Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
V
ol.
10, N
o. 3,
June
2020,
pp. 2
894
~
2911
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp2894
-
29
11
2894
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Hybrid
en
ergy stora
ge sy
stem opt
imal sizi
ng for u
rb
an
electric
al b
us regardin
g batt
ery therm
al beh
av
i
or
Si M
ohamed
Faresse
, Mo
h
amed
A
ssini
,
Ab
d
allah
S
aad
La
bora
tor
y
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
S
y
s
te
m
s
and
En
erg
y
,
Nat
i
onal
High
er
Sch
ool
of El
ec
tr
ic
i
t
y
and
Me
cha
n
ic
s
(EN
SEM),
Hass
an
II
Unive
rsit
y
of
C
asa
bl
an
ca
,
Morocc
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
il
19
, 2
019
Re
vised
Dec
31
,
20
19
Accepte
d
Ja
n 8
, 2020
Thi
s
pape
r
prop
oses
an
al
gori
th
m
for
sizi
ng
the
h
y
brid
ene
rg
y
st
ora
ge
s
y
s
te
m
of
an
urba
n
el
ec
t
r
ic
a
l
bus
reg
ard
ing
bat
te
r
y
the
rm
al
beha
vior
.
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
stud
y
is
to
get
t
he
superc
ap
ac
i
t
ors
opti
m
al
con
tri
buti
on
p
art
in
the
h
y
br
id
ene
rg
y
storag
e
sy
stem
to
ke
ep
t
he
bat
t
er
y
te
m
p
era
tur
e
withi
n
i
t
s
al
lowabl
e
li
m
it
.
A
sem
i
-
a
ct
iv
e
par
a
ll
e
l
to
polog
y
th
at
use
s
superc
apa
c
it
or
s
as
a
m
ai
n
source
of
en
erg
y
is
conside
red
.
Acc
ording
to
th
e
bus
m
ec
hanica
l
par
amet
ers
and
the
ARTE
MIS
drivi
ng
c
y
c
le,
th
e
powe
r
and
en
erg
y
demand
ar
e
ca
l
cul
a
te
d
.
Us
ing
m
at
hemati
c
al
m
odel
s
for
the
bat
t
er
y
,
super
capac
i
tors
and
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
r,
seve
r
al
si
m
ula
ti
ons
ar
e
per
form
ed
f
or
diffe
r
ent
h
y
brid
izati
on
p
erc
en
ta
g
es.
W
hil
e
observing
the
evol
u
ti
on
of
bat
t
e
r
y
te
m
per
at
ur
e, t
h
e m
ost f
avor
able
h
y
brid
izati
on
per
c
ent
ag
e
is
def
in
ed
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
tt
ery
Ba
tt
ery therm
a
l beh
a
vior
Buck
-
bo
os
t
D
C/
DC con
ve
rte
r
Fu
ll
y el
ect
rical
bus
Hybr
i
d
e
nergy
stora
ge
syst
em
Superca
pacit
or
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Si Moha
m
ed
Faresse
,
Lab
or
at
ory
of
Ele
ct
rical
System
s an
d Ene
r
gy
,
De
pa
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Nati
on
al
Highe
r
Sc
hool
of Ele
ct
rici
ty
an
d
Me
chan
ic
s
,
Hassa
n
I
I U
nive
rsity
o
f
Casab
la
nca,
El Jadida
Roa
d, km
7
, Casa
bl
anca,
M
orocc
o.
