Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4777
~
4787
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
6
.
pp4777
-
47
87
4777
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Emerg
en
t
s
ituati
ons for
s
mart
c
iti
es:
a
s
u
rvey
Ah
m
ad
M
oha
mad
Al
-
Smad
i
1
, M
u
tasem K
. A
lsm
ad
i
2
,
Abdel
Ka
ri
m
Ba
areh
3
,
Ibr
ah
i
m A
lm
arashd
eh
4
,
Hayam
Aboue
lm
agd
5
, Osma
n Saad S
hidw
an
Ah
me
d
6
1
,
3
Depa
rtmen
t
of
Com
pute
r
Sci
en
ce
,
Abalq
a
Appl
i
ed
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ajloun
Univ
ersity
Coll
ege,
Jord
an
2
,
4
Depa
rtment
of
Mana
gement
In
form
at
ion
S
y
s
tem
s,
Coll
ege of A
ppli
ed
Stud
ie
s
and
Com
m
unity
Servic
e
,
Im
am Abdu
l
rah
m
an
Bin
Faisa
l U
nive
rsit
y
,
Saud
i
Arabi
a
5
Curric
ulum
and
Method
of
T
eac
hing,
Li
br
ari
es
a
nd
Inform
at
ion
Depa
rtment, College of
Arts,
Im
am Abdul
rah
m
an
Bin
Faisa
l U
nive
rsit
y
,
Saud
i
Arabi
a
6
Depa
rtment of
Business Adm
in
istra
ti
on
,
Co
ll
eg
e
of
Appl
ie
d
Stu
die
s a
nd
Com
m
u
nity
Serv
ic
e
,
Im
am Abdu
l
rah
m
an
Bin
Faisa
l U
nive
rsit
y
,
Saud
i
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
1
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Jun
2
2
, 201
9
Accepte
d
J
ul
2
, 201
9
A
sm
art
ci
t
y
is
a
comm
unity
tha
t
uses
comm
unic
a
ti
on
and
i
nform
at
ion
te
chno
log
y
to
i
m
prove
sus
ta
ina
bil
i
t
y
,
li
v
abi
lit
y
,
and
f
ea
sib
il
i
t
y
.
As
a
n
y
comm
unity
,
the
r
e
ar
e
al
wa
y
s
un
e
xpec
t
ed
emerg
en
ci
es,
which
m
ust
be
treate
d
to
pre
serve
th
e
reg
ula
r
orde
r.
How
eve
r,
a
sm
art
sy
stem
is
nee
ded
to
be
ab
l
e
to
respond
ef
fect
ive
l
y
to
th
ese
e
m
erg
ent
situ
at
io
ns.
The
cont
r
ibu
ti
on
m
ade
in
thi
s
surve
y
is
twofold.
Firstl
y
,
it
provide
s
a
co
m
pre
hensive
ex
hausti
ve
an
d
ca
t
egor
ized
ov
erv
ie
w
of
th
e
exi
st
ing
su
rve
y
s
for
sm
art
c
it
i
es.
The
ca
t
egor
i
za
t
i
on
is
base
d
on
seve
ral
criter
ia
such
as
struc
tur
es,
ben
efi
ts
,
adva
nt
age
s,
app
l
ic
a
ti
ons,
chal
l
en
ges,
issues,
and
future
direct
ions
.
Secondly
,
it
a
ims
to
anal
yze
sev
era
l
studi
es
with
respe
ct
to
emerge
n
t
situ
at
ions
and
m
ana
gement
to
sm
art
ci
ties.
The
ana
l
y
sis
is
base
d
on
seve
ral
f
ac
t
ors
such
as
the
cha
l
le
nges
a
nd
issues di
scuss
ed,
the
solu
ti
ons
prop
osed,
and
o
pportuni
ties
for
future
rese
a
rch
.
Th
e
challenges
inc
lude
se
cur
ity
,
p
rivac
y
,
rel
ia
b
ili
t
y
,
per
form
anc
e
,
sc
al
ab
il
ity
,
he
te
ro
gene
i
t
y
,
sche
du
l
ing,
resourc
e
m
ana
gement
,
and
latency
.
Fe
w
studie
s
have
i
nvesti
gated
th
e
emerge
nt
situ
at
i
ons
of
sm
art
ci
ties
and
despite
the
importance
of
la
te
nc
y
fa
ct
o
r
for
s
m
art
ci
t
y
a
ppli
c
at
ions,
it
is
rar
ely
d
iscussed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
Em
erg
ent
s
it
ua
ti
on
s
Fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng
IoT
Sm
art
c
ities
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ah
m
ad
Mo
ha
m
ad
Al
-
Sm
adi,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce, A
balqa A
pp
li
ed
Unive
rs
it
y,
Aj
l
oun U
niv
e
r
sit
y C
ollege,
Aj
l
oun, J
ordan.
Em
a
il
:
a
m
hs
1966@
bau.ed
u.j
o
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
w
or
l
d
ci
ti
zens'
pe
rcen
ta
ge
t
hat
in
hab
it
s
in
ci
ti
es
is
over
50%
,
by
2050,
this
pe
rc
entage
will
pro
bab
ly
gro
w
to
70
per
ce
nt
[1]
.
It
is
m
a
nd
at
or
y
to
buil
d
ci
ti
es
fo
r
the
risin
g
num
ber
s
of
pe
ople
wit
h
the
re
qu
ire
d
se
rv
ic
es,
w
hich
giv
es
rise
to
th
e
idea
of
buil
di
ng
sm
art
ci
ti
e
s
that
seek
t
o
a
dopt
the
li
fe
th
rou
gh
const
ru
ct
in
g
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
with
the
us
e
of
inf
orm
ati
on
of
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
te
chnolo
gy
(I
CT
)
[2]
.
The
c
on
ce
ptio
n
of
sm
art
citie
s
includes
the
ci
ty
or
ga
nizat
ion
a
nd
m
anag
em
ent
as
a
w
ho
le
t
hro
ugh
te
chn
ology.
It
is
con
str
ucted
and
m
ai
ntained
by
us
in
g
integrate
d
te
chno
log
ie
s,
s
uch
as
sensors,
el
ect
r
on
ic
s
,
and
net
w
orks.
To
im
pr
ove
t
he
ci
ty
serv
ic
es
pro
vid
e
d
to
th
e
ci
ti
zens
a
nd
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
qual
it
y
of
thei
r
li
fe,
sm
art
city
serv
ic
es
hav
e
show
n
a
m
ajo
r
m
ot
ivati
on
of
inv
e
sti
gation
[3]
.
S
om
e
the
la
te
st
ICT
t
hat
ar
e
the
esse
ntial
com
po
ne
nt
of
t
he
sm
art
ci
ty
are
the
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
,
I
nt
ern
et
of
thin
gs
(IoT
),
sm
artp
hone
te
chnolo
gy, s
m
art m
et
ers,
sem
antic
w
e
b,
Ra
di
o
F
reque
ncy I
den
ti
ficat
io
n
s
yst
e
m
an
d
arti
f
ic
ia
l
intel
li
gen
ce.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4777
-
4787
4778
The
I
oT
is
th
e
netw
ork
of
ta
ng
ible
obj
e
ct
s
e
m
bed
de
d
with
com
pu
t
at
ion
al
de
vice
s,
softwa
re,
el
ect
ro
nics
,
sm
art
sens
or
s
a
nd
connecti
vity
and
c
onnecti
vit
y
enab
li
ng
the
se
obj
ect
s
to
c
onnect
an
d
e
xc
hange
data
[4,
5]
.
Ma
ny
serv
ic
es
a
re
curre
ntly
br
oad
ly
us
e
d
wit
h
the
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
of
I
oT
app
li
cat
io
ns
suc
h
as
natu
ral
disaste
rs
for
public
safety
[
6,
7]
.
The
pr
om
is
i
ng
stre
ng
t
hs
of
sm
art
ci
ty
pa
rad
i
gm
face
m
any
prom
inent
an
d
chall
en
ges
i
n
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
Io
T
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[8]
.
The
i
nteg
rati
on
bet
ween
se
ns
ors,
hu
m
an,
m
ob
ile,
and
veh
ic
le
s
al
lows
obta
inin
g
an
d
anal
yz
ing
inf
or
m
at
i
on
an
d
input
s
fo
r
s
om
e
task
s
in
the
pa
rad
i
gm
of
I
oT
a
nd
cl
ou
ding
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[
6,
9]
.
Cl
ou
d
com
pu
ti
ng
is
a
m
od
el
,
that
en
ables
net
wor
k
acce
ss
upon
re
quest
to
a
pool
that
sh
are
d
c
om
p
uting
res
ource
s
to
outfit
wi
th
scal
able
co
ns
tr
uction
f
or
data,
app
li
cat
io
n,
a
nd
file
stor
a
ge
[
10
]
.
The
cr
ucial
adv
a
ntage
s
of
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
s
uc
h
as
el
ast
ic
ity
and
scal
abili
ty
are
the
m
ai
n
chall
eng
i
ng
issues
sti
ll
faced
in
the
resea
rch
com
m
un
it
y
[11]
.
