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f
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lect
rica
l a
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Co
m
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r
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ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
,
p
p
.
1
7
~2
6
I
SS
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8708
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1
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9
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.
v
1
1
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1
.
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26
17
J
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ttp
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trinsic
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e
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n
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trac
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it
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a
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tern
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Stra
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Un
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n
o
v
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P
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1
1
A
–
1
6
1
4
5
,
Gen
o
v
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tal
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.
E
m
ail: a
n
d
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m
ar
is
co
tti
@
u
n
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it
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
ele
m
en
t
s
i
n
an
elec
tr
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
:
th
e
y
ar
e
th
e
m
ai
n
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
etu
r
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cir
cu
it
an
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f
ec
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
e
[
1
]
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
ca
ten
ar
y
(
o
r
th
ir
d
r
ail)
r
o
llin
g
s
to
c
k
in
ter
f
ac
e;
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
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etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
t
h
e
y
ar
e
a
r
elev
an
t
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m
p
ed
an
ce
te
r
m
to
co
n
s
id
er
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
esti
m
ate
[2
-
4]
an
d
th
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
ca
ten
ar
y
cu
r
r
en
t
[
5
,
6
];
th
ey
ar
e
also
u
n
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
t
h
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
tr
a
y
cu
r
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en
t
o
n
to
th
e
tr
ac
k
f
as
ten
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
ir
d
p
ar
tie
s
[
6
-
1
1
]
;
f
i
n
al
l
y
,
th
e
y
allo
w
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
p
ass
i
n
g
tr
ain
s
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
s
[
1
2
-
19]
.
B
ein
g
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
s
f
ir
s
t
o
f
all
a
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
ele
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
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u
p
p
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r
tin
g
a
n
d
g
u
id
i
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g
th
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o
llin
g
s
to
ck
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cu
r
ate
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
elec
tr
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b
eh
av
io
r
is
al
w
a
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s
in
t
h
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b
ac
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.
T
h
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tig
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ized
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lack
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ta
n
d
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d
izatio
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f
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ac
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p
tab
le
o
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li
m
it
v
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s
,
th
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p
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co
v
er
ag
e
in
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
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atash
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(
th
at
r
ar
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ep
o
r
t
th
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D
C
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esis
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ce
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ica
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s
p
ec
if
ic
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an
d
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at
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r
ef
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at
w
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ld
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a
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t
to
d
esig
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.
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i
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g
o
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s
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lack
o
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a
cc
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r
ate
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eter
m
i
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d
d
o
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f
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l
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eter
s
a
n
d
s
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b
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t
an
tial
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ar
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o
f
v
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c
o
m
in
g
f
r
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m
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,
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w
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k
r
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ts
a
s
y
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t
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esi
s
o
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i
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in
ter
f
ac
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s
:
i)
u
s
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l
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
tr
ai
n
p
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ii)
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
est
i
m
a
te
,
iii)
in
d
u
ctio
n
o
n
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
ar
ts
,
iv
)
s
tr
a
y
c
u
r
r
en
t le
ak
a
g
e,
an
d
v
)
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
tu
n
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
-
26
18
Fro
m
a
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
v
ie
w
p
o
in
t
th
ese
i
n
te
r
f
ac
e
s
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
i
ed
as
im
p
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
(
i)
,
o
n
elec
tr
ical
s
af
et
y
(
ii,
iii),
o
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
s
af
et
y
(
iii,
v
)
,
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
s
a
f
et
y
an
d
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
ir
d
p
ar
ties
(
iv
)
an
d
o
n
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
ii
i)
.
I
n
ter
f
ac
es
ar
e
t
h
e
n
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
o
r
less
co
m
p
le
x
m
o
d
els
f
ed
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
b
y
t
h
e
r
ail
elec
tr
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
2
0
]
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
a
f
i
n
al
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
s
tate
m
e
n
t
:
v
alid
at
io
n
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els
b
as
ed
o
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
21
],
w
h
er
e
r
ail
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
its
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
ar
e
ex
p
licitl
y
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
.
A
n
o
th
er
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
tu
n
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
to
f
it
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
22
,
23
]
,
w
h
er
e
A
C
r
ail
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
is
e
v
al
u
ated
to
p
r
ed
ict
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
elec
tr
ic
ar
c
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
.
2.
RAIL
R
E
S
I
S
T
ANC
E
AND
RAIL
I
M
P
E
DANC
E
Fo
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
s
,
w
e
m
a
y
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
et
w
ee
n
D
C
a
n
d
A
C
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
t
h
e
la
tt
er
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
in
ter
n
al
a
n
d
ex
ter
n
al
o
n
es,
o
r
s
elf
a
n
d
m
u
tu
a
l,
if
t
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
l
in
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
2
3
]
.
E
x
clu
d
in
g
m
u
tu
al
ter
m
s
,
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
r
ail
s
elf
-
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
is
m
ad
e
o
f
a
g
eo
m
etr
ic
p
ar
t
(
also
n
a
m
ed
ex
ter
n
al)
an
d
an
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
p
ar
t
(
th
e
in
ter
n
al
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
)
.
B
o
th
ex
ter
n
al
ter
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
elf
(
Z
ii
,
ext
)
an
d
th
e
m
u
t
u
al
(
Z
ij
,
ext
)
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
w
i
th
g
o
o
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
s
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
m
u
las,
s
u
ch
as
C
ar
s
o
n
’
s
o
n
e
s
[
5
,
2
3
].
ii
ii
i
i
ext
ii
X
j
R
r
h
j
Z
2
2
ln
2
0
,
ij
ij
ij
ij
ext
ij
X
j
R
d
D
j
Z
2
ln
2
0
,
(
1
)
w
h
er
e:
d
ij
is
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
i
an
d
j
;
D
ij
i
s
th
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cto
r
i
an
d
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
j
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a;
h
i
is
t
h
e
h
eig
h
t
ab
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
i
;
r
i
i
s
t
h
e
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
i
.
T
h
e
R
an
d
X
ter
m
s
ar
e
c
o
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ter
m
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
il
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
i
n
[
1
2
]
,
p
ag
e
1
6
2
,
an
d
[
2
4
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
m
a
y
lead
to
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
ili
t
y
d
u
e
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
io
n
s
o
f
g
e
o
m
e
tr
ic
ter
m
s
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
r
o
x
i
m
it
y
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
al
l
“in
s
p
ec
tio
n
ab
le”,
w
h
er
e
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ied
an
d
r
ep
ea
ted
at
w
ill,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
an
al
y
s
is
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
.
A
tte
n
tio
n
is
co
n
v
er
s
e
l
y
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
th
e
r
ail
t
h
at
a
s
w
e
w
il
l
s
ee
ca
n
n
o
t
r
el
y
o
n
m
o
d
eli
n
g
f
o
r
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
q
u
an
t
if
icatio
n
;
th
e
y
ar
e
th
e
DC
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
,
t
h
e
A
C
r
esis
tan
ce
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
a
l
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
[
2
4
, 2
7
-
3
4
].
Fo
r
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
at
io
n
o
f
s
elf
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
ter
m
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
w
e
m
a
y
d
i
s
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
t
w
o
ca
s
es
:
an
elec
tr
ic
p
ar
all
el
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
s
f
o
r
al
m
o
s
t
all
tr
ac
tio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
b
ac
k
ed
u
p
b
y
o
th
er
p
ar
allel
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
et
u
r
n
c
i
r
cu
it
[2
3
,
3
5
]
)
an
d
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ails
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
–
cir
cu
it
s
i
g
n
ali
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
6
,
3
7
]
.
I
n
ter
n
al
r
ail
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
n
o
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
r
ails
,
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
ar
e
i
n
s
i
m
p
le
elec
tr
ic
p
ar
allel
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
an
d
in
s
er
ies
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
w
it
h
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial
-
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ac
k
m
ai
n
l
y
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
ac
k
g
eo
m
etr
y
an
d
co
u
p
lin
g
to
ea
r
t
h
[
1
2
]
,
s
ec
.
I
I
.