Em
a
il
:
s
m
.f
aresse@
gm
ail.co
m
NOME
N
CLA
TURE
V
batt
Ba
tt
ery vo
lt
age
(
V
)
E
0
Con
sta
nt volt
a
ge (V
)
K
Po
la
rizat
io
n
c
onsta
nt
(Ah
−1
)
i*
Lo
w
f
re
qu
e
ncy
curre
nt d
y
nam
ic
s (
A
)
I
Ba
tt
ery cur
r
ent
(
A
)
it
Extracte
d
ca
pa
ci
ty
(
Ah)
Q
Ma
xim
u
m
b
at
t
ery capaci
ty
(Ah)
A
Ex
pone
ntial
v
ol
ta
ge
(
V)
B
Ex
pone
ntial
capacit
y (Ah
−1
)
R
b
Ba
tt
ery inte
rn
a
l resist
ance
(Ω
)
T
ref
No
m
inal am
bi
ent tem
per
at
ure (
K)
T
Ce
ll
o
r
inte
rn
al
te
m
per
at
ure (
K)
T
a
Am
bient te
m
per
at
ur
e
(K)
∂
E/
∂
T
Re
ver
si
ble volt
age tem
per
at
ure coe
f
fici
ent
(
V/K)
α
Arrh
e
nius rate
const
ant fo
r
th
e polari
zat
ion r
esi
sta
nce
β
Arrh
e
nius rate
const
ant fo
r
th
e inter
nal r
esi
st
ance
Δ
Q/
Δ
T
Ma
xim
u
m
capa
ci
ty
te
m
per
atu
re
co
e
f
fici
ent
(Ah/K
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
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8708
Hyb
ri
d
e
ner
gy st
or
age s
yst
em
opti
ma
l
sizi
ng
for
ur
ba
n
el
ect
ric
al… (
Si Mohame
d
F
ar
esse
)
2895
C
No
m
inal disch
ar
ge
curve
slo
pe
(V/A
h)
R
th
Ther
m
al
r
esi
sta
nce,
cel
l t
o
a
m
bient (
°C/
W
)
t
c
Ther
m
al
tim
e c
on
sta
nt,
cel
l t
o
a
m
bient (
s
)
P
loss
Ov
e
rall
h
eat
ge
ner
at
e
d durin
g char
ge/disc
har
ge (
W)
i
sc
Superca
pacit
or
curre
nt
(
A)
V
sc
Superca
pacit
or
volt
age
(V)
R
sc
Superca
pacit
or
total
r
esi
sta
nc
e (
oh
m
s)
N
e
Nu
m
ber
of lay
ers of
elec
tro
de
s
N
p
Nu
m
ber
of p
a
r
al
le
l sup
er
capa
ci
tors
N
s
Nu
m
ber
of seri
es supe
rcap
aci
t
or
s
Q
T
Ele
ct
ric char
ge
(
C)
R
Id
eal
gas
c
onst
ant
d
Mole
cular
ra
diu
s
T
o
Op
e
rati
ng tem
per
at
ur
e
(
K)
Ε
Perm
itti
vity
o
f m
at
erial
ε
0
Perm
itti
vity
o
f free
sp
ace
A
i
In
te
r
facial
area
b
et
wee
n
el
ect
r
od
e
s a
nd elec
tr
olyt
e (m
2
)
c
Mola
r
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ion
(m
ol/
m
3
)
F
Fara
day co
ns
ta
nt
F
tr
T
racti
ve fo
rce
(N)
F
aero
Aero
dynam
ic
dr
a
g (N)
F
rr
Roll
ing
resist
a
nce
(N)
F
i
In
irti
al
forc
e (
N)
F
gr
Gr
a
de fo
rce
(N)
ρ
Air de
ns
it
y
C
d
Air dr
a
g
c
oe
f
fi
ci
ent
A
f
Fr
ont S
urface
(m
2
)
V
V
el
ocity
(
m
/s)
m
T
otal m
ass (
kg)
g
Gr
a
vitat
ion
al
f
or
ce
(
m
.s
-
2
)
θ
Dr
a
g
a
ngle
(ra
d)
C
r
Roll
ing
fr
ic
ti
on
factor
a
Accele
rati
on (
m
.s
-
2
)
r
w
Wh
eel
ra
diu
s
(
m
)
i
d
Gear t
ransm
iss
ion
rati
o
η
d
Gear t
ransm
iss
ion
e
f
fici
e
ncy
Ω
Ang
ular
s
pee
d (r
a
d.
s
-
1
)
P
Power (
W)
T
T
orqu
e
(N.m
)
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
fir
st
auto
no
m
ou
s
el
ect
r
ic
bu
ses
wer
e
equ
i
pp
e
d
wit
h
batte
ries
as
a
so
urce
of
energy
[
1].
These
ba
tt
eries
hav
e
s
om
e
disadv
a
ntages
,
nam
ely
a
too
slow
dynam
ic
[2
]
an
d
over
he
at
ing
pro
blem
[3
,4
]
.
The
com
bin
at
ion
of
batte
rie
s
and
s
uperca
pacit
or
s
(S
C)
is
the
su
it
able
so
luti
on
f
or
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
[
5
]
.
This
c
om
bin
at
ion
has
c
om
ple
m
entary
qual
it
i
es
an
d
pro
vid
e
s
an
excell
ent
so
luti
on
t
hat
c
an
inc
rease
dy
nam
ic
beh
a
vior
a
nd
cov
e
r
a
wi
de
range
of
powe
r
an
d
e
ne
rg
y
re
quirem
e
nts
an
d
it
wa
s
dem
on
strat
e
d
that
this
com
bin
at
ion
ha
s
lo
wer
batte
ry
costs
[
6
]
,
a
ge
ner
al
i
ncr
ease
in
batt
ery
li
fe
an
d
hi
gh
e
r
overall
s
yst
e
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
7
].
