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J
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201
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p
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.
1383
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1
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8
I
SS
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re
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atin
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s
m
all
d
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s
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ted
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ato
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V
ar
r
ay
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in
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
,
b
atter
ies,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
etc.
)
,
co
m
p
o
s
e
s
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
h
ar
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
m
a
y
b
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
-
3
]
.
T
h
ese
DG
’
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
a
tt
ac
h
ed
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
m
ea
n
o
f
P
u
l
s
e
W
id
th
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d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
b
ased
Vo
ltag
e
So
u
r
ce
I
n
v
er
t
er
(
VSI
)
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
h
a
v
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
V
-
I
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
an
d
g
e
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er
ate
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
b
o
th
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
u
p
p
lied
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Firstl
y
,
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
DG
u
n
it
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
; t
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
as p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
th
e
DC
/
AC
P
W
M
-
VSI
s
y
s
t
e
m
;
u
s
u
all
y
u
s
ed
as
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
o
f
DG
u
n
its
eit
h
e
r
to
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
o
r
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
lo
ad
an
d
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
en
er
at
io
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
i
cs
b
an
d
,
an
d
li
m
iti
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
/
AC
P
W
M
-
VSI
;
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
i
s
m
o
s
tl
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
VSI
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
o
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
is
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
r
t
to
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
ti
cs
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
[
9
]
,
[
10
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
h
ic
h
af
f
ec
t
p
o
w
er
q
u
ali
t
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
y
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
11
]
.
I
n
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
is
lan
d
i
n
g
)
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
h
av
e
to
b
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
its
e
lf
,
if
n
o
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
attac
h
ed
DG
u
n
it
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
[
12
]
.
An
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
D
G
u
n
its
m
u
s
t b
e
s
elec
te
d
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
3
8
3
–
1388
1384
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
DVR
(
D
y
n
a
m
ic
Vo
ltag
e
R
e
s
to
r
er
)
w
h
ich
i
s
cu
s
to
m
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ice
i
n
ex
is
t
in
g
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
[
15
]
,
[
16
]
.
B
u
t
in
ca
s
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
u
n
lik
e
DV
R
,
it
h
as
n
o
li
m
ita
tio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
n
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
id
e.
So
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
m
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
o
v
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
alit
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
icr
o
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
n
o
t
cu
s
to
m
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ice
s
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
m
icr
o
g
r
id
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
.
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
DG
u
n
its
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
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I
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d
is
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s
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ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
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201
8
:
1
3
8
3
–
1388
1386
Fig
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d
ed
m
o
d
e,
MG
m
u
s
t
ta
k
e
ca
r
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
o
w
er
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
b
elo
w
i
s
p
o
r
tr
a
y
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
ter
m
i
n
al
o
f
P
V
ar
r
a
y
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
af
ter
t=0
.
5
s
v
o
ltag
e
h
a
v
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
DG
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
s
tab
le.
T
h
is
v
ar
iatio
n
in
v
o
ltag
e
w
il
l
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
tellig
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
w
il
l
m
iti
g
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
a
n
d
DG
’
s
w
ill
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
ated
v
o
lta
g
e.
F
u
r
t
h
er
,
at
t=0
.
7
s
th
er
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lo
ad
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
k
W
to
1
2
0
k
W
an
d
ag
ain
t
h
e
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
s
a
t
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DG
u
n
it,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
g
ai
n
n
o
t
f
a
v
o
u
r
ab
le
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
d
ev
ice
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
w
h
e
n
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
ea
ch
es
at
t=0
.
5
s
,
t
h
e
MG
tr
an
s
it
to
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e,
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
DG
w
it
h
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
av
e
les
s
f
lu
c
tu
at
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
its
s
ettle
d
o
w
n
w
it
h
i
n
0
.
0
2
s
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
it
h
o
u
t
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ic
h
h
as
m
o
r
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
an
d
s
ettlin
g
ti
m
e
is
0
.
0
5
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
is
th
e
ca
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
lo
ad
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
it
h
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
av
e
b
etter
r
es
u
lt
s
th
a
n
w
i
to
u
t
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
h
ase
is
also
n
o
t
a
d
esira
b
le
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
lo
ad
s
.
