Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
le
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9,
pp. 159
8~16
05
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
3
.
pp1598
-
16
05
1598
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Fault m
odeling
and paramet
ric
fault det
ec
ti
on
in anal
og VLS
I circuits
using disc
re
ti
zati
on
Balde
v R
aj
1
,
G. M. B
hat
2
,
Sa
n
deep Th
akur
3
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electronics a
nd
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
GC
ET
Ind
ia
2
Instit
ute of Eng
ine
er
ing
and
T
echnolog
y
,
Kashm
ir
Un
ive
rsi
t
y
,
In
dia
3
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electronics a
nd
Com
m
unic
at
ion Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Gl
obal
Inst
it
ut
e
of
Engg.
and Techn
olog
y
Markpur
,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
29, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
14
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Dec
2
1
, 201
8
In
thi
s
art
icle
we
desc
ribe
new
m
odel
for
determ
ina
ti
on
of
fau
l
t
in
ci
rcu
i
t
and
al
so
we
provide
det
a
il
ed
anal
y
sis
of
tol
er
ance
of
ci
rcu
it
,
whi
ch
is
conside
red
one
of
the
important
par
amete
r
while
design
ing
the
ci
rcu
it.
W
e
have
done
m
at
hemati
c
al
an
aly
s
is
to
prov
id
e
strong
b
ase
fo
r
our
m
odel
and
al
so
d
on
e
sim
ula
ti
on
for
th
e
sam
e.
Thi
s
art
i
cl
e
desc
r
ibe
s
detailed
ana
l
y
sis
of
par
ametr
i
c
fau
lt
in
an
al
og
VLSI
ci
rcu
i
t.
Th
e
m
odel
is
t
este
d
for
diffe
r
ent
fr
e
quenc
i
es
for
compac
tne
ss
an
d
it
s
fle
xibilit
y
.
The
tolera
n
ce
a
naly
s
is
is
al
s
o
done
for
thi
s
purpose.
All
th
e s
imulat
ion are d
one
in
MA
TL
A
B
software
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
An
al
og VLSI
c
ircuit
Discreti
zat
ion
Fault m
od
el
ing
MATLAB
Param
et
ric fau
lt
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corre
s
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ba
ldev
Ra
j
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and C
omm
un
ic
ation
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Gove
rn
m
ent Coll
ege
of Engi
neer
i
ng and T
e
chnolo
gy Jam
m
u,
I
ndia
.
Pin:1
81121 C
e
ll
Ph
one
N
o: 9906
359745
Em
a
il
:
baldev
.
gcet@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
present
sc
enar
i
o
a
n
al
og
VLSI
ci
rc
uits
are
us
e
d
in
wide
num
ber
of
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
s
uch
as
m
ul
tim
edia,
ce
ll
ular
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
di
gital
sign
al
proc
es
sing
a
nd
data
acqu
isi
ti
on.
T
he
te
sti
ng
of
a
nalo
g
VLSI
ci
rc
uit
is
a
m
ajo
r
ta
s
k
befor
e
desi
gn
i
ng
a
nd
fa
br
ic
a
ti
on
of
a
ny
product.
T
he
f
a
ul
t
detect
ion
in
analo
g
VLSI
ci
rc
uits
i
s
ve
ry d
iffic
ult
ta
sk
due
t
o
c
om
plexit
y
natu
r
e
of
a
nalo
g
ci
r
cuits. Ther
e is no
sim
ple f
ault
m
od
el
for
anal
og
V
L
SI
ci
rc
uits
a
t
pr
esent
in d
igit
al
ci
rcu
it
s.
There
are
two
ty
pes
of
fa
ult
m
od
el
are
pr
ese
nt
in an
al
og
ci
rc
uits.
These
are
cat
ast
ro
phic
fau
lt
m
odel
and
par
am
et
ric
fau
lt
m
od
el
.
In
cat
ast
roph
ic
,
the
re
is
la
rg
e
dev
ia
ti
on
at
ou
tpu
t
due
to
la
r
ge
va
riat
ion
i
n
com
po
ne
nt
va
lues
(
du
e
t
o
s
hort
or
op
e
n
ci
r
cuit).