Starti
ng
f
ro
m
the
ob
se
r
vatio
n
that
batte
ry
bu
s
es
are
use
d
alm
os
t
exclus
ively
in
urba
n
areas
rather
t
han
f
or
long
-
distance
t
ran
s
port.
T
he
urba
n
tran
sport
has
relat
ively
sh
ort
inter
vals
betwee
n
rec
hargin
g
po
s
sibil
it
ie
s.
E
xte
r
nally
base
d
ene
rg
y
stora
ge
on
SC
ca
n
be
a
s
olu
ti
on
si
nc
e
they
ca
n
c
harge
m
uch
faster
tha
n
conve
ntion
al
bat
te
ries [
8
].
In
the
li
te
rature,
m
os
t
of
the
repor
te
d
w
orks
fo
cu
s
so
le
ly
on
the
el
ect
rical
beh
a
vior
of
hy
br
id
e
nergy
stora
ge
syst
e
m
(H
ES
S)
.
Wh
il
e
the
beh
a
vior
of
the
batte
ry
t
e
m
per
at
ure
in
this
kind
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
has
not
ye
t
been
treat
e
d.
All
HES
S
siz
ing
m
et
ho
dolo
gies
for
el
ect
ric
bu
ses
do
n
o
t
con
si
der
at
e
th
e
batte
ry
tem
per
at
ure
evo
l
ution.
And
to rem
edy to this
prob
le
m
, s
uperca
pacit
ors
oversizi
ng is
do
ne.
Obviously
,
H
ESS
to
polo
gie
s
are
ver
y
dive
rse,
de
pendin
g
m
ai
nly
on
t
he
ty
pe
of
ap
plica
ti
on
[
9
].
Fo
r
the
stu
die
d
case,
the
sel
ec
te
d
topolo
gy
w
il
l
us
e
the
SC
as
the
m
ai
n
so
ur
ce
[
10
]
.
Our
stud
y
is
to
redo
this
dim
ension
in
g
wh
il
e
c
on
si
deri
ng
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
batte
ry
to
c
hoos
e
the
opti
m
al
capaci
ty
va
lue
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10, No
. 3, Ju
ne
2020 :
2
8
9
4
-
2
9
1
1
2896
su
pe
rca
pacit
ors.
I
n
this
stu
dy,
an
al
gorithm
is
propose
d
to
def
i
ne
the
m
in
i
m
u
m
SC
ener
gy
par
t
in
t
he
hybri
d
stora
ge
syst
e
m
fo
r
el
ect
rical
bu
s
to
m
ai
ntain
the
batte
ry
in
it
s
per
m
issi
b
le
tem
per
at
ur
e
zon
e
.
I
n
this
w
ork
w
e
neg
le
ct
e
d
the
r
egen
e
rati
ve
brakin
g
ene
r
gy.
The
s
uggeste
d
al
gorithm
is
ap
plied
to
"I
rizar
ie
"
bu
s,
with
a
total
m
ass
of
16000
kg
f
ollow
i
ng
an
AR
TEM
IS
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
on
a
w
orkin
g
day
of
24
rou
nd
trip
s.
T
otal
energ
y
require
d
is cal
c
ulate
d.
T
he
n,
c
apacit
y part
of
each elem
ent i
s d
e
fine
d
an
d f
or
eac
h perc
ent
age
of
hybri
diz
at
ion
the tem
per
at
ure ev
olu
ti
on is
de
te
rm
ined usin
g batt
ery m
od
el
w
hic
h
c
onsid
er tem
per
at
ur
e
eff
ect
.
This
pa
per
is
orga
nized
as
f
ollows:
Af
te
r
t
he
I
ntrod
uctio
n
is
giv
e
n
in
th
e
first
sect
io
n,
the
Syst
e
m
Descr
i
ption
a
nd
M
od
el
in
g
a
r
e
intr
oduce
d
i
n
sect
io
n
2.
T
he
Re
sea
rch
Me
thod
is
pr
e
sented
in
sect
ion
3.
The
n,
the
Ele
ct
ric
Bus
E
nerg
y
Stor
a
ge
Sizi
ng
is
a
ddres
se
d
in
sect
i
on
4.
Final
l
y,
sect
io
n
Sim
ulati
on
Re
su
lt
s
dev
el
ops
ba
tt
ery
t
her
m
al
behavio
r
f
or
di
ff
e
ren
t
per
ce
ntag
e
of
hy
br
i
dizat
ion
.
Th
e
co
ncl
us
io
ns
a
re
give
n
i
n
the last
secti
on
.
2.
DES
CRIPT
I
ON A
ND S
YST
EM MODE
LING
2.1.
Hybri
d ener
gy s
to
r
age s
yst
em t
opolo
gies
Four
possible
topolo
gies
[
11
,
12,13
]
f
or the
HES
S
are
pres
ented bel
o
w:
2.2.1.