D,
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
is
b
r
ief
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
th
at
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l
m
o
d
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
o
d
e
l
tr
ac
k
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
s
ig
n
ali
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
b
y
a
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
r
ail
-
to
-
r
ail
a
n
d
r
ail
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
ca
lcu
lab
le,
b
u
t
n
ec
es
s
itati
n
g
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
n
-
cir
c
u
lar
r
ail
s
h
ap
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
3
7
,
3
8
]
)
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
lar
g
el
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
p
r
ac
tical
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
b
y
th
e
m
i
x
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
v
o
lu
m
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
leak
a
g
e
[
3
9
-
4
1
].
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
h
o
w
e
v
er
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
r
ail
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
th
e
av
ai
lab
le
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt
s
ar
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
f
o
r
DC
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
AC
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
an
d
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
2
.
1
.
DC
ra
il r
esis
t
a
nce
Desp
ite
th
e
in
t
u
iti
v
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ail
DC
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
its
r
elev
an
ce
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
clea
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
i
t
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
e
.
g
.
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
)
.
O
n
t
h
i
s
it
i
s
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
a
tic
t
h
at
t
h
e
E
N
1
3
6
7
4
-
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ail
s
[
42
]
n
ev
er
m
en
t
io
n
s
th
e
w
o
r
d
“
r
esis
ta
n
ce
”.
R
ail
D
C
r
esi
s
tan
ce
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
(
an
d
t
h
u
s
u
s
e
f
u
l v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
tr
ai
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
,
as
w
el
l a
s
s
tr
a
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t le
ak
a
g
e:
T
h
e
r
ail
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
in
DC
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
ac
h
iev
ed
tr
ac
k
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
r
esis
ta
n
c
e
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
r
ail
r
esis
tan
ce
,
w
eld
i
n
g
a
n
d
jo
in
ts
e
f
f
ec
t,
an
d
tr
ac
k
-
to
-
tr
ac
k
b
o
n
d
in
g
,
w
it
h
o
p
tio
n
al
p
ar
allel
f
ee
d
in
g
;
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
tr
a
y
cu
r
r
en
t
leav
in
g
th
e
r
a
ils
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
tr
a
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
r
ain
ag
e
s
ee
th
e
r
ai
l
r
esis
ta
n
ce
as
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
[
7
,
9
,
1
1
]
;
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
h
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
ased
o
n
r
eliab
le
r
ai
l r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
al
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
a
ct
o
f ra
il imp
ed
a
n
ce
in
tr
in
s
ic
va
r
ia
b
ilit
y
o
n
r
a
ilw
a
y
s
ys
tem
…
(
A
n
d
r
ea
Ma
r
is
co
tti
)
19
DC
r
ail
r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
b
ased
o
n
[
4
3
-
4
7
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
Kiess
l
ien
g
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
s
tr
an
g
e
l
y
r
ep
o
r
t
tw
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
0
.
4
7
%/
C
an
d
0
.
6
%/
C
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
teel
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ails
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
.
Ko
lar
et
a
l.
[4
4
]
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
r
ep
o
r
t
a
s
i
m
ilar
in
te
r
m
ed
i
ate
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
%/
C
.
Fo
r
A
C
r
ail
r
esis
tan
c
e
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t i
s
s
li
g
h
tl
y
lo
w
er
(
0
.
3
%/
C
)
an
d
w
i
ll b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
later
.
Desp
ite
th
e
r
elativ
el
y
la
r
g
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t,
v
alu
es
o
f
D
C
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ar
e
s
eld
o
m
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
r
ail
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
o
th
er
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
y
m
u
s
t
all
b
e
d
ee
m
ed
in
ac
cu
r
ate
at
±
5
%,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
r
ail
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
e.
g
.
2
0
an
d
4
0
C
.
Ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
s
elec
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
ail
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
d
er
:
S
4
9
v
alu
es
d
if
f
er
b
y
2
.
8
%
w
it
h
r
esp
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t to
th
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av
er
ag
e,
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6
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alu
e
s
b
y
2
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9
% a
n
d
R
6
5
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alu
es
u
p
to
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.
4
%.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
w
eld
in
g
o
f
r
ail
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
is
allo
w
ed
to
ad
d
an
o
th
er
5
%
o
f
lo
n
g
i
tu
d
i
n
al
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esis
ta
n
ce
(
E
N
5
0
1
2
2
-
2
,
s
ec
.
6
.
2
.
2
[
4
8
]
)
.
Fis
h
p
late
s
m
a
y
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
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esi
s
ta
n
ce
in
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
300
-
350
Ω
,
eq
u
iv
a
len
t to
ab
o
u
t 1
0
m
o
f
r
ail
(
r
ef
.
in
ter
n
al
r
ep
o
r
t)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
DC
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
s
R
a
i
l
t
y
p
e
R
a
i
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
[
k
g
/
m
]
D
C
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
[
m
Ω
/
k
m
]
@
t
e
mp
.
o
f
m
e
a
s.
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
D
O
3
5
0
60
3
3
.
5
@
3
0
C
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
p
o
r
t
D
O
2
6
0
60
3
0
.
6
@
3
9
C
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
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e
p
o
r
t
Ev
r
a
z
6
0
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1
,
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3
5
0
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7
.
8
@
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2
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i
n
t
e
r
n
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l
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p
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Ev
r
a
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1
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2
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0
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e
n
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c
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4
9
4
9
.
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7
[
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3
]
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e
n
e
r
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c
R
5
0
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4
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5
[
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3
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4
.
5
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0
[
4
3
]
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I
C
5
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0
[
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e
r
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c
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3
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9
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I
C
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[
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r
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1
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2
[
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n
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C
6
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5
[
4
4
]
G
e
n
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R
6
5
3
0
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1
[
4
4
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G
e
n
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4
9
4
0
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0
[
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4
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S
u
mi
t
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4
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[
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5
]
S
u
mi
t
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7
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[
4
5
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G
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r
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c
6
0
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1
(1)
6
0
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2
3
4
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9
(
3)
[
4
6
]
G
e
n
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(2)
45
4
3
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8
[
4
7
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G
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53
3
8
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6
[
4
7
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e
n
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r
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c
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60
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3
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0
[
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7
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(1)
S
i
x
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
si
st
i
v
i
t
y
v
a
l
u
e
s me
a
su
r
e
d
a
l
o
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g
t
h
e
r
a
i
l
c
r
o
ss se
c
t
i
o
n
(
2
.
5
7
,
2
.
5
8
,
2
.
6
2
,
2
.
7
,
2
.
7
5
,
2
.
8
5
1
0
-
7
Ω
/
m)
,
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
D
C
r
a
i
l
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
o
f
3
4
.
9
mΩ/
k
m
;
(2)
N
o
t
c
l
e
a
r
i
f
me
a
su
r
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
s,
n
o
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
;
(3)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
u
t
o
f
si
x
sam
p
l
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d
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n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
si
st
i
v
i
t
y
v
a
l
u
e
s.
2
.
2
.
AC
ra
il r
esis
t
a
nce
T
h
e
r
ail
A
C
r
esis
tan
ce
(
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
elf
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ter
m
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
)
)
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
DC
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t,
is
m
u
ch
le
s
s
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
b
ein
g
in
s
er
ies
to
a
m
u
c
h
lar
g
er
r
ail
in
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
(
im
a
g
i
n
ar
y
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
elf
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
in
(
1
)
)
,
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
lo
o
p
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
(
t
h
at
th
u
s
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
te
n
ar
y
a
n
d
th
e
m
u
t
u
al
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
w
it
h
th
e
r
et
u
r
n
cir
c
u
it).
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
A
C
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
w
it
h
th
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
lo
w
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
p
ec
u
liar
(
an
d
to
ad
d
its
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
)
:
it
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
k
in
e
f
f
ec
t
an
d
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
p
er
m
ea
b
ili
t
y
,
th
a
t
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
a
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
lo
ca
l
r
elat
iv
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
c
y
cle
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
b
ias
p
o
in
t
[2
4
,
2
8
,
3
4
,
4
9
-
5
4
]
,
g
o
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
er
to
a
u
d
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
A
C
r
esis
tan
ce
i
s
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as
“
ad
d
itio
n
al
A
C
r
ail
lo
s
s
es”,
r
elev
a
n
t
e.
g
.
