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15
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[
16
-
21
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
-
8708
I
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10
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3
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J
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2
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2
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7
7
9
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2786
2780
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ec
if
y
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
v
ar
ian
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
p
o
l
y
m
er
ic
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les in
s
u
lat
io
n
s
.
2.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
M
O
DE
L
F
O
R
M
UL
T
I
P
L
E
NANO
M
E
T
RIC
I
NSU
L
AT
I
O
N
M
AT
E
RIAL
S
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
n
e
w
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
it
es
th
at
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
elec
tr
i
ca
l
in
s
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
s
id
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
m
atr
i
x
,
p
o
w
er
la
w
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
u
s
ed
i
n
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
v
e
t
h
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
(
m
atr
i
x
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle)
an
d
an
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
r
eg
io
n
[
1
,
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
r
eg
io
n
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
is
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
r
eg
io
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
ea
ch
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
p
ar
ticle
[
3
]
.
W
h
atev
er
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
[
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
ε
E
(
b
)
=
ε
j
s
(
b
)
+
T
(
b
)
ε
j
U
(
b
)
+
V
(
b
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
ε
j
is
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
n
an
o
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticle.
On
ce
i
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
ε
j
(
b
)
f
o
r
an
i
n
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
i
n
t
er
p
h
ase
b
et
w
ee
n
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
b
ase
p
o
ly
m
er
m
a
tr
ix
,
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
p
h
ase
ε
phij
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
ε
E
(
b
)
=
ε
p
hij
+
(
a
3
b
3
)
1
ε
j
−
ε
p
hij
+
(
1
−
a
3
b
3
)
3
ε
p
hij
(
2
)
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
v
alu
e
ε
phi
j
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
.
(
2
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
:
=
+
ℎ
ℎ
+
(
3
)
w
h
er
e,
φ
j
is
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
t
io
n
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
y
s
te
m
,
φ
phij
is
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
t
er
p
h
ase
r
eg
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
y
s
te
m
,
φ
effi
is
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
itial
m
atr
i
x
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
-
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
te,
ε
effj
is
t
h
e
d
ielec
t
r
ic
p
er
m
itt
iv
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
y
s
te
m
.
ε
j
is
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
y
s
te
m
,
ε
phij
i
s
th
e
in
ter
p
h
ase
p
er
m
itt
iv
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
y
s
te
m
,
ε
effi
is
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
tes
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
E
q
u
.
(
3
)
,
φ
j
is
d
ir
e
ctl
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
m
atr
i
x
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
φ
effi
=
(
1
-
φ
j
-
φ
phij
)
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
h
ase
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
s
y
s
te
m
,
φ
phij
,
i
s
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
:
φ
p
hij
=
(
1
−
F
)
(
S
j
∆
r
)
ρ
j
φ
j
(
4
)
w
h
er
e,
S
j
is
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
r
f
a
ce
ar
ea
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
(
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
m
2
/
g
)
,
ρ
j
i
s
th
e
d
en
s
i
t
y
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
(
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
g
/
m
3
)
,
Δ
r
is
t
h
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
r
eg
io
n
,
F
is
an
o
v
er
lap
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
E
s
ti
m
atio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
p
h
ase
th
ick
n
es
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
r
ef
.
[
21
-
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
co
m
e
clo
s
e
to
g
eth
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
ter
p
h
a
s
e
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
ea
c
h
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
b
eg
in
to
o
v
er
lap
; h
en
ce
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
ter
p
h
a
s
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
a
ctio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
o
cc
u
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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N:
2
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2781
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
ter
p
h
ase
r
eg
io
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
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in
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e
m
u
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-
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o
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m
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E
L
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C
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RIC F
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D
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R
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B
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N
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P
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a
p
r
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i
m
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o
r
ta
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Fo
r
a
s
im
p
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p
h
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ical
s
y
s
te
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it
is
u
s
u
al
l
y
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o
s
s
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le
to
f
i
n
d
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an
al
y
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s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
[2
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
i
eld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
an
d
m
u
lip
le
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
tes
d
ielec
tr
ics
o
f
th
r
ee
-
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
b
ased
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
(
C
SM)
.
An
d
s
o
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
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t
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
tu
d
y
w
i
th
v
ar
ian
t
d
ielec
tr
ic
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
an
d
m
u
ltip
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o
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o
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o
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ta
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C
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o
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tatic
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ield
s
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ated
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o
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ield
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k
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in
s
o
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o
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o
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o
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ite
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ater
ials
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d
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n
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t
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b
le
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n
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u
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s
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-
.
2
2
1
N
q
x
x
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i
k
i
E
x
i
o
D
ij
(
6
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.
