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ated
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ta
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s
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t
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o
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m
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il
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s
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m
p
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ca
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le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
n
[
8
,
9
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
W
L
A
N
to
p
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r
m
i
n
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b
as
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c
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d
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th
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f
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m
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i
n
f
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astr
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ctu
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e
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NI
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b
an
d
.
2.
T
H
E
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E
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I
V
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ARCH
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T
E
CT
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E
W
T
h
e
r
ec
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d
esig
n
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
L
N
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r
es
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ed
is
cr
u
cial
t
o
id
en
tify
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n
d
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n
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er
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tan
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.
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r
ch
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r
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er
its
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d
is
s
u
es
co
n
s
id
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d
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s
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s
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if
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m
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ed
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p
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m
a
n
ce
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n
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s
co
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m
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l
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d
th
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n
d
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n
s
.
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h
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f
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o
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m
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n
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ei
v
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esi
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n
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s
to
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n
cr
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s
e
th
e
in
te
g
r
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n
lev
el
o
f
R
.
F.
an
d
m
i
x
ed
-
m
o
d
e
cir
cu
it
r
ies.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
"
s
in
g
le
-
c
h
ip
r
ad
io
s
".
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
u
p
er
h
eter
o
d
y
n
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
,
w
er
e
s
t
ill
v
er
y
p
o
p
u
lar
i
n
r
ad
io
d
e
s
ig
n
s
.
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h
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
ec
eiv
er
(
DC
R
)
an
d
its
s
p
in
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o
f
f
s
u
c
h
as th
e
L
o
w
-
I
F,
ar
e
av
ailab
le.
I
n
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
em
p
h
a
s
ized
th
at
t
h
e
w
id
eb
an
d
-
I
F
r
ec
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er
is
an
o
th
er
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
w
o
r
th
n
o
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
DC
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to
ac
h
iev
e
f
u
ll
cir
cu
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t
in
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eg
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ch
ip
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s
to
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est
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h
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ec
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s
e
th
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p
r
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t
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
w
ir
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h
n
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l
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y
tr
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s
ce
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d
esi
g
n
p
la
y
s
an
ess
e
n
tial
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o
le
in
f
u
ll
cir
c
u
it
in
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g
r
atio
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as
t
h
is
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o
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o
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s
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ta
n
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ca
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e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
a
s
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B
esid
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f
u
ll
in
teg
r
atio
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ld
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m
al
ler
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ad
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izes
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d
th
u
s
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r
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ter
p
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tab
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.
A
cc
o
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d
in
g
to
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
DC
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i
s
les
s
co
m
p
licated
a
n
d
s
m
al
ler
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ec
au
s
e
t
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er
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ar
e
f
e
w
b
lo
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an
d
m
u
l
tip
le
o
f
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F
ar
e
eli
m
i
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ated
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lo
w
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e
co
s
t o
f
p
o
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er
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d
f
ab
r
icati
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n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
s
u
p
er
h
eter
o
d
y
n
e.
T
h
e
L
N
A
f
o
r
t
h
e
W
iM
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ap
p
licatio
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i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
r
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ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
L
N
A
h
as
to
r
esid
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in
a
DC
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
DC
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's
ca
p
ab
ilit
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an
d
g
r
o
w
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g
p
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p
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lar
it
y
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase,
all
m
atter
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
DC
R
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
u
t
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
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.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
[
1
3
]
e
m
p
h
a
s
ize
d
th
at
t
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e
W
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A
X
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1
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w
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A's d
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3.
RADIO
F
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(
R.
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F
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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11
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p
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r
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r
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f
o
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th
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r
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ch
n
e
ed
s
to
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o
p
ti
m
ized
to
f
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l
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eq
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t
o
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s
ta
n
d
ar
d
.
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v
en
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t
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am
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o
t d
o
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b
le.
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h
e
r
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f
o
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ed
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m
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th
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er
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d
d
id
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o
t b
est p
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d
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ig
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r
e.
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a
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W
id
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d
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L
N
A
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
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id
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t
if
ied
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y
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
u
s
es
an
i
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ter
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s
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m
atc
h
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g
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e
ca
s
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d
e.
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h
e
C
MO
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tech
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o
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as
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ee
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ap
p
lied
at
0
.
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m
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it
h
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l
tr
a
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3
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te
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.
