Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp. 366
0
~3
671
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp3660
-
36
71
3660
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Accepta
nce of
E
-
learnin
g amon
g un
iversit
y stud
ents
in UAE:
A
pr
acti
ca
l
study
Ah
m
ad
Qasi
m M
ohamm
ad AlH
am
ad
Depa
rtment
o
f M
ana
gement Inf
orm
at
ion
S
y
s
te
m
s,
Abu Dhabi Unive
rsit
y
,
Al
Ain,
Unite
d
Arab
Em
ira
t
es
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ve
d
Oct
11
, 201
9
Re
vised
Feb 2
,
2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 10
, 202
0
The
objecti
v
e
of
the
stud
y
i
s
to
find
out
the
factors
which
aff
e
ct
the
a
cc
ep
ta
n
ce
o
f
E
-
learni
ng
among
student
s
an
d
how
the
stude
nts’
purpose
of
using
E
-
learn
ing
is
det
ermin
e
d
b
y
th
ese
fa
ct
o
rs.
The
rese
arc
h
was
base
d
on
the
Te
chno
l
og
y
Acc
ept
an
ce
Model
(TAM).
The
rese
ar
che
r
deve
loped
a
questi
onn
ai
re
t
o
gat
her
d
at
a
fro
m
a
sam
ple
of
366
unive
rsit
y
stu
dent
s
who
ac
t
ive
l
y
used
th
e
E
-
l
ea
rn
ing
s
y
s
te
m
.
Acc
ord
ing
to
the
r
esult
s
of
the
stud
y
,
subjec
ti
v
e
norm
s,
per
ce
iv
ed
usefulne
ss
,
per
ceiv
ed
ea
se
of
use,
enj
o
y
m
ent,
and
ac
c
essibil
i
t
y”
are
the
vital
pr
edi
c
at
ors be
hind
the
int
ention
of
student
s for
using
E
-
learni
ng
s
y
stems
.
Thi
s
i
ndic
a
te
s
that
extende
d
TAM
is
a
ppli
c
abl
e
in
the
UA
E.
The
result
s
show
tha
t
polic
y
m
ake
rs
and
educat
ion
deve
lop
ers
should
ta
ke
E
-
l
ea
rning
s
y
stem
seriousl
y
since
it
c
an
be
op
te
d
not
just
a
s
a
t
ec
hnolog
ical
soluti
on
bu
t
al
so
as
a
l
ea
r
ning
platform
for
student
s
bel
onging
to
a
dista
nt
ar
ea.
Th
e
result
s
pre
sen
t
pra
ctic
al
impli
ca
t
ions
for
educ
a
ti
on
d
eve
lo
per
s,
polic
y
m
ak
ers
and
pra
ct
i
ti
o
ner
s
in
dev
ising
useful
pla
ns
to
implement
E
-
l
ea
rning
s
y
st
ems
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Accessibil
it
y
E
-
l
ear
ning syst
e
m
s
En
j
oym
ent
Perceive
d
eas
e
of
us
e
Subj
ect
ive
nor
m
Tech
no
l
og
y
a
ccepta
nce
m
od
el
(TA
M
)
Un
it
ed
Ara
b
E
m
irat
es (
U
A
E)
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ah
m
ad
Qa
sim
Moh
am
m
ad
AlHam
ad,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f M
anag
em
ent Inf
or
m
at
ion
Sys
tem
s,
Abu D
hab
i
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Sh
ei
kh
K
halifa
Bi
n
Zay
ed
Str
eet
, A
l
Ai
n
–
A
bu Dha
bi, Unit
ed Ara
b
Em
irat
es.
Em
a
il
:
aqd
14
@yah
oo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
As
the
I
nfor
m
at
ion
te
ch
no
l
ogy
con
ti
nues
t
o
ev
olv
e
at
a
ver
y
fast
pace
[1]
,
World
W
i
de
W
e
b,
al
so
cal
le
d
as
t
he
Web,
has
em
erg
e
d
as
a
n
in
fl
uen
ti
al
s
ource
thr
ough
wh
ic
h
le
arn
i
ng
a
nd
te
achin
g
ha
ve
beco
m
e
po
s
sible
at
a
distance
[
2]
.
T
hroug
h
the
I
nter
net,
us
ers
can
get
a
lot
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
an
d
c
an
get
bette
r
c
han
c
e
s
to
interact
and
coope
rate
with
oth
ers
.
By
rely
ing
on
In
te
rnet
,
st
ud
e
nts
can
get
acce
ss
to
sever
al
le
arn
i
ng
to
ols
for
de
vising
ne
w
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
and
m
eans
f
or
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
ga
there
d
knowle
dg
e
or
creati
ng
ne
w
on
e
s
[
3]
.
Different
te
rm
s
lik
e
E
-
le
ar
ning,
onli
ne
le
ar
nin
g,
a
nd
we
b
-
base
d
le
ar
ning
are
us
e
d
to
exp
la
i
n
the
te
aching
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
ex
pe
riences
gai
ne
d
via
the
In
te
r
net
and
Web
te
chnolo
gy
[4,
5]
.
E
-
le
arn
in
g
re
fer
s
to
a
vi
rt
ual
cl
ass
thr
ough
w
hich
differe
nt
kinds
of
in
form
ation
can
be
ac
hieve
d
t
hroug
h
th
e
inte
rn
et
wh
e
re
,
un
li
ke
a
n
act
ua
l
cl
assroom
e
nv
i
ronm
ent,
the
te
achers
or
s
tud
e
nts
are
no
t
pr
ese
nt
[
6]
.
S
tud
e
nts
can
rel
y
on
In
te
r
net
as
a
s
ource
of
in
for
m
at
ion
thr
ough
wh
ic
h
they
can
le
ar
n
w
he
nev
e
r
a
nd
wherev
e
r
they
w
ant
[
7]
.
The
co
urse
m
a
te
rial
s
avail
able
on
th
e
I
nter
ne
t
can
be
acc
essed
at
any
ti
m
e
wh
ic
h
m
ea
ns
that
stu
de
nts
can
stud
y
t
he
sam
e
m
at
erial
rep
eat
edly
[5]
.
T
he
flexibili
ty
and
ease
t
hat
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
offers
are
ve
ry
fa
sc
inati
ng
for
num
ero
us
stud
e
nts
in
vo
l
ving
ad
ults
as
well
as
pr
of
essi
on
al
s
who
m
igh
t
no
t
ha
ve
bee
n
able
to
get
adv
a
nce
d
de
gr
ees
if
the
onl
y
op
ti
on
they
had
was
t
he
c
onve
ntional
stud
yi
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Se
veral
top
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
re
now
im
ple
m
enting
E
-
le
ar
nin
g
int
o
their
pr
esent
business o
pe
rati
ons
[
5]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e, m
any
high
ed
ucati
on
insti
tuti
on
s
an
d
co
rporat
e
trai
nin
g
a
re
ad
op
ti
ng
E
-
le
ar
ni
ng
fo
r
s
ort
ing
out
diff
ere
nt
le
ar
ning
and
pe
rfor
m
ance
relat
ed
iss
ues
[
5,
8]
.
E
-
le
arn
in
g
is
a
m
on
g
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
m
od
ern
a
dv
a
nc
e
m
ents
that
occurre
d
in
the
IS
indu
stry
wh
ic
h
ha
s
placed
a
ne
w
chall
en
ge
f
or
sc
hools
as
well
as
the
ind
us
t
ry.