The
re
are
i
nh
e
re
nt
issues
of
cl
ou
d
com
pu
ti
ng
that
proh
i
bit
a
wide
ra
nge
of
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
and
se
rv
ic
es
from
po
pu
la
r
be
nef
it
s
of
com
pu
ti
ng
.
These
iss
ues
inclu
de
la
ck
of
m
ob
il
it
y,
la
ck
of
locat
io
n
a
war
e
ness
,
an
d
un
acce
ptable
la
te
ncy
[12]
.
On
e
of
the
crit
ic
al
issues
of
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
t
hat
hav
e
not
bee
n
reso
l
ved
ye
t
is
the
unreli
able
la
te
ncy.
Other
issue
s
include
locat
io
n
a
war
e
ness
a
nd
la
ck
of
m
ob
il
it
y.
Ther
e
fore,
fog
c
om
pu
t
ing
or
e
dg
e
co
m
pu
ti
ng
ca
n
r
esolv
e
these iss
ues
th
r
ough elast
ic
it
y of re
s
ources
and se
rv
ic
es
in di
stribu
te
d netw
orks
[13]
.
The
f
og
cl
ou
di
ng
is
a
colle
ct
ive
of
loose
ly
coupled,
fac
ul
ta
ti
ve
and
res
ources
su
c
h
as
com
pu
te
rs,
data
centers,
e
tc
.
wh
ere
the
resou
rces
set
tl
e
in
at
the
network
ed
ge
an
d
are
within
s
hort
distance
from
t
he
cl
ie
nts
an
d
sens
or
s
[
14
]
. I
t
is
ge
ner
al
ly
co
ns
ide
red
as
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng ex
te
ns
i
on
f
r
om
the
co
re n
et
w
ork
t
o
the
ed
ge
netw
ork
.
It
is
ob
j
ect
ive
is
t
o
re
duce
la
te
ncy
on
the
data
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
or
a
ggreg
at
ion
w
hile
r
ou
ti
ng
it
to
the
central
cl
oud
f
or
hea
vy
co
m
p
utati
ons
[14]
.
The
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
platfo
rm
s
su
ch
as
fo
g
c
om
pu
ti
ng
i
s
require
d
t
o
ha
nd
le
bi
g
data
s
tream
s
in
the
r
eso
ur
ce
-
rich
processin
g
of
da
ta
an
d
lo
w
la
te
ncy
to
be
inte
gr
at
e
d
with
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
an
d
e
dg
e
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[7]
.
As
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
par
a
dig
m
pr
om
is
es
and
e
xten
ds
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
for
m
or
e
i
m
pr
oved
ser
vices,
it
s
disti
nct
char
act
e
risti
cs
fa
ce
sec
ur
it
y
an
d
pri
vacy
issues
.
Cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
in
her
it
s
t
he
se
issues
to
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[
15
]
.
F
og
com
pu
ti
ng
ca
n
a
ddr
ess
m
any
con
c
ern
s
of
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng such
as
batte
r
y l
ife,
band
w
idth c
os
t,
data
pr
i
vacy, a
nd r
e
sp
onse
tim
e
[16]
.
Re
ly
ing
on
a
li
te
ratur
e
re
vie
w
of
stu
dies
publishe
d
bet
ween
19
90
an
d
2018,
t
he
t
echnolo
gical
revoluti
on
i
nf
l
uen
ce
d
e
ve
ryt
hi
ng
[
17
-
40
]
,
a
nd
the
use
of
A
rtific
ia
l
In
te
ll
ig
ence
(AI)
al
go
rithm
s
is
e
xp
a
ns
ive
,
par
ti
cula
rly
in
pro
vid
i
ng
s
olu
ti
on
to
chall
eng
i
ng
pr
ob
le
m
s
includin
g
analy
sis
of
m
edical
im
age
[
41
-
4
5
]
,
nurse
r
os
te
rin
g
pro
blem
[4
6
]
,
Healt
hca
re
Mon
it
ori
ng
sy
stem
[31,
4
7
]
,
predict
io
n
of
rive
r
flo
w
[4
8
-
50
]
,
patte
rn
s
rec
og
niti
on
an
d
ret
rieval
of
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
[
51
-
62
]
and
im
age
segm
entat
ion
[17,
18,
28,
63
-
6
9
]
,
Learn
i
ng
Ma
na
gem
ent
Syst
em
[
70,
7
1
]
.
Acco
r
dingly
,
the
ens
uing
res
ults
sho
w
that
I
nt
ern
et
of
Thi
ngs
a
nd
Ar
ti
fici
al
Intel
li
gen
ce
re
pr
ese
nt the m
os
t use
d
te
ch
nolo
gies
for
sm
art ci
ti
es
[
72
]
.
Our
ob
j
ect
ives
in r
evisit
in
g
th
e stud
ie
s r
el
at
e
d
sm
art ci
t
ie
s a
re to
lear
n
m
or
e about the sma
rt cit
ie
s,
to
identify
the
relat
ed
issues,
an
d
to
highli
ght
op
e
n
chall
en
ge
s
in
pu
r
pose
di
recti
ng
us
to
fut
ur
e
resea
rch.
I
n
this
pap
e
r,
we
will
discuss
seve
r
al
issues
i
n
s
m
art
ci
ty
app
licat
ion
s,
by
re
viewin
g
s
om
e
of
t
he
existi
ng
work
-
relat
ed
w
ork
i
n
un
der
ly
in
g
do
m
ai
ns
,
to
i
de
ntify
so
m
e
issues.
We
ca
rry
ou
t
a
the
ore
ti
cal
-
m
et
ho
do
l
og
ic
al
appr
oach
to
ac
hieve
the
ob
j
e
ct
ives
of
this
stud
y,
by
c
ollec
ti
ng
relat
ed
works
ab
ou
t
c
lo
ud
com
pu
ti
ng,
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
,
I
oT
an
d
sm
art
city
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
re
viewin
g
li
te
ratur
e
c
onduc
te
d
in
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
sm
art
ci
ty
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
a
nd
c
om
par
ing
betwee
n
previ
ou
s
st
ud
ie
s
a
ga
inst
so
m
e
criter
ia
to
disti
ngui
sh
the
novelty
of
this
su
r
vey
pa
per
.
The
cri
te
ria
include
the
m
ai
n
top
ic
s,
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
str
uctu
r
es,
ben
e
fits,
ad
van
ta
ges,
ch
al
le
ng
e
s
and
iss
ues,
a
nd
fu
tu
re
dir
ect
io
ns
.
We
re
view
ed
seve
ral
fact
or
s
in
eac
h
stu
dy
su
c
h
as
the
chall
enges
an
d
issues
discusse
d,
the
so
luti
ons
pro
po
s
ed
,
an
d
op
portu
niti
es
fo
r
fu
tu
re
re
searc
h.
T
he
chall
e
nges
incl
ud
e
se
cur
it
y,
pr
i
vacy, r
el
ia
bili
ty
, p
erfor
m
ance,
scal
abili
ty
, h
et
er
og
e
neity
, sc
he
du
li
ng,
r
es
ource m
anag
e
m
ent, and
la
te
nc
y.
The
str
uctur
e
of
this
resea
rc
h
is
as
fo
ll
ows.
Be
side
this
sect
ion
,
the
se
cond
sect
io
n
will
rev
i
e
w
the
relat
ed
li
te
ratur
e
t
hat
give
s
an
ove
rv
ie
w
of
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
,
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
,
sm
art
ci
ty
,
and
em
erg
e
ncy
syst
e
m
s.
The
third
is
the
s
ect
ion
c
oncer
ned
wit
h
discuss
io
n
a
nd
a
na
ly
sis
sh
ows
com
par
ison
be
tween
the
researc
he
rs
rev
ie
we
d
in
this
researc
h
a
nd
a
naly
ses
the
resu
lt
s
they
con
ta
ine
d.
T
he
diff
e
ren
ces
be
tween
these
stu
dies
a
re
al
so
disc
us
s
ed
in
orde
r
t
o
sh
ow
t
he
c
on
t
r
ibu
ti
on
of
ne
w
resear
ch
.
Fina
ll
y,
ye
t
i
m
po
rtantl
y,
our
c
oncl
us
io
ns an
d fu
t
ur
e
works a
re
pr
e
sen
te
d
in t
he fo
urt
h
sect
io
n.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E RE
VIE
W
Seve
ral
Re
sear
ches
ha
ve
bee
n
publishe
d,
to
f
or
m
al
ly
def
in
e
sm
art
ci
ti
es
and
the
relat
ed
chall
en
ges
.
Her
e
we
t
ry
to
pr
ese
nt
s
om
e
of
the
prece
di
ng
resea
rch
es
w
hi
ch
are
nea
r
in
so
m
e
way
fro
m
ou
r
stu
dy,
s
urvey
s
of
pre
vious
st
ud
ie
s
are
li
ste
d
i
n
the
fi
rst
su
bse
ct
ion,
t
he
seco
nd
s
ubs
ect
ion
c
oncer
ne
d
with
sm
art
ci
ti
es
researc
hes
a
nd
s
om
e
relevan
t
sub
j
ect
s,
a
nd
the
la
st
s
ubsect
io
n
f
oc
use
d
on
the
em
erg
e
nt
sit
uatio
ns
of
sm
art citie
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Emer
gen
t
sit
uati
on
s f
or
s
m
ar
t
ci
ti
es:
a
s
ur
vey
(Ahma
d
M
ohama
d Al
-
Sm
ad
i)
4779
2.1.
