Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
4, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2014
, pp
. 58
5
~
59
2
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
5
85
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Higu
chi Fract
a
l Dimensi
o
n An
alysis of
E
E
G Sign
al bef
o
re and
aft
e
r OM Chan
ting t
o
Obse
rve Overall Effect on Brain
Bha
v
na P
Ha
rne
Department o
f
Electronics,
S. S.
G. M. Co
lleg
e
of
Engin
eering
Sh
egaon, India
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Feb 15, 2014
Rev
i
sed
May 28
, 20
14
Accepted
Jun 20, 2014
The OM ch
anting is one
ty
pe
of the me
d
ita
tio
n. In
the pr
esen
t pap
e
r,
the
author tr
ied
to o
b
serve its effect
on the brain.
To
obtain
insight o
f
the br
ain,
the au
thor r
eco
rded E
E
G s
i
gnal be
fore
and
after
OM
chant
i
ng for 1
0
subjects. Author
used a techniqu
e of
the
com
p
lex
i
t
y
m
eas
ure
bas
e
d on fra
ct
al
anal
ys
is
to com
p
are th
e EEG s
i
gnal befo
re an
d after OM
cha
n
ting. T
i
m
e
domain fractal
dimension
was
calculated using
Higuchi algorithm. (HFD).
P
a
per pres
ent th
e res
u
lts
bas
e
d
on averag
e HF
D all over th
e e
l
ec
trodes
for
each
s
ubje
c
t b
e
f
o
re and
af
ter
OM
chant
i
ng.
Keyword:
EEG
Fractal dim
e
nsion
HF
D
Higu
ch
i al
g
o
rith
m
OM
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Bhavna P Harne,
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
Electr
o
n
i
cs,
S. S. G
.
M.
Co
lleg
e
o
f
Eng
i
n
e
erin
g
Sh
eg
ao
n, In
d
i
a,
444
203
Em
a
ilid
-b
dh
ekek
ar@yaho
o
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Our attentiveness and c
o
ncentration
are
pilfered
from
us by the thi
ngs ta
king place around us in the
wo
rl
d i
n
rece
n
t
t
i
m
e
s [1]
.
Di
ffe
rent
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
es a
n
d
i
m
pedim
e
nt
s are fac
e
d
by
t
h
e
peo
p
l
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g i
n
t
h
e
in
du
stries.
It is to
ugh
to
h
a
nd
le th
e stress someti
mes.
The
r
ef
ore
,
t
o
c
o
m
e
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
af
or
em
ent
i
one
d t
r
o
ubl
es
,
di
ffe
re
nt
way
s
are avai
l
a
bl
e.
These w
a
y
s
ar
e gui
ded m
e
di
tat
i
on, M
a
t
r
a o
r
t
r
ansce
nde
nt
al
m
e
di
t
a
t
i
on,
m
i
nd
fu
l
m
e
di
t
a
t
i
on, y
o
g
a, p
r
ay
er,
dee
p
br
eat
hi
ng, e
x
ercise.T
oday interest in healt
h
conscious
n
es
s is attracting people
to
earn
b
e
tter
h
ealth
in bod
y and
co
n
t
en
tmen
t in
m
i
n
d
.
Yo
g
a
is a
n
a
tural way to
ach
i
ev
e
g
ood
h
ealth
an
d
hap
p
i
n
e
ss. M
e
di
t
a
t
i
on i
s
one
part
of y
o
g
a.
In t
h
e di
r
ection
o
f
m
e
d
i
atin
g h
u
m
an
su
bj
ect, ‘OM’ is a sp
iritu
al
mantra, outsta
ndi
ng t
o
fetc
h peace a
nd cal
m
.
The entire
psychological press
u
re an
d
worldly thoughts are
t
a
ken a
w
ay
by
t
h
e cha
n
t
i
n
g
of
OM
m
a
nt
ra.
Num
e
ro
us st
ud
i
e
s ha
ve
bee
n
carri
ed
out
o
n
m
e
di
t
a
t
i
on an
d
OM
c
h
a
n
t
i
n
g.
I
n
st
udy
[
1
]
,
n
e
ur
oel
ect
ri
c
and i
m
agi
ng st
udi
es
of
m
e
di
tat
i
on are
re
vi
ewed
. B
a
sari
ka
and B
r
am
ari are part
of t
h
e
pranayam
a. Patil et.al
[2]
i
n
vest
i
g
at
e
d
c
h
an
ge
o
f
C
o
r
r
el
at
i
on
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
,
Lar
g
est lyap
un
ov
ex
pon
en
t, App
r
o
x
i
m
a
te en
tr
op
y and
cohe
re
nce val
u
es o
f
EE
G s
i
gnal
o
f
a pe
r
s
on
u
nde
r t
h
e
s
e B
a
sari
ka.