I
n
par
am
et
ric
m
od
el
,
the
com
po
nen
t
val
ue
will
chan
ge
from
no
m
inal
value
to
certai
n
e
xtent.
T
he
pa
ra
m
et
ric
fau
lt
is
cause
d
by
va
riat
ion
s
i
n
c
om
po
ne
nt
va
lues
du
e
to
ti
m
e
and
e
nvir
onm
ent.
So
m
et
i
m
es
the
pa
ram
e
tric
fau
lt
ca
use
s
the
change
in
outpu
t
be
ha
vio
r
of
the
syst
e
m
.
But
cat
astr
op
hic
fau
lt
changes
the
beh
a
viou
r
of
ci
rcu
it
com
plete
ly
[
1]
,
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
2.
BASI
C
P
RI
N
CIPLE
A
la
rg
e
nu
m
ber
of
anal
og
VL
SI
ci
rc
uits
can
be
rep
re
sente
d
by
li
near
sta
te
var
ia
ble
equ
at
io
ns
[
4]
,
[5]
,
[6
].
For
si
m
pl
ic
it
y
her
e
we
ta
ke
si
ng
le
ou
t
pu
t
sta
te
va
riable
ci
rc
uit
wh
e
re
the
out
pu
t
of
ever
y
blo
c
k
c
onta
ins
a
capaci
tor (m
e
m
or
y ele
m
ent.)
.
T
he
stat
e equ
at
i
on fo
r
the
circuit i
s
giv
e
n by
̇
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Fa
ult m
od
el
in
g a
nd par
amet
ric
fau
lt
detect
io
n
in
an
alog V
L
SI circ
uits
us
in
g discret
izati
on
(
Bal
dev R
aj
)
1599
(
)
=
[
1
(
)
,
2
(
)
,
…
,
(
)
]
is st
at
e v
ect
or
con
ta
ini
ng
n v
ariable.
̇
(
)
=
[
̇
1
(
)
+
̇
2
(
)
,
…
,
̇
(
)
]
He
re
̇
1
(
)
is de
riva
ti
ve
with ti
m
e. Th
e
outp
ut of t
he
syst
em
is given b
y y
(t).
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(2)
By
ta
kin
g
Lap
la
ce
transfor
m
we
change
sta
te
var
ia
ble
eq
uation
from
tim
e
do
m
a
in
to
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
s
do
m
ai
n
that i
s
giv
e
n by
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(3)
Fr
om
these
eq
uations
we
ca
n
de
rive
from
si
gn
al
fl
ow
grap
h
[
7]
,
[8
].
Here
we
are
ta
ki
ng
exam
ple
of
Bi
qu
a
dr
at
ic
Fil
te
r
ci
rcu
it
.
I
n
Fig
ure
1
a
nd
F
ig
ure
2
t
he
ci
r
cuit
diag
ram
and
sig
nal
fl
ow
gr
a
ph
of
bi
quadr
at
ic
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
ar
e
sh
ow
n.
T
he
biquad
rati
c
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
co
ntain
three
op
-
a
m
p
.
First
op
er
at
ion
al
am
plifi
er
is
inv
e
rting o
p
-
a
m
p,
second
is i
nteg
rator an
d
t
hir
d
is l
ossy
int
egr
at
or
.
Figure
1.
Ci
rcui
t diagr
am
o
f
b
iqu
a
dr
at
ic
filt
er
Figure
2
.
Sig
na
l flo
w gr
a
ph of
b
iq
ua
dr
at
ic
filt
er circu
it
By
us
in
g
al
l
the
resist
or
val
ue
e
qu
a
l
t
o
R
an
d
a
ll
capa
ci
tor
value
e
qual
to
C
.
T
he
n
we
have
ω_0=1/RC
.
From
Figu
re
2 w
e can w
rite
stat
e eq
uation
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
]
=
[
−
0
0
−
0
−
0
]
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
]
[
0
0
]
(
)
(4)
By
ap
plyi
ng
bili
near
tra
ns
f
or
m
w
e g
et
z tra
ns
f
or
m
f
r
om
s
do
m
ai
n.
In
bili
near t
ransf
or
m
=
2
−
1
+
1
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
870
8
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019 :
1598
-
1605
1600
Her
e
is sam
pli
ng tim
e.