Previo
us
s
urve
ys
In
this
sect
io
n,
we
pr
ese
nt
som
e
the
pr
evio
us
su
r
veys
relat
ed
to
our
st
udy.
Sever
al
rese
arch
es
ha
ve
been
pu
blishe
d,
to
f
or
m
al
ly
def
ine
t
he
diff
e
ren
t
ty
pes
of
c
om
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
the
relat
ed
cha
ll
eng
es,
an
d
is
su
es
.
Fo
r
insta
nce,
t
he
a
uthors
in
[
73
]
have
f
oc
use
d
o
n
the
i
nteg
rati
on
of
cl
ou
d
an
d
I
oT
cal
le
d
Cl
oudIoT
i
ncl
ud
i
ng
their
pro
per
ti
es
,
featur
e
s,
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
,
an
d
open
c
halle
nges
.
New
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
,
chall
en
ges
,
and
o
pe
n
rese
arch
opport
un
it
ie
s
al
so
hav
e
been
analy
zed
in
de
ta
il
un
der
the
Cl
oudIoT
pa
ra
dig
m
.
Si
m
il
ar
l
y,
the
wo
r
k
in
[7
4
]
include
s
a
study
of
the
integ
r
at
ion
of
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
Io
T
that
co
pe
a
lot
of
resea
rc
h
f
or
in
vestiga
ti
on
.
It
descr
i
bes
the
integrati
on
fro
m
the
per
sp
ect
i
ve
of
ge
ner
al
a
rch
it
ect
ures
an
d
ap
plica
ti
on
s.
The
aut
hors
in
[7
5
]
create
d
an
act
i
on
plan
that
outl
ines
the
li
te
ratur
e
a
bout
th
e
so
ci
al
and
te
chnolo
gical
co
m
po
nen
ts
of
I
oT,
big
data,
a
nd
cl
ou
ds
.
The
te
ch
nolog
y
a
nd
us
e
r
m
ot
ivati
on
pla
y
an
esse
ntial
r
ole
in
t
he
dev
e
lop
m
ent
of
the
sm
art
ci
ty
.
Also
,
the
auth
or
s
i
n
[
12]
pr
ese
nted
a
nd
dis
cus
sed
dif
f
eren
t
def
i
niti
on
s
of
fog
c
ompu
ti
ng
at
the
e
dg
e
of
the n
et
wor
k
as
a prom
isi
ng
in
f
rastr
uctur
e
that
provides
elast
ic
it
y of
r
e
sourc
es.
Wh
il
e
the
stu
dy
in
[
7]
include
d
a
re
vie
w
of
m
any
di
m
ension
s
of
t
he
arc
hitec
tur
e,
platfo
rm
s,
char
act
e
risti
cs,
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
and
a
bs
tract
io
ns
of
ed
ge
co
m
pu
ti
ng
,
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
,
a
nd
eco
-
syst
em
s.
Also,
the
physi
cal
pr
op
e
rtie
s,
a
pp
li
cat
ion
m
ob
il
it
y,
r
un
ti
m
e
envi
ronm
ent,
pr
i
va
cy
sensiti
vity
,
novel
c
apa
bili
ti
es
of
edg
e
an
d
f
og
l
ay
ers
we
re
hi
ghli
gh
te
d.
A
network
arc
hitec
ture
a
nd
f
ram
e
work
is
pro
pos
ed
in
[7
6
]
to
a
chieve
high
le
vels
of
resil
ie
nce
base
d
on
cl
ou
d
c
om
pu
ti
ng
par
a
di
gm
and
RPL
routin
g
protoc
ol.
T
he
w
ork
in
[16]
introd
uces
a d
e
fine
d
str
uctu
re o
f
e
dge
c
om
pu
ti
ng
incl
ud
i
ng d
iffe
re
nt
cases of
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng.
T
he
pro
visio
n
of
resou
rces
a
nd
se
r
vices
by
the
cl
ouds
ha
s
addresse
d
in
[7
7
]
a
novel
pa
rad
i
gm
called
fog
com
pu
ti
ng
to
be
pro
vid
e
d
ou
tsi
de
of
the
cl
oud
an
d
cl
os
er
to
the
e
nd
us
ers
a
nd
at
the
netw
ork
e
dge.
It
is
obvious
that
none
of
these
pr
e
vious
su
r
veys
ha
ve
r
eviewe
d
th
e
s
m
art
ci
ti
es
fr
om
e
m
er
gen
cy
sit
uations
pe
rs
pecti
ves,
a
nd
t
hat
will
be our
obj
ect
iv
e that t
o
i
de
ntify t
he
sm
art ci
t
y i
n
em
erg
ent s
it
uations
.
2.2.
Previo
us
se
ar
ches
The
i
ncr
easi
ng
of
ci
ti
es
popula
ti
on
a
nd
the
gro
wth
of
t
he
dem
and
s
of
require
d
se
rv
ic
es
hav
e
cre
at
e
d
a
m
and
at
ory
ta
sk
of
the
res
earche
rs
to
e
xam
ine
the
inf
r
ast
ru
ct
ure
of
s
m
art
ci
ty
env
iro
nm
ent
pr
ope
r
to
the
popula
ti
on
[2]
.
T
he
tre
nd
ing
par
a
dig
m
of
t
he
sm
art
city
beco
m
es
popu
la
r
in
te
ch
nolo
gical
an
d
strat
egic
plan
ning
in
th
e
cur
re
nt
en
vironm
ent.
Ma
ny
chall
eng
es
s
hould
be
over
com
e
to
qu
al
ify
the
ci
ty
and
then
i
m
pr
ove the
r
e
sidents'
li
fe.
Sm
art
c
it
y
con
cept
is
discusse
d
in
[7
8
]
and
the
data
ad
op
t
ed
to
res
olv
e
t
he
enc
ounte
re
d
issues
a
nd
then
im
pr
ovin
g
the
qu
al
it
y
of
the
li
fe
of
ci
ti
zens.
W
it
h
the
gr
eat
a
m
ount,
wide
va
riet
y,
a
nd
hi
gh
s
peed
of
li
fe
requirem
ents
and
ci
ty
data,
bi
g
data
te
ch
nolog
ie
s
receiv
ed
a
valua
ble
i
nterest
to
util
iz
e
new
m
echan
ism
s
fo
r
bette
r
qu
al
it
y
of
li
fe.
T
he
pro
gr
e
ss
of
sm
art
ci
ty
env
i
r
on
m
ents
is
di
scusse
d
i
n
[
3]
thr
ough
rev
i
ewin
g
the
fun
dam
ent
al
s
of
data
pro
cessi
ng
a
nd
s
oft
war
e
platfo
r
m
s
to
su
pport
the
integrati
on
and
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
sm
art
city
serv
ic
es.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
hand,
it
include
d
so
m
e
m
echan
is
m
s
t
o
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
existi
ng
esse
ntial
te
chnolo
gies a
nd pract
ic
al
issues
t
hat lim
it
t
he
dev
el
op
m
en
t of these
platf
or
m
s f
r
om
w
ide i
m
ple
m
entat
i
on.
The
aut
hors
in
[7
9
]
pr
ese
nted
a
s
m
art
city
c
on
ce
pt
that
pla
ys
a
vital
ro
le
in
industrial
an
d
academ
ic
fiel
ds
in
sm
art
ci
ty
te
chn
ol
og
i
es.
T
he
dev
el
opm
ent
of
m
any
m
idd
le
wa
re
platfor
m
s
an
d
in
fr
ast
r
uctu
res
of
IoT
hav
e
em
erg
ed
disti
nguis
ha
ble
m
et
ho
ds
to
c
reate
fr
a
gm
ents
of
I
oT
ec
o
-
syst
e
m
s
no
ti
ce
d
for
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
am
ong
them
.
Also
the
stu
dy
in
[
80
]
outl
ined
sm
art
city
con
cepts
,
m
otivati
on
s,
chall
enges,
a
nd
a
pp
li
cat
ions.
Fu
rt
her,
it
sho
ws
the
m
ai
n
com
po
nen
ts
a
nd
featur
e
s
of
IoT
te
chnolo
gy
prov
i
de
d
to
the
sm
art
c
it
y
with
pr
act
ic
al
exp
erie
nce
.
In
the
oth
er
hand,
the
aut
hors
in
[
16
]
intr
oduce
d
a
de
fine
d
structu
re
of
ed
ge
com
pu
ti
ng
inclu
ding
dif
fere
nt
cases
of
s
m
art
ci
t
y
and
sm
art
ho
m
es.
