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esu
lt
s
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
T
h
e
r
est o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
P
V/B
atter
y
s
ta
s
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
e
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
&
4
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
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m
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t
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
d
i
f
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er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es
o
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o
p
er
atio
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r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Sec
ti
o
n
5
v
alid
ats
th
e
p
r
o
p
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ed
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er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
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n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
t
h
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s
i
m
u
latio
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s
r
e
s
u
lt
s
an
d
Sectio
n
6
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
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co
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cl
u
s
io
n
s
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
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lts
.
2.
SYST
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M
DE
SCRI
P
T
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
P
V/B
atter
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s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
s
y
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te
m
f
o
r
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er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
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t
s
y
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te
m
.
S
o
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m
D
C
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D
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o
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r
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d
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b
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p
v
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o
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M
A
N
A
G
E
M
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N
T
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
o
f
P
V/B
atter
y
s
ta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
I
t
in
cl
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to
v
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ay
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h
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c
k
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t
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n
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tr
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n
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f
o
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u
c
k
co
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ter
s
,
b
atter
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a
n
d
v
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le
DC
lo
ad
.
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u
ck
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o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
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ter
,
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att
e
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n
d
l
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ad
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
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g
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t
h
r
ee
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el
a
y
s
.
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h
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
s
y
s
te
m
m
ai
n
f
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n
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s
to
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ag
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
et
w
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n
P
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atter
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a
n
d
l
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ad
.
T
h
is
e
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er
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n
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g
e
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is
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h
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if
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t
m
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te
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et
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ated
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em
a
n
d
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3.
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
O
F
P
RO
P
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SE
D
SYST
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M
3
.
1
.
Dy
na
m
ic
M
o
del o
f
P
V
A
rr
a
y
T
h
e
P
V
ar
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ay
i
n
v
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v
es
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s
tr
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m
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ted
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ar
allel,
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ch
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tr
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g
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n
s
is
t
s
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f
M
m
o
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les
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n
n
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ted
in
s
er
ies
t
o
o
b
tain
a
s
u
itab
l
e
p
o
w
er
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atin
g
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
P
V
c
e
ll
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s
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n
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n
Fig
u
r
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2
.
Fig
u
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2
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q
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it f
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ll
T
h
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ies
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ce
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h
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h
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ty
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to
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h
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co
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h
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lo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
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n
g
eq
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atio
n
s
[
1
3
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.
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h
e
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u
tp
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t
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ter
m
in
al
c
u
r
r
en
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ph
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d
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sh
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ated
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:
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f
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d
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id
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tit
y
f
ac
to
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ic
h
lies
b
et
w
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n
1
&
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f
o
r
m
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n
.
3
.
2
.
M
P
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Du
ring
DC
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DC
Co
nv
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n
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h
e
P
V
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ll p
r
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d
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ce
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m
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m
u
m
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r
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v
e,
as s
h
o
w
n
in
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ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
MP
PT
Sy
s
te
m
V
max
an
d
I
max
ar
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
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in
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
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h
e
d
c
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d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
et
to
o
p
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ate
at
o
p
tim
a
l
v
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e
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e
m
ax
i
m
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m
p
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er
b
y
MP
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alg
o
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ith
m
.
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n
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h
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s
y
s
te
m
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tu
r
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d
Ob
s
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et
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to
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ac
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m
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an
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ates
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f
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a
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l
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s
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atin
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ir
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th
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atin
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t is
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v
ed
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th
e
o
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ite
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ir
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n
.
3
.
3
.
E
lect
rica
l
M
o
del o
f
B
a
t
t
er
y
B
atter
y
is
an
i
m
p
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ta
n
t
ele
m
en
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a
s
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n
d
-
alo
n
e
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y
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t
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d
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e
to
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h
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f
l
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ct
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ati
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g
n
at
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r
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o
f
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ay
.
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ea
d
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id
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atter
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s
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s
e
d
d
u
e
to
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
[
1
9
]
as sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
E
b
C
b
R
b
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b
a
t
t
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b
a
t
t
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
Ci
r
c
u
it o
f
Ba
tter
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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batt
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b
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b
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batt
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= 1
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= 1
-
(
3
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w
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d
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m
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atter
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3
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4
.
B
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C
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r
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ased
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g
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m
er
Ba
s
ed
I
s
o
lated
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
I
s
o
lated
b
u
ck
is
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
its
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
v
er
o
th
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
e
atu
r
es.
T
o
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
th
e
b
u
s
.
I
t
is
ab
le
to
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
er
a
w
id
er
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
r
an
g
e.
B
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
,
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
o
p
er
atio
n
,
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
,
lo
n
g
b
atter
y
lif
e
t
i
m
e.
A
lo
n
g
b
atter
y
li
f
e
ti
m
e
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
d
r
ain
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
to
th
e
b
atter
y
a
lo
w
r
ip
p
le
DC
C
u
r
r
en
t.
4.
M
O
DE
S O
F
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
O
F
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
is
d
o
n
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
B
atter
y
an
d
L
o
ad
.
T
h
is
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
[
2
1
-
2
2
]
.
4
.
1
.
O
pera
t
ing
M
o
des
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V/B
atter
y
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates in
a
n
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
m
o
d
es.
M
o
de
1
:
P
PV
>
P
load
(
B
atter
y
C
h
ar
g
ig
)
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
g
en
er
ate
s
ex
ce
s
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
.
A
t th
is
ti
m
e
b
atter
y
i
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
it
h
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
.