By
u
sin
g (4) a
nd (5) we
g
et
=
(
2
/
−
)
−
1
(
2
/
+
)
(6)
=
(
2
/
−
)
−
1
(7)
So
t
hat w
e
can
wr
it
e
(
)
=
−
1
(
)
+
−
1
(
(
)
+
(
)
)
(8)
Her
e
−
1
is delay
. T
his e
qu
at
i
on
can
be write
in
tim
e d
om
ai
n
(
)
=
(
−
1
)
+
(
(
−
1
)
+
(
)
)
(9)
Her
e
u(
t)
is
i
nput
f
or
sim
ul
at
ion
of
biqua
dr
at
ic
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
.
A
nd
sa
m
pl
ing
rate
is
1/
.
And
sam
plin
g
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
(
)
=
1
/
.
I
n
bi
q
ua
dra
ti
c
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
we
us
e
R=
10k
a
nd
C=
0.02
µF
an
d
we
get
0
=
5000
an
d
us
in
g
ny
quist
crit
erio
n
=0.000
1s
ec.
By
us
in
g
t
hese
para
m
et
er
we
fin
d
sta
te
eq
uatio
n
in
Z dom
ai
n.
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
]
=
[
0
.
538
0
.
308
−
0
.
308
−
0
.
538
]
[
−
1
.
1
(
)
−
1
.
2
(
)
]
+
[
0
.
192
−
0
.
038
]
(
(
)
+
−
1
.
(
)
)
(10)
By
ap
plyi
ng si
nu
s
oi
dal in
pu
t
u(
t)=
0.1si
n(2π.
500t)
.
W
e
sim
u
la
te
b
iqua
drat
ic
f
il
te
r
ci
rc
uit.
3.
MO
DELIN
G
OF F
AU
LT
S
Fo
r
t
he
m
easur
em
ent
of
different
fa
ult
oc
cur
i
ng
in
ci
rc
uit
on
e
s
hould
h
ave
c
om
plete
fau
lt
li
st.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
ty
pes
of
fau
lt
s
occur
in
anal
og
VLSI
ci
rc
uits.
T
hese
ar
e
pa
ram
et
ric
f
ault
and
cat
ast
rop
hic
fau
lt
.
Param
et
ric
faul
ts
occur
in
ci
r
cuit
due
to
som
e
m
anu
factu
r
ing
def
e
ct
s
(c
ha
ng
e
in
s
om
e
par
am
et
er
li
ke
du
e
to
doping
le
vel
and
du
e
to
ox
i
de
thickness
).
D
ue
to
pa
ram
et
r
ic
fau
lt
s
in
ci
rcu
it
the
toleranc
e
of
com
ponent
will
var
y
to
ce
rtai
n
value.
I
n
thes
e
ty
pes
of
fa
ul
ts
the
ci
rcu
it
ou
tp
ut
m
a
y
or
m
ay
no
t
be
ch
ang
e
d.
T
he
val
ue
of
com
po
ne
nt
is
increase
or
dec
rease
to
ce
rtai
n
val
ue,
t
hese
ty
pe
of
fa
ults
we
ca
n
be
rem
ov
e
d
with
th
e
help
of
knowin
g
the
to
le
ran
ce
of
c
ompone
nt
(ie.
I
f
there
i
s
s
om
e
c
hange
in
value
then
how
m
uch
outp
ut
of
sys
tem
is
change
d).
Ca
ta
strophic
fa
ults
are
c
om
plete
ly
cha
ng
e
d
the
outp
ut
of
t
he
ci
r
cuit.
T
hese
ca
us
e
t
he
s
hort
c
ircuit
or
open
ci
rc
uit
.
These
a
re
al
s
o
cal
le
d
ha
r
d
f
ault.
D
ue
to
th
is
ty
pe
of
fau
l
t
the
beh
a
vi
or
of
syst
em
chan
ge
d
dr
ast
ic
al
ly
. These are
ra
ndom fa
ults
[
9]
,
[10
].