Mob
il
e
cl
oud
s
erv
i
c
e
s
unde
r
the
pa
ra
dig
m
of
sm
art
ci
ty
app
li
cat
ion
s
an
d
pr
oj
ect
s
are
de
vo
te
d
in
[
81
]
,
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
data
proc
essing
and
sto
ra
ge
tr
ansfo
rm
ed
fro
m
local
m
ob
il
e
de
vices
t
o
t
he
cl
ouds
pe
r
m
ob
il
e
cl
ou
d
com
pu
ti
ng
pa
r
adigm
.
The
resea
rch
e
r
s
in
[7
7
]
ou
tl
ined
the
e
x
te
nt
of
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
ser
vices
that
sat
isfy
th
e
obj
ect
ives
of
s
m
art
gr
i
d
eco
-
syst
e
m
s
req
uirem
ents
du
e
t
o
the
gro
wth
of
t
he
de
velo
pm
ent
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
su
c
h
as
i
ntell
igent
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
us
i
ng
sm
art
de
vices.
T
he
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
of
I
o
T
a
nd
se
nsor
netw
orks
re
vealed
the
U
niv
er
sit
y
of
the
on
li
ne
and
act
ive
obje
ct
s
to
ou
t
perf
or
m
the
tradit
ion
al
cl
ou
d
de
pl
oy
m
ent
of
res
ource
tim
e
and
dy
na
m
ic
natur
e
of
intel
li
gen
t
syst
e
m
s.
In
cl
oud
platfo
rm
,
the
a
uthors
in
[6]
pro
vid
e
d
inf
orm
at
ion
about
the
o
pp
ort
unit
ie
s
of
ana
ly
zi
ng
data
of
geog
raphic
re
gi
on
s
to
sa
ve
th
e
li
fe
of
pe
ople
.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
[
8
2
]
sh
ow
s
om
e
pat
te
rn
s
an
d
the
use
of
cl
oud
-
ba
sed
so
l
utions
al
low
to
m
anag
e
and
co
nsoli
da
te
infr
ast
r
uctu
re
for
lowe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
of cos
t a
nd elec
tric
it
y.
The
a
ut
hors
in
[7
6
]
aim
s
to
achieve
a
m
ult
i
-
la
ye
r
recover
y
syst
e
m
us
in
g
sm
art
ob
j
ect
s
locat
ed
at
the
lowe
r
la
ye
r
of
the
arc
hitec
ture.
T
hese
ob
je
ct
s
interact
with
each
ot
her
t
hro
ugh
virt
ual
gateways
an
d
a
cro
s
s
RPL
prot
oc
ol.
It
us
es
the
f
og
of
the
cl
oud
f
or
virt
ual
gate
ways
in
t
he
e
dge
of
t
he
netw
ork
t
o
en
able
easi
er
acce
ss
to
the
i
nter
net.
At
hig
he
r
la
ye
rs,
da
ta
is
colle
ct
e
d
to
hav
e
a
n
i
ns
ig
ht
of
the
I
oT
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ure
f
or
m
ul
ti
la
ye
r
syste
m
s.
The
disas
te
r
m
anag
em
e
nt
ba
sed
on
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng
is
one
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
m
od
el
s
i
n
I
oT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4777
-
4787
4780
platfo
rm
s.
In
add
it
io
n,
the
m
echan
ism
of
this
m
od
el
de
pends
on
I
oT
data
a
nd
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
re
al
-
tim
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
8
2
]
.
The
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
facil
it
ie
s
of
a
bs
tract
io
n,
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
s,
a
nd
the
distrib
uted
natu
re
of
m
ulti
ple
pro
vid
er
s
of
cl
oud
I
o
T
are
i
nvol
ved
i
n
[
83
]
.
The
stu
dy
in
[
81
]
ex
plains
th
e
acce
ss
to
these
serv
ic
es
bec
om
es
avail
able
as
a
vital
featu
re
of
m
ob
il
e
cl
oud
serv
ic
es
.
T
he
m
ob
il
e
te
r
m
inal
is
us
e
d
as
t
he
m
ai
n
so
urce
of
data
colle
ct
ion
.
T
he
stu
dy
al
so
f
oc
us
es
on
t
he
c
rite
ria
us
e
d
t
o
s
el
ect
m
ob
il
e
cl
oud
ser
vices.
Fu
rt
her,
t
he
proj
ect
s
and
im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
s
of
Cl
oudIoT
are
inclu
ded
a
nd
the
f
ut
ur
e
directi
ons
and
the
le
ading
r
oles
of
Cl
oudIo
T
env
i
ronm
ent
[
73
]
.
Wh
e
re,
th
e
authors
in
[8
4
]
discuss
e
d
m
any
opport
un
it
ie
s
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
qu
al
it
y
o
f
li
fe
by
i
m
pr
ovin
g
the
pr
ese
nt
en
vir
onm
ent
of
cy
ber
-
ph
ysi
cal
syst
e
m
and
existi
ng
ser
vices
as
well
as
the
associat
ed
chall
enges,
c
oncer
ns
,
a
nd
f
uture
tren
ds.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
stu
dy
in
[8
5
]
in
vo
l
ve
d
a
discuss
i
on
abou
t
the
cha
racteri
s
ti
cs
of
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
i
n
add
it
io
n
to
th
e
f
utu
re
resea
rch
op
portu
niti
es
an
d
c
on
ce
rn
i
ng
chall
enges.
Re
search
in
[
73
]
crit
ic
al
ly
rev
ie
wed
the
li
te
rat
ur
e
w
ork
a
nd
s
urveyed
f
og
co
m
pu
ti
ng
arc
hitec
ture
s
and alg
or
it
hm
s.
Fu
rt
her,
the
e
m
erg
in
g
te
ch
nolo
gies
an
d
le
s
so
ns
le
ar
ned
a
r
e
rev
ie
wed
by
[7
7
]
within
t
he
ro
le
of
fog
com
pu
ti
ng
.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
the
stud
y
in
[7
5
]
inclu
des
a
n
im
plem
entat
ion
and
eval
uation
of
a
pr
oto
ty
pe
of
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
.
A
ref
e
ren
ce
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
is
der
iv
ed
by
[3]
to
di
rect
the
progre
ss
of
the
f
utur
e
dev
el
opm
ents
and
platfo
rm
s
of
th
e
sm
art
city.
The
va
lua
ble
da
ta
,
processi
ng
ste
ps
,
a
nd
bi
g
data
ap
plica
ti
on
s
a
nd
platf
orm
s
are
al
so
in
vo
l
ved
i
n
the
st
ud
y
[7
8
]
.
Dif
fer
e
nt
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
of
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
i
nteg
rated
with
I
oT
a
re
de
ta
il
ed
in
[7
4
]
an
d
co
m
par
ed
in
te
r
m
s
of
arc
hitec
ture
m
od
el
,
ser
vice
m
od
el
,
al
gorithm
s
us
ed,
protoc
ols
ap
pl
ie
d,
an
d
database
te
c
hnologies.
H
owe
ver,
it
do
es
no
t
secur
it
y
aspec
t
of
the
data
tr
ansf
e
r
f
ro
m
clo
ud
res
ource
s
to
IoT
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
More
ov
e
r,
the
po
te
ntial
app
li
cat
ion
s
of
cl
ou
d
I
oT
arc
hitec
ture
is
el
ab
or
at
ed
by
[
83
]
inc
lud
in
g
the
intel
li
gen
t
trans
portat
ion
syst
e
m
s,
s
m
art
ci
ti
es,
env
ir
onm
ent
trackin
g
et
c.
Re
al
w
or
l
d
exam
ples,
data
-
dr
i
ven,
pract
ic
al
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
an
d
the
sm
art
energy
do
m
ai
ns
are
sho
wn
i
n
[7
8
]
w
it
h
res
pect
to
dat
a
visu
al
iz
at
ion, s
m
art traff
ic
sys
tem
s,
and sm
art p
ubli
c safety
.
The
sm
art
ci
t
y
vision
pr
ovides
m
a
in
requirem
ents
and
inform
at
ion
about
the
ad
va
ntages
of
integrate
d
ser
vi
ces
of
cl
ou
d
a
nd
I
oT.
In
a
dd
it
ion
to
the
relevan
t
c
halle
ng
es
are
disc
us
se
d
in
[7
9
]
.
T
he
stud
y
in
[
3]
include
s a
m
on
it
or
o
f
ai
r
qual
it
y
to
ana
ly
ze
the
beh
a
vi
or
o
f
ca
r
bon
tr
ack.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
the
a
rc
hitec
ture
of
the
sm
art
ci
ty
is
te
ste
d
in
[8
6
]
us
in
g
Io
T
in
te
rm
s
of
secu
ri
ty
threats.
F
urt
her,
s
om
e
go
od
pr
act
ic
es
of
sm
art
ci
ty
secur
it
y
are
desc
ribe
d
by
[8
6
]
fro
m
the
per
sp
e
ct
ive
of
diff
e
r
ent
sta
kehold
e
rs
of
sm
art
c
it
y
and
the p
e
rfo
rm
ance of eac
h
s
olu
ti
on.