It
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
stud
y
this
top
ic
as
a
num
ber
of
schoo
ls
are
edu
cat
in
g
their
stu
den
t
s
throu
gh
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Accepta
nce
of
E
-
le
arnin
g a
m
ong u
niversi
ty
stud
e
nts in
UA
E… (
Ahma
d Q
as
im
Mo
ham
m
ad AlH
ama
d)
3661
courses
[9
,
10]
.
Cl
early
,
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
play
s
a
vital
par
t
in
a
world
w
he
re
achievin
g
the
up
-
to
-
date
inf
orm
at
ion
and ex
pe
rtise
a
re im
po
rtant
for bene
fitt
ing
from
the p
rese
nt
knowle
dge
-
bas
ed
ec
onom
y.
Orga
nizat
ion
s
and
ed
ucati
ona
l
insti
tuti
on
s
a
re
keen
to
i
nc
orp
or
at
e
E
-
le
ar
ning
te
ch
nolo
gy
into
thei
r
current
pract
ic
es
as
a
s
ource
of
le
ar
ning
s
o
t
hat
ta
r
get
people
a
nd/or
e
m
plo
ye
es
ca
n
be
ed
ucated
us
in
g
the
m
os
t
updat
ed
in
f
or
m
at
ion
.
As
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng
is
bec
om
ing
m
or
e
com
m
on
in
t
he
e
ducat
io
nal
insti
tuti
ons
,
the
re
is
a
nee
d
to
st
udy
stu
den
t
acc
eptance
of
su
c
h
te
ch
nolo
gy
be
cause
it
is
a
c
riti
cal
factor
in
bec
om
ing
su
c
cessf
ul
in
it
s
ap
plica
ti
on
[11
-
13]
.
Si
gn
i
ficance
of
us
er
acce
pt
anc
e
be
ha
vio
r
ca
n
be
unde
rstood
th
rou
gh
di
f
fer
e
nt
te
chn
iq
ues
.
D
ur
i
ng
the
ea
rly
sta
ges,
the
end
-
us
e
rs
li
ke
stud
e
nts
util
iz
e
the
te
chn
ology
regularl
y
for
the
pur
pose
of
stud
yi
ng.
An
y
su
c
h
decisi
on
wh
ic
h
thr
ough
wh
ic
h
their
le
a
rn
i
ng
beh
a
vior
is
influ
e
nced
s
h
ould
be
ta
ke
n
a
s
th
ei
r
rea
din
ess
to
em
br
ace
the
change.
O
n
t
he
basis
of
this
con
ce
pt,
t
he
e
m
pirical
eviden
ce
ha
s
dem
on
strat
ed
t
hat
te
ch
no
l
og
y
acce
ptance
w
hich
i
nclu
ded
end
-
us
ers
we
r
e
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
as
c
om
par
e
d
to
the
te
chnolo
gy
acce
ptance
w
her
e
no
e
nd
-
use
rs
we
re
in
volved
[
14]
.
To
fin
d
out
the
causes
of
in
for
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
ac
ceptance
,
rese
arch
e
rs
hav
e
create
d
nu
m
ero
us
m
od
el
s
a
nd
te
ste
d
the
m
.
The
Tech
no
l
og
y
Accepta
nce
M
od
el
(T
AM
[15]
,
the
the
or
y
of
reas
oned
ac
ti
on
(TRA
)
[
16]
are
am
on
g
the
c
omm
on
th
eor
ie
s.
Th
ough,
the
te
chnolo
gy
ac
ce
ptance
m
od
el
(TA
M
)
has
ac
hieve
d
gr
eat
s
ci
entifi
c
suppo
rt
via
j
us
ti
fica
ti
on
s
,
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
ns
,
an
d
rep
et
i
ti
on
s.
As
com
par
e
d
t
o
the
oth
e
r
m
od
el
s,
the
T
AM
is
co
ns
ide
red
a
s
m
or
e
pr
e
dicti
ve,
r
ob
us
t
an
d
graspi
ng
[17]
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
to
this,
on
the
basis
of
t
echnolo
gy
ad
opti
on
li
te
ratu
re
,
TAM
is
pe
rceive
d
as
an
im
po
rtant
m
od
el
in
I
S
dom
ai
n.
T
he
st
ud
y
i
nten
ds
to
determ
ine
the
cause
s
of
stu
den
t
’s
acce
ptance of
le
arn
i
ng
in
hi
gher ed
ucati
on
se
tt
ing
thr
ou
gh
t
he
integrati
on
of
certai
n
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
ex
te
rn
al
f
act
or
exter
nal
fact
or
(
En
joym
ent,
Accessibil
it
y,
Subj
ect
iv
e n
orm
)
wh
ic
h
a
ff
ect
t
he
P
ercei
ved
Us
efu
l
ness,
Perce
ive
d
Ease
of
Use
,
and
t
o
e
xam
in
e
the
ways
in
wh
ic
h
these
factors
can
f
orm
stud
ents’
i
ntentio
n
to
e
m
plo
y
E
-
le
ar
ning.
T
his
in
vo
l
ves
direct
aut
horita
ti
ve
infe
ren
c
es
in
bac
king
the
cl
assy
E
-
le
ar
ning
pr
ogram
s
and enc
oura
ging the
ef
fe
ct
ive
E
-
le
ar
ning c
ourses.
The
r
esea
rch has
b
ee
n st
r
uct
ur
e
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
m
ann
er
.
The
subse
que
nt
par
t
s
ummari
zes
the
li
te
ratur
e
rev
ie
w
of
the
researc
hes
do
ne
on
the
area
of
E
-
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
acce
ptance.
Lit
eratur
e
re
vi
ew
a
nd
hy
po
t
he
sis
inclu
ded
in
the
resea
rc
h
hav
e
bee
n
e
xpla
ined
in
sect
ion
tw
o.
Sect
ion
t
hree
gi
ves
a
detai
le
d
ex
pla
nation
of
data
analy
sis
an
d
fi
nd
i
ngs.
R
esults
and
disc
us
si
ons
are
offe
re
d
i
n
sect
io
n
f
our
wh
e
reas
t
he
c
oncl
us
i
on
is
e
xpla
ined
i
n
the
la
st
sect
ion
al
on
g
with
m
ajo
r
f
in
di
ng
s
of
the st
ud
y.
2.
LIT
ERAT
U
RE R
E
VIEW
AND HYP
OT
HESIS
2.1.
Exter
na
l
vari
ab
le
s
2.1.1.
Enj
oy
m
ent
En
j
oym
ent
(E
NJ)
is
de
fine
d
as
“t
he
act
ivit
y
of
usi
ng
a
s
pe
ci
fic
syst
e
m
is
pe
rceive
d
to
be
en
j
oya
bl
e
in
it
s
own
ri
ght,
asi
de
from
any
pe
rfor
m
anc
e
co
ns
e
qu
e
nce
s
res
ulti
ng
fro
m
s
yst
e
m
us
e”
[18]
.
E
njo
ym
ent
in
the
stu
dies
of
t
echnolo
gy
acc
eptance
has
be
en
fasci
nating
var
i
ou
s
resea
rc
her
s
si
nce
it
is
assum
ed
that
these
intrinsic
va
riables
m
a
y
hav
e
a
po
sit
ive
ef
f
ect
on
the
use
rs’
views
[
19]
.
The
en
j
oym
ent
experience
d
wh
il
e
us
in
g
a
ne
w
syst
e
m
can
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
per
cepti
on
of
e
ffor
t
bei
ng
m
ade
by
the
use
r
[
20
]
.
T
he
r
efore,
an
im
po
rtant
factor
w
hich
descr
i
bes
the
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
a
doptio
n
or
ac
ceptance
is
pe
rceive
d
en
jo
ym
ent.