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ate
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
tu
n
in
g
o
f
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
s
[
1
2
]
:
th
e
A
C
r
ai
l
r
esi
s
t
an
ce
in
th
e
k
Hz
r
a
n
g
e
m
a
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
t
h
e
f
a
cto
r
o
f
m
er
it
o
f
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
its
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
t
r
ac
k
cir
cu
it
an
d
its
co
u
p
lin
g
u
n
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
-
b
o
n
d
s
(
w
h
o
s
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
r
esi
s
ta
n
c
e
an
d
p
r
o
x
im
i
t
y
e
f
f
ec
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ail
o
n
to
th
ey
ar
e
f
aste
n
ed
ar
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
cr
itical
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
)
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
ch
a
n
g
es
o
f
A
C
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
m
a
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
also
t
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t
cir
cu
it,
a
s
w
e
w
i
ll
s
ee
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
“
S
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
”.
T
a
b
le
2
is
th
u
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
o
w
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
al
u
es
(
at
5
0
o
r
6
0
Hz)
an
d
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
al
u
es,
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
i
ts
.
T
h
e
A
C
r
ail
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
i
s
a
c
h
allen
g
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
in
g
e
n
er
al
m
o
d
e
led
v
al
u
e
s
d
if
f
er
lar
g
el
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
o
n
es
[
2
4
]
,
s
o
th
at
id
en
tify
in
g
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
e
s
is
q
u
ite
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
E
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
v
a
lu
e
s
in
[2
4
]
ap
p
ea
r
o
n
ly
i
n
s
ec
.
5
.
3
-
5
.
5
,
ac
t
u
all
y
r
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
Ho
l
m
s
tr
o
m
[3
3
]
:
v
alu
es
o
f
A
C
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ho
l
m
s
tr
o
m
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
a
d
if
f
er
en
tial
tr
ac
k
s
i
g
n
al
m
o
d
el,
s
o
t
h
e
y
ar
e
t
w
ice
th
e
r
ail
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
-
26
20
A
C
r
esi
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[2
4
]
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
s
ec
.
6
th
at
t
w
o
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
s
ed
f
i
n
ite
ele
m
en
t
m
o
d
el,
r
ail
m
at
er
ial
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
a
n
d
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
,
t
h
at
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
e
s
t s
h
ar
e
o
f
m
ater
ial
lo
s
s
es,
a
n
d
th
u
s
o
f
A
C
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
(
s
ee
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
i
n
[2
4
]
an
d
tim
e
d
o
m
a
in
c
u
r
v
e
s
in
[2
9
]
).
W
ith
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
f
o
ll
o
w
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
A
C
r
esi
s
tan
ce
a
n
d
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
alo
n
g
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
c
y
cle
s
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
o
f
[2
9
]
)
:
AC
r
esis
ta
n
ce
an
d
i
n
ter
n
a
l
in
d
u
ctan
ce
h
a
v
e
s
i
m
ilar
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
h
a
s
a
m
o
r
e
ch
ao
tic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
in
ts
,
w
it
h
n
o
t
an
e
v
id
e
n
t
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
th
e
in
s
ta
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m
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e
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icie
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an
ticip
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in
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o
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t
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D
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r
esi
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ce
:
0
.
3
%/
C
[2
4
,
31
,
32
]
,
s
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at
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th
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R
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k
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m
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M
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e
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m
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mal
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l
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s,
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f
s [
6
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n
d
[
7
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a
p
p
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a
r
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g
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n
[
1
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]
.
(
2
)
C
l
o
se
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g
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m
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n
t
w
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t
h
l
a
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e
st
O
R
E
v
a
l
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e
s.
2
.
3
.
AC
ra
il ind
uct
a
nce
Self
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
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n
d
u
cti
v
e
ter
m
s
ca
n
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e
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m
ated
r
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y
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all
y
ac
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p
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o
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m
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lati
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s
,
m
o
s
tl
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b
ased
o
n
C
ar
s
o
n
’
s
eq
u
at
io
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s
.
Mo
r
e
co
m
p
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x
ca
lc
u
latio
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m
et
h
o
d
s
ex
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s
t
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ased
m
ai
n
l
y
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in
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en
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m
et
h
o
d
s
,
f
in
ite
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ain
an
d
v
ar
ia
n
ts
,
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
51
-
5
3
]
,
h
ar
d
ly
ap
p
licab
le
to
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
m
ea
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
s
teel
o
f
r
u
n
n
i
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g
r
ails
.
A
r
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id
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p
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d
u
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to
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
f
f
ec
ts
i
n
s
id
e
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r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
r
e
m
ai
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s
u
n
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
:
th
e
in
ter
n
al
i
n
d
u
cta
n
c
e
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
in
ter
n
al
f
l
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x
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n
k
ag
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w
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r
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s
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d
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m
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k
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f
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t,
d
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in
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eq
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n
d
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i
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it
y
o
f
t
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f
lo
w
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cu
r
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en
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as
w
ell
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m
it
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it
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s
(
s
u
ch
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-
b
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co
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d
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s
[
1
2
]
an
d
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n
cl
u
d
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t
h
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ac
en
t r
ail
f
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m
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ac
k
)
.
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s
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i
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ted
o
u
t
in
[5
4
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,
d
if
f
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en
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
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r
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s
a
m
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x
h
ib
it
q
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d
if
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elec
tr
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p
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am
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s
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to
d
if
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t
an
n
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an
d
cr
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ta
llizatio
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d
v
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g
m
ec
h
an
i
ca
l
s
tr
ess
d
u
r
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g
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s
e.
W
e
m
a
y
d
ef
in
e
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
as
t
h
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r
atio
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f
th
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lin
ea
r
v
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lta
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d
r
o
p
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th
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th
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to
tal
cu
r
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t
in
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co
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;
th
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f
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m
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m
en
t
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s
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n
b
y
T
r
u
eb
lo
o
d
an
d
W
asch
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k
[
3
,
32
]
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n
th
e
r
ail
h
ea
d
,
as
th
e
f
ar
th
es
t
p
o
in
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e
r
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p
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ip
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er
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
in
d
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
i
m
ag
i
n
ar
y
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
; th
e
A
C
r
ail
r
es
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as th
e
r
ea
l p
ar
t
[2
4
]
.
I
V
Z
s
i
n
t
i
n
t
i
n
t
Re
Z
R
f
Z
L
2
/
Im
i
n
t
i
n
t
(
2
)
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
at
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
3
]
;
its
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
3
]
as
ten
d
in
g
to
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
ab
o
v
e
ab
o
u
t
2
0
Hz,
w
it
h
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
lin
k
ag
e
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
r
ail
ap
p
r
o
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h
in
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a
m
i
n
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m
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m
;
b
elo
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th
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s
a
m
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0
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in
ter
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u
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n
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ap
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ly
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k
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t
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d
d
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ce
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r
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en
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is
m
o
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e
s
ig
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f
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t
.
T
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m
et
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s
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d
r
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ar
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f
u
ll
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[2
4
,
2
8
-
3
4
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
Ho
l
m
s
tr
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m
[3
3
]
r
ep
o
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ea
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r
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r
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o
f
m
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s
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in
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n
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/y
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d
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/y
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o
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s
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n
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(
Fig
u
r
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f
[2
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).
T
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ef
f
icie
n
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
in
[2
4
]
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
,
w
it
h
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
2
5
%/
C
.
No
o
th
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
to
au
th
o
r
’
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
C
in
ter
n
al
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
v
alu
e
s
o
f
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
R
a
i
l
t
y
p
e
R
a
i
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
[
k
g
/
m
]
M
e
a
su
r
e
d
A
C
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
[
H
/
m]
R
e
f
.
F
r
e
q
.
[
H
z
]
V
a
l
u
e
v
s.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
56
1
0
,
2
5
,
5
0
,
6
0
0
.
5
8
,
0
.
4
6
,
0
.
2
9
,
0
.
2
9
(
5
0
A
)
,
0
.
9
3
,
0
.
7
4
,
0
.
6
,
0
.
6
(
7
0
0
A
)
[
3
]
50
0
.
0
8
(
1
0
A
)
,
0
.
2
1
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
2
8
(
7
0
0
A
)
[
2
4
]
[
3
3
]
1
0
0
0
0
2
.
0
2
(
1
0
A
)
[
2
4
]
[
3
3
]
25
0
.
4
8
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
5
9
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
1
(
6
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
(
9
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
[
3
2
]
40
0
.