They
f
o
u
n
d
st
at
i
s
t
i
call
y
si
gni
fi
cant
di
ffe
re
nces i
n
val
u
es
bef
o
re
and a
f
t
e
r B
a
sa
ri
ka an
d
Bramari. Fro
m
th
eir resu
lt
com
p
lexity decreases
after
Basarik
a
is con
f
irm
e
d
with
valu
es o
f
all p
a
ra
m
e
ters.
Sa
m
e
results are obs
e
rve
d
fo
r Bhra
mari pranayama [3].
Dr.
Ajay Gurja
r
[1-5] carried
out anal
y
s
i
s
of
t
h
e acoust
i
c
o
f
“OM
”
si
gnal
.B
y
t
h
i
s
anal
y
s
i
s
he concl
ude
d t
h
at
OM therefore serve
s
as a bra
i
n stab
i
l
i
zer, w
h
i
c
h i
s
al
so an
energy
m
e
di
ci
ne fo
r hum
an
bei
ng u
n
d
er s
t
ress.
Sh
irley Telles et al [6
] g
o
t
very fascin
ating resu
lts after
men
t
ally ch
an
tin
g
OM In
t
h
is p
a
p
e
r th
e au
t
o
no
m
i
c
an
d r
e
sp
ir
at
o
r
y v
a
r
i
ab
les wer
e
stud
ied in sev
e
n
e
xpe
ri
enced m
e
ditators
. T
h
e
varia
b
les are
hea
r
t rate,
respi
r
atory rat
e
,
ski
n
resistance,
fi
n
g
er
pl
et
hy
sm
ogram
, am
pl
it
ude.
T
h
e
m
e
d
itato
rs sh
owed
a statisticall
y
sig
n
i
fican
t
p
o
s
i
tiv
e resu
lt in
al
l v
a
riab
les.
Work
carried
o
n
th
e m
e
d
itat
i
o
n
of OM b
y
San
j
ay Ku
m
a
r et al [7
]
sh
owed
th
e m
e
n
t
al rep
e
titio
n
of
OM
resu
lts in
p
h
y
sio
l
o
g
i
cal alertn
ess, and
in
creased
se
n
s
itiv
ity to
senso
r
y tran
sm
issi
o
n
. Fran
co
is B
et al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
JECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
58
5
–
59
2
58
6
[8] ca
rrie
d
out
work
on B
r
a
m
ari pra
n
aya
m
a. For the
fi
rst
t
i
m
e, paro
xy
sm
al
gam
m
a wa
ves
(P
G
W
)
we
re
o
b
s
erv
e
d
i
n
eigh
t subj
ects pr
acticin
g
th
e yoga tech
n
i
qu
e
o
f
b
r
eat
h
i
ng
con
t
ro
l called
Bh
ramar
i
. A
f
ter
t
h
is th
er
e
is an increase th
eta range activity.
The brai
n i
s
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
com
p
l
i
cat
ed
or
ga
n of t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n body
t
h
a
n
any
o
t
h
e
r p
a
rt th
at
co
n
t
ro
ls bo
d
y
activ
ities, ran
g
i
ng
fro
m
h
eart rate, sexu
al fun
c
tion
s
to
em
o
t
io
n
,
learn
i
n
g
and
me
m
o
ry. EEG
is u
s
ed to
m
easu
r
e
scalp
po
ten
tial g
e
n
e
rated d
u
e to
abo
v
e
activ
ities. All th
e ab
ov
e m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
research
es
on
ly effect
o
f
m
e
tal OM ch
an
tin
g, B
h
ram
a
ri an
d Basari
k
a
p
r
an
ayam
a. Till d
a
te effect
o
f
OM
chanting
on the brai
n is
not
reveal
e
d
whic
h e
n
courage
d
me to analy
ze EEG signal before a
n
d afte
r OM
ch
an
ting
.
Th
e
p
l
an of t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r is to co
m
p
are th
e co
m
p
le
x
ity o
f
EEG
sig
n
a
l
b
e
fore and
after
OM chan
tin
g.
The t
ech
ni
q
u
e
s
suc
h
as Ly
ap
un
o
v
ex
p
one
nt
s an
d co
rrel
a
t
i
on
di
m
e
nsi
on,
fract
al
di
m
e
nsi
on et
c.
can
des
c
ri
b
e
t
h
e com
p
l
e
xi
t
y
o
f
a
n
EE
G
dat
a
. T
h
e
onl
y
par
a
m
e
ter used for the
study wa
s
Fractal
dim
e
n
s
ion.
2.