Data
sec
ur
it
y
and
pri
vacy
la
ye
rs
sup
port
t
he
in
fr
a
struct
ure
of
data
m
a
nag
em
ent
te
ch
niques
a
nd
com
pu
ti
ng
an
d
netw
orki
ng
te
chnolo
gie
s
to
i
m
pr
ove
sm
art
ci
ty
are
sh
own
by
[
87
]
.
It
al
so
cov
e
re
d
m
any
le
sso
ns
le
ar
ne
d,
lim
it
at
ion
s,
chall
eng
e
s,
achi
evem
ents,
and
aspects
of
the
sm
art
ci
t
y.
Howev
e
r,
the
pr
opose
d
arch
it
ect
ure
of
[7
6
]
nee
ds
to
be
desc
ribe
d
in
m
or
e
detai
ls.
It
al
so
need
s
to
pro
vid
e
en
d
to
end
re
sil
ie
nce
fo
r
the
en
vir
on
m
ent
to
de
vel
op
t
he
sm
art
ci
ty
and
cl
oud
se
rvi
ces.
The
refor
e
,
m
or
e
con
ce
r
ning
as
pects
inclu
de
flexibili
ty
, r
el
ia
bili
ty
, r
esi
li
ence,
an
d sec
uri
ty
h
ave
to be
di
scusse
d.
More
ov
e
r,
the
auth
or
s
in
[
15]
hig
hlig
hts
the
pr
iva
cy
issues
including
loca
ti
on
pr
i
vacy,
use
r
pr
i
vacy
and
data
pr
i
va
cy
that
re
qu
ire
de
velo
ping
ne
w
s
olu
ti
ons
t
o
ada
pt
these
c
hang
es
a
nd
c
ha
ll
eng
es.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
re
searc
h
di
recti
on
s
a
nd
open
c
halle
ng
es
of
fog
c
om
puti
ng
a
re
fo
c
use
d
i
n
[
73
]
.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
the
m
ai
n
opport
un
it
ie
s
of
f
og
-
ba
sed
sm
art
gr
i
d
com
puti
ng
de
velo
pm
ent
an
d
the
ke
y
chall
eng
es
a
nd
resea
rch
dr
i
ves
to
m
ake
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
su
cces
s
an
d
viable
a
r
e
inclu
ded
in
[7
7
]
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
c
halle
nges
an
d
go
al
s
of
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
plat
form
are
analy
zed
by
[7
5
]
inc
lud
in
g
t
he desi
gn of
dif
fer
e
nt
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
2.3.
Eme
rgen
t
sit
u
at
i
on
s in
sm
ar
t
ci
ties
The
key
obj
ect
ive
of
sm
art
ci
ti
es
is
to
pro
vi
de
a
high
-
qual
it
y
li
fe
for
ci
ti
zens,
a
nd
this
goal
can'
t
be
achieve
d
with
ou
t
ta
king
in
consi
der
at
io
ns
the
e
m
erg
ent
sit
uations
,
re
sp
on
d
to
thes
e
sit
uations
,
s
urviv
e
ci
ti
zens,
an
d
s
upply
to
them
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
and
safe
routes
.
Seve
ral
stu
dies
giv
e
s
om
e
a
tt
ention
to
t
his
fiel
d.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple;
the
a
uthors
i
n
[8
8
]
discuss
e
d
t
he
possible
chall
en
ges
th
at
face
d
sm
art
ci
ti
es
an
d
pr
ov
i
de
a
pr
e
-
disaste
r
plan
f
or
buil
di
ng
al
l
s
m
art
ci
ti
es
infr
ast
ruct
ur
e
be
disas
te
r
resil
ie
nce
and
fi
re
prote
ct
ion
.
In
the sam
e
m
a
nn
e
r,
als
o
the s
tud
y i
n
[8
9
]
ex
plored
se
ver
al
issues in
the
oc
casi
on
of
r
e
sidi
ng
cit
iz
ens
in s
m
art
ci
ti
es,
su
ch
as
the
em
erg
ency
respo
ns
e,
a
nd
en
co
urage
the p
r
ocess
of
pla
n
dr
a
wing
to
en
su
re
that
sm
art
ci
ty
is
rob
us
t.
Wh
ere
,
the
auth
or
s
i
n
[
90
]
stu
dy
sm
art
ci
t
y
e
m
e
rg
e
nt
syst
e
m
s
in
reg
a
rd
i
ng
to
the
real
-
ti
m
e
and
distrib
uted
em
erg
e
ncy
rec
our
ses,
sc
hedule
t
hese
res
ources
in
a
way
that
m
axi
m
iz
e
the
resou
rce
qu
al
it
y
an
d
m
ini
m
iz
e
cost
and
ti
m
e
by
usi
ng
Hiera
rch
y
Partic
le
Sw
a
r
m
Op
ti
m
iz
at
io
n
Al
gorithm
(H
PS
O)
,
in
a
dd
it
ion
to
const
ru
ct
em
e
rg
e
ncy
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
t
hat
co
nsi
sts
of
the
f
ol
lowing
la
ye
rs
:
resou
rce,
ne
twork
,
se
ns
e,
sm
ar
t
serv
ic
e,
a
nd
ap
plica
ti
on
.
On
t
he
ot
her
hand,
the
stud
y
in
[
91
]
m
anag
e
d
em
erg
ent
sit
uati
on
s
i
n
the
sm
art
ci
ty
by
us
i
ng
t
he
s
m
art
s
ign
al
tha
t
analy
ses
sit
uations
,
i
ntegrat
e
with
I
oT,
sh
a
r
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
and
it
m
us
t
be
aware
of
it
s
c
on
te
nt
s.
Als
o,
t
he
a
uthors
in
[
92
]
pro
posed
a
sem
i
-
Ma
rk
ov
m
od
el
in
sm
a
rt
ci
ti
es
to
ca
pture
the
pro
ba
ble
dynam
ic
s
even
ts
s
ucceed
a
n
eart
hqua
ke,
this
m
od
el
su
ppos
e
d
to
qua
ntify
haza
rd
r
at
e
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Emer
gen
t
sit
uati
on
s f
or
s
m
ar
t
ci
ti
es:
a
s
ur
vey
(Ahma
d
M
ohama
d Al
-
Sm
ad
i)
4781
est
i
m
at
e
the
re
storatio
n
ti
m
e,
this
m
od
el
i
m
plem
ented
by
dynam
ic
pr
ogr
a
m
m
ing
,
it
co
ns
ide
rin
g
s
uitable
i
n
the sm
art ci
ty
because
that i
n t
hese cit
ie
s the
d
at
a
fo
ll
owe
d events
are rec
orde
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
stud
y
in
[
93
]
aim
ed
to
de
velo
p
em
erg
ency
r
esp
on
se
syst
em
s
fo
r
disaste
r
s
of
va
rio
us
scal
es
con
ce
ntrate
on
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
syst
em
s
,
by
us
in
g
Ve
hi
cular
A
d
-
ho
c
Netw
orks
(
VANETs
),
m
ob
il
e
and
Cl
oud
Com
pu
ti
ng
te
chnolo
gi
es
and
base
d
on
dem
and
a
nd
s
peed
strat
egies.
Wh
il
e,
the
auth
or
s
in
[9
4
]
su
ggest
e
d
syst
e
m
com
po
sed
of
a
ce
ntral
agen
t
a
nd
the
three
la
ye
rs
locat
ed
ov
e
r
diff
e
re
nt
dim
e
ns
io
ns
,
un
m
ann
e
d
ae
rial
veh
ic
le
(UA
V)
la
ye
r
,
m
ulti
-
r
obot
la
ye
r
a
nd
se
nsor
netw
ork
la
ye
r.
U
A
V
c
ollec
ts
data
from
ai
r,
wh
e
re
on
the
gro
und
t
here
are
rob
ots
t
ha
t
deali
ng
wit
h
em
erg
encies,
and
the
sens
or
netw
ork
la
ye
r
helpi
ng
the
pre
vious
la
ye
rs
to
accom
plish
t
he
requi
red
ta
sk
s
.
W
it
h
the
sam
e
goal
,
the
a
uthor
s
in
[9
5
]
propo
sed
a
n
arch
it
ect
ure
of
e
m
erg
ency
res
pons
e
syst
em
i
n
orde
r
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
r
esp
on
se
even
t
in
sm
art
ci
ti
es,
this
i
s
done
by
enab
li
ng
th
e
inform
ation
f
ro
m
e
m
erg
ency
sit
e
to
serv
ic
e
prov
i
der
,
this
syst
e
m
dep
en
ds
on
sm
art
bu
il
ding
su
ppli
ed
wit
h
the
facil
it
ie
s
of
m
otion
detect
ion
,
tracki
ng,
an
d
sensi
ng
syst
em
,
L
AN
se
rv
e
r
col
le
ct
this
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
then
the
em
ergency
ser
vice
pro
vid
e
r
ho
sts
t
he
sm
art
bu
il
di
ng
i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
La
stl
y;
the
stud
y
in
[9
6
]
desig
ne
d
traffic
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
em
erg
ency
res
ponse
in
s
m
art
ci
ti
es,
by
cha
ng
i
ng
the
co
ntro
l
of
netw
ork
r
oute
s,
an
d
dri
ving
poli
ci
es.