The
previ
ous
r
esearch
s
howe
d
that
per
cei
ve
d
ease
of
us
e
[21
-
28]
an
d
pe
rceive
d
us
e
ful
ness
[23,
27
-
29]
of
E
-
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
s
are
sign
ifi
cantl
y
aff
ect
ed
by
the
pe
rceiv
ed
en
joym
ent.
Wh
e
n
a
st
ud
e
nt
find
s out
that usin
g
E
-
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
s
is
enjoyab
le
,
there
is
a
hi
gh
e
r
po
s
sibil
it
y
that
us
ef
uln
e
ss
an
d
ease
of
us
e
of
s
uc
h
sy
stem
s
will
p
osi
ti
vely
i
m
pact that st
udent
[
5]
.
T
wo
hypotheses
can
b
e
ge
ner
at
e
d f
ro
m
the afor
e
m
entioned ar
gum
ents.
H1
a:
En
joym
e
nt h
a
s a si
gn
i
ficant in
flue
nce
on the
pe
rceive
d
ease
of
us
e
(
PEOU)
.
H1b:
E
njo
ym
e
nt h
a
s a si
gn
i
ficant in
flue
nce
on p
e
rceive
d u
sefu
l
ness (P
U).
2.1.2.
Accessibi
li
t
y (ACC
)
Accessibil
it
y
(A
CC
)
re
fe
rs
to
“t
he
de
gree
of
ease
of
ho
w
a
us
er
can
acce
s
s
an
d
use
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
and
e
xtracted
f
ro
m
the
syst
e
m
”
[30]
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[
31
]
,
s
yst
e
m
acce
ssib
il
ity
ref
ers
to
the
de
gr
ee
of
e
ase
with
wh
ic
h
t
he
st
udents
ca
n
acce
s
s
an
d
us
e
the
E
-
le
arn
in
g
syst
em
.
It
was
sta
te
d
t
hat
the
m
or
e
an
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng syst
e
m
is
easi
ly
acce
ssible
to
the
st
ud
e
nts,
t
he
hig
he
r
th
e
ch
a
nc
es
of
stu
de
nts
to
c
onsider
the
syst
em
as
easy
to
us
e
[
32]
.
Sys
tem
acce
ssibilit
y,
as
per
[
33
]
,
directl
y
sign
ifie
s
t
he
web
sit
e’
s
pe
r
cei
ved
ease
of
us
e
.
Stud
ie
s
co
nduc
te
d
by
[26,
34
-
37]
rev
eal
e
d
th
at
per
cei
ved
ea
se
of
us
e
of
E
-
le
arn
in
g
syst
e
m
is
gr
eat
ly
af
fected
by
the
syst
em
acce
ssibil
it
y.
The
fi
ndin
gs
of
the
pa
st
resea
r
ches
s
how
that
an
E
-
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
’s
per
c
ei
ved
ease
of
us
e
[
38]
and
pe
rceive
d
us
ef
ul
ness
[39]
are
sig
nifica
ntly
aff
ect
e
d
by
the
per
cei
ve
d
acce
s
sibil
it
y.
Wh
e
n
stud
e
nts
ca
n
ea
sil
y
acce
ss
the
E
-
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
s,
there
is
a
gr
eat
er
possi
bili
ty
that
they
w
il
l
po
sit
ively
af
fect
the
us
e
fu
l
ness
and
ease
of
us
e
of
s
uc
h
s
yst
e
m
[3
4,
35
,
37,
40
]
.
The
refor
e
,
the
fo
l
lowing
ass
umpti
ons
are m
ade:
H2
a:
Accessi
bili
ty
h
as a sig
nif
ic
ant inf
l
uen
ce
on th
e
p
e
rceiv
ed
ease
of
us
e
(P
E
OU).
H2b:
Accessibi
li
ty
has
a sig
n
if
ic
ant inf
l
uen
ce
on percei
ved use
fu
l
ness (P
U).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
6
0
-
3
6
7
1
3662
2.1.3.
Sub
jecti
ve
n
or
m (
S
UB)
Subj
ect
ive
nor
m
and
so
ci
al
influ
e
nce
is
th
e
idea
t
hat
sig
nificant
pe
op
l
e
belie
ve
that
the
syst
em
sh
oul
d
ei
ther
be
us
e
d
or
no
t
[41]
.
The
s
ub
j
ect
ive
no
rm
r
efers
to
“t
he
pe
rson
’s
pe
rcept
ion
that
m
os
t
people
wh
o
a
re
im
po
r
ta
nt
to
him
or
her
thin
k
he
or
sh
e
s
hould
or
sh
oul
d
no
t
pe
rfor
m
the
be
ha
vi
or
in
quest
io
n”
[
42
]
.
Unde
r
so
m
e
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces,
rather
tha
n
con
ce
ntrati
ng
on
thei
r
pers
on
al
em
otion
s
and
belie
fs
,
people
m
ay
ado
pt
a
syst
e
m
j
us
t
to
adap
t
to
the
needs
of
oth
er
s
[43]
.
Ma
ny
researc
hers
ha
ve
bee
n
co
nducted
on
how
E
-
le
ar
ning
ad
opti
on
or
acce
ptance
is
aff
ect
ed
by
su
bject
ive
nor
m
s.
A
researc
h
co
nducte
d
by
[2
2]
sh
owe
d
that
pe
rceive
d
ease
of
us
e
[
9,
22,
23
,
25,
36,
37,
44
-
46]
an
d
per
cei
ved
us
ef
uln
ess
of
E
-
le
arni
ng
syst
e
m
[2
3,
37
,
45
-
48]
are
consi
der
a
bly
aff
ect
ed
by
sub
j
ect
ive
norm
s.
Hen
ce,
th
e
su
bse
que
nt
hypothesi
s
has bee
n dev
el
op
e
d:
H3
a:
Sub
j
ect
iv
e norm
h
as a
sign
i
ficant in
flue
nce
on the
pe
rc
ei
ved
ea
se
of
use
(
P
EO
U).
H3b:
S
ubj
ect
iv
e
norm
h
as a
sign
i
ficant in
flue
nce
on p
e
rceiv
ed u
sef
uln
e
ss
(
PU
)
.
2.2.
The tech
no
l
ogy accep
tance
mod
el
and use
r beli
efs
The
pe
rceive
d
us
ef
uln
e
ss
a
nd p
ercei
ved
ease of
us
e
ai
d
the
a
ccepta
nce
of ne
w
te
c
hnology.
TAM
an
d
oth
e
r
r
el
eva
nt
stud
ie
s
sho
w
t
hat
these
fact
ors
c
onsider
ably
aff
e
ct
the
be
ha
vior
inte
ntion
to
us
e.
T
he
vi
ews
of
a
us
er
co
ncerni
ng
the
ease
of
com
pr
ehe
nd
i
ng
a
syst
e
m
sign
ific
antly
ai
ds
in
recog
nizing
the
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss
and
the
de
gr
e
e
to
wh
ic
h
the
us
e
r
shows
ad
opti
on
to
ne
w
te
ch
nolo
gy
[
49,
50
]
.
A
pr
e
vious
st
ud
y
dem
on
stra
te
d
that
per
cei
ved
us
e
f
uln
ess
is
c
onsidera
bly
aff
ect
e
d
by
th
e
pe
rce
ived
ease
of
use
(P
E
O
U)
[29
,
40
,
45
,
46,
51
-
55]
.