MATE
RIAL
AN
D METH
OD
2.
1 S
ubje
c
ts
Ei
ght
heal
t
h
y
boy
s a
n
d gi
rl
s
of a
g
e
bet
w
e
e
n 2
1
t
o
2
2
a
nd t
w
o
fem
a
l
e
s of a
g
e
bet
w
een 4
0
t
o
4
1
in
clu
d
i
n
g
au
t
h
o
r
h
e
r
s
elf
p
a
r
t
i
c
ip
ated
in th
is r
e
sear
ch
st
udy as sub
j
ects.
Few
sub
j
ects
had
n
o
b
a
ckg
r
ou
nd
o
f
pra
n
ayam
a. Such
10 s
u
bjects
were
collected
for a
n
alysis.
2.
2 E
E
G
Rec
o
rdi
n
g
EEG
record
ing was
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
in
an
electrically sh
ield
ro
om
o
f
Bilala h
o
s
p
ital u
n
d
e
r the gu
id
an
ce
of
Dr.
Sa
ura
b
h B
i
l
a
l
a
, Ak
ol
a.
E
E
G si
gnal
s
we
re re
co
rde
d
a
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o
i
n
t
e
rnat
i
o
nal
st
a
n
d
a
rd
1
0
-
2
0
fr
o
m
18
chan
nel
s
usi
n
g
R
M
S In
di
a sy
st
em
wi
t
h
25
6
Hz sam
p
l
i
ng
fre
que
ncy
f
o
r
bi
p
o
l
a
r m
ont
ages. T
h
ese el
e
c
t
r
o
d
es
are FP
2-
F4
, F
4
-C
4, C
4
-P
4,
P4-
O
2, F
P
1
-
F
3
, F
3
-C
3, C
3
-
P
3,
P3
-O
1,
FP
2-F
8
,
F8
-T
4,
T4-
T
6
,
T6
-
O
2
,
FP1
-F
7,
F7
-T3,
T3
-T5, T5
-O1
,
FZ-
C
Z,
CZ-PZ (
f
i
gure
1)
.
Figure 1.
Electrode placem
ent
Fo
r th
is
stud
y,
fo
llowing
is t
h
e exp
e
rim
e
n
t
al
setup
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
al
set
up
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Hi
g
u
chi
Fract
a
l
Di
men
s
i
o
n
An
al
ysi
s
of
E
E
G
Si
g
nal
bef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
t
e
r
OM
C
h
ant
i
n
g t
o
…
(
B
hav
n
a
P
H
a
rne)
58
7
Fi
gu
re
2 s
h
o
w
s ex
peri
m
e
nt
al set
u
p
.
At
t
h
e
very
fi
rst
m
o
m
e
nt
su
b
j
ect
wa
s aske
d t
o
rel
a
x
just
l
a
y
i
n
g
do
w
n
a
n
d
wi
t
h
ey
es cl
ose
d
.
D
u
ri
ng
w
h
i
c
h
EEG
of t
h
e
respective
subject for m
o
re t
h
an two m
i
nutes was
recorde
d
.
This
recorde
d
new data is an EE
G signal be
fore OM ch
an
ting
.
After
recordin
g
fi
rst d
a
te,
su
bj
ect
was as
ked t
o
s
i
t
dow
n i
n
rel
a
x st
at
e wi
t
h
e
r
ect
post
u
re a
n
d cl
ose
d
ey
es
and
we
re aske
d t
o
c
h
ant
OM
m
a
nt
ra
for as m
u
ch
time as th
ey wan
t
.
Wh
ile ch
antin
g
OM m
a
n
t
ra, fi
rst we
h
a
v
e
to
inh
a
le sm
o
o
t
h
l
y an
d
ho
ld
th
e
breat
h;
so
on
w
e
have t
o
rel
e
a
s
e t
h
e ai
r (e
xha
l
e
) by
cha
n
t
i
n
g
OM
. D
u
ri
ng c
h
ant
i
n
g
by
res
p
ect
i
v
e su
b
j
ect
, t
h
ere
were
no light i
n
room
.Envi
orment wa
s m
a
de silent in orde
r to m
a
intain
calm
and peace
whic
h helpe
d
s
u
bject
to concent
r
ate fully on
OM c
h
anting.
Agai
n res
p
ect
i
v
e s
u
bject
were as
k
e
d t
o
rel
a
x by
l
a
y
i
ng d
o
w
n a
n
d ey
es
were
close
d
.
E
E
G
was
rec
o
r
d
ed
fo
r m
o
re th
an tw
o m
i
nute
s
. T
h
is rec
o
rde
d
data is a
n
E
E
G si
gnal a
f
te
r
OM
chanting. The
recordi
n
g was
started
after
12
:00
PM at
n
o
o
n
withou
t lu
nch
.