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h
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ter
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ld
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th
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ad
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d
g
ain
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g
h
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r
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f
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l
o
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ti
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izatio
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h
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le
atte
m
p
t
in
g
to
m
ain
ta
in
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
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w
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s
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le
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el.
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h
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ass
e
m
b
led
p
r
o
to
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h
as
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o
f
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11
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r
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f
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1
8
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22
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tp
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S
12
co
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tr
ar
y
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o
f
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B
,
4
.
5
d
B
n
o
i
s
e
f
i
g
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r
e,
an
d
4
GHz
I
P3
in
p
u
t
o
f
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d
B
m
at
th
e
me
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e
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tili
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g
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m
W
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f
D.
C
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is
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ip
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at
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v
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u
p
p
l
y
.
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e
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ig
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r
e
an
d
g
a
in
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t
h
is
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esear
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im
p
r
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v
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d
.
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h
e
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ec
o
r
d
ed
r
etu
r
n
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s
s
in
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tp
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t
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s
ap
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atel
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B
.
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h
is
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ai
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g
h
g
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n
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g
ai
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ted
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s
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m
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m
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r
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ir
ed
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tan
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ar
d
.
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ar
k
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esig
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d
f
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icate
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f
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ll
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n
te
g
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ated
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MO
S
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eb
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d
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N
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f
u
n
ctio
n
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g
o
v
er
2
.
3
-
7
GHz
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
0
.
1
8
µm
C
M
OS
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
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r
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n
is
th
e
co
m
m
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s
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ce
-
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
(
C
S
-
C
S)
w
it
h
d
o
u
b
lin
g
co
n
d
en
s
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ca
s
co
d
e
am
p
.
W
ith
co
n
c
u
r
r
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t
n
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is
e
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d
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n
p
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t
m
atc
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m
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ce
(
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load
)
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n
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g
h
g
ai
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7
GHz
.
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m
u
latio
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d
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ea
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r
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g
c
h
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ck
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h
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d
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f
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d
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.
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N
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S
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a
in
o
f
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6
.
5
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S
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r
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3
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ig
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r
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I
P
3
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f
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5
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3
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at
2
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3
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7
GHz
w
it
h
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n
en
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g
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s
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g
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f
1
0
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8
m
W
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elo
w
1
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VDD.
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h
is
r
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tr
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to
i
m
p
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m
p
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t
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f
ig
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w
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tiv
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en
t
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s
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cir
c
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it.
In
[
2
1
]
h
as
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clar
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ltra
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ased
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all
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at
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ch
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s
.
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w
e
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er
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u
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t
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f
1
2
.
3
d
B
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
l
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s
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ac
h
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s
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n
th
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m
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m
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ir
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ig
h
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d
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to
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t
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m
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ce
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ig
h
g
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in
,
a
n
d
lo
w
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o
is
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le
v
el.
Utilize
t
h
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
in
ten
s
iv
e
L
N
As
ca
s
ca
d
ed
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
co
s
tl
y
,
co
n
tr
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u
ti
n
g
to
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
alter
n
ati
v
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i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
L
N
A
.
T
h
e
g
ain
i
s
lo
w
,
an
d
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
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r
e
is
r
elativ
el
y
h
i
g
h
.
An
L
N
A
w
i
th
a
lo
w
p
as
s
f
i
lter
at
5
.
6
GHz
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ep
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r
ted
L
NA
g
ai
n
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v
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w
a
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1
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an
d
8
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d
B
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ip
ated
at
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9
.
4
m
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.
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h
e
ch
allen
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er
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5
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.
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r
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2
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8
8
-
8708
I
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t J
E
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&
C
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p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
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e.
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h
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th
e
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m
p
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d
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o
t c
o
m
p
l
y
w
i
th
W
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X.
I
n
[
2
3
]
h
as
s
tated
th
at
th
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ll
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n
te
g
r
ated
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lin
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t
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r
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et
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o
d
.
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h
is
tactic
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
s
an
e
x
tr
a
f
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ld
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d
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th
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g
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p
ar
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R
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cir
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it a
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(
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h
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t t
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d
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a
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a
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o
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ch
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s
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m
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1
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0
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d
B
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till
lo
w
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I
n
[
2
4
]
h
as
p
r
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ted
th
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NA's
d
esig
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te
n
d
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iii)
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.