5
6
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
7
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
9
(
6
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
7
(
9
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
[
3
2
]
60
0
.
6
4
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
7
9
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
8
3
(
6
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
8
2
(
9
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
[
3
2
]
50
0
.
3
5
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
4
3
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
5
(
6
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
5
1
(
1
0
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
(1)
50
0
.
4
2
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
5
7
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
3
(
6
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
[
3
4
]
(2)
U
N
I
6
0
50
0
.
5
4
(
2
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
6
6
(
4
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
7
4
(
6
0
0
A
)
,
0
.
7
7
(
1
0
0
0
A
)
[
2
7
]
[
2
8
]
(3)
U
N
I
6
0
3
5
0
0
0
.
1
9
±
2
5
%
(
2
0
0
A
@
5
0
H
z
)
[
2
9
]
U
N
I
6
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
.
1
6
7
±
5
%
(
2
0
0
A
@
5
0
H
z
)
[
2
9
]
(
1
)
S
mal
l
e
st
O
R
E
v
a
l
u
e
s,
r
e
f
s [
6
]
a
n
d
[
7
]
i
n
[
1
8
]
.
(
2
)
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
w
i
t
h
l
a
r
g
e
st
O
R
E
v
a
l
u
e
s.
(
3
)
S
mal
l
e
st
v
a
l
u
e
s
3.
I
M
P
ACT O
F
T
H
E
RAI
L
P
ARAM
E
T
E
R
S O
N
T
H
E
E
L
E
CT
RIC I
NT
E
RF
AC
E
S
Fiv
e
m
ai
n
elec
tr
ical
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
w
er
e
id
en
t
if
ied
in
th
e
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
f
o
r
w
h
ich
t
h
e
s
el
f
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
s
,
an
d
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ail
r
es
i
s
tan
ce
a
n
d
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
p
la
y
a
r
o
le.
No
w
t
h
e
s
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail.
3
.
1
.
Usef
ul v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
nd
ra
il po
t
ent
ia
l
L
i
m
it
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
]
an
d
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ct
u
at
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
o
r
u
p
g
r
ad
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
m
etr
o
s
an
d
lig
h
t
r
ail
w
a
y
s
.
Hea
d
w
a
y
v
al
u
es
a
n
d
f
lee
t
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
q
u
ite
d
e
m
an
d
i
n
g
,
s
o
t
h
at
r
ele
v
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
h
all
b
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
l
y
q
u
a
n
ti
f
ied
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
,
r
ail
r
esis
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
5
0
/6
0
Hz
im
p
ed
an
ce
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
ele
v
a
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
alo
n
g
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
,
i
m
p
ac
ti
n
g
al
s
o
o
n
th
e
to
u
ch
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
a
n
d
s
tr
a
y
cu
r
r
en
t.
Var
io
u
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
o
r
s
i
m
p
ler
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
h
ee
t
s
ex
i
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
alo
n
g
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
y
g
o
u
n
d
er
th
e
o
v
er
all
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
B
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
v
alu
e
f
o
r
r
ail
r
esis
tan
ce
is
a
m
o
r
e
o
r
less
ac
cu
r
ate
3
2
-
3
3
m
Ω
/
k
m
,
ig
n
o
r
i
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
ili
t
y
d
u
e
to
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
b
u
t
als
o
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
ail
ty
p
e
d
o
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
elec
t
r
ical
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
3
2
-
3
3
m
Ω
/
k
m
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
a
lu
e
s
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ca
s
es
w
h
er
e
lo
w
er
an
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
ac
tu
all
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
2
0
m
Ω
/k
m
[5
5
]
(
cu
r
io
u
s
l
y
id
en
tica
l
to
th
e
v
al
u
es
ass
i
g
n
ed
to
t
h
e
ca
te
n
ar
y
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
to
th
e
s
tr
a
y
cu
r
r
en
t
co
llecto
r
r
esis
tan
ce
s
)
an
d
2
5
.
3
m
Ω
/
k
m
[5
6
]
,
T
ab
le
2
(
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
ap
p
ar
en
tl
y
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ical
m
ea
n
r
ad
iu
s
).
T
h
e
r
ail
in
ter
n
al
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
in
d
u
ctan
ce
at
5
0
/6
0
Hz
ar
e
o
f
ten
“
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
”
w
ith
i
n
t
h
e
lo
o
p
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
v
al
u
e
as
s
i
g
n
ed
to
th
e
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
cu
i
t,
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
te
n
ar
y
(
o
r
th
ir
d
r
ail)
an
d
th
e
r
et
u
r
n
c
ir
cu
it,
w
h
e
n
u
s
in
g
s
in
g
le
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
So
m
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
g
iv
e
a
co
m
p
lete
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
er
e
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
ter
n
al
an
d
g
eo
m
etr
ical
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
as
s
i
g
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t d
ep
en
d
en
cies o
n
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
o
il r
esis
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
[
7
,
5
7
]
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
ef
u
l
v
o
ltag
e
a
v
ailab
le
at
th
e
tr
ai
n
p
an
to
g
r
ap
h
o
r
s
h
o
eg
ea
r
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
a
t
ag
r
ee
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ac
h
ie
v
a
b
le.
Du
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
an
en
tire
lin
e
w
it
h
s
e
v
er
al
r
o
llin
g
s
to
ck
u
n
its
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
.
B
esid
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
in
th
e
f
ee
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
ca
ten
ar
y
,
th
ir
d
r
ail
an
d
o
th
er
f
ee
d
in
g
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
)
an
d
in
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
ed
an
d
av
ailab
le
to
th
e
tr
ain
s
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
s
aid
th
at
esp
ec
iall
y
in
3
r
d
r
ail
s
y
s
te
m
(
w
ith
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
lo
w
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it),
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
li
m
it
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
.
I
n
lo
w
-
v
o
lta
g
e
lar
g
e
-
tr
a
f
f
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
s
u
ch
a
s
m
etr
o
s
)
th
e
f
lo
w
i
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t is
in
e
x
ce
s
s
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
Am
p
s
a
n
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
an
d
r
etu
r
n
cir
c
u
its
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
:
a
1
0
%
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
esti
m
ate
o
f
t
h
e
r
ail
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ca
u
s
es
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
.
5
V
p
er
k
m
p
er
k
A
o
f
f
lo
w
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t,
to
co
m
p
ar
e
w
it
h
a
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
5
0
V
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ta
tio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
-
26
22
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
m
a
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
f
ex
tr
e
m
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
ex
cu
r
s
io
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
(
r
ails
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
n
i
n
s
u
m
m
er
)
.
T
h
e
to
u
ch
v
o
ltag
e
(
o
r
to
u
ch
p
o
ten
tial)
is
a
g
en
er
al
co
n
ce
p
t,
ap
p
lica
b
le
in
b
o
th
s
tead
y
(
o
r
n
o
r
m
al)
an
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
(
e.
g
.
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it)
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
vo
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
(
as
f
o
r
th
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ail
s
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
c
u
it)
o
r
to
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
o
n
to
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
ar
ts
n
ea
r
b
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
alo
n
g
th
e
r
ails
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
alr
ea
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
s
ti
m
ate
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
v
o
lta
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fo
r
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
ail
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
h
all
b
e
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
,
r
ath
er
th
an
s
i
m
p
l
y
DC
r
esis
ta
n
ce
:
it
m
a
y
b
e
s
aid
th
at
in
ter
n
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
ad
d
s
to
th
e
s
elf
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
ig
n
o
r
in
g
o
r
u
n
d
er
esti
m
at
in
g
it
ca
u
s
es
a
n
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate,
y
et
s
l
ig
h
t,
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
d
er
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
in
d
u
cti
v
e
to
u
c
h
v
o
ltag
e,
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
al
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
A
C
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
“
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
o
n
w
a
y
s
id
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
ar
ts
”
s
ec
tio
n
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
a
f
et
y
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
t
o
u
ch
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
e
s
tead
y
f
in
a
l
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
u
s
u
all
y
o
v
er
esti
m
ated
,
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
ar
e
less
cr
itical.
3
.
2
.