It
aim
s
to
reduce
em
e
rg
e
ncy
ve
hicle
s
respo
ns
e
tim
e,
a
nd
determ
ine
the
e
m
erg
ency
le
ve
l,
by
us
in
g
th
e
fu
zzy
Lo
gic
con
tr
oller
tha
t
need
s
the
tra
ff
ic
pa
ram
et
er
s,
an
d
upon
certai
n
functi
onal
it
y
and
routin
g
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
ch
oose
the
su
it
a
ble
act
ion
s.
The
la
te
ncy
sensiti
ve
app
l
ic
at
io
ns
dem
and
fast
r
es
pons
e
of
real
-
t
i
m
e
app
li
cat
ion
s
a
nd
the
distance
betwee
n
cl
oud
an
d
e
nd
us
er
dev
ic
es
or
te
r
m
inals
in
[11]
involve
se
ve
ral
issues
to
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s
su
c
h
as
co
nte
nt
delivery
an
d
disaste
r
m
anag
em
ent
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
Wh
ereas;
the
au
thors
in
[7
7
]
pr
ese
nts
a
des
cripti
on
of
fog
-
base
d
com
pu
ti
ng
arch
it
ect
ures
a
nd
the
a
ppli
cabil
it
y
of
al
gor
it
h
m
s
to
sup
port
cl
ou
d
c
ompu
t
in
g
a
nd
e
na
ble
ne
w
tre
nds
of
real
-
ti
m
e
app
li
cat
ion
s
in
te
rm
s
of
la
te
ncy.
The
em
erg
ent
discuss
e
d,
pr
opose
d
ap
proac
h
and
the
relat
e
d
issue
s
are s
umm
arized in
T
a
ble 1.
Table
1
.
Su
m
m
ary
of em
erg
en
t si
tuati
on
s
of s
m
art ci
ti
es
li
te
r
at
ur
es
Related
I
ss
u
es
Prop
o
sed
App
roach
E
m
e
rgen
t
Ref
erence
Secu
rity
Deliv
ery
Fire
P
rotectio
n
Pre
-
d
isas
ter
plan
Ear
th
q
u
ak
e
Disas
ter
[8
8
]
Su
stain
ab
le energy
and
m
o
b
ilit
y
Pre
-
d
isas
ter
plan
Cli
m
ate Ch
an
g
e
an
d
Disaster
[8
9
]
Real ti
m
e
aw
are
,
Distrib
u
ted
,
Self
-
o
rgan
izatio
n
,
Res
p
o
n
se ti
m
e
,
He
terog
en
eo
u
s
E
m
e
rgen
cy
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t by
r
e
co
u
rses, sched
u
lin
g
HPSO
[
9
0
]
Energy
co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
Res
p
o
n
se
ti
m
e
S
m
art
sig
n
al
[
9
1
]
Saf
ety
,
Res
p
o
n
se t
i
m
e
Se
m
i
-
Ma
rko
v
m
o
d
el
Ear
th
q
u
ak
e
[
9
2
]
Res
p
o
n
se ti
m
e
and
Speed
E
m
e
rgen
cy
resp
o
n
se syste
m
s
(VAN
ET
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile)
Disas
ters
[
9
3
]
Localizatio
n
,
Saf
et
y
,
S
ecurit
y
Cen
tral
ag
en
t and
t
h
ree
la
y
ers: un
m
an
n
ed
aer
ial veh
icle
lay
er
,
m
u
lti
-
rob
o
t l
ay
er
and
sen
so
r
n
etwo
rk lay
e
r.
[
9
4
]
Secu
rity an
d
Pr
iv
a
cy
E
m
e
rgen
cy
resp
o
n
se
syste
m
(
m
o
tio
n
detectio
n
,
trackin
g
,
an
d
sen
sin
g
sy
stem
,
LAN
server
)
[
9
5
]
Co
n
g
estion, Resp
o
n
se ti
m
e
Fu
zzy
Log
ic bas
ed
Sy
ste
m
[
9
6
]
3.
DISCU
SSI
ON A
ND COM
P
AR
I
SO
N
This
sect
io
n
sh
ows
the
fi
nd
i
ngs
f
r
om
rev
ie
wing
the
ab
ov
e
-
relat
e
d
w
orks.
Ta
ble
2
sho
ws
the
cat
egorizat
ion
of
the
i
nvest
igate
d
relat
ed
w
orks
i
n
te
rm
s
of
m
ai
n
issues
disc
usse
d,
m
ai
n
struc
tures
include
d,
a
nd
m
ai
n
fu
tu
re
subj
ect
s
s
uggeste
d.
T
he
auth
ors
in
[8
5
]
discusse
d
f
og
c
om
puti
ng
,
cl
ou
dlets,
an
d
m
ob
il
e
edg
e
c
om
pu
ti
ng
.
The
m
ai
n
issues
th
at
are
discu
sse
d
in
[8
5
]
are
H
igh
la
te
ncy,
non
-
a
da
ptive
m
a
chine,
and
lo
w
s
pectral
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
stu
dy
in
[
73
]
pr
ese
nts
a
su
r
vey
of
cl
oud
I
oT
an
d
the
m
ai
n
pr
operti
es
,
featur
e
s,
te
c
hn
ologies,
a
nd
open
c
halle
ng
e
s
f
or
f
uture
rese
arch.
In
ad
diti
on,
ne
w
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
,
chall
en
ge
s
an
d
le
ading
r
oles
of
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
are
disc
us
se
d.
T
he
st
ud
y
i
n
[8
4
]
al
so
s
hows
I
oT
cl
oud
-
base
d
i
nfrastr
uctu
re,
dem
and
s,
a
nd
ser
vices.
Mo
r
eov
e
r,
t
he
st
udy
in
[8
4
]
inc
lud
es
a
n
over
view
of
the
f
ast
dev
el
opm
e
nt
an
d
te
chnolo
gies
in
te
r
m
s
of
their
chall
enges,
co
ncerns,
a
nd
so
l
utions
again
st
issues.
Sim
il
arl
y,
the
auth
or
s
i
n
[
3]
pro
vid
e
a
re
vie
w
of
the
I
oT
a
nd
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
te
c
hnologies,
f
unct
ion
a
l
req
ui
rem
ents
an
d
cat
e
gories
of
the
current
pr
act
ic
al
issues
of
dat
a
processin
g.
I
t
al
so
shows
open
resear
ch
is
su
es
a
nd
fu
t
ure
trends
of
the
s
m
art
ci
ty
.
The
e
nergy
ef
fici
ency,
pe
rfor
m
ance,
an
d
reduce
d
la
te
ncy
are
c
onside
red
by
[
83
]
for
fog
node
s
of
the
arc
hitec
tur
e
of
sm
art
rou
te
r.
T
he
st
ud
y
in
[
83
]
al
so
offe
rs
the
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
facil
it
ie
s,
a
bs
tract
io
ns,
an
d
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
f
og
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s.
T
he
a
uth
ors
i
n
[7
9
]
a
nd
[6]
ha
ve
s
ho
wn
the
pa
ra
digm
s
of
I
oT
a
nd
cl
ouds
to
unde
rstan
d
the
op
portu
niti
es
and
s
olu
ti
ons
for
save
li
fe
a
nd
sm
art
ci
ty
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
T
he
y
al
so
prov
i
de
d
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
se
r
vices
an
d
the
m
ai
n
platfor
m
s
and
i
nfrastr
uc
tures
f
or
cl
ou
d
an
d
I
oT
t
o
s
upport
the
sm
art
ci
ty.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4777
-
4787
4782
Finall
y,
the
a
uth
ors
i
n
[
7,
11,
7
7
]
hav
e
prese
nted
Fog
-
base
d
c
om
pu
ti
ng
a
rch
it
ect
ures
a
nd
the
ap
p
li
cabi
li
ty
of
al
gorithm
s
to
su
pp
or
t
cl
ou
d
com
pu
ti
ng
and
e
na
ble
ne
w
tren
ds
of
r
eal
-
tim
e
app
li
cat
ion
s.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
they
an
al
yz
e la
te
ncy sens
it
ive
appli
cat
ion
s
dem
and
fast res
pons
e
of
real
-
ti
m
e app
li
cat
ion.
Table
2
.