Th
e co
m
p
lete p
r
o
cess
o
f
EEG
recordi
n
g of al
l subjects last
for fi
v
e
to
six
ho
ur
s
on
th
e same d
a
y.
2.
3
Hi
guchi
F
r
act
a
l
Di
mens
i
on
In t
h
i
s
ap
pr
oac
h
, t
h
e
aut
h
o
r
a
ppl
i
e
d
o
n
e-
frac
t
al
dim
e
nsi
on
al
go
ri
t
h
m
s
for
feat
ure
ext
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
nam
e
l
y
Hi
g
u
chi
(
H
i
g
u
c
hi
,
19
8
8
)
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
[
9
]
.
A
u
t
h
o
r
use
d
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod as i
t
i
s
wi
des
p
read
i
n
t
h
e
EE
G sci
e
nt
i
f
i
c
literatu
re an
d th
at will facilitate
th
e co
m
p
ariso
n
of
ou
r
resu
lts.
We
no
w c
o
nsi
d
er
a fi
ni
t
e
set
of
t
i
m
e
seri
es
ob
serv
ation
s
taken
at
regu
lar interv
als.
(
1
),
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
,
....
...
,
(
)
XX
X
X
N
Fo
r g
i
v
e
n
tim
e
series,
we
first
co
nstru
c
t a n
e
w tim
e series,
m
k
X
, defi
ned
as fol
l
ows:
;
(
),
(
)
,
(
2
)
,
.....,
(
[
].
)
(
1
,
2
,
.....
)
m
k
Nm
XX
m
X
m
k
X
m
k
X
m
k
k
mk
Wh
ere [ ] d
e
no
tes th
e Gau
s
s’ no
tatio
n
an
d b
o
t
h
k
and
m are in
teg
e
rs an
d
k
ind
i
cate th
e in
itial ti
me
and
in
terv
al tim
e, resp
ectiv
ely. For a tim
e
in
terval eq
u
a
l to k,
we g
e
t
k
sets
of n
e
w tim
e seri
es. In
th
e case
o
f
k
=
3
and
N=
1
0
0
,
t
h
r
ee t
i
m
e
seri
es obt
ai
ne
d
by
a
b
ove
p
r
ocess a
r
e desc
ri
be
d as
fol
l
o
ws:
1
3
2
3
3
3
;
(
1
)
,
(
4)
,
(
7
)
,
........,
(
100)
;
(
2)
,
(
5
)
,
(
8
)
,
........,
(
9
8
)
;
(
3
)
,
(
6)
,
(
9),
........,
(99)
XX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
We
defi
ne t
h
e
l
e
ngt
h
of
t
h
e c
u
rve
,
m
k
X
as fo
llo
ws
[]
1
1
()
{
(
|
(
)
(
(
1
)
.
)
|
)
}
/
[]
.
Nm
k
m
i
N
L
k
Xm
i
k
Xm
i
k
k
Nm
k
k
The te
rm
,
1
[]
.
N
Nm
k
k
represent t
h
e
normalization
fa
ctor for the c
u
rve lengt
h
of
s
ubs
et tim
e
series.
We
defi
ne l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
c
u
r
v
e
fo
r t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rval
k,
<L
(
k
)
>, as
t
h
e a
v
e
r
age
val
u
e
ove
r
k set
s
of
()
m
Lk
1
()
()
k
m
m
L
kL
k
If
()
D
Lk
k
, the
n
t
h
e c
u
rve is
fractal
with
th
e d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
D.
Th
e reliab
ility
o
f
t
h
e Hi
g
u
c
h
i
alg
o
rith
m
was tested
with
sy
n
t
h
e
tic sign
al ran
g
e
d
fro
m
1
.
0
0
1
to 1.099
using
Weierstrass fun
c
tio
ns with
kn
own
FD. Synth
e
tic d
a
ta
was p
r
od
u
c
ed
usin
g
d
e
term
istic
W
e
ierstrass co
sin
e
fu
nct
i
o
n gi
ve
n as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
0
()
c
o
s
(
2
)
01
1
5
M
iH
i
H
i
Wt
t
H
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
58
5
–
59
2
58
8
H
—t
he Ha
us
d
o
r
ff di
m
e
nsi
o
n
and
we fi
xe
d
= 5 a
nd
M
= 2
6
. T
h
e
fract
al
d
i
m
e
nsi
on
of t
h
i
s
si
gnal
i
s
gi
ve
n by
D
equal
s
2
-
H
.