Sh
o
rt
circ
uit
ca
lcula
t
i
o
n a
nd
t
ra
ns
ient
beha
v
io
r
A
f
e
w
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
ac
cu
r
atel
y
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
DC
r
ail
w
a
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
r
ec
tif
ier
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
t
e
f
a
u
lts
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt
c
ir
cu
it.
I
n
[
2
]
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
u
n
d
er
lin
e
t
h
at
th
e
r
ail
s
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
f
au
l
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
th
at
t
h
eir
in
ter
n
a
l
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
a
n
d
r
esis
t
an
ce
v
ar
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t,
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
d
u
e
to
s
k
i
n
ef
f
ec
t)
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
(
g
o
in
g
to
w
ar
d
s
s
at
u
r
atio
n
)
.
T
h
e
DC
r
esis
tan
ce
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
f
in
al
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
w
h
er
ea
s
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ch
a
n
g
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
,
an
d
s
o
th
e
ir
r
atio
(
th
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t)
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
(
m
ai
n
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
r
is
e
ti
m
e)
.
T
im
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
al
u
es
e
s
ti
m
at
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
d
ata
[
2
]
v
ar
ied
b
y
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
5
to
8
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
at
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
MT
R
C
an
d
L
o
n
d
o
n
Do
ck
lan
d
s
.
T
h
is
is
i
n
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
an
d
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
in
itia
l
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esid
es
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
s
e
n
s
ed
b
y
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
ela
y
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
Hi
g
h
Sp
ee
d
C
ir
c
u
it
B
r
ea
k
er
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
v
er
y
lar
g
e
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
m
e
tr
o
s
.
3
.
3
.
I
nd
uct
io
n o
n w
a
y
s
ide c
o
nd
uct
iv
e
pa
rt
s
I
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
n
l
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
a
r
ts
is
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
t
r
a
cti
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
its
A
C
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
5
]
.
I
n
p
r
in
ci
p
l
e
th
e
m
ain
in
d
u
cin
g
l
o
o
p
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
ca
t
en
ar
y
(
o
r
th
ir
d
r
ail
)
an
d
th
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
ci
r
cu
it
(
f
i
r
s
t
o
f
all
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
)
;
in
g
en
er
al
a
ll
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
c
ar
r
y
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
o
r
r
etu
r
n
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
e
r
t
in
d
u
c
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
as
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
m
u
tu
al
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
w
ith
th
e
v
i
ctim
ci
r
cu
it
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
etu
r
n
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
g
in
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ai
ls
,
if
n
o
t
d
is
p
er
s
ed
in
th
e
s
o
il
,
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cin
g
l
o
o
p
,
r
ed
u
c
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
ly
th
e
in
d
u
c
e
d
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
g
en
er
al
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
am
o
n
g
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
is
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
b
y
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ct
an
ce
te
r
m
s
an
d
th
e
r
ai
l
in
te
r
n
al
im
p
ed
an
c
e
s
h
al
l
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
esp
ec
ially
w
h
en
r
e
tu
r
n
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
ar
e
q
u
it
e
cl
o
s
e
t
o
th
e
v
i
ctim
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
e
.
g
.
a
c
a
b
lew
ay
)
,
s
o
th
a
t
als
o
p
r
o
x
im
ity
ef
f
e
ct
p
l
ay
s
a
r
o
l
e
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
at
e
r
esu
l
ts
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
in
d
u
ce
d
in
d
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
[
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
a
s
i
m
p
li
f
ie
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
th
is
le
v
el
o
f
d
etail,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
f
o
r
r
etu
r
n
r
ail
(
R
R
)
an
d
r
etu
r
n
co
n
d
u
cto
r
(
R
C
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
b
o
o
s
ter
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
(
B
T
-
R
C
)
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
a
f
u
ll
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ails
:
[
5
]
,
s
ec
.
I
V.
B
,
an
d
[2
3
]
,
p
ag
e
4
3
3
-
4
3
7
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
a
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
(
n
o
tatio
n
as
in
[
5
]
)
:
k
1b
=1
Z
cr
/
Z
rr
,
w
h
er
e
Z
cr
is
th
e
m
u
tu
al
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ca
ten
ar
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
et
u
r
n
cir
cu
it,
an
d
Z
rr
is
th
e
s
el
f
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
etu
r
n
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
latter
s
el
f
ter
m
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
r
ail
i
n
ter
n
al
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
w
h
ich
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
at
lo
w
p
o
w
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
a
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I
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A
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23
3
.
4
.
Str
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curr
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Stra
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c
u
r
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m
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s
o
f
elec
tr
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m
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h
a
n
ical
s
i
m
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latio
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[
7
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.
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h
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r
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le
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i
m
p
lif
ied
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
8
]
:
(
5
)
,
(
6
)
an
d
th
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p
r
o
p
ag
atio
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co
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ta
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6
m
ω
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ased
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ts
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s
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D
u
b
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i
[
8
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,
th
e
h
ig
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er
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ir
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l
te
m
p
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allel
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tr
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b
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T
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E
[5
8
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,
(
3
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ca
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ex
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(
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E
f
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ca
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b
e
also
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ily
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ta
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ce
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[
7
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9
,
1
1
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.
Sin
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th
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,
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d
in
al
r
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ce
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ld
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m
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o
f
m
o
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th
a
n
1
0
%
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m
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t
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d
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h
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.
2
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f
E
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5
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1
2
2
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8
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,
m
a
k
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s
e
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f
r
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tan
ce
to
esti
m
ate
r
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A
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1
.
3
.
5
.
T
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I
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p
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r
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h
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(
F
SK)
m
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alan
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w
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F
SK
ch
a
n
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el
i
s
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b
j
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[
1
2
]
;
alter
n
ativ
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y
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m
a
x
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m
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Fig
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e
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th
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lled
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.
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I
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&
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g
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Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
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1
:
1
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26
24
Mo
d
er
n
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
f
ea
t
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
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o
f
in
ter
n
a
l
q
u
an
titi
e
s
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
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e
r
ec
eiv
ed
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
FS
K
f
r
eq
u
e
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ci
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an
d
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
f
r
ee
an
d
o
cc
u
p
ie
d
tr
ac
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
to
o
l
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
ci
r
cu
it
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
t
u
n
in
g
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
1
2
]
allo
w
s
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
an
d
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
all
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
e
t
h
e
v
ar
i
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
A
C
r
ail
r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
1
m
o
f
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ail
i
s
eq
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iv
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n
t
to
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e
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esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
S
-
b
o
n
d
as
p
er
T
ab
le
1
in
[
1
2
]
)
w
as
m
i
tig
ated
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ar
tif
icial
l
y
th
e
r
esi
s
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
S
-
b
o
n
d
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
a
l
o
w
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f
ac
to
r
o
f
m
er
it
,
s
o
a
w
id
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r
eso
n
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ce
p
ea
k
with
less
s
teep
s
h
o
u
ld
er
s
,
i
m
p
l
y
in
g
an
ea
s
ier
tu
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
tr
ac
k
p
ar
am
e
te
r
s
,
an
d
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
f
r
ail
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
is
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
3
-
1
9
]
.
Fo
r
ax
le
co
u
n
ter
s
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
it
h
f
r
eq
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e
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y
in
s
id
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ail
a
n
d
its
i
m
p
ac
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o
n
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en
s
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n
d
s
u
s
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s
i
n
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icate
d
in
t
h
e
E
N
5
0
2
3
8
-
3
[5
9
]
.
I
t
is
h
o
w
e
v
er
w
o
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th
n
o
ti
n
g
th
at,
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
ec
.
0
,
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
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o
f
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h
e
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r
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en
t
a
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th
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n
etic
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id
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ail
d
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p
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
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lo
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ea
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ili
t
y
v
alu
e,
b
o
th
i
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
ab
s
o
l
u
te
v
al
u
e
an
d
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
c
y
c
les
[2
8
,
2
9
]
,
as
w
el
l
as
p
r
o
x
i
m
i
t
y
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
latter
it
is
th
u
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
clu
d
e
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
s
ep
ar
atio
n
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
o
co
n
clu
d
e,
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
a
ll
m
a
g
n
et
ic
cir
cu
i
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
a
i
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
w
h
e
e
l
i
s
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
b
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
s
,
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
v
al
u
es
o
f
D
C
an
d
A
C
r
esis
tan
c
e
an
d
in
ter
n
a
l
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
ails
.