Ther
e
a
re
m
any
stud
ie
s
that
s
how
a
di
rect
as
well
as
an
in
direct
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the
be
ha
vioral
intenti
on
t
o
use
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
sy
stem
(I
U)
an
d
per
cei
ved
ease
of
us
e
(P
E
OU)
[29
,
40,
46
,
52,
54,
56
-
59]
.
I
t
was
sta
te
d
by
[51]
that
the
intenti
on
to
directl
y
or
ind
irect
ly
approve
of
an
d
ad
apt
to
an
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng
syst
em
wi
ll
be
aff
ect
ed
by
perce
ived
us
e
fu
l
ne
ss
(PU)
.
T
he
past
stu
dies
s
how
t
hat
there
e
xists
a
posit
ive
connecti
on
be
tween
the
pe
rceive
d
us
ef
uln
e
ss
(
P
U)
a
nd
inte
ntion
to
us
e
t
he
le
arn
in
g
syst
e
m
(I
U)
[23,
54,
56
,
60
-
66]
.
Wh
il
e
keep
i
ng
i
n
vie
w
the
li
te
ratur
e
,
the
resea
rch
s
ta
te
s
the
fo
ll
owin
g
hypot
hes
es,
al
ong
with
sh
owin
g
a
sig
ni
ficant
po
sit
ive
r
el
at
io
ns
hi
p betwee
n IU
,
P
U,
a
nd P
EOU.
H4:
Percei
ved
ease
of
us
e
(P
E
OU)
has
a
sig
ni
ficant in
flue
nc
e on the
p
e
rcei
ved use
f
uln
ess
(P
U
).
H5:
P
ercei
ved
us
ef
uln
e
ss
(P
U
) has a
sig
nificant in
flue
nce
on the
intenti
on
to use the
E
-
Le
arn
i
ng syst
em
(IU)
.
H6:
P
erceive
d
ease
of
us
e
(P
E
OU)
has
a
sign
i
ficant
in
flue
nce
on
t
he
i
ntentio
n
to
us
e
t
he
E
-
Le
arn
i
ng
syst
e
m
(
IU).
The
re
searc
h
m
od
el
is
based
on
t
hese
hypo
theses
as
dem
on
strat
ed
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1.
T
he
the
or
et
ic
al
m
od
el
is
first
giv
e
n
the
for
m
o
f
a str
uctu
ral
equ
at
io
n
m
od
e
l and the
n
it
is
assessed
b
y
us
i
ng scienti
fic m
et
hods
.
Figure
1.
T
he st
ud
y m
od
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Accepta
nce
of
E
-
le
arnin
g a
m
ong u
niversi
ty
stud
e
nts in
UA
E… (
Ahma
d Q
as
im
Mo
ham
m
ad AlH
ama
d)
3663
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OFY
3.1.
Sa
mple
and d
ata
c
ollec
tio
n
The
data
was
gathe
red
f
r
om
two
re
now
ne
d
ed
ucati
onal
insti
tuti
on
s
in
the
Un
it
ed
Arab
Em
irat
es
(UAE) w
ho
ha
d been
u
si
ng E
-
le
arn
i
ng syst
em
s.
The
onli
ne
surv
ey
i
nvolve
d 400 res
pond
ents. T
w
o web
-
base
d
E
-
le
ar
ning
sy
stem
s
create
d
by
tw
o
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
platf
orm
/sy
stem
pr
ovide
rs
we
re
bein
g
us
ed
i
n
these
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s.
T
hese
E
-
le
ar
ni
ng
platf
or
m
s
wer
e
create
d
a
nd
orga
nized
ab
out
4
ye
ars
be
fore
an
d
wer
e
al
read
y
bein
g
use
d
by
the
stud
e
nts
regularly
.
T
he
stud
y
wa
s
carried
out
th
rou
gh
Sm
art
PLS
Ve
rsion
T3.2.
7
i.e.
Str
uctur
al
equ
at
io
n
m
od
e
li
ng
or
SEM.
SEM
was
us
e
d
to
assess
this
m
easur
em
ent
m
od
el
and
fi
na
l
path
m
od
el
was
m
a
nag
e
d
in
t
he
la
te
r
sta
ges.
A
de
ta
il
ed
i
m
age
of
the
c
ollec
te
d
data
has
bee
n
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
a
ble
1.
Thirty
-
f
our
i
nc
om
plete
resp
onses
quest
ionn
ai
res
ha
d
to
be
discar
de
d
f
rom
the
gathe
red
res
pons
es.
A
fter
tha
t
,
366
quest
io
nna
ires
wer
e
a
vaila
ble
that
wer
e
com
plete
d
by
t
he
res
pondents
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
e
a
resp
onse
ra
te
of
91.5
%.
A
total
of
366
res
ponse
s
w
hich
i
nvol
ved
on
ly
valid
respo
ns
es
were
consi
de
red
a
nd
t
ran
s
f
or
m
ed
int
o
a
sam
ple
siz
e
us
e
d
by
[
67
]
.
Fo
r
a
popula
ti
on
of
300,
a
s
a
m
pling
siz
e
of
ap
pro
xim
at
ely
169
res
pond
ents
is
us
e
d.
T
he
c
onceptual
m
od
el
was
the
n
us
e
d
to
e
xam
ine
t
he
res
ponse
s.
It
is
acce
ptabl
e
to
analy
ze
the
da
t
a
thr
ough
str
uctur
al
e
qu
at
i
on
m
od
el
ing
an
d
create
a
sam
ple
siz
e;
he
nc
e,
the
sam
ple
siz
e
of
36
6
us
e
d
i
n
the
stu
dy
was
way
m
or
e
th
an
the
un
nece
ssary
re
quirem
ents
use
d
f
or
hypotheses
te
sti
ng
[
68]
.
It
m
us
t
be
rem
e
m
ber
ed
that
the
sta
te
d
hypothe
ses
we
re
de
velo
pe
d
i
n
the
li
gh
t
of
pr
ese
nt
the
or
ie
s
but
we
re
ta
ke
n
i
n
the conte
xt
of
E
-
le
ar
ning.
Table
1.
Partic
ipant
’s deta
il
s
Un
iv
ersity
No
.
o
f
stu
d
en
ts
Un
iv
ersity
of
Fujai
rah (U
OF)
216
The British
Univ
er
sity
in
Dub
ai
(BUi
D)
150
3.2.
St
ud
y
in
stru
m
ent
As
m
entioned
befor
e
i
n
the
researc
h,
the
hypothesis
w
as
te
ste
d
thr
ough
a
s
urvey
instru
m
ent.
The
nu
m
ber
of
sou
rces
of
t
he
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
involve
d
in
t
he
quest
ionnair
e
is
show
n
in
ta
ble
2.
The
su
r
vey
involves
s
eve
nt
een
it
e
m
s
with
the
goal
of
a
ssessin
g
the
si
x
co
ns
tr
ucts
i
n
the
quest
io
nn
ai
re.
S
om
e
qu
e
sti
on
s
wer
e
al
s
o
ta
ke
n
f
ro
m
the
pr
e
vious
stu
dies
a
nd
i
nclu
ded
i
n
this
stud
y
as
an
at
tem
pt
to
m
ake
the
study
m
or
e
log
ic
al
an
d
rel
at
able.
Th
ough
the
qu
est
i
on
s w
hic
h
the
rese
arch
e
r
to
ok
f
r
om
the
past
studi
es
wer
e
c
ha
ng
ed
an
d
adjuste
d
acc
ordin
g
to
the
stu
dy context.
Table
2.