Fi
gu
re
3 s
h
o
w
s t
w
o
seq
u
e
n
c
e
s ge
nerat
e
d f
r
om
W
e
i
e
r
s
t
r
as
s cosi
ne f
u
nct
i
on
wi
t
h
k
n
o
w
n f
r
act
al
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
val
u
es
[
1
0
,
11]
.
Fi
gu
re 3.
W
e
i
e
rst
r
ass cosi
ne f
unct
i
o
n f
o
r FD
s
eq
ual
t
o
1
.
5
a
n
d
1
.
2
.
2.
4.
Descri
p
t
i
o
n o
f
Co
mp
ari
s
on
of
E
E
G
Si
g
n
al
be
f
o
re
an
d a
fter
O
M
C
h
an
ti
ng
b
a
sed
on
FD
In
fi
rst
st
ep
of
ou
r ap
p
r
oac
h
,
epoc
hs
of
3
0
seco
nd
d
u
rat
i
o
n we
re sel
ect
ed f
r
om
EEG r
ecor
d
i
n
gs
o
f
each subj
ect immediatel
y before and afte
r OM cha
n
ting.
This epoc
h wa
s filtered
by
a 0.5-35Hz band
pass
filter sin
ce th
e alp
h
a
, th
eta,
b
e
ta, d
e
lta, an
d
ga
mm
a
wav
e
s
of EEG lie in
th
is b
a
n
d
an
d
it is artefact free.
After
filterin
g
slid
ing
w
i
nd
ow
app
r
o
ach w
a
s em
p
l
o
y
ed
for calcu
latin
g
H
i
gu
ch
i
fractal d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n (H
FD
). 200 po
in
t
wi
n
d
o
w
wi
t
h
n
o
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
was
use
d
t
o
pr
om
ote st
at
i
onary
, c
onsi
d
eri
ng t
h
at
ou
r EE
G
were
sam
p
l
e
d at
25
6 Hz
.
In
Hi
g
u
c
h
i
algo
rith
m
,
th
ere is n
eed
to
cho
o
se v
a
lu
e o
f
k
m
ax
. Criteria for selectio
n
o
f
this v
a
lu
e is p
r
esen
ted
[1
2-
1
4
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r t
o
ch
o
o
se a
n
a
p
p
r
op
ri
at
e
val
u
e
o
f
param
e
t
e
r km
ax,
HF
D
val
u
es
o
f
al
l
sy
nt
het
i
c
si
gn
al
wi
t
h
sl
i
d
i
ng wi
nd
o
w
of
20
0 p
o
i
n
t
s
was cal
cul
a
t
e
d.
HF
D val
u
es
were pl
ot
t
e
d
agai
nst
a ran
g
e
of km
ax for
vari
ous
w
i
nd
ow
len
g
t
h. Figur
e
4
sh
ow
s
v
a
r
i
ation
o
f
H
F
D
w
ith
k
m
ax
an
d w
i
n
dow len
g
t
h
=
20
0.
Fi
gu
re 4.
Va
ri
at
i
on of
F
D
of s
y
nt
het
i
c
si
g
n
al
wi
t
h
km
ax
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Hi
g
u
chi
Fract
a
l
Di
men
s
i
o
n
An
al
ysi
s
of
E
E
G
Si
g
nal
bef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
t
e
r
OM
C
h
ant
i
n
g t
o
…
(
B
hav
n
a
P
H
a
rne)
58
9
Fi
gu
re
5.
R
e
p
r
od
uct
i
o
n
of
F
D
o
f
sy
nt
het
i
c
si
gnal
by
Hi
g
u
c
h
i
M
e
t
h
od
Ap
pr
o
x
i
m
at
el
y poi
nt
km
ax = 60
, t
h
ere i
s
n
o
va
ri
at
i
on
of
HF
D aft
e
r t
h
i
s
. Thi
s
i
s
a sat
u
rat
i
on
poi
nt
an
d a
v
a
lu
e
o
f
k
m
ax
=6
0 w
a
s cho
s
en fo
r our
stud
y.
For
kmax
=6
0, th
er
e is p
e
r
f
ect
r
e
pr
odu
ctio
n of
FD
of
synthetic signa
l by Higuc
hi al
gorithm
.
This is shown in figure
5.
T
h
ere is
one
HFD
for
each wi
ndow of
200
poi
nts. T
h
e HFD res
u
lts were avera
g
e
d
over
30 sec
o
nd e
pochs for eac
h el
ectrode. T
h
e a
v
era
g
e HFD
(AHFD)
al
l
over
1
8
el
ect
ro
des i
s
use
d
fo
r com
p
ari
s
o
n
. T
h
e m
e
t
hod
fo
r com
p
ari
s
o
n
of E
E
G si
gnal
bef
o
re a
n
d aft
e
r O
M
ch
an
ting
is show
n in
f
i
gu
r
e
6
Table1. Res
u
lts of a
v
era
g
e
H
F
D (A
HF
D
)
f
o
r 10
su
b
j
ects
AHFD (Bef
ore)
AHFD (Af
t
er)
Subject-
1
1.