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o
lo
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h
ie
v
e
th
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m
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lat
ed
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ar
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th
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ch
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n
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g
n
a
l
p
ath
b
et
w
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n
2
to
6
GHz
w
as
s
t
u
d
ied
[
2
5
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
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g
ate
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w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
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o
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b
an
d
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th
e
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n
p
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t
m
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w
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m
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r
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an
t
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eq
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ar
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t
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n
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t
m
atc
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n
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t
w
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k
's
n
ar
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d
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eq
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ter
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ic
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t
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o
n
f
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g
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r
e.
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at
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s
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to
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g
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s
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g
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o
m
a
1
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8
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s
u
p
p
l
y
.
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h
is
w
o
r
k
a
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m
ed
t
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p
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co
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s
co
n
n
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ti
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n
o
f
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s
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h
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tp
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t
g
ai
n
o
f
ca
s
ca
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ed
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A
r
ea
ch
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d
B
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
R
-
2
R
lad
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er
n
e
t
w
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k
led
to
a
h
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g
h
n
o
is
e
lev
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ap
p
r
o
x
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m
ated
at
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.
6
d
B
.
T
h
e
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
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r
e
ca
n
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ce
d
b
y
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d
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g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
esi
s
ti
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
L
N
A
.
I
n
[
2
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
L
NA
w
id
eb
an
d
b
ased
o
n
cu
r
r
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t
r
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s
e
th
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n
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ig
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r
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f
a
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s
ca
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e.
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y
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s
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n
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n
t
f
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n
g
w
it
h
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p
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.
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.
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id
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t
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ce
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atc
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n
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t
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t
w
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L
C
b
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c
h
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h
e
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an
d
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id
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s
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GHz
.
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h
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s
e
o
f
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n
t
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k
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atch
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g
s
h
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g
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tag
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p
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d
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ce
d
a
v
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y
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i
g
h
n
o
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s
e
f
i
g
u
r
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o
f
4
.
2
4
d
B
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
i
m
u
lta
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s
n
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i
s
e
an
d
i
m
p
ed
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ce
m
at
ch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
an
a
m
p
lif
ier
i
n
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
[
2
7
]
r
ely
o
n
th
e
f
u
l
l
h
y
b
r
id
p
i
m
o
d
el,
n
o
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
w
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d
er
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T
o
g
eth
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w
ith
a
n
L
.
C
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lad
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er
m
atc
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i
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n
et
w
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k
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n
cl
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n
d
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d
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p
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ted
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t
h
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p
r
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u
ti
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o
f
th
e
tr
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n
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p
ar
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ac
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n
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n
tr
as
t,
th
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latter
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ad
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air
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g
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s
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o
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m
er
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
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n
g
e
w
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s
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et
w
ee
n
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to
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1
GHz
.
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h
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
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c
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ed
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h
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B
o
f
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g
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n
a
n
d
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5
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o
f
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f
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g
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al
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et
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ize
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t
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s
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g
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h
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v
e
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n
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t
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ce
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n
tr
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ted
to
th
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h
ig
h
n
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e
f
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r
e
in
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with
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t
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t
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ad
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in
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t
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ce
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p
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ll
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5.
DIS
CU
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2
(
a)
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d
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b
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n
d
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tab
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ates
L
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.
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[
1
6
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S
i
n
g
l
e
S
t
a
g
e
5
.
0
2
2
.
3
2
.
6
NS
[
1
7
]
S
i
n
g
l
e
S
t
a
g
e
C
a
s
c
o
d
e
5
.
8
1
2
.
1
4
.
5
NS
[
2
1
]
Tw
o
-
S
t
a
g
e
5
.
0
2
1
.
0
2
.
6
NS
[
2
2
]
S
i
n
g
l
e
S
t
a
g
e
5
.
6
1
7
.
1
8
.
7
NS
[
2
3
]
S
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g
l
e
S
t
a
g
e
C
a
s
c
o
d
e
5
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5
1
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.
2
3
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0
2
NS
[
2
4
]
F
o
l
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d
5
.
8
1
3
.
7
9
1
.