M
o
de
2
:
P
PV
<
P
load
(
B
atter
y
Dis
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
)
:
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
g
e
n
er
ates
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
am
o
u
n
t o
f
p
o
w
er
is
t
ak
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
M
o
de
3
:
P
PV
=
0
(
B
atter
y
s
u
p
p
lies
to
lo
ad
)
:
W
h
en
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
a
v
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
t
h
en
B
atter
y
s
u
p
p
lies
t
h
e
lo
ad
M
o
de
4
:
P
PV
=
P
load
(
On
l
y
P
V
s
u
p
p
lies
to
lo
ad
)
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
g
e
n
er
ate
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
to
f
ee
d
th
e
lo
ad
w
it
h
o
u
t th
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
f
b
atter
y
.
M
o
de
5
:
P
PV
=
0
,
P
batt
=0
(
Dis
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
lo
ad
)
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
e,
n
o
P
V
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
an
d
b
atter
y
is
co
m
p
lete
l
y
d
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
,
t
h
en
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
4
.
2
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n Cir
cu
it
Dia
g
ra
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
d
ia
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
P
V
ar
a
y
,
B
atter
y
a
n
d
E
n
er
g
y
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
S
y
s
te
m
.
P
V
ar
r
a
y
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
ac
t
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
b
atter
y
w
i
ll
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
2
5
3
8
–
2
5
4
4
2542
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
eso
lu
te
b
y
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
b
et
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
en
er
g
y
an
d
t
h
e
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Si
m
u
lat
io
n
Diag
r
a
m
f
o
r
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Sy
s
te
m
4
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
Alg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
E
nerg
y
M
a
na
g
e
m
ent
Sy
s
t
e
m
function [R2,R1, R3] = fcn(Vbattery, Ppv, Plo)
R1=0; R2=0; R3=0;
Pav=0;
Vhvd=190;
Vlvd=100;
Pav=Ppv
-
Plo;
if Pav>0
if Vbattery<Vhvd;
R1=1;
R2=1;
R3=0;
else
R1=0;
R2=1;
R3=0;
end
else
if Vbattery>Vlvd
R1=0;
R2=1;
R3=1;
else
R1=0;
R2=0;
R3=0;
end
end
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e.
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
-
ti
m
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
is
e
tim
e
i
s
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
2
s
ec
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tate
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
to
0
.
6
s
ec
an
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
to
1
it sh
o
w
s
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate.
L
o
ad
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
w
h
er
e
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
b
et
w
ee
n
Vo
ltag
e
a
n
d
ti
m
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
ti
m
e,
p
o
w
er
an
d
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
r
aise ti
m
e
i
s
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
1
1
,
tr
an
s
ie
n
t sta
te
is
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
2
to
0
.
5
s
ec
an
d
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
ar
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
to
1
s
ec
as s
h
o
w
n
h
er
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
n
Op
tima
l E
n
erg
y
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t S
ystem
fo
r
P
V
/Ba
tter
y
S
ta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
S
ystem
(
V
ella
n
ki
Meh
a
r
Jy
o
th
i
)
2543
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
V
P
o
w
er
v
/s
T
i
m
e
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
L
o
ad
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
P
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
w
h
ich
ar
e
p
lo
tted
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
Vo
lta
g
e
a
n
d
ti
m
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
ti
m
e,
p
o
w
er
an
d
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
r
is
e
ti
m
e
is
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
1
4
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tate
is
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
5
to
0
.
6
s
ec
a
n
d
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ar
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
1
to
1
s
ec
s
h
o
w
n
h
er
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
o
f
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
p
lo
tted
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
Vo
lta
g
e
an
d
ti
m
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
t
i
m
e,
p
o
w
er
an
d
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
r
ai
s
e
ti
m
e
s
tar
t
s
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
1
4
,
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
s
tate
is
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
5
to
0
.
7
s
ec
an
d
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
ar
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
to
1
s
ec
s
h
o
w
n
h
er
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
V
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
Ou
tp
u
t
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
o
p
ti
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
f
o
r
P
V/b
atter
y
s
ta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
ca
p
ab
le
to
m
a
n
ag
e
an
d
o
r
g
an
ize
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
is
s
tu
d
ied
w
it
h
t
h
e
MP
P
T
tech
n
i
q
u
e.
B
atter
y
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
ill
o
p
er
ate
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
in
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S.
K.
Kim
,
J.H.
Jo
e
n
,
C.
H.
Ch
o
,
J.
B.
A
h
n
,
a
n
d
H
K
w
o
n
,
D
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
h
y
b
rid
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
w
it
h
v
e
rsa
ti
le
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
1
6
7
7
-
1
6
8
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
F
.
V
a
len
c
iag
a
a
n
d
P
.
F
.
P
u
les
to
n
,
S
u
p
e
rv
iso
r
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
a
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
h
y
b
rid
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
w
in
d
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic en
e
rg
y
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
(2
),
p
.
3
9
8
-
4
0
5
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
5
.
[3
]
Ha
m
ro
u
n
i
N,
Jra
id
i
M
,
Ch
é
rif
A
.
Ne
w
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
2
-
sta
g
e
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
o
w
e
r
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E,
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K,
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u
lg
a
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NC.,
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I
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2544
[9
]
R.
J.
W
a
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d
R.
Y.
Du
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Hig
h
-
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ff
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0
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M
a
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2
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C.
A
.
Hill
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.
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S
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D.
Ch
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G
o
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5
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M
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Ru
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g
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2
0
0
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.
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6
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L
a
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J.,
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.
,
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7
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L
u
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D.,
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B.
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S
trate
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ic f
r
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2
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9
]
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a
lo
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k
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a
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k
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a
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0
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Ak
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ss
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w
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T
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p
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y
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[2
2
]
I.
Ya
h
y
a
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u
i
,
S
.
S
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,
M
.
B.
A
.
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