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s
:
B
atter
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ic
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E
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2
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stit
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f
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All
rig
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se
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.
C
o
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
.
Su
b
r
a
m
an
i,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
SR
M
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
Sc
ien
ce
a
n
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T
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d
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.
E
m
ail:
cs
m
s
r
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m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ap
id
u
s
e
an
d
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
n
a
tu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
c
h
as
Glo
b
al
w
ar
m
i
n
g
,
ch
an
g
e
o
f
cli
m
ate
etc.
h
av
e
b
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m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
in
ce
t
h
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u
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o
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esear
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.
E
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Veh
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(
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p
-
a
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d
-
co
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o
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tio
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o
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th
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m
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tati
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n
an
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
1
-
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
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s
co
m
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in
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ta
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s
p
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w
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s
u
p
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lies
[
4
]
.
E
v
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th
o
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x
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t
m
a
n
y
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to
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s
(
E
SS
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a
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y
p
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f
o
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av
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ag
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h
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em
a
n
d
s
.
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,
th
e
s
h
o
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t
co
m
in
g
s
s
u
c
h
as
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g
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er
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al
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in
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li
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n
b
atter
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c
e
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tili
zi
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b
atter
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alo
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as
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E
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atter
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atter
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C
h
y
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r
id
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i
s
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s
ed
[5
-
7
]
.
W
ith
p
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p
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esig
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a
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d
d
ev
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o
p
m
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t,
E
Vs
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l
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al
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m
o
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f
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t
t
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co
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n
tio
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al
p
etr
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leu
m
/d
ie
s
el
b
ased
v
eh
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s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
s
till
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
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ch
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d
s
ti
ll
h
a
v
e
m
an
y
u
n
r
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v
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p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
F
in
d
in
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g
y
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e
o
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t
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s
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e
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.
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in
g
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r
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c
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b
atter
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s
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ec
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g
e
v
it
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,
p
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r
p
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en
s
it
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etc.
On
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p
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s
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p
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m
is
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n
g
s
o
lu
tio
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th
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s
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b
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m
u
lti
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s
o
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E
V.
Usi
n
g
b
o
th
b
atter
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an
d
s
u
p
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ca
p
ac
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s
ca
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d
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m
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n
i
s
h
th
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
b
o
th
[
8
,
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
s
u
c
h
a
m
o
d
e
l
w
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b
atter
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a
n
d
s
u
p
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ca
p
ac
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h
as b
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.
T
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p
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w
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d
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et
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b
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th
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u
p
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r
.
T
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d
iv
is
io
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m
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s
t
b
e
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p
tim
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d
ef
f
icie
n
t.
Fo
r
th
is
,
P
SO
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
b
ein
g
u
tili
ze
d
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
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I
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2.
P
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WE
R
DYNA
M
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CS
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cc
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g
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n
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ch
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m
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[
1
0
,
1
1
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f
o
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b
atter
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s
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atter
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tal
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
g
eth
er
.
Hen
ce
,
t
o
t
a
l
B
a
t
S
C
P
P
P
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
B
a
t
P
,
SC
P
an
d
t
o
t
a
l
P
ar
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
m
et
b
y
b
atter
y
,
p
o
w
er
m
et
b
y
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
o
w
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
eir
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
a
lu
e
s
.
B
a
t
,
,
M
i
n
B
a
t
B
a
t
M
a
x
P
P
t
P
(
2
)
S
C
,
S
C
,
M
i
n
S
C
M
a
x
P
P
t
P
(
3
)
T
h
e
m
in
p
o
w
er
d
en
o
tes
t
h
e
m
i
n
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
m
ax
p
o
w
er
d
en
o
t
e
th
e
m
ax
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
O
A
]
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
t
h
is
wo
r
k
is
g
i
v
e
n
in
(
4
)
.
1
m
i
n
*
*
tN
t
o
t
a
l
B
a
t
B
a
t
S
C
S
C
k
J
P
t
u
P
t
u
P
t
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
N
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
io
d
in
ter
v
al
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
B
a
t
u
,
SC
u
ar
e
t
h
e
w
e
ig
h
t
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
f
o
r
th
e
w
eig
h
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
:
,
,
,
1
,
1
*
*
B
a
t
S
C
B
a
t
B
a
t
B
a
t
M
a
x
S
C
S
C
S
C
M
a
x
uu
P
u
P
P
u
P
(
5
)
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
B
a
t
u
an
d
SC
u
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
P
SO
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
ese
w
eig
h
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
d
ec
id
es h
o
w
m
u
c
h
p
o
w
er
w
ill b
e
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
5
80
-
4
5
85
4582
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NT
RO
L
S
T
RAT
E
G
Y
P
SO
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
a
r
an
d
o
m
ized
m
et
h
o
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Ke
n
n
ed
y
an
d
E
b
er
h
ar
t.