Par
allel
pa
ssi
ve
t
opol
ogy
The
basic
pas
s
ive
pa
rall
el
hybr
i
d
co
nf
i
gurat
ion
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1,
the
SC
pac
k
an
d
t
he
batte
ries
are
directl
y
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
paral
le
l
to
the
load.
Be
ca
us
e
of
t
he
di
rect
co
nnect
ion
,
t
he
SC
pack
basical
ly
act
s
as
a
low
-
pa
ss
filt
er.
T
he
m
ai
n
adv
a
ntage
is
the
ease
of
im
plem
entat
ion
and
no
c
om
plicated
co
ntr
ol
de
vice
require
d.
T
he
disad
va
ntage
of
this
co
nf
i
gur
at
ion
is
that
th
e
power
s
ha
rin
g
bet
ween
t
he
batte
ry
and
t
he
S
C
pack
is
un
c
ontrolle
d
a
nd
dicta
te
d
so
le
ly
by
the
par
a
s
it
ic
ele
m
ents.
Also
t
he
DC
bu
s
volt
age
is
no
t
re
gula
te
d
and v
a
ries
depend
i
ng on t
he vo
lt
age
r
a
nge
of the
batte
ries
, which
in
flue
nc
es the
desig
n
l
oad.
Figure
1. Passi
ve parall
el
h
y
bri
d
c
onfig
urat
ion
2.2.2.
Par
allel
a
cti
ve
t
opolo
gy
The
m
ulti
-
co
nverte
r
c
onfig
ur
at
ion
us
e
s
t
wo
separ
at
e
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
bac
k
-
boos
t
c
onve
rters
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
2.
The
batte
ries
a
nd
SC
pac
k
volt
age
ca
n
be
kept
lowe
r
tha
n
t
he
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age,
le
ss
bal
ancin
g
pro
blem
s.
The
volt
age
of
t
he
SC
pac
k
ca
n
var
y
in
a
wide
ra
ng
e
s
o
that
th
e
ca
pa
ci
tor
is
f
ully
us
e
d.
The
a
dvanta
ge
of
this
c
onfi
gurati
on
is
tha
t
the
po
wer
of
the
batte
ries
an
d
SC
pac
k
can
be
i
nd
i
vid
ually
con
t
ro
ll
ed
acc
ordin
g
t
o
thei
r
sta
te
of
c
har
ge
a
nd
po
wer
re
qu
irem
ents.
The
disa
dvan
ta
ge
of
t
his
to
po
l
og
y
is t
he
inc
rease
in t
he n
um
ber
of com
ponen
ts
and the
cost
.
Figure
2. Acti
ve
p
a
rall
el
h
yb
rid
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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Hyb
ri
d
e
ner
gy st
or
age s
yst
em
opti
ma
l
sizi
ng
for
ur
ba
n
el
ect
ric
al… (
Si Mohame
d
F
ar
esse
)
2897
2.2.3.
Par
allel
semi ac
tive ba
tt
er
y/superc
apacit
or to
po
l
ogy
The
Parall
el
S
e
m
i
Acti
ve
ba
tt
ery/
su
per
ca
pa
ci
tor
c
onfig
ur
a
ti
on
is
il
lust
ra
te
d
in
Fig
ure
3.
I
n
thi
s
config
u
rati
on
,
the
batte
ries
volt
age
ca
n
be
kep
t
l
ow
e
r
or
higher
t
ha
n
th
e
SC
pac
k
volt
age.
T
he
SC
pac
k
is
connecte
d
to
the
DC
bu
s
and
w
orks
directl
y
as
a
low
-
pass
filt
er.
But
the
power
of
the
ba
tt
eries
is
unco
ntr
ollab
le
.
The
co
ntr
ol
strat
egy
a
pp
li
ed
to
this
t
op
ol
og
y
al
lo
ws
the
DC
li
nk
volt
age
to
va
ry
in
a
ra
ng
e
so
t
hat SC
pac
k
e
nergy ca
n b
e u
se
d
m
or
e e
f
fici
ently
.
Figure
3. Ba
tt
ery/
Superca
paci
tor parall
el
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
2.2.4.
Par
allel
semi ac
tive
s
u
percap
acit
or/
ba
t
ter
y topol
ogy
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
dia
gr
am
of
t
he
H
ESS
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
usi
ng
a
bi
-
direct
ion
al
bu
c
k
-
boost
conve
rter
for
the
SC
pac
k
inte
rf
ace
,
the
SC
pack
volt
age
ca
n
be
us
e
d
in
a
wi
der
ra
nge.