Figure
3. Bi
quadr
at
ic
f
il
te
r si
m
ula
ti
on
usi
ng
MATL
A
B
fo
r
diff
e
re
nt in
pu
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Fa
ult m
od
el
in
g a
nd par
amet
ric
fau
lt
detect
io
n
in
an
alog V
L
SI circ
uits
us
in
g discret
izati
on
(
Bal
dev R
aj
)
1601
Figure
4. Bi
quadr
at
ic
f
il
te
r
i
n discrete
f
or
m
(
us
in
g
Sim
ulink)
4.
EFFE
CTS
C
AUSE B
Y
SI
NGLE F
A
ULT IN CI
RCUI
T
W
he
n
we
sim
ulate
the
ci
rcu
it
with
fa
ult
the
z
do
m
ai
n
sta
te
equ
at
io
n
is
assum
ed
as
d
isc
rete
network
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4.
He
r
e
the
c
oeffici
ent
of
m
ulti
plier
are
an
d
.
These
a
re
t
he
el
em
ents
fr
om
and
.
Si
ng
le
fa
ult
ap
pears
wit
h
m
ulti
ple
fau
l
ts
in
discrete
c
ircuit
[
8].
F
or
exam
ple
there
is
fau
lt
i
n
R
5
.
That
is
the
va
lue
of
R
5
is
cha
ng
e
d
from
it
s
or
i
gin
al
val
ue.
The
or
i
gin
al
value
of
R
5
=10k
du
e
to
fau
lt
is
change
d
t
o
R
5
=1k
.
T
his
fau
lt
ef
fect
the
e
ntire
m
at
rices
of
s
d
om
ai
n
where
R
5
is
prese
nt.
Wh
ere
as
it
e
ff
ect
s
bo
t
h
in
z
do
m
ai
n
that i
s
an
d
. Th
e c
ha
ng
e
in st
at
e equ
at
io
n du
e
to fa
ult oc
cur in circ
uit
.
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
]
=
[
−
5000
5000
−
5000
−
500
]
[
1
(
)
/
2
(
)
/
]
+
[
5000
0
]
(
)
By
in
z
do
m
ai
n
it
is g
ive
n
as
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
]
=
[
0
.
526
0
.
372
−
0
.
372
−
0
.
860
]
[
−
1
.
1
(
)
−
1
.
2
(
)
]
+
[
0
.
191
−
0
.
047
]
(
(
)
+
−
1
.
(
)
)
Nu
m
ber
o
f
sta
te
s
cha
nged
due
to
si
ng
le
f
a
ult
in
ci
rc
uit
is
show
n.
T
he
m
ajor
ca
us
e o
f
ci
rc
uit
fail
ure
i
s
par
asi
ti
c
ca
pac
it
ance.
For
exa
m
ple
her
e
we
consi
der
ca
pac
it
an
ce
C
f
ef
fect
wh
ic
h
is
at
ne
gative
te
rm
inal
of
op
e
rati
onal
am
plifie
r
first
a
nd
outp
ut
te
rm
inal
of
operati
on
al
a
m
plifie
r.
D
ue
to
this
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
fa
ulty
sta
te
is
gen
e
rated
whic
h wil
l i
ncr
ease
the stat
es.
Her
e
w
e
re
pr
ese
nt it
as f
a
ulty
stat
e (
f
).
Figure
5. Sig
na
l flo
w gr
a
ph w
i
th inc
reased
st
at
e
s
for biq
ua
drat
ic
f
il
te
r
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S
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870
8
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t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019 :
1598
-
1605
1602
Du
e
to
t
he pres
ence
of p
a
rasit
ic
capcit
ance
th
e stat
e eq
uatio
n
is al
s
o
c
hang
ed
a
nd can
b
e
wr
it
te
n
as
.
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
3
(
)
]
=
[
0
0
−
5000
−
5000
−
5000
0
5000
−
5000
−
50
00
]
[
1
(
)
/
2
(
)
/
3
(
)
/
]
+
[
0
0
5000
]
(
)
And
i
n
z
dom
a
in ar
e
g
i
ven b
e
low
[
1
(
)
2
(
)
(
)
]
=
[
0
.
887
0
.
075
−
0
.
377
−
0
.
377
−
0
.
585
0
.
075
0
.
453
−
0
.