I
t
is
m
o
tiv
a
ted
b
y
th
e
s
o
cieta
l
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
f
is
h
s
c
h
o
o
lin
g
a
n
d
b
ir
d
f
lo
ck
i
n
g
.
P
ar
ticles
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
in
itialized
an
d
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
v
e
lo
cit
y
is
u
p
d
at
ed
w
i
th
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
te
p
b
y
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
[
1
2
,
1
3
]:
-
Step
1
:
P
ar
am
eter
in
it
ializatio
n
s
u
ch
a
s
s
w
ar
m
s
ize,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
,
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
,
i
n
er
tia
w
ei
g
h
t,
li
m
its
o
f
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticles
i
s
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
i
n
itialized
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
-
Step
2
: T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t a
t t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e.
-
Step
3
: T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
b
est lo
ca
tio
n
i.e
.
p
best
an
d
g
lo
b
al
b
est p
o
s
itio
n
i.e
.
,
g
b
est w
er
e
attai
n
ed
.
-
Step
4
: T
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
an
d
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
w
ar
m
p
ar
ticle
is
r
es
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
g
iv
e
n
i
n
b
elo
w
r
el
atio
n
s
:
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
+
2
2
(
)
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
(
6
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
(
+
1
)
(
7
)
Her
e
(
+
1
)
-
p
ar
ticle’
s
v
elo
cit
y
,
d
i
p
-
p
ar
ticle’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
,
w
-
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
,
C
1
,
C
2
-
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
a
n
d
1
R
,
2
R
-
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les.
-
Step
5
:
W
h
en
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
m
i
n
i
m
ized
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
s
to
p
p
ed
.
-
Step
6
: T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
v
al
u
es o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
DIS
C
USS
I
O
N
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
its
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
ar
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
B
atter
y
,
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
B
u
ck
-
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
a
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
2
4
.
6
V
an
d
its
r
ated
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
6
.
6
A
h
.
T
h
e
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
1
6
V
an
d
its
r
ated
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
is
5
0
0
F.
T
h
e
b
a
tter
y
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
t
y
p
e.
Si
n
ce
lit
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
at
ter
ies
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
o
w
er
,
th
eir
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
m
u
la
ted
f
o
r
th
e
E
C
E
-
1
5
u
r
b
an
d
r
iv
e
cy
c
le
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Si
m
u
li
n
k
b
atter
y
-
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
C
E
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
s
ig
n
ifica
n
t e
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
em
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y
fo
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
E
V
…
(
A
.
Gee
th
a
)
4583
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
ed
f
o
r
ce
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
elo
w
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ce
(
F)
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
u
n
th
e
v
e
h
icle
s
h
o
u
ld
o
v
er
co
m
e
r
o
ll
in
g
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
f
o
r
ce
(
F
ro
)
,
cli
m
b
i
n
g
f
o
r
ce
(
F
cl
)
an
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
r
ag
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
ce
(
F
dr
)
as g
iv
e
n
i
n
(
8
)
.
F
=
F
ro
+
F
cl
+
F
dr
(
8
)
T
h
e
f
o
r
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
tire
an
d
r
o
ad
f
r
ictio
n
lo
s
s
es
is
F
ro
as
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
in
(
9
)
.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
n
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
s
h
o
u
ld
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
F
clim
b
g
iv
e
n
in
(
1
0
)
.
Veh
icle
n
ee
d
s
s
o
m
e
en
er
g
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
air
f
r
ictio
n
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
tal,
r
ea
r
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
F
dra
g
as
g
iv
e
n
in
(
1
1
)
.
F
ro
=
m
ve
∗
g
ac
∗
C
ro
(
9
)
F
cl
=
m
ve
∗
g
ac
∗
s
in
∝
in
(
1
0
)
F
dr
=
(
ρ
∗
A
fr
∗
C
dr
∗
v
ve
2
)
2
(
1
1
)
Her
e,
m
ve
-
v
e
h
icle
m
a
s
s
(
k
g
)
.
g
ac
-
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
d
u
e
to
g
r
av
it
y
(
m
/s
2
)
.