This
co
nf
i
gurati
on
has
a
s
ing
le
con
t
ro
ll
ed
po
wer
sou
rce.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
bi
directi
onal
c
onver
te
r
m
us
t
be
oversiz
e
d
t
o
handle
t
he
power
of
the
SC
pac
k.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
nom
inal
vo
lt
age
of
the
SC
pack
m
ay
be
lowe
r.
The
ba
tt
eries
are
co
nn
ect
ed
directl
y t
o
the
DC bus
. T
her
e
fore,
t
he DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
is
fixed.
Figure
4. S
up
e
rcap
aci
to
r/batt
ery pa
rall
el
confi
gurati
on
2.2.
El
ect
r
ic
bu
s s
ys
te
m descri
p
tion
Our
goal
is
t
o
us
e
SC
pac
k
as
the
m
ai
n
pow
er
s
ource
f
or
t
he
bus
beca
us
e
of
t
heir
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
an
d
their
dynam
ic
,
w
hich
will
be
recha
r
ged
at
each
bu
s
sto
p
to
so
l
ve
the
pr
ob
le
m
of
th
ei
r
low
ene
rg
y
de
ns
it
y.
The
batte
ry
w
il
l
interven
e
in
case
of
the
SC
disc
harge.
The
pro
per
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
is
the
Pa
rall
el
Acti
ve
T
opology
.
It
a
ll
ow
s
the
m
a
xim
u
m
us
e
of
store
d
ene
r
gy
in
SC
wh
il
e
keep
i
ng
t
he
no
m
inal
vo
lt
age
of
the
loa
d.
D
ue
to
it
s
cost,
th
e
par
al
le
l
act
ive
c
o
nfi
gurati
on
will
be
dis
card
e
d.
D
ue
t
o
it
s
ad
va
ntag
es
[
1
4
]
the
Parall
el
Se
m
i
Acti
ve
Sup
ercapacit
or
/
Ba
tt
ery
T
opology wil
l
be
us
e
d
in
the
bus,
w
her
e t
he
overall
syst
e
m
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 5
[1
5
,16
]
.
The
s
up
e
rca
pa
ci
tor
(S
C
1)
t
ha
t
can
pro
duce
a
nd
a
bsor
b
peak
power
is
t
he
m
ai
n
el
e
m
ent
of
th
e
ene
rg
y
stora
ge
syst
e
m
of
the
el
ect
ric
ur
ba
n
bus
,
w
hi
ch
can
be
cha
rg
e
d
by
the
ot
her
SC
in
the
bu
s
st
op.
The
batte
ry
will
be
us
e
d
i
n
e
xtrem
e
conditi
on
s
w
he
n
t
he
s
uperca
paci
tor
is
al
m
os
t
exh
a
us
te
d.
The
gen
e
ral
str
uctu
re
of
the
cha
r
ging
st
at
ion
a
t
t
he
bus
sto
p
[
1
7
]
is
i
ll
us
trat
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
6.
The
el
ect
ric
urba
n
bu
s
SC
ca
n
be
c
ha
rg
e
d
by
(S
C
2)
s
up
e
rcap
aci
to
r
th
rough
a
DC/
DC
conve
rter
at
each
bus
sto
p
w
hen
passe
ngers
get
on
a
nd
off
.
SC
2
can
be
cha
rg
e
d
by
the
po
we
r
gr
i
d
via
an
AC
/DC
conver
te
r
betwee
n
them
with
a
lower
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
bef
ore
the n
e
xt
bus arri
ves.
W
it
h t
his
m
e
tho
d, th
e i
m
pact o
f
sur
ge
on th
e
po
wer
distrib
ution n
et
work ca
n be a
voide
d.
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g,
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ol.
10, No
. 3, Ju
ne
2020 :
2
8
9
4
-
2
9
1
1
2898
Figure
5. Sc
he
m
e o
f
el
ect
ric
bu
s
sto
ra
ge
sys
tem
Figure
6. Sc
he
m
e o
f
el
ect
ric
bu
s
po
wer
t
rain
2.3.
Hybri
d ener
gy s
to
r
age s
yst
em mo
deli
ng
2.3.1.
B
atter
y
mod
el
In
t
his
w
ork
,
we
use
MAT
LAB
m
od
el
f
or
li
thium
-
ion
batte
ry.
T
wo
m
od
el
s
will
be
pr
ese
nte
d
belo
w
(
with
a
nd
with
out
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ef
fe
ct
).
F
or
eac
h
m
od
el
the
dis
charge
e
qu
at
i
on
will
be
pres
ented.