7
NS
[
2
6
]
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m
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it
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)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ru
e
y
-
L
u
e
W
a
n
g
,
S
h
ih
-
Ch
ih
C
h
e
n
,
Ch
e
n
g
-
L
in
Hu
a
n
g
,
Ch
ie
n
-
Hs
u
a
n
L
ie,
Yi
-
S
h
u
L
in
,
―
A2
-
6
G
Hz
Cu
rre
n
t
-
Re
u
se
d
L
N
A
w
it
h
T
ra
n
s
f
o
rm
e
r
-
t
y
p
e
In
d
u
c
t
o
rs,‖
Asia
-
P
a
c
if
ic
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/A
P
M
C.
2
0
0
8
.
4
9
5
7
8
6
8
.
[2
]
L
.
E.
F
re
n
z
e
l.
,
―
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
o
f
E
lec
t
r
o
n
ic C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,‖
T
h
ird
Ed
i
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
Do
rra
Ay
a
d
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
S
y
ste
m
L
e
v
e
l
D
e
sig
n
o
f
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
f
o
r
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
6
S
tan
d
a
rd
,
‖
3
r
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
De
sig
n
a
n
d
T
e
st W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
p
p
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8
2
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8
6
,
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,
d
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1
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1
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9
/IDT
.
2
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8
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4
8
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7
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
2
1
5
3
-
2164
2162
[4
]
IEE
E
Co
mp
u
ter
S
o
c
iety
a
n
d
IEE
E
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
(
2
0
0
4
)
P
a
rt
1
6
Ai
r
I
n
ter
fa
c
e
Fo
r
Fi
x
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s S
y
ste
m
,
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
8
0
2
.
1
6
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IE
EE
S
T
D.2
0
0
5
.
9
7
9
7
3
.
[5
]
Hu
n
g
Y.J.,
Jy
h
,
C.
C.
,
a
n
d
Ch
,
CL
,
―
WL
AN
S
tan
d
a
rd
s:
P
o
te
n
ti
a
ls,
‖
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
2
2
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
P
.
2
0
0
3
.
1
2
3
8
6
8
8
.
[6
]
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Un
io
n
,
―
M
e
a
su
rin
g
Dig
it
a
l
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
F
a
c
ts
a
n
d
F
ig
u
re
s
2
0
1
9
,
‖
Ge
n
e
v
a
:
IT
U
,
2
0
1
9
.
[7
]
Da
-
Ro
n
g
Hu
a
n
g
,
S
h
iau
-
W
e
n
Ka
o
,
a
n
d
Yi
-
Hs
in
P
a
n
g
,
―
A
W
i
m
a
x
R
e
c
e
iv
e
r
W
it
h
V
a
riab
le Ba
n
d
w
id
th
o
f
2
.
5
-
2
0
M
h
z
a
n
d
9
3
d
B
Dy
n
a
m
ic
G
a
in
Ra
n
g
in
0
.
1
3
u
m
CM
OS
P
ro
c
e
ss
,
‖
IEE
E
Ra
d
i
o
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
In
teg
ra
ted
C
irc
u
it
s
(
RF
IC)
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/R
F
IC.
2
0
0
7
.
3
8
0
9
0
3
.
[8
]
A
.
R.
Be
h
z
a
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
A
5
-
G
Hz
Dire
c
t
-
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
CM
OS
T
ra
n
sc
e
iv
e
r
Util
izin
g
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
f
o
r
th
e
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
w
irele
ss
LA
N
sta
n
d
a
rd
,
‖
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te
Circ
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
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2
2
0
9
-
2
2
2
0
,
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c
.
2
0
0
3
,
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:
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0
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1
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0
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/JS
S
C.
2
0
0
3
.
8
1
9
0
8
5
.
[9
]
No
rlaili
,
―
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
d
u
c
ti
v
e
l
y
De
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
L
N
A
f
o
r
W
-
CDMA
,
‖
P
h
D.
T
h
e
t
h
e
sis
o
f
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
la
y
sia
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
0
]
M
a
c
h
a
e
l
S
tee
r
, ―
M
icro
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
R.
F
.
De
sig
n
,
‖
A
S
y
ste
m A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ed
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
Oth
m
a
n
A
.
R
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
Hig
h
G
a
in
Ca
sc
a
d
e
d
L
o
w
No
ise
Am
p
li
f
ier
Us
in
g
T
-
M
a
tch
in
g
Ne
t
w
o
rk
,
‖
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
J
T
EC),
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
6
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
2
]
M.