T
he
c
at
egorizat
ion
of the
in
vestigat
ed rel
at
ed wor
ks
i
n
te
rm
s o
f m
ai
n
issues
dis
cusse
d,
m
ai
n
struct
ur
es
inclu
ded, a
nd
m
ai
n
fu
t
ur
e
subj
ect
s
sug
geste
d
Ref
erences
Main to
p
ics d
iscu
ss
ed
Main iss
u
es d
iscu
ss
ed
Main stru
ctu
res in
clu
d
ed
Main f
u
tu
re
su
b
jects su
g
g
e
sted
[
8
5
]
Fo
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
clo
u
d
lets, and
m
o
b
ile
ed
g
e co
m
p
u
tin
g
Hig
h
latency, n
o
n
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
achi
n
e,
an
d
lo
w sp
ectra
l ef
f
icie
n
cy
Architectu
res,
prin
cip
les,
ef
f
o
rts,
an
d
app
lic
atio
n
s
Op
p
o
rtun
ities an
d
co
n
cernin
g
ch
allen
g
es
[
7
3
]
Clo
u
d
IoT
Prop
erties,
f
eatu
re
s,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies, and
o
p
en
ch
allen
g
es
New a
p
p
licatio
n
s,
ch
allen
g
es, and
op
en
resear
ch
op
p
o
rtun
ities
The f
u
tu
re
d
irectio
n
s an
d
the
lead
in
g
r
o
les
[
8
4
]
IoT
-
Clo
u
d
bas
ed
Inf
rastructu
re,
de
m
an
d
s,
an
d
services
Fast d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
t
h
e
so
lu
tio
n
s to
th
e r
aised
issu
es
Ch
allen
g
es, con
cerns, and
f
u
tu
re
trend
s
[
7
8
]
Big
data f
o
r
th
e s
m
art
city
Ap
p
licatio
n
s, po
ten
tial
i
m
p
rov
e
m
en
ts an
d
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s in
s
m
a
rt
cities
Visib
ility
o
f
s
m
a
rt
city
,
data
co
llectio
n
,
v
isu
alizatio
n
,
an
d
th
e inf
rastructu
re
o
f
the
s
m
art
city
Valu
ab
le data, pro
cess
in
g
step
s,
s
m
art
tr
af
f
ic sy
ste
m
s
,
an
d
big
d
ata app
licatio
n
s an
d
platf
o
r
m
s
[
8
1
]
Mob
ile clou
d
services
The p
aradig
m
of
s
m
a
rt
city
app
licatio
n
s a
n
d
p
rojects
Data proces
sin
g
and
sto
rage,
sh
aring
data
Criteria
us
ed
to select
m
o
b
ile
clo
u
d
services
[
3
]
Internet o
f
thin
g
s,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
si
cal
syste
m
s
Facilita
ting
te
chn
o
lo
g
ies,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al r
eq
u
irem
e
n
ts,
an
d
classif
y
in
g
catego
ries of
new
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
Exis
tin
g
essen
tial
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
p
ractica
l
iss
u
es f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
s o
f
d
ata
p
rocess
in
g
and
so
ftwar
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
Frequ
en
t op
en
r
esearch iss
u
es
an
d
f
u
tu
re
d
irection
s an
d
tr
en
d
s
o
f
the s
m
a
rt
cit
y
[
8
3
]
Clo
u
d
I
o
T
Energy
-
ef
f
icien
cy
,
qu
ick
resp
o
n
se ti
m
e,
p
erfo
r
m
an
ce, red
u
ced
laten
cy
,
better
-
lo
ca
lized
accurac
y
and
p
erfo
r
m
an
ce
The
architec
tu
ral
p
aradig
m
o
f
f
o
g
nodes
su
ch
as edg
e
serv
ers,
s
m
art
r
o
u
t
ers,
an
d
b
ase statio
n
s h
as rec
eiv
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al r
eq
u
ests
and
sen
sin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Ap
p
licatio
n
s, f
acilities o
f
ab
stractio
n
,
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s,
an
d
the d
istrib
u
ted
natu
re
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
pro
v
id
er
s
[
7
]
Edg
e co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
f
o
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
ec
o
-
syste
m
s
Architectu
re
,
p
latf
o
r
m
s,
ch
arac
teristi
cs,
ap
p
licatio
n
s, and
ab
stractio
n
s
Ph
y
sical p
rop
erties
,
ap
p
licatio
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
run
ti
m
e env
iron
m
e
n
t,
p
rivacy
sen
sitiv
ity
,
and
n
o
v
el capab
ilities
Iden
tif
ied
challen
g
in
g
issu
es an
d
so
lu
tio
n
s p
o
ten
tial po
ss
ib
ilities
[
1
1
]
Fo
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
Elasticit
y
and
scal
ab
ility
are
th
e
m
ain
chall
e
n
g
in
g
iss
u
es still f
aced in
the
resear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
Latency
sen
sitiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s d
e
m
a
n
d
f
ast
resp
o
n
se o
f
r
eal
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
Res
earc
h
directio
n
s an
d
op
en
ch
allen
g
es o
f
f
o
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
e
m
ergin
g
techn
o
lo
g
ies an
d
less
o
n
s learned
[7
7
]
Fo
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
and
s
m
art
grid
The in
f
rastructu
re
o
f
I
o
T
an
d
sen
so
r
n
etwo
rks
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t of
r
es
o
u
rce
ti
m
e and
dyna
m
ic
n
atu
re
o
f
intellig
en
t sy
stem
s
Fo
g
-
b
ased
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
architectu
res
an
d
the
ap
p
licab
ility
o
f
algo
rith
m
s
to
su
p
p
o
rt
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
enab
le new tre
n
d
s o
f
real
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
Main o
p
p
o
rtun
ities
f
o
r
f
o
g
-
b
ased
s
m
art
g
rid c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t and
t
h
e key
ch
allen
g
es an
d
r
esearch d
rives
[
7
9
]
IoT and
clou
d
s
S
m
art
cit
y
con
cept
that
p
lay
s a vital
r
o
le in
in
d
u
strial and
aca
d
e
m
ic
f
ield
s in
s
m
a
rt
cit
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
Many
m
id
d
lewa
re
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
inf
rastructu
res of
I
o
T
s
m
art
city v
isio
n
to p
rov
id
e
m
a
in
r
eq
u
ire
m
en
ts
and
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
S
m
art
cit
y
and
gen
era
l
ap
p
roach
es to
clou
d
and
sen
so
rs
as well as
services
with
the
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
of
clo
u
d
and
IoT
[
6
]
The p
aradig
m
of
I
o
T
an
d
clou
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
Op
p
o
rtun
ities f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
data o
f
g
eo
g
raph
ic r
eg
io
n
s
to
sav
e lif
e of
peo
p
le
Fo
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ser
v
ices f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
an
aly
sis
a
n
d
cr
itical
review of
I
o
T
d
ata
IoT data and
f
o
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
real
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
ities o
f
an
aly
zin
g
data
Figure 1
s
hows
the classi
ficat
i
on
of
the
dif
fere
nt stud
ie
s
. S
om
e o
f
the r
esea
rch
e
rs
disc
us
s
adv
a
ntag
e
s
and
ben
e
fits
of
fog
-
base
d
s
m
art
ci
t
y
app
li
cat
ion
s.
Others
discuss
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent
app
li
c
at
ion
s,
f
og
co
m
pu
ti
ng
,
arch
it
ect
ures
a
nd
i
nfrastr
uctu
re,
an
d
iss
ues
and
c
halle
nges
.
Seve
ral
rese
arch
e
rs
in
[3
,
13,
7
4
,
8
2
,
8
7
,
9
7]
stud
ie
d
the
a
dvanta
ges
a
nd
be
nef
it
s
of
fog
-
base
d
sm
art
city
app
li
ca
ti
on
s
.
The
e
nvir
onm
ental
app
li
cat
ion
s
of
fog
-
base
d
sm
art
ci
ty
are
disc
us
se
d
in
seve
r
al
stud
ie
s
[3
,
12,
7
4
,
7
6
,
80
,
8
2
,
8
7
]
.
Fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng
is
di
scusse
d
al
so
by
m
any
stud
ie
s
[12,
13
,
16,
7
6
,
9
7]
.
The
a
rch
it
ect
ures
a
nd
i
nfrast
ru
ct
ur
e
of
f
og
-
base
d
sm
art
city
a
re
fo
c
us
e
d
in
[3,
13,
7
6
,
8
6
,
8
7
,
9
7
]
.
T
he
stud
y
in
[7
6
]
presen
te
d
assum
ptions
fo
r
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
app
li
cat
ion
s
of
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng
and
t
he
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
es
a
nd
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
of
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
pa
rad
i
gm
,
wh
e
reas;
the
a
uthor
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Emer
gen
t
sit
uati
on
s f
or
s
m
ar
t
ci
ti
es:
a
s
ur
vey
(Ahma
d
M
ohama
d Al
-
Sm
ad
i)
4783
in
[8
7
]
introd
uc
ed
so
m
e
challen
gi
ng
iss
ues
in
the
fr
am
ework
of
f
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
as
w
el
l
as
the
adv
a
ntag
es
and
ben
e
fits
gaine
d
by
dep
l
oyin
g
differe
nt
e
nviro
nm
ental
appl
ic
at
ion
s.
Othe
r
stu
dies
su
c
h
as
[
82
]
ha
ve
st
ud
ie
d
the
res
ource
m
anag
em
ent,
pri
ci
ng
,
a
nd
heter
og
e
nei
ty
issue
s
of
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
stu
dy
in
[
3]
discusse
s
inter
net
of
thi
ng
s
,
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng,
a
nd
cy
ber
-
physi
cal
syst
em
s.