302
0
.
509
]
[
−
1
.
1
(
)
−
1
.
2
(
)
]
+
[
0
.
047
−
0
.
009
−
0
.
189
]
(
(
)
+
−
1
.
(
)
)
Figure
6.
Fa
ult Free
and
Re
s
ponse
of
Bi
qu
a
drat
ic
f
il
te
r
at
f
=
500H
z
u
sin
g M
ATLA
B
Figure
7. Er
ror
Dif
fer
e
nce
bet
ween t
he g
ood and fa
ulty
r
es
ponse
of
Bi
qu
a
drat
ic
f
il
te
r
ci
rc
ui
t
u
sin
g
M
ATL
A
B To
ol
5.
FAU
LT
SI
M
ULATI
ON
Our
a
ppr
oach
work
serial
ly
f
or
anal
og
VL
S
I
no
t
li
ke
pa
ral
le
l
appro
ac
hes
,
beca
us
e
is
not
possible
t
o
detect
ed
al
l
th
e
fau
lt
s
i
n
the
ci
rcu
it
.
Her
e
we
a
pp
ly
this
appr
oach
to
th
e
param
et
ric
fau
lt
occ
ur
i
ng
in
th
e
analo
g
V
LSI
c
ircuit
that
is
w
hen
t
he
value
of
t
he
com
pone
nt
cha
nges
sli
gh
tl
y
an
d
the
outp
ut
res
pons
e
of
t
he
ci
rcu
it
is
chang
ed
com
plete
ly
.
So
it
is
ver
y
ne
cessary
to
de
te
ct
this
fau
lt
.
Her
e
i
n
first
ca
se
we
ass
um
e
fau
lt
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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S
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8708
Fa
ult m
od
el
in
g a
nd par
amet
ric
fau
lt
detect
io
n
in
an
alog V
L
SI circ
uits
us
in
g discret
izati
on
(
Bal
dev R
aj
)
1603
R
5
resist
or
i
n
the
bi
qu
a
drat
ic
filt
er.
The
n
with
the
help
of
our
a
ppro
ac
h
we
d
et
ect
the
r
esp
on
se
of
the
go
od
and
fau
lt
y
biquad
rati
c
filt
er
ci
rcu
it
.
This
a
ppr
oach
is
ap
pl
ic
able
to
al
l
t
ypes
of
ci
r
cuit
wh
ic
h
we
can
conver
t
into
the
sig
na
l
flo
w
gr
a
ph.
O
ur
a
ppr
oac
h
is
sim
ple
and
ef
fici
ent
a
s
com
par
ed
to
the
m
et
ho
ds
us
e
d
now
a
days
[8].
6.
IMPLEME
N
TATION
OF
ALGO
RITH
M
The
al
gorithm
fo
r
fau
lt
m
od
el
li
ng
an
d
det
ect
ion
is
const
ru
ct
e
d
with
th
e
help
of
MA
TLAB
an
d
Si
m
ulink
[
10
]
.
The
entire
al
gorithm
to
co
m
pu
te
fa
ult
in
cir
cuits
is
sh
own
in
Figu
re
8.W
it
h
the
help
of
giv
e
n
al
gorithm
we
c
an
easi
ly
d
et
ect
the
fau
lt
in
an
al
og
VLSI
ci
rc
uit.
In
t
his
pa
pe
r
we
a
pp
li
ed
our
al
gorithm
t
o
tw
o
ci
rcu
it
f
irst i
s
Bi
qu
a
dr
at
ic
f
il
te
r
ci
rc
uit an
d
s
econd ci
rcu
it
is
leap fr
og
filt
er
circuit. B
oth
c
ircuit
are be
nc
hm
ark
ci
rcu
it
. Bef
ore
the im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of test
ing m
e
tho
d, th
e m
et
hod
s
houl
d b
e ap
plica
ble to
these ci
rc
uits [
11
]
.
Figure
8.
A
l
gorithm
to
com
pu
te
f
a
ult i
n
ci
rc
uits
7.