C
onstruct a
nd thei
r
s
ources
Co
n
stru
cts
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
ite
m
s
So
u
rce
Accessib
ility
3
[
9
],
[
2
6
],
[
5
1
]
Enjo
y
m
en
t
3
[
2
6
],
[
2
7
],
[
5
1
]
Su
b
jectiv
e no
r
m
3
[
5
1
],
[
6
9
],
[
7
0
]
Perceived
E
ase o
f
Use
3
[
2
3
],
[
5
1
],
[
6
9
]
Perceived
Usef
u
ln
ess
3
[
5
1
],
[
6
9
],
[
7
1
]
Inten
tio
n
to
U
se th
e E
-
Lea
rnin
g
Sy
ste
m
2
[
9
],
[
5
1
]
3.3.
Inst
ru
ment
ati
on
A
to
ugh
phase
of
pre
-
te
sti
ng
and
pilot
te
sti
ng
of
m
easur
es
was
sta
rte
d
once
so
m
e
E
-
le
ar
ning
us
er
s
and
e
xperts
w
ere
ch
os
e
n.
T
he
genuine
m
easur
es
of
the
re
search
a
re
s
hown
i
n
ta
ble
3.
In
t
he
quest
io
nnai
re,
there
are
three
it
e
m
s
fo
r
each
co
ns
tr
uct
and
a
five
-
po
i
nt
Likert
scal
e
was
us
ed
to
m
ea
su
re
these
c
onstruct
s
.
The
scal
e
goe
s
from
“st
ro
ngly
disag
ree”
to
“st
ron
gly
agr
ee
”
.
The
r
esp
onde
nts
w
ere
aske
d
to
choose
the
res
pons
e
t
hey
agree
to
wh
il
e
kee
ping
in
view
t
he
gi
ven
sta
te
m
ent
s.
I
n
ad
diti
on
to
this,
dem
ographic
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
a
s also re
qu
ire
d by the
res
pond
ents.
3.4.
Pre
-
t
es
t of t
he
qu
es
tionnaire
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Fujaira
h
(U
OF)
and
T
he
Brit
ish
Un
ive
rsity
in
Du
bai
(B
UiD),
two
very
ren
own
e
d
edu
cat
io
nal
ins
ti
tuti
on
s,
to
ok
par
t
in
the
stu
dy
.
The
researc
her
to
ok
these
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s
as
the
ta
rg
et
popu
la
ti
on
consi
sti
ng
of
a
gro
up
of
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
us
e
rs
w
ho
ha
ve
go
od
exp
e
rience
a
nd
knowl
ed
ge
a
bout
on
li
ne
le
ar
ning
syst
e
m
.
Fo
r
th
e
pilot
stu
dy,
the
resea
rch
e
r
us
ed
10%
of
the
total
sam
ple
siz
e
of
t
he
researc
h
s
urv
ey
i.e.
400
res
ponden
ts.
The
sam
ple
siz
e
was
c
ho
s
en
in
li
ght
of
t
he
sta
nd
a
rd
re
s
earch
pract
ic
es.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
t
o
this,
al
l
the
qu
es
ti
on
s
involve
d
in
t
he
quest
io
nnai
re
we
re
pre
-
te
s
te
d
w
her
e
40
stud
e
nts
we
re
use
d
w
ho
we
re
c
ho
s
en
on
ra
ndom
basis.
More
ov
e
r,
as
per
[7
2
]
,
the
reli
abili
ty
of
the
stud
y
wa
s
found
thr
ough
Cron
bach
'
s
Alpha
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
6
0
-
3
6
7
1
3664
whose
resu
lt
s
sh
owe
d
that
the
al
pha
val
ue
s
of
al
l
va
riab
le
s
exceed
0.7
,
w
hich
has
be
en
dem
on
stra
te
d
in
Table
3.
T
he
r
esults
ind
ic
at
e
the
quest
io
nnai
re
us
e
d
f
or
the
stu
dy
is
ve
ry
reli
able.
It
was
e
ns
ure
d
that
al
l
the
res
ponde
nts
unde
rstoo
d
the
fi
nal
quest
ionnaire
a
s
an
at
tem
pt
to
fu
rt
her
i
ncr
ease
th
e
ov
e
ra
ll
reli
abili
ty
and s
urvey q
ua
li
ty
.
Table
3.
C
ron
ba
ch’
s
A
l
ph
a
v
a
lues fo
r
the
p
il
ot stu
dy (
C
ron
bach’s
Alpha
0.7
0)
Co
n
stru
ct
Cro
n
b
ach’s Alp
h
a
Accessib
ility
0
.82
5
Enjo
y
m
en
t
0
.88
9
Su
b
jectiv
e no
r
m
0
.76
6
Perceived
E
ase o
f
U
se
0
.79
8
Perceived
U
sef
u
ln
ess
0
.72
8
Inten
tio
n
to
U
se th
e E
-
l
earnin
g
S
y
ste
m
0
.88
0
3.5.
St
ude
nt
s
’ per
s
onal inf
orm
at
i
on
/dem
ogra
p
hic da
t
a
The
detai
le
d
in
form
ation
re
ga
rd
i
ng
t
he
res
po
nd
e
nts
ca
n
be
seen
in
Ta
ble
4.
Nea
rly
the
sam
e
featur
es
wer
e
sh
a
re
d
by
al
l
the
pa
rtic
ipants
of
the
stud
y
.
A
total
of
19
8
f
em
al
e
s
we
re
i
nclu
de
d
wh
ic
h
m
akes
54%
of
t
he
total
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
w
her
e
168
m
al
es
wer
e
inclu
de
d
w
hi
ch
m
akes
46%
of
t
he
total
par
ti
ci
pa
nts.
M
ajorit
y
of
the
respo
nd
ents
we
re
bet
ween
t
he
ages
of
18
-
29,
where
65%
of
th
e
respo
nd
e
nts
wer
e
betwee
n
the
ages
of
30
-
39,
27%
we
re
betwee
n
the
a
ges
of
40
-
49,
5%
betw
een
the
a
ges
of
50
-
59.
T
he
de
ta
il
ed
dem
og
r
aph
ic
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
the r
es
ponde
nts is d
em
on
strat
ed
in
Ta
ble 4.
Table
4.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
St
ud
e
nts
’ dem
og
raphic
char
act
e
risti
c
Variables
No
.
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
Percent %
Gen
d
er:
Male
Fe
m
ale
168
46%
198
54%
Ag
e:
1
8
to 2
9
y
ears
3
0
to 3
9
y
ears
4
0
to 4
9
y
ears
5
0
to 5
9
y
ears
238
65%
100
27%
18
5%
10
3%
Co
lleg
e:
Co
lleg
e of
Bu
sin
es
s
Co
lleg
e of
I
T
Co
lleg
e of
E
d
u
catio
n
Co
lleg
e of
Hu
m
an
i
ties
219
60%
53
14%
29
8%
65
18%
Level o
f
edu
catio
n
:
Bach
elo
r
Master
Ph
D
274
38%
92
25%
0
0%
4.
FIN
DINGS
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
S
Sm
art
PLS
so
f
tware,
w
hich
was
de
vel
op
e
d
by
[
73
]
,
is
use
d
in
this
st
udy
fo
r
Partia
l
Least
Square
s
Stru
ct
ur
al
E
quat
ion
M
od
el
i
ng
(P
L
S,
SE
M).
It
is
a
reno
wn
e
d
s
of
t
war
e
a
nd
is
extensi
vely
use
d
in
academ
ia
[7
4,
75]
.
The
s
of
t
war
e
is
easi
ly
acce
ssible
to
academ
ic
s
and
re
sea
rch
e
rs.