Ism
a
il
,
a
n
d
C.
G
a
ru
d
a
,
―
A
m
u
lt
i
-
b
a
n
d
C
M
OS
RF
F
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
f
o
r
4
G
W
iM
A
X
a
n
d
W
LAN
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,‖
IE
E
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IS
CA
S
.
2
0
0
6
.
1
6
9
3
2
6
8
.
[1
3
]
Ka
i,
C.
,
In
d
e
r,
B.
a
n
d
V
ij
a
y
,
N.,
―
R.
F
.
a
n
d
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
Circu
it
a
n
d
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
De
sig
n
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
y
st
e
m
s
,‖
T
h
ird
Ave
n
u
e
,
NY
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
In
c
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
4
]
M
.
B.
Am
o
r,
M.
L
o
u
lo
u
,
a
n
d
D.
P
a
sq
u
u
t
.
,
―
A
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
CM
OS
L
N
A
D
e
sig
n
f
o
r
W
iM
A
X
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
‖
4
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
fo
r C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
8
p
p
.
9
3
-
96
.
[1
5
]
Ch
irala
,
M
.
G
u
a
n
,
K
.
X
.
a
n
d
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
C.
,
―
In
teg
ra
ted
M
u
lt
il
a
y
e
r
O
n
-
Ch
i
p
In
d
u
c
to
rs
f
o
r
Co
m
p
a
c
t
C
M
OS
RF
ICs
a
n
d
T
h
e
ir
Us
e
in
a
M
in
iat
u
re
,
‖
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
mic
ro
w
a
v
e
th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
3
-
1
7
8
9
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
0
8
.
9
2
6
5
4
1
.
[1
6
]
V
it
z
il
a
i
o
s,
G
.
P
a
p
a
n
a
n
o
s,
Y.
a
n
d
T
h
e
o
d
o
ra
to
s.
G
.
,
―
A
1
-
V
5
-
G
H
z
CM
OS
M
u
lt
i
p
le
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
Fr
ont
-
En
d
,
‖
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
4
9
-
3
0
5
2
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
0
8
.
9
2
1
7
5
2
.
[1
7
]
M
.
P
o
u
ra
k
b
a
r
,
P
.
L
a
n
g
a
ri
,
M
.
D
o
u
sti
,
F
.
T
e
m
c
a
m
a
n
i
,
B.
Dra
c
re
s
so
n
iere
,
J.
L
.
G
a
u
ti
e
r
,
―
A
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
lo
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
L
N
A
),
d
e
sig
n
e
d
u
sin
g
0
.
3
5
μm
S
i
G
e
BiCM
OS
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
‖
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s: F
ro
m T
h
e
o
ry
to
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
M
a
n
L
o
n
g
He
r,
Ha
o
-
C
h
ih
Hs
u
,
Hs
in
-
H
u
n
g
L
in
,
T
se
n
g
-
Hs
o
w
Yu
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
h
u
n
-
P
in
g
C
h
a
n
,
―
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
L
N
A
f
o
r
2
to
6
G
H
z
W
iM
A
X
S
y
st
e
m
,
‖
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
5
t
h
Asia
-
P
a
c
if
ic
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
AP
CC)
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
4
2
6
-
4
2
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/A
P
CC.
2
0
0
9
.
5
3
7
5
6
0
0
.
[1
9
]
S.
K
.
W
o
n
g
a
n
d
F
.
K.
F
u
n
g
.
,
―
De
sig
n
o
f
3
to
5
G
Hz
CM
OS
L
o
w
No
ise
Am
p
li
f
ier
f
o
r
Ultra
-
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
(UW
B),
‖
S
y
ste
m P
ro
g
re
ss
in
E
lec
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
C,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
34
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
:
1
0
.
2
5
2
8
/
P
I
ERC0
9
0
6
2
2
0
2
.
[2
0
]
P
a
rk
e
t
a
l.
,
―
A
f
u
ll
y
in
teg
ra
t
e
d
CM
OS
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
l
o
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
fier
(L
N
A
)
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
o
v
e
r
2
.
3
-
7
G
H
z
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
f
a
b
rica
t
e
d
u
sin
g
a
0
.