Desp
ite
t
h
eir
r
elev
an
ce
as
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
ele
m
e
n
t
in
all
g
u
id
e
w
a
y
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
ail
s
ar
e
s
eld
o
m
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
elec
tr
i
ca
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics.
T
h
eir
elec
tr
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
is
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
elec
tr
ic
in
te
r
f
ac
es
an
d
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a,
s
u
c
h
as
u
s
ef
u
l
v
o
ltag
e
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
,
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
r
is
e
ti
m
e
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
s
tr
a
y
c
u
r
r
en
t,
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
tu
n
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
in
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
lete,
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
ca
lc
u
lat
io
n
s
ar
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
,
m
o
s
tl
y
f
o
r
ex
i
g
e
n
cies
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
as
s
u
r
an
ce
,
s
a
f
et
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lie
s
be
in
g
ab
le
to
in
cl
u
d
e
v
ar
iab
il
it
y
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ail
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
)
in
a
f
in
a
l
co
m
p
lian
ce
s
tate
m
en
t
(e
x
a
m
p
le
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
g
iv
e
n
in
th
e
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
v
a
lid
atio
n
o
f
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
els
an
d
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
a
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
elec
tr
ic
ar
c
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
)
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
u
s
h
a
s
o
r
g
an
ized
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
r
a
il
s
f
o
r
a
s
et
o
f
elec
tr
ical
in
ter
f
ac
es
o
f
a
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
u
s
e
f
u
l
v
o
lta
g
e,
to
u
ch
v
o
lta
g
e,
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
tr
ay
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
t
u
n
in
g
an
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
)
r
elev
an
t
to
E
MC,
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
s
af
e
t
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
CENEL
EC
EN
5
0
3
8
8
,
“
Ra
il
wa
y
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
P
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
a
n
d
ro
ll
in
g
sto
c
k
-
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
c
rit
e
ria
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
(su
b
sta
ti
o
n
)
a
n
d
ro
ll
in
g
st
o
c
k
to
a
c
h
iev
e
in
ter
o
p
e
ra
b
il
i
ty
,
”
IEC
S
t
d
6
2
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
J.
C.
Bro
w
n
,
J.
A
ll
a
n
,
a
n
d
B.
M
e
ll
it
t,
“
Ca
lcu
lati
o
n
o
f
re
m
o
te
sh
o
rt
c
ircu
it
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
ts
f
o
r
DC
ra
il
w
a
y
s,”
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s B
(
El
e
c
tric P
o
w
e
r A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s),
v
o
l
.
1
3
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
-
294
,
1
9
9
2
.
[3
]
J.
C.
Bro
w
n
,
J.
A
ll
a
n
,
B.
M
e
ll
it
t,
“
Ca
lcu
latio
n
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
ra
il
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
le
t
o
re
m
o
te
sh
o
rt
c
ircu
it
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
ts,”
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
B
(
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s)
,
v
o
l.
1
3
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
-
3
0
2
,
1
9
9
2
.
[4
]
C.
L
.
P
ires
,
S
.
I
.
Na
b
e
ta,
J.
R.
Ca
rd
o
so
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
re
m
o
te
a
n
d
c
lo
se
-
u
p
sh
o
rt
-
c
ircu
it
f
a
u
lt
s
c
u
rre
n
ts
o
n
DC t
ra
c
ti
o
n
s
u
p
p
ly
,
”
IET
Po
w
e
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
8
-
3
5
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
8
.
[5
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
I
n
d
u
c
e
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
a
lcu
latio
n
in
e
lec
tri
c
trac
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s:
sim
p
li
f
ied
m
e
th
o
d
s,
sc
re
e
n
in
g
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tr
a
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
1
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
J.
Bo
n
g
io
r
n
o
,
G
.
Bo
sc
h
e
tt
i
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
L
o
w
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
:
P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
in
e
lec
tri
c
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
El
e
c
trif
ica
ti
o
n
M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
2
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
A
.
O
g
u
n
so
la,
L
.
S
a
n
d
r
o
li
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
stra
y
c
u
r
re
n
t
f
ro
m
a
d
c
e
l
e
c
tri
f
ie
d
ra
il
w
a
y
w
it
h
in
teg
ra
ted
e
lec
tri
c
-
e
lec
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
traff
ic
sim
u
latio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stry
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
4
3
1
-
5
4
4
1
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
A
.
Og
u
n
so
la,
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
L
.
S
a
n
d
r
o
li
n
i,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
tr
a
y
Cu
rre
n
t
f
ro
m
a
DC
El
e
c
tri
f
ied
Ra
il
w
a
y
a
n
d
Im
p
re
ss
e
d
P
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
n
a
Bu
ried
P
i
p
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
De
li
v
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
8
-
2
2
4
6
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
I.
Co
tt
o
n
,
C.
C
h
a
ra
lam
b
o
u
s,
P
.
Ay
lo
tt
a
n
d
P
.
Er
n
st,
“
S
tray
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
i
n
DC
M
a
ss
T
ra
n
sit
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
2
-
7
3
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
0
]
A
.
Zab
o
li
,
B.
V
a
h
i
d
i,
S
.
Yo
u
se
f
i
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Ho
ss
e
in
i
-
Biy
o
u
k
i,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
S
tray
Cu
rre
n
t
in
DC
-
El
e
c
tri
f
ied
Ra
il
w
a
y
S
y
st
e
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
7
4
-
9
8
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
a
ct
o
f ra
il imp
ed
a
n
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in
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in
s
ic
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r
ia
b
ilit
y
o
n
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a
ilw
a
y
s
ys
tem
…
(
A
n
d
r
ea
Ma
r
is
co
tti
)
25
[1
1
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
A
.
Og
u
n
s
o
la,
U
.
Re
g
g
ian
i
a
n
d
L
.
S
a
n
d
r
o
li
n
i,
“
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
b
y
stra
y
c
u
rre
n
t
f
ro
m
a
d
c
ra
il
trac
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
C
o
mp
a
ti
b
il
it
y
-
EM
C
EUROP
E
,
2
0
1
2
,
[1
2
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
M
.
Ru
sc
e
ll
i,
M
.
V
a
n
ti
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
in
g
o
f
a
u
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
tra
c
k
c
ir
c
u
it
s
f
o
r
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
,
t
u
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
i
n
terf
e
re
n
c
e
p
re
d
ictio
n
,
”
IEE
E
tr
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
tra
n
sp
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
2
-
6
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
1
.
[1
3
]
G
.
D'
A
d
d
io
,
P
.
F
e
rra
ri,
A
.
M
a
r
isc
o
tt
i,
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
In
teg
ra
ted
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
a
u
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
trac
k
c
ircu
it
s,”
IEE
EM
C
Y
o
rk
9
9
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
4
]
A
.
S
z
e
ląg
,
“
Ra
il
trac
k
a
s
a
lo
ss
y
t
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
l
in
e
.
P
a
rt
I:
P
a
ra
m
e
te
rs
a
n
d
n
e
w
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
s,”
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
-
4
2
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
5
]
A
.
S
z
e
lą
g
,
“
Ra
il
trac
k
a
s
a
lo
ss
y
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
.
P
a
rt
II:
Ne
w
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
-
si
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
i
n
situ
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,”
Arc
h
ive
s o
f
El
e
c
t
ric
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
-
4
5
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
6
]
F
.
Esp
i
n
o
sa
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
tec
to
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Disc
o
n
ti
n
u
it
y
o
f
Ra
il
s
in
Do
u
b
le
-
T
ra
c
k
Ra
il
w
a
y
L
in
e
s:
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
T
r
a
n
sp
o
rta
t
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
4
3
-
7
5
5
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
X
.
Z
h
o
u
,
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z.
L
iu
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
o
n
b
ro
k
e
n
ra
i
l
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
a
u
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
trac
k
c
ircu
it
s,”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
telli
g
e
n
t
Ra
il
T
ra
n
sp
o
r
ta
ti
o
n
(
ICIRT
)
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
-
2
8
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
S
.
Ciu
rl
o
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
T
ra
c
k
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
w
it
h
A
u
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
ra
c
k
Circu
it
s
,”
Pro
c
.
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
.