In
ad
diti
on
t
o
this,
the
softwa
re
in
vo
l
ves
a
n
e
xtre
m
el
y
us
er
-
f
rie
nd
ly
inter
face
and
m
od
ern
re
portin
g
cha
ract
er
ist
ic
s.
D
ue
to
these
char
act
e
risti
cs,
the
software
ha
s
been
gaini
ng
a
lot
of
po
pula
rity
since
it
s
introd
uction
i
n
2005
[
76
]
.
T
he
two
cl
asses
of
val
idit
ie
s
i.e.
co
nv
e
r
gen
t
valid
it
y
and
disc
rim
inate
validit
y
are
usual
ly
us
e
d
to
asse
ss
any
m
easur
em
ent
m
od
el
[77]
.
T
he
m
easur
em
e
nt
m
od
el
desc
ribes
t
he
li
nk
betwee
n
the
ind
ic
at
or
s
a
nd
la
te
nt
const
ru
ct
t
hat i
s b
ei
ng assesse
d.
4.1.
Data
a
na
l
ys
is
The
Re
li
abili
ty
of
in
dicat
or
s
can
be
a
ssess
ed
easi
ly
by
e
xam
ining
the
extent
to
w
hic
h
in
dicat
ors
sh
ow
i
nter
nal
consi
ste
ncy
in
a
relat
io
ns
hi
p
with
a
ny
c
onstruct.
He
nce,
the
reli
abili
ty
of
i
nd
ic
at
or
s
c
an
be
m
easur
ed
th
rough
Cr
onba
ch
c
oeffici
ent
al
ph
a
[
78]
and
the
c
ompo
sit
e
reli
abili
ti
es
coeffic
ie
nt
[79]
.
The
m
ini
m
u
m
acce
ptable
l
im
it
of
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ti
es
is
0.7
0
[80,
81]
.
T
he
values
of
al
l
the
c
oe
ff
i
ci
ents
and
Cr
onbac
h
coeffic
ie
nt
al
pha
le
vels
are
s
how
n
in
Table
5.
All
the
values
we
re
gr
e
at
er
than
0.
70,
wh
ic
h
ver
ifie
s
t
he
qu
al
it
y
of
researc
h
[
82
]
.
T
he
data
was
analy
zed
by
em
plo
yi
ng
a
two
-
sta
ge
m
e
thodo
l
og
y
in
w
hic
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Accepta
nce
of
E
-
le
arnin
g a
m
ong u
niversi
ty
stud
e
nts in
UA
E… (
Ahma
d Q
as
im
Mo
ham
m
ad AlH
ama
d)
3665
at
first
the
m
e
asur
em
ent
m
o
del
is
de
velo
pe
d
an
d
t
hen
as
sessed
i
nd
e
pe
ndently
from
the
com
plete
structu
ral
equ
al
m
od
el
[
83
]
.
D
ue
to
th
at
,
eve
ry
it
e
m
,
co
nv
e
rgent
a
nd
di
scrim
inate
validit
y
of
co
nst
ru
ct
s
wer
e
c
heck
e
d
for
reli
abili
ty
as an
init
ia
l st
ep.
Each
it
em
is
check
e
d for in
div
id
ual r
el
ia
bi
li
ty
throu
gh
l
oa
dings
or
c
orre
la
ti
on
s
that
exist
betw
een
the
it
e
m
s
and
co
ns
tr
uct.
The
c
onve
rg
e
nt
validit
y
per
const
ru
ct
is
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
in
ca
se
of
a
loading
great
er
than
0.5
05
[
84
]
.
Ta
ble
5
s
hows
that
the
r
e
is
a
strong
a
gr
eem
ent
betw
een
the
loa
dings
f
or
each it
em
an
d est
abli
sh
ed
c
onditi
on
s
.
Fact
or
loa
ding
,
va
riance
extr
act
ed
an
d
reli
abili
ty
is
us
ed
as
in
dicat
or
s
by
fo
ll
owin
g
[72]
in
ord
e
r
to
guess
the
c
onve
rg
e
nt
vali
dity
’s
relat
ive
value.
T
he
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abi
li
ty
(CR)
and
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ent
go
a
bove
0.7
for
each
c
onstruct
w
hich
s
hows
t
hat
dif
fe
ren
t
m
easur
em
ents
of
a
co
nst
ru
ct
are
inter
nally
consi
ste
nt
with
each
oth
e
r
[
72
]
.
Cr
onbac
h'
s
al
ph
a
values
go
beyo
nd
th
e
acce
ptable
va
lue
of
0.7
[80
,
81]
wh
e
reas
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ti
es
of
c
onstruc
ts
go
f
r
om
0.
7444
t
o
0.874.
This
has
bee
n
show
n
in
Ta
ble
5.
More
ov
e
r,
the
sta
nd
a
rd
of
e
xp
la
ini
ng
a
m
i
nim
u
m
of
50%
of
var
ia
nce
extracte
d
fro
m
a
colle
ct
ion
of
it
em
s
trigg
e
rin
g
the
la
te
nt
con
st
ru
c
t
is
fu
lfil
le
d
by
al
l
aver
age
var
ia
nce
ext
ra
ct
ed
(
AV
E
)
va
lues
w
hich
vary
fr
om
0.636
to
0.7
78
[84]
.
T
her
e
fore,
it
is
belie
v
ed
that
the
scal
es
through
w
hich
co
ns
tr
uct
s
are
m
easur
e
d
ha
ve
conve
rg
e
nt
validit
y.
It
was
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
c
on
si
der
tw
o
crit
eri
a
i.e.
Cornel
l
-
Ba
r
ker
crit
erion
a
nd
the
Hetero
tradit
ion
al
ism
pro
portion
(HTM
T)
f
or
ac
hi
eving
t
he
m
e
asur
em
ent
for
discrim
inate
validit
y
[85]
.
Table
6
pr
ese
nts
t
hat
C
ornell
-
Ba
r
ker
m
easur
e
ver
i
fies
that
the
s
quare
r
oots
of
al
l
A
VEs
a
re
m
or
e
im
po
rtant
t
ha
n
it
s
correla
ti
on
with
the
rem
ai
nin
g
co
ns
tr
ucts
[86]
.
Ta
ble
7
presents
the
HT
MT
rati
o
w
hic
h
cl
early
sho
w
s
that
each
co
ns
tr
uct
’s
value
do
e
s
no
t
excee
d
the
threshold
valu
e
of
0.8
5
[
87
]
.
This,
there
for
e,
ver
ifie
s
the
HTMT
rati
o
val
ue.
Th
e
existe
nce
of
discrim
inant
va
li
dity
is
con
fi
rm
ed
by
these
resu
lt
s.
The
da
ta
analy
sis
indi
cat
es
that
reli
abili
ty
and
validi
ty
of
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
m
od
el
were
m
easur
ed
eas
il
y
and
no
issu
es
wer
e
e
nc
ountere
d.
Hen
ce
, th
e
co
ll
ect
ed
data
can
be use
d
to
asse
ss the s
t
ru
ct
ur
a
l
m
od
el
.
Table
5
.