1
8
μm
CM
OS
p
r
o
c
e
ss
,
‖
Pu
b
li
s
h
e
d
i
n
IEI
C
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
1
]
P
e
r
u
m
a
n
a
,
B.
G
.
Zh
a
n
,
J.H.
T
a
y
lo
r,
S
.
S
Ca
rlt
o
n
,
B.
R
a
n
d
L
a
sk
a
r,
J.,
―
Re
sistiv
e
-
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
CM
OS
L
o
w
-
No
ise
Am
p
li
f
iers
f
o
r
M
u
lt
ib
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
‖
IE
EE
M
T
T
2
0
0
9
,
v
o
l
5
6
,
m
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
8
-
1
2
2
5
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
0
8
.
9
2
0
1
8
1
.
[2
2
]
Ch
e
n
,
H.
C.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
0
.
5
-
V
5
.
6
GH
z
CM
OS
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
S
u
b
sy
st
e
m
,
‖
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
v
o
l
.
5
7
n
o
2
,
p
p
.
3
2
9
-
3
3
5
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
0
8
.
2
0
1
1
1
6
5
.
[2
3
]
C.
P
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
W
.
C.
Ch
ien
,
C.
C.
S
u
,
a
n
d
Y.
H.
W
a
n
g
.
,
―
L
in
e
a
rit
y
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ca
s
c
o
d
e
CM
OS
L
N
A
u
sin
g
a
Dio
d
e
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
NMOS
T
ra
n
sist
o
r
w
it
h
a
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
R.
C.
Circ
u
it
,
‖
P
ro
g
re
ss
in
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
C,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
:
1
0
.
2
5
2
8
/
P
IERC
1
0
0
8
2
4
1
1
.
[2
4
]
M
ich
a
e
l
A
n
g
e
lo
G
.
L
o
re
n
z
o
a
n
d
M
a
ria
T
h
e
re
sa
G
.
d
e
L
e
o
n
,
―
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
LN
A
f
o
r
W
iM
A
X
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
a
S
tan
d
a
rd
9
0
-
n
m
CM
OS
P
ro
c
e
ss
,‖
1
2
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
ter
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
i
mu
la
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
0
,
pp
.
6
4
2
-
6
4
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/UKSI
M
.
2
0
1
0
.
1
2
2
.
[2
5
]
P
a
rk
,
J.
,
Kim
,
S
,
N.,
Ro
h
,
Y.
S
.
,
a
n
d
Yo
o
,
C.
,
―
A
Dire
c
t
Co
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
CM
OS
RF
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
f
ro
m
2
to
6
G
Hz
,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
6
-
2
3
3
3
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
1
0
.
2
0
5
7
1
7
3
.
[2
6
]
L
in
,
Y.S
.
Ch
e
n
,
C.
Z.
,
Ya
n
g
,
H.Y.
Ch
e
n
,
C.
C.
L
e
e
,
J
.
H.
Hu
a
n
g
,
G
.
W
.
a
n
d
L
u
,
S
.
S
.
,
―
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
CM
OS
UW
B
L
N
A
W
it
h
Du
a
l
-
RL
C
-
Bra
n
c
h
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
In
p
u
t
M
a
tch
in
g
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
3
0
9
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T
.
2
0
0
9
.
2
0
3
7
8
6
3
.
[2
7
]
Ch
a
n
g
,
C.
P
.
Ch
e
n
,
J.H.
a
n
d
W
a
n
g
,
Y.H.,
―
A
F
u
ll
y
In
teg
r
a
ted
5
GH
z
L
o
w
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
LN
A
Us
in
g
F
o
r
w
a
rd
Bo
d
y
Bias
Te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
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p
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6
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7
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:
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1
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9
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M
W
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2
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2
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7
4
5
.
[2
8
]
Ro
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M
in
W
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,
Ch
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L
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Po
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Ch
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(F
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)
f
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ra
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w
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,‖
IEE
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T
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a
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M
icr
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2
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[2
9
]
Oth
m
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A
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R,
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t
a
l
,
―
Hi
g
h
G
a
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L
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No
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C
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sc
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A
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tch
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W
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p
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,‖
IEE
E
Asia
-
P
a
c
if
ic
Co
n
fer
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Ap
p
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El
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(
AP
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P
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2
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2
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6
4
5
7
6
9
9
.
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