2
2
1
N
q
y
y
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i
k
i
E
y
i
o
D
ij
(
7
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w
h
er
e,
q
i
: Ch
ar
g
es
w
h
ich
s
tated
in
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
its
im
ag
es
T
h
e
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tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
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n
m
ater
i
al
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
w
it
h
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
tes
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
in
s
u
latio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
ca
b
le
co
n
d
u
cto
r
w
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en
e
v
er
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th
e
ei
g
h
t
p
o
in
t
s
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
ca
n
b
e
lo
ca
ted
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
ic
k
n
es
s
o
f
n
e
w
s
o
lid
i
n
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
ials
.
P
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
p
o
ly
v
i
n
y
l
ch
lo
r
id
e
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
i
n
ef
f
icti
v
e
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
m
ater
ial
s
[
4
]
.
C
la
y
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
[
1
2
]
.
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
Ox
id
e
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
h
ig
h
h
ea
t
-
r
es
is
tan
ce
,
v
er
y
s
,
h
ig
h
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
,
h
ig
h
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
,
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
in
s
u
la
to
r
.
Z
in
c
Ox
id
e
(
Z
n
O)
is
u
s
e
d
in
p
ain
ts
,
co
atin
g
s
,
cr
o
s
s
lin
k
er
o
f
r
u
b
b
er
an
d
s
ea
lan
t
s
,
Ma
g
n
esi
u
m
O
x
id
e
h
as
h
i
g
h
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
a
n
d
lo
w
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
,
w
h
atev
er
,
B
ar
iu
m
titan
ate
is
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
ce
r
a
m
i
c
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
P
VC
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
ic
in
s
u
latio
n
f
o
r
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les in
s
u
latio
n
s
[
1
0
,
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ab
le
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
its
co
o
r
d
in
ate
ax
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
7
9
-
2786
2782
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
i
n
s
u
lat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
o
r
k
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
p
o
l
y
v
in
y
le
c
h
lo
r
id
e
in
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ai
m
o
f
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
b
est
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les.
4
.
1
.
E
lect
ric
f
ield dis
t
ributio
n in t
hree
co
re
belt
ed
ca
ble ins
ula
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
in
v
i
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
e
lec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
(
T
/D
=
1
.
4
)
d
u
e
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
m
u
l
tip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
p
o
l
y
v
i
n
y
l
ch
lo
r
id
e
in
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
i
als
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
i
n
d
v
id
u
al
o
r
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite.
A
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
(
0
.
2
w
t.)
,
P
VC
ap
p
ea
r
s
h
ig
h
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ie
ld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
,
w
h
ate
v
er
,
a
m
u
lt
i
-
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
(
0
.
2
w
t.)
,
P
VC
h
as
lo
w
ele
ctr
o
s
tat
ic
f
ield
d
u
e
to
it
s
h
ig
h
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
s
ite
elec
tr
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
ad
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
s
le
v
els.
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
(d
)
(e
)
(f
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
d
u
e
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
:
(
a)
C
la
y
,
Sil
ica,
an
d
SiO
2
;
(
b
)
C
la
y
,
Si
lica,
an
d
Z
n
O;
(
c)
C
la
y
,
Sil
ica,
a
n
d
Al
2
O
;
(
d
)
C
lay
,
S
ilica,
an
d
T
iO
2
;
(
e)
C
la
y
,
A
l
2
O
3
,
an
d
T
iO
2
;
(
f
)
Z
n
O,
A
l2
O
3
,
an
d
T
iO
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
co
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f s
elec
tio
n
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles fo
r
in
s
u
la
tio
n
o
f th
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
.
.
.
(
A
h
med
Th
a
b
et
)
2783
(
g
)
(
h
)
(
i)
(
j
)
(
k
)
(l
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
d
u
e
to
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
:
(
k
)
Sil
ica,
M
g
O
,
an
d
SiO
2
;
(l
)
C
la
y
,
T
iO2
,
an
d
SiO2
(
co
n
tin
u
e
)
4
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
c
o
ncent
ra
t
io
n
o
f
na
no
pa
rt
icles
C
o
n
ce
n
ter
atio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
s
p
la
y
i
n
g
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
d
ef
in
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
s
t
atic
f
ie
ld
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
in
s
u
lat
n
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Fig
u
r
e
4
ill
u
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
a
n
d
m
u
l
tip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
P
VC
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
tic
ed
t
h
at
i
n
cr
ee
asi
n
g
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
Sil
ica
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
s
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
.
W
h
atev
er
,
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
s
tat
ic
f
iel
d
s
in
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
.