Co
n
f
.
o
n
E
lec
trica
l
S
y
ste
ms
fo
r A
irc
ra
ft
,
Ra
il
w
a
y
a
n
d
S
h
ip
Pro
p
u
ls
i
o
n
(
E
S
AR
S
)
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
L
.
Iv
a
n
e
k
,
V
.
M
o
sty
n
,
K.
S
c
h
e
e
,
a
n
d
J.
G
ru
n
,
“
T
h
e
S
e
n
siti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
In
p
u
t
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
s
o
f
T
ra
c
k
Circu
it
s
to
Ch
a
n
g
e
s in
th
e
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
t
h
e
T
ra
c
k
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s E
lec
tr.
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
7
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
J.
Bo
n
g
io
rn
o
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
in
d
e
x
e
s
u
se
d
f
o
r
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
ls
b
a
se
d
o
n
re
a
l
c
a
se
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
s
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
G
.
Cro
tt
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
a
n
to
g
ra
p
h
-
to
-
OH
L
A
rc
:
Co
n
d
u
c
ted
Ef
f
e
c
ts
in
DC
Ra
il
w
a
y
S
u
p
p
ly
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
I
n
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
8
6
1
-
3
8
7
0
,
o
c
t.
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
G
.
Cro
tt
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
a
n
to
g
ra
p
h
-
to
-
OH
L
A
r
c
:
Co
n
d
u
c
te
d
Ef
fe
c
ts
in
DC
R
a
il
wa
y
S
u
p
p
ly
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IE
EE
9
th
I
n
ter
n
.
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Ap
p
li
e
d
M
e
a
s.
f
o
r P
o
w.
S
y
s.
(
AM
PS
),
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
CCITT
,
“
Dire
c
ti
v
e
s
c
o
n
c
e
rn
in
g
th
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
li
n
e
s
a
g
a
in
st
h
a
rm
f
u
l
e
ffe
c
t
s
f
ro
m
e
le
c
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
f
ied
ra
il
w
a
y
li
n
e
s
-
V
o
l
u
m
e
II,
”
Ge
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
1
9
8
9
.
[2
4
]
R.
J.
Hill
,
S
.
Bri
ll
a
n
te,
P
.
J.
L
e
o
n
a
rd
,
“
Ra
il
w
a
y
trac
k
tran
s
m
is
sio
n
li
n
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
f
ro
m
f
in
it
e
e
lem
e
n
t
f
ield
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
:
se
ries
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
”
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
1
4
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
4
7
-
6
6
0
,
De
c
.
1
9
9
9
.
[2
5
]
G
.
D'
A
d
d
io
,
M
.
F
ra
c
c
h
ia,
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
S
e
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
ra
il
w
a
y
li
n
e
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
to
v
a
riatio
n
s o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
a
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
,
”
W
o
rld
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
n
R
a
il
w
a
y
Res
.
W
CRR
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
6
]
R.
G
a
r
g
,
P
.
M
a
h
a
jan
a
n
d
P
.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
S
e
n
siti
v
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Ch
a
ra
c
teristic
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
s
o
f
Ra
il
w
a
y
E
lec
tri
c
T
ra
c
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
-
1
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
Re
sista
n
c
e
a
n
d
in
tern
a
l
in
d
u
c
tan
c
e
o
f
trac
ti
o
n
ra
il
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ve
h
icu
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
9
-
1
0
7
5
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
8
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
l
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
trac
ti
o
n
ra
il
s
a
t
5
0
Hz
,
”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
in
str
u
me
n
ta
t
io
n
a
n
d
me
a
s
u
re
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
-
2
9
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
0
.
[2
9
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
tern
a
l
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
trac
ti
o
n
ra
il
s
a
t
a
u
d
i
o
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
str
u
me
n
ta
t
io
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
9
2
-
7
9
7
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
4
.
[3
0
]
F
.
F
il
i
p
p
o
n
e
,
A
.
M
a
ri
sc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
l
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
trac
ti
o
n
ra
il
s
f
o
r
d
c
ra
il
w
a
y
s
in
th
e
1
-
1
0
0
k
Hz
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
6
-
1
6
1
9
,
Oc
t.
2
0
0
6
.
[3
1
]
E.
Ke
n
n
e
ll
y
,
F
.
H.
A
c
h
a
rd
,
S
.
Da
n
a
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
re
se
a
rc
h
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
sk
in
e
ff
e
c
t
in
ste
e
l
ra
il
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Fr
a
n
k
li
n
In
stit
u
te,
1
9
1
6
.
[3
2
]
H.
M
.
T
ru
e
b
l
o
o
d
,
G
.
W
a
sc
h
e
c
k
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
il
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
s,”
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
8
9
8
-
9
0
7
,
1
9
3
3
.
[3
3
]
F.
R.
H
o
lm
str
o
m
,
“
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
in
ra
p
i
d
tran
sit
sig
n
a
li
n
g
sy
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
in
d
u
stry
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
5
6
-
7
6
2
,
1
9
8
6
.
[3
4
]
R.
J.
Hill
,
a
n
d
D.
C.
Ca
rp
e
n
ter,
“
De
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
il
in
tern
a
l
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
r
a
il
wa
y
tr
a
c
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
sim
u
latio
n
,
”
IEE
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s B
-
e
lec
tric p
o
we
r a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
1
3
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
-
3
2
1
,
No
v
.
1
9
9
1
.
[3
5
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
M
.
V
a
n
ti
,
“
S
im
p
li
f
ied
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
2
x
2
5
k
V
A
T
Ra
il
w
a
y
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
th
e
so
lu
t
io
n
o
f
lo
w
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
larg
e
sc
a
le p
r
o
b
lem
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w.
De
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
6
-
3
0
1
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
7
.
[3
6
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
On
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
to
d
if
f
e
re
n
ti
a
l
m
o
d
e
tran
sf
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
in
d
o
u
b
le
trac
k
trac
ti
o
n
li
n
e
s,”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
.
Co
n
f
.
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
S
y
ste
ms
fo
r A
irc
ra
ft
,
Ra
il
wa
y
s
a
n
d
S
h
ip
s
(
ES
AR
S
),
2
0
1
2
.
[3
7
]
D.
C.
Ca
rp
e
n
ter
a
n
d
R.
J.
Hi
ll
,
“
Ra
il
ro
a
d
T
ra
c
k
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
d
jac
e
n
t
T
ra
c
k
Cro
ss
talk
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
Us
in
g
th
e
F
i
n
it
e
-
El
e
m
e
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
S
y
ste
m
s
A
n
a
l
y
sis,”
IEE
E
tr
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
v
e
h
ic
u
la
r
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
vo
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
-
5
6
2
,
No
v
.
1
9
9
3
.
[3
8
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
“
S
e
lf
a
n
d
m
u
tu
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs
i
n
a
i
r
a
n
d
l
o
ss
y
e
a
rth
w
it
h
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
e
lec
tri
f
ied
ra
il
w
a
y
s,”
Arc
h
ive
s o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
5
9
-
8
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
9
]
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i
a
n
d
P
.
P
o
z
z
o
b
o
n
,
“
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s o
n
lo
w
ra
il
-
to
-
ra
il
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
v
a
lu
e
s,”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
v
e
h
icu
la
r tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
,
v
o
l.
5
4
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
9
-
1
2
2
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
5
,
.
[4
0
]
G
.
L
u
c
c
a
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Ra
il
Co
n
d
u
c
ta
n
c
e
s,”
In
g
e
g
n
e
ria
Fer
ro
v
i
a
ria
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
5
-
9
4
9
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
-
26
26
[4
1
]
G
.
L
u
c
c
a
,
“
S
i
m
p
li
f
ied
A
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
Ra
il
s
Co
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
,
”
In
g
e
g
n
e
ri
a
Fer
ro
v
ia
ria
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
-
2
6
3
,
A
p
r.
2
0
2
0
.
[4
2
]
EN
1
3
6
7
4
-
1
,
“
Ra
il
w
a
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
T
ra
c
k
-
Ra
il
–
P
a
rt
1
:
V
ig
n
o
l
e
ra
il
w
a
y
ra
il
s 4
6
k
g
/
m
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
,
”
2
0
1
7
.
[4
3
]
F
.
Kie
ss
li
n
g
,
R
.
P
u
sc
h
m
a
n
n
,
A
.