C
ro
-
co
-
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
r
o
llin
g
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
∝
in
-
an
g
le
o
f
in
c
li
n
atio
n
(
r
ad
ian
)
.
C
dr
-
d
r
ag
co
-
ef
f
icien
t.
ρ
-
air
d
en
s
it
y
i
n
k
g
/
m
3
.
A
fr
-
v
e
h
icle
’
s
f
r
o
n
tal
ar
ea
(
m
2
)
.
v
ve
-
s
p
ee
d
(
k
m
/h
)
.
As
p
o
w
er
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
v
elo
cit
y
,
at
ea
c
h
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
al
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
ch
an
g
es
as
th
e
v
elo
cit
y
c
h
an
g
es.
T
o
m
a
tc
h
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
1
0
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
o
w
er
w
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4585
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
E
lectr
ic
Veh
icle
tec
h
n
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g
y
is
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ev
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s
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y
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a
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t b
et
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n
d
if
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e
n
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g
y
s
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ce
s
is
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e
n
tial p
ar
t o
f
t
h
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s
r
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ch
as
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t
l
y
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er
g
y
s
o
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ce
ca
n
p
o
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er
t
h
e
e
n
tire
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
e
f
f
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tl
y
.
H
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ce
,
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n
t
h
i
s
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o
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k
,
th
e
P
ar
ticle
S
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m
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tec
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e
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en
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ed
m
o
d
el
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r
k
s
w
ell
f
o
r
th
e
E
C
E
-
1
5
Dr
iv
in
g
c
y
c
le.
Si
m
i
lar
co
n
tr
o
l c
an
also
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
Au
t
h
o
r
s
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
SR
M
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
Scie
n
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
S
R
M
Selec
tiv
e
E
x
ce
lle
n
ce
)
,
Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
I
n
d
ia
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
G
e
e
th
a
a
n
d
C.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
i,
“
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
ie
w
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
ies
o
f
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
7
-
1
8
3
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
S
.
M
.
L
u
k
ic,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
st
o
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
8
-
2
2
6
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
M
il
lo
F
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
a
l
CO2
e
m
iss
io
n
s
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
a
n
d
e
n
d
u
se
r’s
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
c
o
sts
o
f
a
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
–
5
7
1
,
2
0
1
4.
[4
]
M
.
S
taa
c
k
m
a
n
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
d
riv
in
g
c
y
c
l
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
u
sin
g
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
ti
m
e
-
se
ries
d
a
ta,”
in
In
ter
so
c
iety
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
IECE
C
1
9
9
7
.
T
h
irty
-
se
c
o
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
,
1
9
9
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
4
-
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
A
.
Ku
p
e
r
m
a
n
a
n
d
I.
A
h
a
ro
n
,
“
Ba
tt
e
r
y
–
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
s
f
o
r
p
u
lse
d
c
u
rre
n
t
lo
a
d
s:
a
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
p
.
9
8
1
–
9
9
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
A
.
Ku
p
e
r
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
se
m
i
a
c
ti
v
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
-
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
p
p
.
8
0
6
–
8
1
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
J.
Ca
o
a
n
d
A
.
Em
a
d
i,
“
A
n
e
w
b
a
tt
e
ry
/u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
,
h
y
b
rid
,
a
n
d
p
l
u
g
in
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
–
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
A
.
Ge
e
th
a
a
n
d
C.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
i,
“
An
id
e
a
f
o
r
stu
d
e
n
ts
p
ro
jec
t
w
o
rk
:
En
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
h
y
b
rid
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s f
o
r
tran
sp
o
rtat
io
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
S
a
n
li
a
n
g
Z
h
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
ia
l
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
1
4
0
1
–
1
4
0
1
4
1
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
L
.
C.
Ro
sa
rio
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
u
lt
ip
le
En
e
r
g
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s,”
P
h
D.
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
Cra
n
f
ield
Un
iv
e
rsi
t
y
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
Z.
S
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
ie
s
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
fo
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
w
it
h
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
1
–
3
3
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
J.
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
,
”
i
n
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
r
k
s
,
1
9
9
5
.
ICNN
1
9
9
5
.
An
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
,
1
9
9
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
2
-
1
9
4
8
.
[1
3
]
S
e
li
m
Ko
ro
g
lu
,
e
t
a
l,
“
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
f
o
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