7255
74
1.
7212
51
Subject-
2
Subject-
3
Subject-
4
Subject-
5
Subject-
6
Subject-
7
Subject-
8
Subject-
9
Subject-
10
1.
7350
15
1.
7420
36
1.
6207
42
1.
7263
86
1.
5855
19
1.
6751
57
1.
6284
34
1.
7041
36
1.
7002
01
1.
7045
99
1.
7251
8
1.
5002
73
1.
6900
96
1.
62124
9
1.
6338
95
1.
5636
26
1.
5149
42
1.
6894
46
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
58
5
–
59
2
59
0
Fi
gu
re
6.
Fl
o
w
chart
s
h
ow
s c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
H
F
D
bef
o
re a
n
d
aft
e
r
OM
c
h
ant
i
ng t
o
ob
ser
v
e
ove
ral
l
ef
fect
o
n
brai
n.
Fi
gu
re
7.
B
a
r
g
r
ap
h s
h
ows
A
H
F
D
bef
o
re
an
d a
f
t
e
r
OM
c
h
a
n
t
i
n
g
.
3.
RESULTS
After testing the reliability of Higu
chi algorit
h
m
,
i
t
was applied to
EEG signal at each ele
c
trode. The
avera
g
e HFD value for
eac
h subject befo
re
and after OM chanting
is
s
hown
figure 7. T
h
ese
figures
re
vealed
that a AHFD i
s
decrea
sing for all
10 s
u
bje
c
ts except s
u
bject 6 after
OM chanting. T
a
ble 1 s
h
ows
avera
g
e
HF
D f
o
r
10
su
bjects
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Hi
g
u
chi
Fract
a
l
Di
men
s
i
o
n
An
al
ysi
s
of
E
E
G
Si
g
nal
bef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
t
e
r
OM
C
h
ant
i
n
g t
o
…
(
B
hav
n
a
P
H
a
rne)
59
1
4.
DIS
C
USSI
ONS
The f
r
act
al
di
m
e
nsi
on
of an
y
si
gnal
has an i
nve
rse rel
a
t
i
on t
o
t
h
e com
p
l
e
xi
t
y
of t
h
at
si
gnal
.
[
12]
.
Decrease
in HFD
(AHFD) i
n
nine
subjects dem
onstrate
th
at th
e co
m
p
lex
ity o
f
EEG
sig
n
a
l
d
e
creases after
OM cha
n
ting
but not in subje
c
t 6. A
ll nine s
u
bjects s
u
bject
ively reported
only a feeling of
peacefulnes
s
afte
r
com
p
leting OM chanting. T
h
ese feelings
of all nine s
u
bj
ects are correl
ating with
re
sults in
ter
m
s o
f
fractal
di
m
e
nsi
on
obt
a
i
ned i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
p
e
r.
B
u
t
negat
i
v
e
r
e
sul
t
was f
o
u
n
d
i
n
su
b
j
ect
6.
That
sub
j
ect
6 was t
h
e a
u
t
h
or
hersel
f
.
The
t
w
o m
a
i
n
pos
si
bl
e
in
terpretatio
n
s
o
f
th
is resu
lt
in
the case
of a
u
t
h
or a
r
e as
follows:
1)
Aft
e
r
l
o
o
k
i
n
g
back
, t
h
e a
u
t
h
or
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
conce
n
t
r
at
i
o
n
coul
d
n
o
t
be
achi
e
ve
d
w
h
i
l
e
OM
c
h
a
n
t
i
n
g.
Aut
h
o
r
was
co
nt
i
n
u
o
u
sl
y
b
u
s
y
i
n
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
an
d
w
o
r
r
i
e
d
ab
out
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
. T
h
i
s
m
i
ght
be
one
o
f
t
h
e
reason
s fo
r no
t
g
e
ttin
g resu
lts
in
th
at sub
j
ect.
2)
In
ad
d
ition
,
t
h
e p
r
esen
t inv
e
stig
atio
n
repo
rts th
e re
su
lt o
n
b
a
sis of AHFD wh
ich
was calcu
l
ated
all ov
er
the brain. T
h
e
diffe
re
nt pa
rts
of t
h
e
brai
n are affect
e
d
by that m
i
nd states. Due t
o
m
i
nd state of aut
h
or,
one
or m
o
re t
h
an i
t
m
i
ght
have bee
n
af
fect
ed l
a
rgel
y as com
p
ared to the
rem
a
in
in
g
su
bj
ects. Th
is co
ul
d
be an
ot
he
r rea
s
on
fo
r ham
p
eri
n
g res
u
l
t
onl
y
i
n
one su
b
j
e
c
t
.