S
c
h
m
ied
e
r
a
n
d
E.
S
c
h
n
e
id
e
r,
“
Co
n
tac
t
L
in
e
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
Ra
il
w
a
y
s:
P
lan
n
i
n
g
,
De
sig
n
,
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
M
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e
,
S
iem
e
n
s,”
Pu
b
li
c
is Co
rp
o
ra
te P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
4
]
V
.
Ko
lář,
P
.
Bo
jk
o
a
n
d
R.
Hrb
á
č
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
f
lo
w
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ra
il
w
it
h
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
Oh
m
’s
m
e
th
o
d
;
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
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d
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
ra
il
,
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Prze
g
lą
d
El
e
k
tro
tec
h
n
icz
n
y
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
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1
2
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
5
]
Nip
p
o
n
S
tee
l
a
n
d
S
u
m
it
o
m
o
M
e
tal,
“
Ra
il
s
,
”
NS
S
M
C
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
On
l
i
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
i
la
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
n
ss
m
c
.
c
o
m
/p
ro
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u
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t/
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a
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o
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d
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p
d
f
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3
e
n
.
p
d
f
.
[4
6
]
E.
S
z
y
c
h
ta,
L
.
S
z
y
c
h
ta,
M
.
L
u
f
t
a
n
d
K.
Kira
g
a
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
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o
f
3
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S
im
u
latio
n
M
e
th
o
d
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t
o
th
e
P
r
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c
e
ss
o
f
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
H
e
a
ti
n
g
o
f
Ra
il
T
u
rn
o
u
ts,”
I
n
fra
st
ru
c
tu
re
De
sig
n
,
S
i
g
n
a
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rity in
R
a
il
w
a
y
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
7
]
S
P
G
0
7
0
9
,
“
T
ra
c
ti
o
n
re
tu
r
n
,
trac
k
c
ircu
it
s
a
n
d
b
o
n
d
in
g
,
”
NS
W
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
Ra
il
C
o
rp
.
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
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il
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le:
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tran
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rd
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-
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9
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p
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f
[4
8
]
CENEL
EC
EN
5
0
1
2
2
-
2
,
“
Ra
il
wa
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
F
ix
e
d
in
sta
ll
a
ti
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n
s
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El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
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f
e
t
y
,
e
a
rth
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
t
u
r
n
c
ircu
it
–
P
a
r
t
2
:
P
r
o
v
isio
n
s a
g
a
in
s
t
th
e
e
f
fe
c
ts o
f
stra
y
c
u
rre
n
ts ca
u
se
d
b
y
d
c
trac
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
”
2010.
[4
9
]
M
.
Zag
irn
y
a
k
,
V
.
P
ru
s,
D.
Ro
d
k
i
n
,
Y.
Zac
h
e
p
a
a
n
d
V
.
Ch
e
n
c
h
e
v
o
i,
“
A
r
e
f
in
e
d
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
c
a
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
ste
e
l
lo
ss
e
s a
t
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
n
g
c
u
rre
n
t
,
”
Arc
h
ive
s o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
-
3
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
0
]
M
.
M
irza
e
i
a
n
d
P
.
R
ip
k
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
a
teria
l
Eff
e
c
t
o
n
Ra
il
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
”
5
3
r
d
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
ies
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
1
]
A
.
Do
lara
a
n
d
S
.
L
e
v
a
,
“
Ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
Ra
il
In
tern
a
l
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
b
y
Us
in
g
F
in
it
e
El
e
m
e
n
ts
M
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
Co
m
p
lex
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
P
e
rm
e
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Veh
icu
la
r T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
0
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[5
2
]
L
.
Di
Rien
z
o
,
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
P
ig
n
a
ri,
“
Bo
u
n
d
a
ry
-
e
le
m
e
n
t
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o
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
p
e
r
-
u
n
it
-
len
g
th
se
ries
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
o
f
ra
il
w
a
y
li
n
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
E
lec
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
il
i
ty
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
2
5
-
8
3
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
9
.
[5
3
]
M.
N.
S
a
ra
v
a
n
a
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
R.
M
u
ru
g
n
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
In
d
u
c
tan
c
e
G
ra
d
ien
t
a
n
d
Cu
rre
n
t
De
n
sity
Di
strib
u
ti
o
n
Ov
e
r
Diff
e
r
e
n
t
Cro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Ra
il
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ric
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
3
-
7
2
9
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
8
.
[5
4
]
K.
Kira
g
a
a
n
d
E.
S
z
y
c
h
ta,
“
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
o
f
se
lec
ted
e
lec
tri
c
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
ra
il
w
a
y
ra
i
l,
”
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
v
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l
.
6
1
,
n
o
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
-
3
5
7
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e
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
[5
5
]
G
.
Du
,
D.
Zh
a
n
g
,
G
.
L
i,
C.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
L
iu
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Ra
i
l
P
o
ten
ti
a
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
i
n
DC
T
ra
c
ti
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
9
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
6
.
[5
6
]
T.
H.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
R.
N.
L
iao
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
,
sim
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
v
e
rif
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
d
e
tailed
sh
o
r
t
-
c
ircu
it
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
1
x
2
5
k
V
ra
il
w
a
y
trac
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
,
”
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issi
o
n
&
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
4
-
1
1
3
5
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
6
.
[5
7
]
V.
I
.
Ha
v
r
y
li
u
k
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
th
e
trac
ti
o
n
c
u
rre
n
t
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
in
ra
il
s,”
Ел
е
к
тр
о
м
а
г
ніт
н
а
с
у
м
існ
і
с
ть
та
бе
з
пе
к
а
на
з
а
л
із
ни
ч
но
м
у
тр
а
нс
п
о
р
ті
(El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
ra
il
w
a
y
sa
f
e
t
y
),
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
27
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
8
]
F
.
F
ich
e
ra
,
A
.
M
a
risc
o
tt
i,
A
.
O
g
u
n
so
la,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
S
tray
Cu
rr
e
n
t
f
ro
m
DC
El
e
c
tri
f
ied
T
ra
n
sit
S
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
L
u
m
p
e
d
P
a
ra
m
e
ter an
d
M
u
l
ti
-
L
a
y
e
r
S
o
i
l
M
o
d
e
ls,”
Pr
o
c
.
o
f
1
5
th
I
EE
E
Reg
i
o
n
8
Eu
ro
C
o
n
2
0
1
3
Co
n
f.
,
J
u
ly
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
9
]
CENEL
EC
CL
C/
T
S
5
0
2
3
8
-
3
,
“
Ra
il
w
a
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
b
e
tw
e
e
n
ro
ll
in
g
sto
c
k
a
n
d
train
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
-
P
a
rt
3
:
C
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
with
a
x
le co
u
n
ters
,
”
2
0
1
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
And
r
e
a
M
a
r
isc
o
tti
d
e
g
r
e
e
d
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
.
i
n
1
9
9
1
(c
u
m
lau
d
e
)
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
.
i
n
1
9
9
7
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
G
e
n
o
v
a
.
A
s
a
T
e
n
u
re
re
se
a
rc
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n
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e
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d
if
fe
re
n
t
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ra
n
ts
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n
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
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4
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e
w
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rk
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ti
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n
d
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ter
n
a
ti
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se
a
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h
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
In
2
0
0
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h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
f
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o
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El
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c
tri
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l
En
g
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De
p
t.
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f
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U
n
iv
e
rsity
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f
G
e
n
o
v
a
.
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m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
in
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re
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a
li
ty
a
p
p
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t
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strial,
m
il
it
a
r
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a
n
d
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
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sy
ste
m
s,
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
m
e
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su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
le
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
in
terfe
re
n
c
e
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a
n
d
it
s
re
lev
a
n
c
e
to
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f
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n
d
a
v
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a
b
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it
y
.
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e
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a
lso
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c
ti
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e
in
th
e
f
ield
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tri
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rth
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g
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stra
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u
rre
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ro
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ti
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p
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s
p
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sy
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m
s.
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is
M
e
m
b
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f
th
e
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I&
M
S
o
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th
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tri
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tro
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ic M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
G
ro
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p
(G
M
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);
h
e
is also
a
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v
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r
f
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r
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E,
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se
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In
stit
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te o
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P
h
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s
,
M
DP
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a
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p
ri
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r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.