t
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e
co
m
p
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te
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ip
e,
it
n
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d
s
to
tr
av
els
th
r
o
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g
h
s
e
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o
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s
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s
w
h
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ch
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e
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m
p
o
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ite
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id
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u
b
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m
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r
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u
id
i
n
o
r
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to
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ea
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th
e
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er
.
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h
is
w
il
l
ca
u
s
e
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e
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s
m
all
s
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g
n
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h
at
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il
l
b
e
ar
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iv
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g
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n
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ted
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th
e
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er
.
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s
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e
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ig
n
al
w
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ll
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e
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ef
lecte
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h
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n
ce
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h
e
d
etec
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y
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al
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e
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m
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li
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ied
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n
ce
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h
e
m
o
s
t
s
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itab
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a
m
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li
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ier
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esig
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ee
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t
h
e
r
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ir
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en
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n
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m
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li
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m
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ier
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el
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ased
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i
g
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g
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in
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d
w
id
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h
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ich
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h
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v
er
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in
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a
m
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a
s
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ai
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o
f
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0
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h
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ai
n
c
h
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e
n
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u
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t
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e
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at
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r
atio
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le
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el.
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m
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g
u
r
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1
1
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h
an
n
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lo
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r
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g
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ir
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ied
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ig
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h
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m
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ier
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n
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g
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el
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ee
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r
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an
s
m
it
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i
g
n
al.
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m
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g
u
r
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1
1
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b
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w
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h
t
h
e
zo
o
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i
m
ag
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th
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m
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li
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ied
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h
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e
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s
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itter
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ased
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r
o
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ir
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t
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u
s
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e
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ig
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at
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h
e
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er
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ef
o
r
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ig
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itted
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ce
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er
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as
a
n
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h
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ir
s
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t
p
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e
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m
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ied
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e
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ir
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5
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ater
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h
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ag
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e
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til
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n
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m
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to
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f
u
r
th
er
a
m
p
li
f
ied
.
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a)
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
11
.
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m
p
li
f
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s
tag
e
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a)
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n
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er
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m
p
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ied
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ic
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ir
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ag
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ass
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h
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ty
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e
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ce
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ter
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en
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ic
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s
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ce
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as
in
Fi
g
u
r
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1
2
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T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
af
ter
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is
1
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6
.
2
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m
V.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
f
u
r
t
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er
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ce
d
w
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p
as
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is
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ltip
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Feed
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ac
k
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d
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as
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w
e
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er
,
th
e
f
ilter
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s
i
g
n
al
as in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
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is
f
r
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r
o
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ig
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er
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h
an
3
0
0
k
Hz
w
h
i
ch
is
co
n
s
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ed
as n
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is
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
12
.
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ter
in
g
s
ta
g
e
(
a)
Mu
ltip
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Feed
b
ac
k
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an
d
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ass
Fil
ter
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cu
it
,
(
b
)
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ter
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ig
n
al
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af
ter
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ass
i
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g
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ltip
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ac
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an
d
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ass
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ter
)
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h
e
s
m
all
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a
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f
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h
e
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ig
n
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o
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ter
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ter
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ied
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r
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m
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ier
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h
is
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ter
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6
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ir
s
t
h
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t
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g
u
r
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1
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.
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lated
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g
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ill
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as
s
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h
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g
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a
p
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k
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cir
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i
t
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at
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ll
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m
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ate
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e
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r
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l
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ich
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h
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e
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m
P
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k
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r
cir
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it
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ased
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n
Fig
u
r
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1
4
(
a)
,
th
e
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e
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D1
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ate
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h
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ati
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m
p
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ig
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r
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m
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g
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4
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m
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ate
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ig
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(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
13
.
Seco
n
d
am
p
li
f
icat
i
o
n
s
tag
e
(
a)
I
n
v
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tin
g
Am
p
li
f
i
er
cir
cu
it
,
(
b
)
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p
li
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ied
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g
n
a
l
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
I
n
f
o
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m
atio
n
d
etec
ti
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g
s
tag
e
(
a)
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k
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r
cir
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it
,
(
b
)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
15
.
Sa
m
p
lin
g
s
ta
g
e
(
a)
Sa
m
p
le
&
Ho
ld
cir
cu
it
,
(
b
)
Sam
p
lin
g
s
ig
n
al
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n
o
r
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er
f
o
r
th
e
in
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o
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n
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o
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s
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e
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ig
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B
ased
f
r
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m
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g
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r
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1
5
(
a)
,
in
o
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p
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ate
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al
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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Fig
u
r
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1
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b
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.
T
h
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ig
n
al
s
o
f
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it
is
5
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w
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er
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w
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ater
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DE
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ased
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d
w
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p
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ate
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w
ith
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ities
s
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ch
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u
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le,
s
a
n
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o
r
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t
h
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ar
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I
n
th
i
s
s
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e
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m
p
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ities
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in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
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d
b
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p
lace
d
at
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e
m
id
d
l
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iam
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o
f
t
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ip
elin
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an
d
th
e
m
ag
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it
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e
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s
er
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ed
.
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r
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im
p
licit
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in
s
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th
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ite
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ip
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h
ich
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s
f
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ll
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ith
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ater
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in
t
h
e
m
id
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l
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o
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ia
m
eter
o
f
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co
m
p
o
s
ite
p
ip
e
,
th
e
c
y
lin
d
er
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
h
o
llo
w
t
h
i
n
ac
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lic
i
s
b
ei
n
g
p
lace
d
.
Fo
r
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
,
t
h
e
h
o
llo
w
o
f
ac
r
y
lic
c
y
li
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d
er
p
ip
e
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
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ce
n
tr
e
o
f
th
e
ac
r
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lic
p
ip
e.
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h
is
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o
llo
w
p
ip
e
is
f
illed
w
it
h
s
an
d
as
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
6
.
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t
is
ass
u
m
ed
f
u
ll
s
a
n
d
f
lo
w
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
p
ip
elin
e.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
ize
i
n
ter
m
o
f
d
ia
m
e
ter
o
f
s
a
n
d
f
lo
w
in
b
u
l
k
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
16
.
L
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
s
tacle
in
s
id
e
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
p
ip
elin
e
Sev
er
al
d
ia
m
eter
s
o
f
h
o
llo
w
p
ip
e
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
ia
m
eter
f
il
l
w
ith
f
u
ll
o
f
s
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
te
s
ted
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
s
a
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
d
r
y
a
n
d
w
et
s
an
d
.
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m
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
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t
y
p
es
o
f
s
a
n
d
a
s
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
7
,
as
t
h
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
th
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
b
u
lk
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
s
an
d
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
b
et
w
ee
n
d
r
y
a
n
d
w
et
s
a
n
d
,
w
et
s
en
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
h
i
g
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er
v
o
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g
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
d
r
y
s
an
d
.
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h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
a
lo
t
o
f
a
ir
v
o
id
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
an
d
p
ar
ticles
f
o
r
th
e
d
r
y
s
a
n
d
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
i
n
d
er
t
h
e
u
l
tr
aso
n
i
c
s
ig
n
al
i
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
w
et
s
a
n
d
,
th
e
air
v
o
id
h
a
s
r
ed
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c
ed
,
h
en
ce
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
ig
n
al
co
u
ld
r
ea
ch
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
d
in
g
i
s
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
to
ze
r
o
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
ia
m
et
er
o
f
b
u
l
k
o
f
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
2
m
m
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
ig
n
al
is
f
u
ll
y
b
lo
ck
ed
b
y
th
e
i
m
p
u
r
itie
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
17
.
Vo
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
Ultr
aso
n
ic
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
a
n
d
in
b
u
lk
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.