Th
e li
thium
-
io
n batt
ery m
od
el
w
it
hout tem
per
at
ur
e
ef
fect i
s g
i
ven as
[1
8
]:
V
b
a
tt
(
it
,
i
∗
,
i
)
=
E
0
−
K
Q
Q
−
it
.
i
∗
−
K
Q
Q
−
it
.
it
+
A
.
exp
(
−
B
.
it
)
−
R
.
i
(
1
)
The
im
pact o
f
te
m
per
at
ure
on
the m
od
el
p
a
ra
m
et
ers
is repre
sented
b
el
lo
w [
1
9
]:
V
b
att
(
it
,
i
∗
,
i
,
T
,
T
a
=
E
0
(
T
)
−
K
(
T
)
Q
(
T
a
)
Q
(
T
a
)
−
it
.
(
i
∗
+
it
)
+
A
.
exp
(
−
B
.
it
)
−
C
.
it
+
R
b
(
T
)
.
i
(2
)
w
it
h:
E
0
(
T
)
=
E
0
|
T
ref
+
∂
E
∂
T
(
T
−
T
re
f
)
(3
)
K
(
T
)
=
K
|
T
ref
.
exp
(
α
.
(
1
T
−
1
T
re
f
)
(4
)
Q
(
T
a
)
=
Q
|
T
a
+
∆
Q
∆
T
(
T
a
−
T
re
f
)
(5
)
R
b
(
T
)
=
R
b
|
T
ref
.
exp
(
β
.
(
1
T
−
1
T
re
f
)
(6
)
The
cel
l
or inte
rn
al
tem
per
at
ure T, at a
n
y
give
n
ti
m
e t, is exp
ress
ed
as
:
T
(
t
)
=
−
1
(
ℎ
+
1
+
.
c
)
(7)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Hyb
ri
d
e
ner
gy st
or
age s
yst
em
opti
ma
l
sizi
ng
for
ur
ba
n
el
ect
ric
al… (
Si Mohame
d
F
ar
esse
)
2899
w
he
re
:
P
=
(
E
0
(
)
−
b
a
tt
(
T
)
)
.
i
+
∂
E
∂
T
.
i
.
T
(8)
2.3.2.
Superc
apacit
or
m
od
el
The
SC
is
an
em
erg
ing
te
chnolo
gy
in
the
fiel
d
of
e
nergy
stora
ge
syst
e
m
s.
Ener
gy
stora
ge
is
perform
ed
by
the
m
eans
of
sta
ti
c
charg
e
rathe
r
tha
n
of
a
n
el
ect
r
o
-
c
hem
ic
al
pr
oce
ss
that
is
in
he
ren
t
t
o
the
batte
ry
[
20
]
.
The
s
uperca
pacit
or
m
od
el
us
e
d
in
this
w
ork
is
a
g
e
ner
i
c
MATLAB
m
od
el
par
am
et
erized
t
o
represe
nt m
os
t pop
ular
ty
pes
of SC [
2
1
]
. T
he
SC
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age is expre
ss
ed usin
g
a
Ster
n
e
qu
at
io
n
a
s:
V
=
0
+
2
ℎ
−
1
(
2
√
8
0
)
−
.
(9)
W
it
h
:
=
∫
2.3.3.
D
C/D
C
converter
mode
l
DC/DC
co
nve
rters
ca
n
be
re
pr
ese
nted
by
t
wo
ty
pes
of
m
od
el
s
,
nam
el
y
the
switc
hi
ng
m
od
el
s
and
the
aver
a
ge
va
lue
m
od
el
s.
S
witc
hing
m
od
el
s
are
m
ai
nly
us
e
d
for
desi
gn
pur
poses
an
d
to
stu
dy
the
ty
pes
of
pu
lse
widt
h
m
odulate
d
syst
e
m
s
with
resp
ec
t
to
switc
hing
har
m
on
ic
s
a
nd
losses.
T
hese
m
od
el
s
req
ui
re
a
low
sam
pling
tim
e
to obse
rv
e
all
the s
witc
hing a
ct
ion
s,
which
m
akes th
e sim
ulati
on
ve
ry lo
ng.
On
the
c
on
t
ra
ry,
m
edium
-
valued
m
od
el
s
ta
ke
le
ss
ti
m
e
beca
us
e
the
switc
hes
a
re
r
eplace
d
by
con
t
ro
ll
ed
volt
age/cu
rr
e
nt
sources
.
T
he
s
w
it
ching
har
m
on
ic
s
are
not
r
epr
ese
nted
,
but
al
l
the
dyna
m
ic
s
of
the
c
onver
te
r
a
re
m
ai
ntained,
w
hich
m
akes
these
m
od
el
s
a
tt
racti
ve,
beca
us
e
a
lo
nger
s
a
m
pling
ti
m
e
can
be
us
e
d.
M
od
el
s
of
DC/DC
c
onve
rters
of
a
ver
a
ge
value
are
use
d
in
this
pa
pe
r,
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
7.