TOL
ERA
NCE
A
N
AL
YS
IS
U
SI
NG SE
N
SITIVIT
Y
Sens
it
ivit
y
analy
sis
of
analog
ci
rcu
it
pr
ovid
e
us
the
inform
at
ion
ab
ou
t
va
r
iou
s
com
ponent
pr
esent
i
n
the
ci
rcu
it
.
The
desig
n
eng
i
ne
er
nee
d
to
ch
oose
as
m
any
inexp
e
ns
i
ve
com
pone
nts
as
po
s
sible,
by
kee
pin
g
th
e
ci
rcu
it
pe
rfor
m
ance
sta
ble
,
he
nee
d
to
decide
wh
ic
h
el
em
ents
are
se
ns
it
ive
and
ho
w
m
uch
value
t
hey
re
quire
d
for
the
t
olera
nc
e.
W
it
h
t
he
he
lp
of
se
ns
it
iv
it
y
analy
sis
we
al
so
know
a
bout
the
c
om
po
ne
nt
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
var
ia
ti
on in
cir
cuit an
d
it
s e
ffec
t on p
e
rfo
rm
ance
of syst
em
outp
ut [1
2].
8.
SENSITI
VIT
Y ANALY
SIS
8
.
1.
Se
nsitivi
ty a
n
al
ys
is
appro
ach
A
sim
ple
def
i
ni
ti
on
of
sen
sit
ivit
y
is
how
m
uch
s
pecific
syst
e
m
beh
avio
r/char
act
e
risti
c
c
hanges
as
a
ind
ivi
du
al
com
pone
nt v
al
ue
c
hanges
[
11
]
,
[12
].
T
he gene
ral
equati
on for s
ensiti
vity
an
al
ysi
s is g
i
ven b
el
ow.
=
li
m
∆
→
0
∆
∆
=
(
11)
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S
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8
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t J
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C
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p
En
g,
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ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019 :
1598
-
1605
1604
Eq
uation
(
11)
is
the
gen
era
l
m
a
the
m
at
ic
a
l
def
init
ion
of
ci
rcu
it
sensiti
vity
:
W
he
re
S
represent
sensiti
vity
,
X
r
epr
ese
nt
cha
ng
ing
el
em
ent/c
om
po
nen
t
an
d
Y
is
the
char
ac
te
risti
c
of
ci
rcui
t
wh
ic
h
one
w
ant
to
evaluate
as
c
om
po
nen
t
value
is
va
ried
.
T
he
m
idd
le
par
t
of
this
eq
uatio
n
sho
ws
t
hat
th
e
pe
rcen
ta
ge
t
hat
the
dep
e
ndent
va
riable Δy
/y
ch
an
ges, relat
ive t
o t
he
pe
rce
ntage t
hat the i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
ble
Δx/x c
ha
ng
es
.
The
se
ns
it
ivit
y
analy
sis
do
ne
by
us
in
g
these
f
orm
ula
e
de
rive
d
bel
ow.
Let
’
s
ta
ke
a
tra
ns
f
er
functi
on
H(
s
).
H(
s
) =
(
)
(
)
(12)
Her
e
N
(
s
)
repre
sent
the num
erator
p
art o
f
tra
ns
fe
r
functi
on an
d
D
(
s
)
re
pr
e
sent
the d
e
no
m
inator
pa
rt
of
tr
ans
fe
r
functi
on.
F
rom
(1
1)
an
d
(12
)
,
we
wr
it
e
a
new
e
quat
io
n
wh
ic
h
is
sam
e
as
(13
)
,
b
ut
it
s
var
ia
ble
na
m
e
are
change
d
to
m
a
ke our ca
lc
ulati
on
ea
sy. I
n ge
ner
al
,
the
AC
-
s
ensiti
vity
is g
i
ven b
y t
he foll
ow
i
ng equati
on:
Sen
s
(
H
(
s
)
,
W
)
=
W
H
(
s
)
∂
H
(
s
)
∂
W
Substi
tuti
ng equati
on (1
1
)
i
nt
o (
1
2) an
d
a
pply
ing
the
ch
ai
n ru
le
ha
ve
Sen
s
(
H
(
s
)
,
W
)
=
W
(
1
N
(
s
)
∂
N
(
s
)
∂
W
)
−
(
1
D
(
s
)
∂
D
(
s
)
∂
W
)
(13)
Her
e
W
is
the
com
po
ne
nt
w
hi
ch
one
wan
t
t
o
va
ry
w
.r.t
.
ci
rcu
it
tra
ns
fe
r
f
un
ct
i
on.