In f
u
t
u
re w
o
r
k
, i
t
needs t
o
i
nve
st
i
g
at
e t
h
e
effect
of OM c
h
anting
on eac
h
an
d ev
er
y
p
a
r
t
of
th
e br
ain.
A
u
t
h
or
canno
t f
i
nd
co
m
p
ar
ison
s of
our
r
e
su
l
t
s w
ith
pr
ev
i
o
us r
e
po
r
t
s sp
eci
f
i
c to
O
M
chan
tin
g, as to
t
h
e best
of o
u
r k
n
o
wl
e
dge
no p
r
evi
ous
sci
e
nt
i
f
i
c
i
nve
st
i
g
at
i
on o
f
t
h
i
s
t
echni
q
u
e u
s
i
ng EE
G has
been
pu
bl
i
s
he
d.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
We c
oncl
ude
t
h
at
res
u
l
t
o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
f
r
om
anal
y
s
i
s
of
EE
G si
g
n
al
o
n
t
h
e ba
si
s o
f
f
r
act
al
di
m
e
nsi
on c
a
n
be
use
d
fo
r
di
agn
o
si
s
an
d m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
va
ri
o
u
s m
i
nd st
at
es
.
Whe
n
y
o
u
fe
el
t
i
r
ed a
n
d e
m
oti
onal
l
y
di
st
ur
be
d,
first you
shou
ld
relax
you
rsel
f and
ch
an
t
OM fifty ti
m
e
s
o
r
m
o
re th
an
it b
y
con
c
en
tratin
g
on
it and
yo
u
will
be
defi
ni
t
e
l
y
benefi
ci
al
f
o
r
re
l
a
xi
ng
y
o
u
r
m
i
nd
.
6.
FUTURE SCOPE
The res
u
lts obtained are
very
enc
ouragi
ng
where
only one s
i
ngle featur
e was u
s
ed
in
t
h
is stu
d
y
. Th
is
anal
y
s
i
s
can
b
e
ext
e
n
d
e
d
i
n
t
i
m
e
dom
ai
n f
o
r
ot
he
r
par
a
m
e
t
e
rs l
i
k
e c
o
r
r
el
at
i
on
di
m
e
nsi
o
n,
ap
pr
o
x
i
m
a
te
ent
r
opy
, l
a
rges
t
Ly
apu
n
o
v
e
x
po
ne
nt
, t
h
e
H
u
rst
ex
po
ne
nt
. T
h
ese re
sul
t
s
are
fo
r
OM
cha
n
t
i
ng
f
o
r
o
n
e day
onl
y
.
Furt
her
researc
h
i
s
un
de
rway
t
o
st
udy
t
h
e
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
of t
h
is feature if s
u
bject practicing
OM cha
n
ting fro
m
lo
ng
tim
e.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
I t
h
a
n
k
f
ul
t
o
D
r
. Sa
u
r
ab
h B
i
l
a
l
a
(M
. D
.
Neu
r
o s
u
r
g
e
o
n
)
f
r
o
m
Akol
a M
a
ha
rasht
r
a f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
hi
s
m
e
di
cal
Lab f
o
r
EEG
anal
y
s
i
s
an
d ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
at
i
on rec
o
r
d
i
n
g, al
s
o
t
o
P
r
i
n
ci
pal
S
h
ri
Gaja
na
n
M
a
hara
j
C
o
l
l
e
ge o
f
En
gi
nee
r
i
n
g, S
h
e
g
ao
n M
a
ha
ras
h
t
r
a f
o
r
pr
ovi
d
i
ng m
e
R &
D l
a
bs f
o
r ca
r
r
y
i
ng
out
m
y
research
wo
rk
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
A.A. Gurjar and Siddharth A.
Ladhake, 2009. Spectral Analy
s
is
of Sanskrit Devine Sound OM.
Information
Technology Jour
nal
, 8
:
781-785
.
[2]
Cahn, B.R
., Cah
n
, B.R., Cahn, B
.
R., C
a
hn, B.R
.,
Polich, J.
, & Polich, J. (2006)
. Meditation States and Traits: EEG
,
ERP, And Neuro
i
maging Studies.
Ps
ycho
l
ogica
l B
u
llet
i
n
, 132(2).
[3]
Patil, S.T
., &
Borm
ane, D.S. (2006, Decem
ber). El
ect
r
o
enc
e
phalogr
aph Signal Anal
y
s
is During Basarika
.