C
onve
rg
e
nt
validit
y r
esults w
hich
as
su
re
accepta
ble
v
al
ue
s. (Fact
or loa
ding,
Cr
onbach’s
Alpha,
com
po
sit
e reli
abili
ty
0.7
0
&
AVE >
0.5
)
Co
n
stru
cts
Ite
m
s
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
Cro
n
b
ach'
s Alp
h
a
CR
AVE
Inten
tio
n
to
U
se
th
e E
-
l
ea
rnin
g
S
y
st
e
m
IU1
0
.89
1
0
.80
3
0
.76
8
0
.65
1
IU2
0
.72
8
IU3
0
.88
7
Enjo
y
m
en
t
ENJ1
0
.91
8
0
.87
9
0
.78
1
0
.63
9
ENJ2
0
.89
3
ENJ3
0
.79
7
Accessib
ility
ACC
1
0
.86
8
0
.77
8
0
.80
8
0
.77
8
ACC
2
0
.88
2
ACC
3
0
.86
7
Su
b
jectiv
e
N
o
r
m
SUB1
0
.70
0
0
.88
8
0
.77
8
0
.71
8
SUB2
0
.77
8
SUB3
0
.82
0
Perceived
E
ase o
f
U
se
PEOU1
0
.81
8
0
.78
9
0
.74
4
0
.63
6
PEOU2
0
.76
9
PEOU3
0
.75
3
Perceived
U
sef
u
ln
ess
PU1
0
.89
4
0
.76
9
0
.87
4
0
.72
7
PU2
0
.71
1
PU3
0
.70
9
Table
6.
Forn
el
l
-
la
rck
e
r
scal
e
IU
ENJ
ACC
SUB
PEOU
PU
IU
0
.83
7
ENJ
0
.23
6
0
.76
9
ACC
0
.40
0
0
.36
7
0
.88
3
SUB
0
.44
3
0
.53
8
0
.10
9
0
.82
1
PEOU
0
.35
8
0
.26
9
0
.16
9
0.
550
0
.83
4
PU
0
.22
2
0
.39
9
0
.40
5
0
.22
0
0
.52
9
0
.74
7
Table
7.
Heter
otrait
-
m
on
otrai
t rati
o
(
HTMT
)
IU
ENJ
ACC
SUB
PEOU
PU
IU
ENJ
0
.29
2
ACC
0
.63
6
0
.21
9
SUB
0
.25
5
0
.33
9
0
.33
6
PEOU
0
.36
7
0
.34
4
0
.56
8
0
.69
2
PU
0
.61
1
0
.44
7
0
.71
5
0
.45
5
0
.29
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
6
0
-
3
6
7
1
3666
4.2.
Hy
p
othesis
tes
ting and c
oeffi
ci
ent of
deter
mi
na
ti
on
The
struct
ur
al
equ
at
io
n
m
od
el
ing
(S
EM
)
a
ppr
oac
h
[88
-
96]
was
use
d
to
te
st
the
a
forem
e
ntion
e
d
ni
ne
hypotheses
t
og
et
her
.
The
va
ri
ance
descr
i
bed
(R2
value
)
by
each
path
a
nd
ever
y
hypoth
esi
zed
co
nnect
ion’
s
path
sig
nifica
nce
in
the
re
search
m
od
el
wer
e
assesse
d.
T
he
sta
nda
rd
iz
e
d
path
c
oeffici
ents
an
d
pat
h
sign
ific
a
nces
a
re
dem
on
strat
ed
in
F
i
gure
2
a
nd
Ta
ble
3.
Ta
ble
8
s
hows
th
at
the
R2
value
s
f
or
the
i
ntent
ion
t
o
us
e
t
he
E
-
Lear
ning
syst
em
,
per
cei
ve
d
ease
of
us
e
an
d
pe
r
cei
ved
us
e
fu
l
ne
ss
ra
nged
bet
ween
0.4
66
a
nd
0.537.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
se
co
ns
tr
ucts
a
pp
ea
r
t
o
hav
e
Mod
e
rate
pre
di
ct
ive
powe
r
[
88
]
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
the
data
s
up
ported
ei
gh
t
out
of
nin
e
hypothe
ses.
Accord
i
ng
to
pr
e
vious
stu
die
s,
al
l
TAMs'
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
w
ere
ver
ifie
d
in
the
m
od
el
(P
E
OU,
PU,
and
BI
).
Ba
sed
on
the d
at
a
ana
ly
sis
hypo
thes
es
H1
a, H
1b, H
2a
,
H
2b,
H
3a
,
H4,
H5,
an
d
H6
w
ere
su
pp
or
te
d
by the em
pirical
d
at
a, w
hile H
3b
was
re
j
ect
ed
. Th
e res
ults
in table 9
sho
wed
t
hat Per
cei
ve
d Ease
o
f
Use
(PEO
U)
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
influ
ence
d
E
njo
y
m
ent
(EN
J)
(β
=
0.
38
0,
P<
0.0
01),
Accessibil
it
y
(A
CC
)
(β=
0.365,
P<0.0
5),
an
d
Subj
ect
ive
nor
m
(S
UB)
(β=
0.280,
P<0
.05)
s
upportin
g
hypothesis
H1
a
,
H
2a,
a
nd
H
3a
resp
ect
ively
.
P
erceive
d
Use
f
uln
ess
(PU)
w
as
determ
ined
to
be
sig
nific
a
nt
in
af
fecti
ng
En
joym
ent
(EN
J)
(β=
0.655,
P<
0.0
5),
Ac
cessi
bi
li
ty
(A
CC
)
(β=
0.4
73,
P<
0.0
01)
,
a
nd
Percei
ve
d
Ease
of
Use
(P
E
O
U)
(β=
0.2
75,
P<0.0
01)
s
upportin
g
hypothe
ses
H
1b,
H
2b,
an
d
H
4.
I
ntention
to
Use
the
E
-
Lea
rn
i
ng
Syst
em
(I
U)
ha
s
sign
ific
a
nt
effe
ct
s
on
Pe
rceived
Ease
of
U
se
(P
E
OU)
(β
=
0.
36
9,
P<
0.001
)
an
d
Perc
ei
ved
U
sef
ulne
ss
(PU
)
(β=
0.5
15,
P<
0.001
)
res
pecti
vely
;
hen
ce,
H5
a
nd
H
6
ar
e
su
pp
or
te
d.
F
inall
y,
Su
bject
ive
norm
(S
U
B)
has
insig
nificant e
f
fects o
n Percei
ve
d Us
ef
uln
ess
(
P
U) (β=
0.19
0,
P<0
.00
1) th
en,
H
3b is
no
t
su
pp
or
te
d.
Table
8
.
R
2 of
the end
og
e
nous l
at
ent v
a
riabl
es
Co
n
stru
cts
R2
Res
u
lts
Inten
tio
n
to Use th
e E
-
Lea
rnin
g
Sy
ste
m
0
.46
6
Mod
erate
Perceived
E
ase o
f
Use
0
.53
7
Mod
erate
Perceived
Usef
u
ln
ess
0
.52
6
Mod
erate
Table
9.
Su
m
m
ary o
f hyp
oth
e
ses test
s at p
**
=<0.
01, p* <0
.
05 Sig
nifica
nt
at
p
**=<
0.01 , p* <0
.05
H
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Path
t
-
v
alu
e
p
-
v
alu
e
Direction
Decisio
n
H1
a
Enjo
y
m
en
t
-
> P
erc
eiv
ed
E
ase o
f
Use
0
.38
0
1
1
.28
8
0
.00
1
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted**
H1
b
Enjo
y
m
en
t
-
> P
erc
eiv
ed
Usef
u
ln
ess
0
.65
5
5
.21
9
0
.02
1
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted*
H2
a
Accessib
ility
-
>
Pe
rceived
E
ase
of
Use
0
.36
5
4
.46
9
0
.01
1
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted*
H2
b
Accessib
ility
-
>
Pe
rceived
Usef
u
ln
ess
0
.47
3
8
.17
9
0
.00
2
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted**
H3
a
Su
b
jectiv
e no
r
m
-
> Pe
rc
eiv
ed
E
ase
of
Use
0
.28
0
3
.86
6
0
.02
7
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted*
H3
b
Su
b
jectiv
e no
r
m
-
> Per
c
eiv
ed
Usef
u
ln
ess
0
.19
0
1
.10
9
0
.24
6
Po
sitiv
e
No
t su
p
p
o
rted
H4
Perceived
E
ase o
f
Use
-
>
Per
ceiv
ed
Usef
u
ln
ess
0
.27
5
1
6
.89
1
0
.00
0
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted**
H5
Perceived
E
ase o
f
Use
-
>
I
n
ten
tio
n
to Use
th
e E
-
L
earnin
g
Sys
te
m
0
.36
9
2
0
.59
0
0
.00
0
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted**
H6
Perceived
Usef
u
ln
ess
-
>
Inten
tio
n
to Use
th
e E
-
L
earnin
g
Sys
te
m
0
.51
5
1
8
.13
7
0
.00
0
Po
sitiv
e
Su
p
p
o
rted**
Figure
2.