By
us
i
ng
a
bove
(
13
)
we
ca
n
cal
culat
e the se
ns
it
ivit
y of
ci
rc
uit any ci
rc
uit.
8.2.
Se
nsitivi
ty a
n
al
ys
is
of
v
ol
tage
divide
r cir
cuit
Her
e
we
co
ns
i
der
volt
ag
e
divi
der
ci
rc
uit
i
n
Figure
9
a
nd
by
app
ly
in
g
a
bove
form
ulae
of
sensiti
vity
we
de
rive
thes
e
equ
at
io
n
s
.
T
his
is
the
si
m
plest
exa
m
ple
we
hav
e
ta
ke
n
he
re.
By
us
in
g
this
exam
ple,
we
get
inf
or
m
at
ion
abou
t t
he
c
om
ponen
ts
of
the
ci
r
cuit w
hich
a
re
sensiti
ve
(acco
rd
i
ng to
t
heir v
al
ue)
.
Figure
9. V
oltage
div
ide
r
ci
rc
uit
The DC t
ra
nsf
er fu
nction o
f
i
s g
i
ven in e
qua
ti
on
belo
w
H
(
s
)
=
V
ou
t
V
in
=
2
1
+
2
=
N
(
s
)
D
(
s
)
1
=
−
1
1
+
2
(
14)
By
u
sin
g
e
qu
at
ion
(
1
3),
we
ca
lc
ulate
the se
nsi
ti
viti
es transf
e
r
f
unct
ion w
.r.t
.
R
1
and
R
2
.
2
=
1
1
+
2
(15)
In
a
bove
e
qu
at
ion
s
hows
that
the
DC
trans
f
er
f
un
ct
io
n
is
changes
w.
r
.t.
R
1
and
R
2.
As
s
how
n
in
(
14)
c
onta
in
neg
at
ive
sig
n
this
im
plies
that
if
R
1
inc
rease
s
the
n
c
orres
pondin
g
tran
sfe
r
f
unct
io
n
decre
ase
s
.
B
ut
in
c
ase
of
R
2
it
is o
pp
os
it
e that w
he
n
R
2
increases
the
n t
ran
s
fer
f
un
ct
io
n
al
s
o
inc
rease
s.
In
first
case,
le
t
us
assum
e
R
1
is
ver
y
la
rg
e
t
hen
t
he
eq
uatio
n
bec
om
es
−
R
1
R
1
=
−
1
an
d
R
1
R
1
=
1
.
This
s
hows
th
at
the
trans
fer
functi
on
cha
nged
by
nea
rly
1%
f
or
1%
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
ei
ther
resist
or
unde
r
thes
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Fa
ult m
od
el
in
g a
nd par
amet
ric
fau
lt
detect
io
n
in
an
alog V
L
SI circ
uits
us
in
g discret
izati
on
(
Bal
dev R
aj
)
1605
conditi
on
s
.
I
n
seco
nd
case
if
R
2
is
ver
y
la
rg
e
this
resu
lt
s
sensiti
vity
equat
ion
eq
ual
to
zero
w
he
n
R
1
=0
an
d
R
2
=∞.
Du
e
t
o
this
trans
fer
func
ti
on
cha
nged
ver
y
sm
al
l
wh
en
there
is var
ia
ti
on
in
re
sist
or
v
al
ue.
In
t
hir
d
case,
le
t
us
ta
ke
R
1
=R
2
then
trans
fe
r
f
un
ct
io
n
be
c
om
es
0.
5
an
d
sensiti
viti
es
are
-
0.5
a
nd
0.5.
Now
we
e
xpe
ct
that
the
transfer
f
unct
ion
will
chan
ge
d
to
0.5
%
f
or
1%
var
ia
ti
on
in
ei
ther
resi
stor.
But
by
in
creasin
g
R
2
to
1%
an
d
trans
fer
f
unct
ion
is
1/2
.
01=
0.498
wh
ic
h
is
reducti
on
of
0.5%.