Her
e,
in
th
is
c
ase
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
ith
P
I
h
a
v
e
les
s
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
i
th
o
u
t
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
wh
ic
h
is
1
.
6
2
p
.
u
.
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
1
.
2
2
p
.
u
.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
th
e
r
e
also
h
ap
p
en
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
MG
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
lo
ad
ch
an
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
b
elo
w
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
t
h
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
i
th
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
av
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
etter
r
esu
lts
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
ith
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u
t
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I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
s
ettli
n
g
ti
m
e
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d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
o
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n
tr
o
ll
er
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s
o
les
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as
co
m
p
ar
ed
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th
er
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s
e.
T
h
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ax
i
m
iu
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er
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o
o
t
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m
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T
h
e
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ettlin
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m
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ar
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1
3
s
in
ca
s
e
o
f
w
it
h
o
u
t
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
o
th
er
tech
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iq
u
e,
t
h
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to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
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to
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tio
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
DG
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
also
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
li
m
it
s
o
f
I
E
E
E
-
154
7
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2
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0
3
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
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ter
co
n
n
etio
n
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d
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ib
u
te
d
g
en
er
ato
r
s
w
it
h
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
at
ter
m
i
n
al
o
f
P
V
ar
r
ay
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
P
V
ar
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2088
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8708
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u
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al
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r
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t
w
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s
s
T
HD
lev
els.
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
DG
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
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h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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o
n
tr
o
ller
(
a)
Vo
lta
g
e,
(
b
)
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v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(a
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an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
DG
i
s
p
u
r
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
an
d
s
tab
le
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
I
ts
T
HD
lev
el
is
also
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
I
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if
ied
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it
s
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r
t
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er
,
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
o
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u
t
c
u
r
r
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o
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n
d
its
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HD
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v
el
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s
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i
v
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n
b
elo
w
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n
Fi
g
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r
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d
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g
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r
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t
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f
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r
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t
th
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r
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o
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g
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
DG
p
ar
am
eter
s
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h
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r
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o
n
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o
ller
(
a)
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r
r
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(
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cu
r
r
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t T
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4.
CO
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O
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I
n
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h
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v
o
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e
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n
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eq
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en
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n
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o
ller
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as
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ee
n
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r
o
p
o
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ed
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o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
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en
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f
MG
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
e
s
to
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
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tili
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d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
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eg
u
late
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
y
.
S
i
m
u
lat
io
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s
h
a
v
e
v
er
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ied
t
h
e
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p
ab
ilit
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o
f
p
r
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p
o
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y
s
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m
i
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g
u
lati
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p
r
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.
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lts
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ai
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Min
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GUP
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Saj
id
Hu
s
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ain
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h
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to
Me
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Un
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ar
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B
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s
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Sin
d
h
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ak
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in
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n
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lt
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p
m
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t P
r
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r
a
m
(
FDP
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
3
8
3
–
1388
1388
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
S
h
a
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
n
tro
l
stra
te
g
y
o
f
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
islan
d
e
d
m
icro
g
rid
,
‖
in
7
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
(
IPE
M
C)
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
5
-
2
0
8
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
Z.
Jia
n
g
a
n
d
X.
Yu
,
―
A
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
—
V
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
islan
d
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
in
v
e
rter
-
in
terf
a
c
e
d
m
icro
g
rid
s,
‖
in
2
0
0
9
I
EE
E
P
o
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
S
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
a
n
d
H.
A
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
―
Us
e
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ics
in
M
icro
g
ri
d
a
s
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
M
e
th
o
d
Us
in
g
M
AT
LAB/S
IM
UL
INK
,
‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
8
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
tu
d
y
o
n
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
icro
-
g
rid
'
s
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
b
a
se
d
o
n
A
P
F
a
n
d
F
ES
S
,
‖
i
n
IEE
E
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
S
m
a
rt Grid
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
-
Asia
(
IS
GT
Asia
),
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
S
.
H.
Qa
z
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
P
o
we
r
Qu
a
li
ty
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
in
a
n
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
M
icro
g
rid
b
y
P
S
O
T
u
n
e
d
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r,
‖
In
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
R.