T
he
desig
n
of the
c
ontrol
loops
is
p
e
rfo
r
m
ed
ta
king i
nto
acc
ount th
e
dy
nam
ic
s o
f
t
he m
od
el
[
2
2
].
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. DC/
DC Co
nverter
Mod
el
,
(
a
)
Bo
ost
ty
pe.
(b
)
Bu
ck
ty
pe
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
In
this
arti
cl
e,
the
cho
ic
e
of
the
hybr
id
e
ne
rg
y
stora
ge
s
yst
e
m
el
e
m
ent
s
fo
r
a
total
ly
el
ect
ric
bu
s
is
carried
out
accor
ding
t
o
the
dia
gr
am
represe
nted
in
Figure
8.
T
he
il
lustrate
d
a
ppr
oach
c
onsi
sts
in
determ
ining
al
l
the
energies
con
s
um
ed
be
tween
tw
o
co
ns
ec
utive
sto
ps
on
the
t
otal
path
of
the
bu
s
.
These
ene
r
gies
are
norm
al
l
y
deter
m
ined
fro
m
the
m
echan
ic
al
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
the
bus
and
the
bus
dr
iving
cy
cl
e.
The
n
c
hoose
a
s
uperca
pacit
or
pac
k
t
o
e
nsure
t
he
m
ini
m
u
m
of
c
al
culat
ed
e
nergies.
Ne
xt,
determ
ine
the
batte
ry
capaci
ty
to
ensu
re
the
pow
er
supp
ly
of
the
bu
s
du
r
ing
a
w
orkin
g
day
,
kn
ow
i
ng
that
the
su
pe
rca
pac
it
or
s
pac
k,
w
hi
ch
will
be
rech
ar
ge
d
at
eac
h
bus
stop,
w
il
l
pr
ov
id
e
part
ia
l
or
total
p
ow
e
r
betwee
n
tw
o
c
on
s
ecuti
ve
sto
ps
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10, No
. 3, Ju
ne
2020 :
2
8
9
4
-
2
9
1
1
2900
Subseque
ntly
,
us
e
the
m
od
el
de
velo
ped
un
der
MA
T
LAB
/
Si
m
ulink
,
w
hich
us
es
the
pa
rall
el
se
m
i
-
act
ive
to
po
l
og
y
Super
capaci
t
or
/B
at
te
ry
,
with
t
he
m
od
el
of
the
batte
ry
w
hi
ch
c
onsider
s
t
he
te
m
per
at
ure
ef
fect,
by
ap
plyi
ng
th
e
ch
os
e
n
value
of
the
s
up
e
rc
apacit
or
s
a
nd
batte
ry
.
T
hen
ob
s
er
ve
t
he
e
voluti
on
of
the
batte
ry
tem
per
at
ur
e
duri
ng
a
day
of
operati
on.
I
f
t
he
obser
ve
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
e
xc
eeds
t
he
batte
r
y
per
m
issi
ble
value,
the
e
ner
gy
val
ue
j
ust
ab
ove
t
he
e
ner
gy
us
e
d
f
or
the
s
uperc
apacit
or
m
us
t
be
c
hosen
f
rom
the
ene
r
gies
al
ready
cal
culat
ed.
A
nd
rep
eat
t
he
sa
m
e algo
rithm
unti
l fin
ding the
optim
u
m
v
al
ue
of
HES
S
elem
ents.
Figure
8. Flo
w
ch
a
rt of the
pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
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ner
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yst
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ur
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2901
4.
EL
ECTRIC B
US
E
NER
GY
STOR
AGE
SI
Z
ING
The
obj
ect
i
ve
of
t
his
par
t
i
s
to
siz
e
the
energy
st
or
a
ge
syst
em
of
a
fu
ll
y
el
ect
rical
bus
from
well
-
de
fine
d
s
pecifica
ti
ons.
4.1.
Bus mech
an
ic
al p
arameters
The
m
ai
n
m
ec
han
ic
al
c
har
ac
te
risti
cs
of
t
he
ch
os
e
n
bus
a
re
s
umm
ariz
ed
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
veh
ic
le
is co
ns
tr
ucted a
pp
ly
in
g
th
e
body
of “I
rizar i
e” b
us
with a
new
rear
t
ran
sm
issi
on
rati
o of
8.
Table
1.
B
us
m
echan
ic
al
par
a
m
et
ers
Para
m
et
ers
S
y
m
bol
Value
s
T
ot
al
m
ass (fu
l
l
y
loa
d
ed)
M
16
000
kg
Air
dra
g
coe
f
f
ic
i
ent
C
d
0.
65
Front
surfac
e
A
f
8
m
2
Roll
ing
f
riction f
ac
tor
C
r
0.