In
Advan
ced Co
mputing and Communications, 2
006.
ADCOM 2006. Internation
a
l Conferen
ce o
n
(pp.
366-369)
.
IEEE
.
[4]
Patil, S.T
., &
Borm
ane, D.S. (2006, Decem
ber). El
ect
ro
enc
e
phalogr
aph Signal Anal
y
s
is During Bram
ari.
In
Information T
echnolog
y, 2006
. ICIT'
06. 9th In
ternational Conference on
(pp. 26
-32). I
EEE.
[5]
Gurjar, A
.
A., Ladhake, S.A., &
Thakar
e,
A.P. (2
009). Analy
s
is
Of Acoustic of
“OM” Chant
To
Stud
y
I
t
’s Eff
ect o
n
Nervous S
y
stem
.
Internatinal Jo
urnal of Comput
er scien
c
e and n
e
twork security
, 9(1),
363
.
[6]
Telles, S., Nagarat
hna, R., & N
a
gendra, H.R
.
(1
995). Autonom
ic chang
e
s durin
g" OM"
meditation.
Ind
i
an jour
nal
of physio
l
ogy an
d pharmacology
, 39, 418-420.
[7]
Kumar, S., Nag
e
ndra, H.R
., M
a
njunath
,
N.
K.,
Naveen, K.
V.,
& Telles,
S.
(20
10). Meditation
on OM: Relevance
from
anci
ent
tex
t
s
and
cont
em
porar
y s
c
i
e
nc
e.
In
ternational journa
l of yoga
, 3(1)
, 2
.
[8]
Vialatte, Fran
çois B.,
et al. (2009
): “EEG
parox
y
smal gamma waves
during Bhr
a
mari Pranay
ama: A
y
oga br
eathin
g
techn
i
que”, Con
s
ciousness and
cognition 1
8
.4
, 9
77-988.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
58
5
–
59
2
59
2
[9]
Higuc
hi,
Tomoyuki.
“Approa
c
h
to a
n
irre
gula
r
time
se
rie
s
on
the
ba
sis of the
fra
c
t
a
l
the
o
ry
”
.
Phy
s
ic
a
D: Nonlinea
r
Phenomena 31.2
(1988): 277
-283
.
[10]
Georgiev, S
t
i
l
i
y
an, et al
. “
EEG fracta
l
dim
e
ns
ion m
eas
urement before and after hum
an auditor
y
stim
ulat
ion”
.
Bioautomation
1
2
(2009).
[11]
Estell
er, R., Vachtsev
anos, G., Echauz, J., &
Litt, B. (2001
). A
com
p
arison of waveform fractal dim
e
nsion
algorithms.
C
i
rcuits and S
y
stems I: Fundam
ental
Theory
and App
l
ications
, IEEE Transactions on
, 48(2),
177-183
.
[12]
Góm
ez, C.
, M
e
diavil
la
, Á.
Hor
n
ero, R
.
,
Abás
o
l
o, D
.,
& Fern
ández, A. (200
9). Us
e of
th
e
Higuchi'
s
fractal
dimension for the analy
s
is of MEG record
ings f
r
om Alzheimer'
s
disease patien
t
s.
Medi
cal eng
i
n
eer
ing
&
phys
i
cs
,
31(3), 306-313
.
[13]
Do
y
l
e, T.L., Du
gan, E.L., Humphries,
B., & N
e
wton, R.U. (200
4). Discrimi
nating
between eld
e
rly
and y
oung
us
ing
a fra
ct
al d
i
m
e
ns
i
on ana
l
y
s
is
of
centre of
pressure.
International jou
r
nal of med
i
cal s
c
ien
ces
, 1(1), 11
.
[14]
Klonowsky
W
, Olejarczy
k
E, Step
ien R
.
(2004)
:
Epileptic seizu
r
es
in
economic org
a
nism.
Ph
ysica A
; 342
:701–7.
BI
O
G
R
A
P
HY
OF
A
U
T
HO
R
Bhavna P
Ha
rne is
workin
g as
As
s
i
s
t
ant
P
r
ofes
s
o
r at
Dept.
of
El
ectron
i
cs
and
Telecommunication, Shri Sant
Ga
janan Mah
a
raj Colleg
e
of En
gineer
ing, Sheg
aon India. Her
res
earch
are
a
is
m
e
dical s
i
gna
l p
r
oces
s
i
ng and p
ublished her wo
rk at national
an
d international
conferen
ces
.
He
r are
a
of
int
e
re
s
t
is
El
ec
trom
agneti
c F
i
e
l
d an
d Network c
i
rc
uits
’ th
eor
y
an
d
digital sign
al p
r
o
cessing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.