Hy
potheses test
in
g
r
esult
s (
si
gn
i
ficant at
p*
*
< =
0.01,
p* <
0.05)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Accepta
nce
of
E
-
le
arnin
g a
m
ong u
niversi
ty
stud
e
nts in
UA
E… (
Ahma
d Q
as
im
Mo
ham
m
ad AlH
ama
d)
3667
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N AND F
UT
U
RE W
ORKS
The
stu
dy
ai
m
s
to
extract
factors
thr
ough
w
hich
the
vi
ews
co
ncerni
ng
E
-
le
ar
ning
are
aff
ect
e
d.
The
stu
dy
is
c
onduct
ed
on
th
e
stud
e
nts
of
UA
E
.
I
n
orde
r
to
pr
ese
nt
the
pr
op
os
e
d
rese
arch
m
od
el
relevan
c
e
and
hy
po
t
hesis
us
e
d
for
a
naly
zi
ng
t
he
beh
a
vi
or
al
inte
ntion
to
acce
pt
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng
syst
em
,
t
he
ou
tc
om
es
of
da
ta
analy
sis
are
pa
id
c
on
si
der
a
bl
e
at
te
ntion
.
S
tructu
re
e
quat
ion
m
od
el
in
g
(
PLS
-
SEM)
wa
s
us
e
d
t
o
a
na
ly
ze
the
researc
h
hy
po
the
ses.
Fi
gure
2
sho
ws
th
e
structu
ral
m
o
del
w
hich
is
e
valuated
by
ex
a
m
ining
the
str
uctu
ral
paths
,
var
ia
nce
exp
la
ine
d
(R
-
sq
ua
re
d
value
)
and
t
-
sta
ti
sti
cs.
Table
9
show
s
the
resu
lt
s
of
data
analy
sis.
PLS
te
chn
iq
ue
has
been
us
e
d
to
te
st
the
aforem
entione
d
nin
e
hypotheses
.
U
p
on
the
path
s
ign
ific
a
nce
of
ever
y
hypothesiz
e
d
a
sso
ci
at
ion
w
hich
is
inclu
ded
in
the
resea
rch
m
od
el
an
d
th
e
var
ia
nc
e
ex
pl
ai
ned
(R
2)
by
each
path,
a
n
asses
s
m
ent
was
done
.
O
ut
of
al
l
ni
ne
hypotheses
,
ei
gh
t
hy
po
t
hes
es
wer
e
s
uppo
r
te
d.
T
he
hy
po
t
heses
wh
ic
h
we
re
a
chieve
d
th
rou
gh
T
AM
m
od
el
(H
1a
,
H
1b,
H2
a
,
H
2b,
H3
a
,
H
4,
H5,
and,
H
6)
ha
ve
bee
n
confirm
ed.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
s
how
that
fact
ors
li
ke
pe
rceiv
ed
ease
of
use
,
sub
j
ect
ive
norm
,
acce
ssibil
it
y,
enjoym
ent,
and
pe
rceive
d
use
fu
l
ness
can
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
be
hav
i
or
al
intent
ion
to
em
br
ace
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
s
yst
e
m
.
The
li
te
ratur
e
r
eview
s
upports
these
resu
lt
s
.
Accor
dingly
,
it
can
be
ass
um
e
d
that
E
-
le
ar
nin
g
is
quit
e
i
m
po
rta
nt
wh
e
n
it
c
om
es to pr
of
ic
ie
ncy
and h
i
gh con
fiden
ce
levels
w
hile usi
ng onli
ne
le
ar
ning
pla
tfor
m
s.
The
stu
dy
has
so
m
e
l
i
m
i
ta
ti
o
ns
w
hich
ha
ve
been
m
entione
d
in
this par
t. Th
e
rese
arc
h
w
as
cond
ucte
d
us
in
g
only
two
unive
rsiti
es
i
n
U
AE
w
hich
is
the
big
ge
st
lim
i
ta
ti
on
since
the
sel
ect
ion
was
quit
e
lim
i
te
d
t
o
stud
y
how
E
-
le
arn
i
ng
syst
em
acce
ptance
is
a
ff
ect
ed
by
dif
f
eren
t
facto
rs
.
The
st
ud
y
co
ul
d
hav
e
beco
m
e
m
or
e
appr
opriat
e
ha
d
t
he
researc
he
r
incl
ud
e
d
m
or
e
unive
rsiti
es
in
U
AE
i
n
t
he
researc
h.
B
y
co
nductin
g
m
or
e
researc
h
a
nd
de
velo
ping
a
m
or
e
ge
nuine
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng
s
yst
em
,
the
factors
wh
ic
h
aff
ect
the
act
ual
E
-
le
a
rn
i
ng
syst
em
can
be
un
der
st
ood
in
a
m
uch
bette
r
way.
A
nothe
r
lim
i
ta
ti
o
n
was
ta
ki
ng
only
366
stud
e
nts
as
t
he
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
of
the
st
ud
y.
A
su
r
vey
qu
est
i
onnaire
was
use
d
to
c
ollec
t
the
data.
I
n
or
der
t
o
achieve
m
or
e
accurate
res
ult
s,
a
bette
r
instr
um
ent
and
s
a
m
pl
ing
m
et
ho
d
cou
l
d
be
us
ed
and
m
or
e
ed
uc
at
ion
al
insti
tuti
on
s
f
rom
oth
er
areas
s
uch
as
the
Ar
a
b
G
ulf
re
gion
in
w
hich
co
untr
ie
s
li
ke
KS
A,
Kuwait
,
an
d
Ba
hr
ai
n
cou
l
d
be
i
nclu
ded.
I
n
ad
diti
on
t
o
this,
in
fu
t
ur
e
re
searc
h,
m
or
e
stude
nts
will
be
as
ked
t
o
pa
rtic
i
pate
in
the
stud
y.
F
or
bette
r
res
ults,
f
ocus
gro
up,
as
well
as
interviews,
will
be
pe
rfor
m
ed.
W
e
will
al
so
encour
a
ge
the Ara
b un
i
ve
rsiti
es that ha
ve
p
a
rtic
ipate
d
i
n
the
stu
dy to
incor
porate E
-
l
earn
i
ng syst
em
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
I
w
ould
li
ke
to
ex
pr
ess
m
y
s
pecial
than
ks
of
grat
it
ud
e
t
o
m
y
par
e
nts
an
d
m
y
wife
f
or
encou
rag
i
ng
m
e to co
m
plete
m
y researc
h;
they
h
a
ve done
a lot to
s
uppor
t
m
e d
uri
ng the
progr
e
ss
of thi
s r
esea
rch.
REFERE
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