008
W
hee
l
r
adi
us
r
w
0.
48
m
W
hee
l
m
ass
m
w
50
kg
Gea
r
tr
ansm
ission ra
t
io
i
d
8
:
1
Gea
r
tr
ansm
ission e
ffi
cienc
y
η
d
0.
97
4.2.
Drivin
g
c
ycle
The
c
hosen
dri
ving cycl
e is
A
RTEM
IS
Urba
n [
2
3
]
il
lustrat
ed
in
Fig
ure
9.
Figure
9.
ART
EMIS
urba
n dri
vin
g cy
cl
e
The
m
ai
n
featu
res of
this cyc
le
are:
Dista
nce
: 48
70 m
Durati
on
: 99
3
sec
Av
e
ra
ge
s
peed
:
17.
6 km
/
h
Ma
xim
u
m
sp
eed
: 57.7
km
/
h
4.3.
Mot
or
t
orque,
a
n
gu
l
ar
sp
ee
d and
po
w
er c
alcula
tion
The
r
otati
on
al
sp
eed
a
nd
po
wer
de
m
and
fo
r
the
power
t
r
ai
n
and
the
to
rque
dem
and
to
overc
om
e
fr
ic
ti
on for
c
es
(roll
ing
a
nd air
r
esi
sta
nce
)
a
re
d
e
picte
d
i
n
Fi
gure
10.
Figure
10. Fo
r
ces ap
plied t
o
t
he bus
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2020 :
2
8
9
4
-
2
9
1
1
2902
The b
us
tract
io
n force
require
d
is
giv
e
n by t
his e
qu
at
io
n [2
4
-
2
6
]:
tr
=
a
e
ro
+
rr
+
i
+
gr
(
10
)
w
he
re
:
a
e
ro
=
1
2
⁄
2
(1
1
)
rr
=
m
g
s
in
(
)
(1
2
)
=
m
g
(
13
)
i
=
a
(14
)
=
1
.
04
(15
)
a
=
tr
−
(
a
e
ro
+
rr
+
gr
)
(
1
6
)
Fr
om
the
tract
i
ve
force
a
nd
th
e
li
near
v
el
ocity
,
we
ca
n
de
du
ce
the
m
oto
r
to
rque,
an
gula
r
ve
locit
y
and
Power:
=
η
(
17
)
Ω
=
(18
)
=
.
Ω
(1
9
)
Figures
11,
12
,
an
d
13
s
how
resp
ect
i
vely
the
c
al
culat
ed
t
orq
ue,
a
ngular
vel
ocit
y
an
d
powe
r
re
qu
i
re
d
f
or
a
n
ARTEMI
S
dr
i
ving cycl
e.
Figure
11. B
us m
oto
r
tor
que
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Hyb
ri
d
e
ner
gy st
or
age s
yst
em
opti
ma
l
sizi
ng
for
ur
ba
n
el
ect
ric
al… (
Si Mohame
d
F
ar
esse
)
2903
Figure
12. B
us m
oto
r
an
gula
r veloci
ty
Figure
13. B
us m
oto
r
po
wer
4.4.
Bus ener
gy
au
to
n
om
ou
s
calc
ulat
i
on
We
def
i
ne
ei
ght
sta
ti
on
s
in
the
giv
e
n
dr
i
vi
ng
cy
cl
e,
the
total
dri
vi
ng
range
is
48
70
m
.
The
durati
on
a
nd
the
dem
and
ener
gy
bet
we
en
two
s
ucces
sive
sta
ti
on
s
are
cal
culat
ed
and
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
2.
The
total
e
nerg
y
dem
and
f
or
1000
sec
onds
ARTEMI
S
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
is
appr
ox
im
at
ely
7.
6
kW
h.
W
e
es
tim
a
te
that
the
r
ou
te
betwee
n
tw
o
bus
te
rm
inals
is
two
ARTEMI
S
cy
cl
es
fo
ll
owed
by
a
15
m
inu
te
brea
k
(ea
ch
tr
i
p
will
la
st
2900
seco
nd
s
).
F
or
a
day
operati
on,
we
de
fine
24
rou
nd
trips
or
48
ARTEM
IS
cy
cl
es.
Th
e
total
energy re
quire
d for a
day is
364 k
Wh.
Table
2.
E
ne
rgy
c
onsu
m
ption betwee
n
t
wo s
uccessive
bus
s
top
s
Bus
s
top
N°
Durat
ion
(s)
Ene
rg
y
(W
h)
1
0
→
72
559
2
73
→
180
604
3
181
→
503
3617
4
504
→
566
616
5
567
→
596
25
6
597
→
644
100
7
645
→
739
383
8
740
→
989
1686
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