M
.
S
trze
lec
k
i,
―
P
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
in
s
m
a
rt
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
S
p
rin
g
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia,
2
0
0
8
.
[7
]
F.
Ka
ti
ra
e
i
a
n
d
M
.
R.
Ira
v
a
n
i,
―
P
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
a
m
icro
g
rid
w
it
h
m
u
lt
ip
le
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
it
s,
‖
I
EE
E
tr
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
w
e
r sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
1
-
1
8
3
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[8
]
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
―
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
V
S
I
i
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
i
-
c
a
rrier
b
a
se
d
sin
u
s
o
id
a
l
P
W
M
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
‖
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l),
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
S
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
a
n
d
P
.
Cr
o
ss
ley
,
―
M
icro
g
rid
s
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
T
h
e
I
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
0
]
S
.
H.
Qa
z
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Cu
rre
n
t
Ha
rm
o
n
ics
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
V
a
riab
le
S
p
e
e
d
W
in
d
T
u
rb
in
e
d
u
e
t
o
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
L
o
a
d
s u
sin
g
S
h
u
n
t
A
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
F
il
ter,
‖
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i,
v
o
l
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
-
5
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
K.
Ra
th
i
a
n
d
N.
R.
P
ra
b
h
a
,
―
G
rid
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
to
Vo
lt
a
ic
S
y
s
tem
U
sin
g
S
h
u
n
t
A
c
ti
v
e
F
il
te
r
f
o
rP
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
t
y
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
I
J
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
M
.
A
.
P
e
d
ra
sa
a
n
d
T
.
S
p
o
o
n
e
r,
―
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
u
se
d
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
icro
g
rid
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
to
ra
g
e
d
u
rin
g
islan
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
‖
in
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Au
stra
l
a
sia
n
Un
ive
rs
it
ies
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
AUPE
C)
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
R.
M
a
ju
m
d
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
lo
a
d
sh
a
rin
g
in
a
n
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
icro
g
rid
u
sin
g
su
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
d
ro
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
o
o
p
,
‖
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
we
r sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
p
p
.
7
9
6
-
8
0
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
A
.
J.
La
m
p
iao
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
a
n
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
Hy
b
rid
M
icro
g
rid
a
s
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
f
o
r
a
S
m
a
ll
Ru
ra
l
Vill
a
g
e
,
‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
Z.
Zh
a
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
S
tea
d
y
-
sta
te
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
ie
s
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
w
it
h
d
o
u
b
le
f
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
w
in
d
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r,
‖
in
1
8
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICEM
S
)
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
3
-
1
0
6
8
,
2
0
1
5
[1
6
]
S
.
H.
Qa
z
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
sig
n
a
l
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
il
ter
to
m
it
ig
a
te
lo
a
d
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
f
ro
m
w
in
d
tu
rb
in
e
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r,
‖
in
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
(
CENCON)
,
p
p
4
6
3
-
4
6
8
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Ha
d
i
n
e
z
h
a
d
a
n
d
M
.
G
a
n
d
o
m
k
a
r,
―
V
o
l
tag
e
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
M
icro
g
ri
d
S
y
ste
m
s
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
to
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
S
y
st
e
m
in
F
a
u
lt
Co
n
d
it
io
n
,
‖
v
o
l
.
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
7
-
1
0
9
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
S
.
V
a
sh
ish
t
h
a
a
n
d
K.
Re
k
h
a
,
―
S
p
a
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
P
W
M
in
T
h
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
Vo
l
tag
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rter:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
S
.
H.
Qa
z
i
a
n
d
M
.
W
.
M
u
sta
f
a
,
―
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
a
c
ti
v
e
f
il
ters
a
n
d
it
s
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
w
it
h
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
f
ix
e
d
a
n
d
v
a
riab
le sp
e
e
d
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
to
r,
‖
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
-
4
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
W
.
A
l
-
S
a
e
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
P
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
m
icro
g
r
id
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
P
a
rt
icle
S
w
a
r
m
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
riab
le
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s,
‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tric
a
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
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