I
n
sim
il
ar
m
ann
er
w
e
increase
R
1
by
1%
wh
ic
h
gi
ves
1.
01
/
2.01
=
0.5
02,
wh
ic
h
is
inc
rease
of
0.5
%.
This
is
sensiti
vity
analy
sis
of
ve
ry
si
m
ple
ci
rcu
it
wh
ic
h
co
ntain
on
ly
resist
or
.
Now
we
cal
cu
la
te
the
sensiti
viti
es
of
ci
rc
ui
ts
wh
ic
h
co
nta
in
resist
or,
ca
pa
ci
tor
and in
du
ct
or.
9.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Her
e
we
have
pr
op
os
e
d
a
new
ap
proac
h
for
fa
ult
detect
ion
in
lin
ear
anal
og
VLSI
ci
rcu
it
s
.
This
a
pp
ro
ac
h
is
done
by
usi
ng
discreti
zi
ng
the
ci
rc
uit
in
z
dom
ai
n
an
d
sam
pling
f
re
qu
e
ncy
is
ch
ose
n
to
achieve
m
axim
u
m
accuracy.
In
this
st
ud
y
al
l
the
si
m
ul
at
ion
s
an
d
cal
culat
ion
s
for
trans
fer
functi
on
,
sta
te
equ
at
io
n
i
n
s
dom
ai
n
as
well
as
z
dom
ai
n
are
done
wi
th
th
e
h
el
p
of
M
AT
LAB
an
d
al
gor
it
h
m
s
of
al
l
m
od
el
s
are
c
on
st
ru
ct
ed
with
th
e
help
of
SI
M
UL
I
NK.
T
his
a
ppr
oach
is
ver
y
e
f
fecti
ve
to
li
nea
r
a
nalo
g
VLSI
ci
rcu
it
s
and ou
r propos
ed
al
go
rithm
is
appli
cable t
o
m
os
tly al
l analog V
LSI ci
rc
uit
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
ex
pr
es
s
ou
r
gr
at
it
ude
&
apprecia
ti
on
to
Dr
.
Bh
opin
de
r
Singh,
Dr.
S
ub
a
sh
D
ubey
,
Dr
.
Sam
eru
Sh
a
rm
a,
Dr
.
M.
Tariq
Ba
nday
,
Dr
.
Sa
r
bj
eet
Singh,
Dr
.
Sim
m
i
Du
tt
a,
Er
R
ouf
A
hm
ed
Khan,
Er
Ma
jo
r
S
ingh,
Ms.Sha
rd
a
K
um
ari,
Er.
M
oh
it
Bharti,
Mr.
Abhilu
v
Bha
rt
i
and
Ms
.K
a
s
hish
B
har
ti
for
their
te
c
hnic
al
and
m
or
al
su
pport
. L
ast
but not l
e
ast
w
e a
re th
a
nkf
ul to
our pa
r
ents fo
r
their
e
ncou
rag
em
ent
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Y.
Lu
and
R
.
Da
ndapa
ni
,
“
Hard
Fault
Di
agnosis
in
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Circ
u
i
ts
Us
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Sensitivit
y
Ana
l
y
sis
,”
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o
f
th
e
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EEE
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pp
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to
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R
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t
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to
t
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The
or
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tha
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ti
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ta
strophi
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Fault
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Int
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gra
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”
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kur,
K.
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y
ana
r
a
yana
and
K.
C.
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Redd
y
,
"D
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par
am
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ri
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fau
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“
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Analog
Circ
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sting
b
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Sen
siti
vity
Anal
y
sis
,”
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urta
s,
B
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Kim
,
A
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Rued
a
and
M.
Som
a,
“
Analog
and
Mixed
-
Sign
al
Benc
hm
ark
Cir
c
uit
s First
R
el
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,
” IE
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Tsai,
“
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Vec
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for
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”
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and
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“
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c
t
ric
a
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,”
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kur
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tha
ni
,
"A
n
ovel
appr
oa
ch
fo
r
calc
ul
ation
of
c
om
ponent
t
ol
erance
in
ana
log
VLSI
ci
r
cui
ts
usi
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g
ISF
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te
chni
que
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"
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rna
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