Ther
ef
or
e,
the
aut
hors
i
n
[
3]
rev
eal
t
hat
fa
ci
li
ta
t
ing
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
,
f
unc
ti
on
al
re
quire
m
ents,
cl
assifi
ed
cat
eg
ori
es
of
ne
w
te
ch
nolo
gies,
existi
ng
e
ssent
ia
l
te
chn
ol
og
ie
s
an
d
pr
act
ic
a
l
issues
of
dat
a
processi
ng
a
nd
softwa
re
platfor
m
s.
It
is
al
so
sh
owe
d fr
e
que
nt ope
n researc
h
iss
ues,
f
uture
d
irect
io
ns
a
nd
tren
ds
of the s
m
art ci
ty
.
Figure
1
.
The
c
la
ss
ific
at
ion
of the
diff
e
re
nt st
ud
ie
s
and
how
they
intr
oduce
the s
urveys
A
su
m
m
ary
of
the
relat
ed
work
s
that
ha
ve
inv
e
sti
gated
the
app
li
cat
ion
of
cl
ou
d
c
om
pu
ti
ng
(m
ai
nly
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng)
in
the
sm
art
ci
ty
con
side
rin
g
res
ource
m
anag
em
ent,
pri
ci
ng
,
secu
rity
,
pri
vacy,
perfor
m
ance,
reli
abili
ty
,
la
ten
cy
,
sche
duli
ng,
an
d
heterogen
ei
ty
m
easu
res
is
pr
ese
nt
ed
in
Table
3.
In
[
8
2
]
,
res
ources
m
anag
em
ent,
pr
ic
in
g,
an
d
he
te
rogen
ei
ty
is
su
es
a
re
disc
usse
d.
T
he
st
udy
in
[
73
]
pres
ented
an
over
view
of
pr
ic
in
g,
sec
ur
it
y,
pri
vacy,
pe
r
form
ance,
an
d
reli
abili
ty
issues
of
fog
c
ompu
ti
ng.
Sim
il
ar
ly
,
the
st
udy
i
n
[7
7
]
pr
ese
nts
secu
ri
ty
,
pr
ivacy
,
pe
rfor
m
ance,
an
d
reli
abili
ty
issues.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
stu
dy
in
[6]
on
ly
discusse
d
the
la
te
ncy
and
se
cur
it
y
issues
of
fog
com
pu
ti
ng
ap
plica
ti
on
s.
Fu
rt
her
,
t
he
stud
y
in
[
7]
only
discuss
e
d
reli
abili
ty
.
Most
of
the
stu
dies
h
av
e
inv
es
ti
gated
the
issu
es
of
pri
vacy,
s
ecur
it
y,
perf
orm
ance,
and
r
el
ia
bili
ty
.
Diff
er
ently
,
the
stu
dy
in
[
98
]
discusse
d
t
he
sche
du
li
ng
is
su
es
in
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
w
hile
[
99
]
s
howe
d
res
ources
m
anag
em
ent issues.
Table
3
.
A
s
um
m
ary of
the
re
la
te
d
w
orks
t
ha
t hav
e
in
vest
igate
d
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
of clo
ud
and f
og c
om
pu
ti
ng
in
sm
art ci
ty
Ref
Res
o
u
rces
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
Pricing
Secu
rity an
d
p
rivacy
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Reliab
ility
Latency
Sch
ed
u
lin
g
Heterog
en
eity
[
8
2
]
√
√
√
[
7
3
]
√
√
√
√
[
7
7
]
√
√
√
[
6
]
√
√
[
7
]
√
[
8
]
√
√
√
[
1
5
]
√
√
√
[
8
3
]
√
√
√
[
1
0
0
]
√
√
√
[
1
0
1
]
√
√
[
1
0
2
]
√
√
[
1
0
3
]
√
√
[
1
0
4
]
√
√
[
1
2
]
√
√
√
[
1
0
5
]
√
[
9
9
]
√
[
9
8
]
√
√
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4777
-
4787
4784
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Sm
art
ci
t
ie
s
exp
ect
ed
t
o
be
grow
ra
pid
ly
,
as
a
res
ult
to
the
cost
de
creasi
ng
a
nd
sen
sin
g
te
chnolo
gy
increasin
g.
In
these
ci
ti
es,
there
are
al
ways
un
e
xpect
ed
e
m
erg
encies
th
at
hav
e
to
be
treat
ed
to
m
ain
ta
in
the
ordina
ry
li
fe
an
d
to
sa
ve
ci
ti
zens
li
ven
within.
T
he
n
a
s
m
art
syst
e
m
is
need
ed
t
o
detect
the
e
m
erg
ent
sit
uations
a
nd
to
deal
with
th
e
m
.
This
s
urve
ys
the
li
te
rature
on
em
erg
ent
sit
uations
of
s
m
art
ci
ti
es.
We
ha
ve
analy
zed
a
nd
evaluate
d
diff
e
ren
t
as
pects
of
sm
art
ci
ti
es,
cl
oud,
I
oT
a
nd
fog
c
om
pu
ti
ng.
A
set
of
le
sson
s
le
arn
e
d
are
de
rive
d
bas
ed
on
the
li
te
ratu
r
e
rev
ie
w.
T
he
rem
ai
nin
g
ch
al
le
ng
es
a
nd
c
orres
pondin
g
r
esearch
directi
ons
are
discuss
e
d.
In
add
it
io
n,
we
hav
e
discusse
d
the
pro
sp
e
ct
s
of
sm
art
c
it
ie
s
with
a
fo
cu
s
on
the
em
erg
ent
s
it
uations
.
H
owever,
m
os
t
of
these
stu
dies
ha
ve
la
ck
dee
p
knowle
dge
in
t
he
crit
ic
al
issu
es
of
sm
art
c
it
y
real
-
tim
e
syst
e
m
s.
Our
fi
ndin
g
obvi
ously
aff
ir
m
the
necessit
y
of
deali
ng
w
it
h
e
m
erg
ent
si
tuati
ons
in
s
m
art
ci
t
ie
s.
The
lim
it
ation
of
this
stud
y
is
that
the
lim
i
t
ed
num
ber
of
r
efere
nce
that
m
ot
ivate
s
us
to
m
or
e
inv
est
igate
s
t
he
w
ork
in
f
utur
e
with
m
or
e
re
fer
e
nces,
espec
ia
ll
y
in
la
te
ncy
facto
r
of
fog
com
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
real
-
tim
e app
li
cat
ion
s.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Napha
d
e,
et
al
.
,
“
Sm
art
er ci
t
i
es
and their i
nno
vat
ion
chall
enges
,
”
Computer
,
p
p.
32
-
39
,
2011
.
[2]
A.
Za
n
ella,
e
t al
.
,
“
Inte
rn
et of
th
i
ngs for
sm
art
c
it
i
es,
”
IEEE
In
te
rn
et
o
f
Things
jour
nal,
vo
l. 1, pp. 2
2
-
32,
2014
.
[3]
E.
F.
Z.
San
ta
n
a,
et
a
l.
,
“
Software
pl
at
form
s
for
sm
art
ci
t
ie
s:
C
once
pts,
req
uir
e
m
ent
s,
challe
ng
es,
and
a
unif
ied
ref
ere
n
ce a
r
chi
t
e
ct
ure
,
”
ACM
Co
mputing
Surve
ys
(
Csur)
,
vol.
50
,
p
p.
78
,
2017
.
[4]
htt
ps://
en.
wik
ipedia.
org
/wiki
/In
ternet
_of_th
ings
\
l
ast
visit
ed
(M
arch 15, 2018)
.
[5]
I
.
Alm
ara
shdeh
,
et
al.
,
“
Deve
lo
ping
a
Mobi
le
Portal
Proto
t
y
p
e
for
E
-
gov
ern
m
ent
Servi
ce
s,
”
J
ournal
of
App
lied
Sci
en
ce
s,
vol. 14
,
pp
.
791
-
797
,
2
014.
[6]
A.
Rauniy
a
r,
et
al
.
,
“
Crowds
ourc
ing
-
base
d
d
i
saster
m
ana
gem
ent
using
fog
computing
in
i
nte
rne
t
of
th
ing
s
par
adi
gm
,
”
Col
laborati
on
and
Inte
rne
t
Computing
(
C
IC)
,
2016
IEEE
2n
d
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
ren
ce
o
n
,
2016
,
pp
.
490
-
4
94.
[7]
P.
Varshne
y
an
d
Y.
Simm
han,
“
De
m
y
stif
y
ing
fog
computing:
Chara
c
te
ri
zi
ng
arc
hitect
ur
es,
appl
i
ca
t
ions
and
abstra
c
ti
ons,”
F
og
and
Edg
e
Co
mputing
(
ICFE
C
)
,
2017
IEEE
1st
Inte
rnat
ional
C
onfe
renc
e
on
,
20
17
,
pp
.
115
-
124
.
[8]
R.
Petro
lo,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Towa
rds
a
s
m
art
cit
y
b
ase
d
on
cl
oud
of
th
in
gs,”
Proc
ee
d
ing
s
of
th
e
2014
A
CM
internationa
l
workshop on
Wi
rele
ss
and
mobil
e
t
ec
hnolog
ie
s
fo
r sm
art c
it
i
es
,
pp
.
61
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