No
te,
u
s
in
g
cla
y
as
a
f
ir
s
t
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
an
d
SiO
2
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
elec
tr
o
o
s
tatic
f
ield
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
h
ate
v
er
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
ev
er
s
ed
v
ia
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
7
9
-
2786
2784
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(
f
)
(
g
)
(
h
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
d
u
e
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
:
(
a)
C
la
y
,
Sil
ica,
an
d
SiO2
;
(
b
)
C
la
y
,
Sil
ica,
a
n
d
Z
n
O
;
(
c)
C
la
y
,
Sil
ica,
a
n
d
Al
2
O
3
;
(
d
)
C
lay
,
T
iO
2
,
an
d
Al
2
O
3
;
(
e)
Z
n
O,
T
iO
2
,
an
d
A
l
2
O
3
;
(
f
)
Mg
O,
T
iO
3
,
an
d
A
l
2
O
3
;
(
g
)
C
la
y
,
SiO
2
,
an
d
A
l
2
O
3
;
(
h
)
Sil
ica,
Mg
O,
a
n
d
SiO
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
co
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f s
elec
tio
n
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles fo
r
in
s
u
la
tio
n
o
f th
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
.
.
.
(
A
h
med
Th
a
b
et
)
2785
(
i)
(
j
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
d
u
e
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
:
(
i)
C
la
y
,
Si
O
2
,
an
d
T
iO
2
;
(
j
)
C
lay
,
M
g
O,
an
d
Z
n
O
(
co
n
tin
u
e)
5.
T
RE
NDS
O
N
US
I
N
G
M
UL
T
I
-
NANO
P
AR
T
I
CL
E
S
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
Mu
lti
-
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
th
e
b
est
n
e
w
tr
en
d
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
lo
w
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ie
ld
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
n
an
o
p
ar
ticl
es; th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
n
e
w
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
av
i
n
g
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
f
o
r
en
h
an
c
in
g
t
h
e
lo
w
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
ield
o
f
b
a
s
e
m
atr
ix
.
A
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticl
es
i
n
p
o
l
y
m
er
ic
b
ase
m
a
tr
ix
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
in
d
ielec
tr
i
c
ch
ar
ac
ter
iza
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
o
n
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
th
e
n
e
w
m
o
d
er
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
n
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
-
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
li
k
e,
C
la
y
,
Z
n
O,
a
n
d
Si
lica
ar
e
i
n
ter
ested
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
i
n
s
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
in
s
u
latio
n
.
W
h
ate
v
er
,
SiO2
,
Mg
O,
T
iO2
,
an
d
A
l
u
m
i
n
a
h
av
e
in
ter
ested
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
i
n
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
b
o
th
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
m
ater
ials
.
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
i
b
u
t
io
n
i
n
s
id
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
m
ate
r
ials
o
f
th
r
ee
co
r
e
b
elted
p
o
w
er
ca
b
les
h
a
s
b
ee
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l
an
d
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lti
-
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
(
A
l2
O3
,
T
iO2
,
Mg
O,
Z
n
O,
a
n
d
Si
O2
)
in
s
id
e
h
o
s
t
m
atr
i
x
is
an
e
f
f
icien
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
in
s
u
latio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
tes.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
h
a
b
e
t
A
.,
“
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
d
iele
c
tri
c
l
o
ss
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
c
h
lo
rid
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
rm
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
id
d
le
E
a
st
Po
we
r
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y
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m
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
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l.
1
,
p
p
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2
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1
5
6
[2
]
Ka
rk
k
a
in
e
n
K.
K.,
e
t.
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
ti
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e
p
e
r
m
it
ti
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it
y
o
f
m
i
x
tu
re
s:
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u
m
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ric
a
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v
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li
d
a
ti
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n
b
y
th
e
f
d
td
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ge
o
sc
ien
c
e
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
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p
.
1
3
0
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0
0
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o
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rg
/
1
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1
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6
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8
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3
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2
3
.
[3
]
T
o
d
d
M
.
a
n
d
S
h
i
F
.,
“
M
o
lec
u
lar
b
a
sis
o
f
th
e
in
terp
h
a
se
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
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icro
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tro
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ic
a
n
d
o
p
to
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tro
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p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
m
a
t
e
rials,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
Pa
c
k
a
g
in
g
T
e
c
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n
.
,
v
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l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
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p
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,
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,
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p
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.
2
0
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.
8
1
7
8
6
2
[4
]
T
h
a
b
e
t
,
A
.
,
a
n
d
S
a
lem
N
.,
“
O
p
ti
m
izin
g
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
teristics
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
teria
ls
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
i
-
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
M
id
d
le
Ea
st
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
-
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
d
o
i:
o
rg
/
1
0
.
1
1
0
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p
c
o
n
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
3
0
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2
6
0
[5
]
P
o
li
z
o
s
,
G
.
,
e
t.
a
l
.
,
“
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
a
n
a
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
ry
o
g
e
n
ic
re
sin
,
a
p
p
li
e
d
p
h
y
sic
s
letter,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
v
o
l
,
v
o
l.
9
6
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
9
0
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-
1
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2
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0
3
-
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
d
o
i.
Org
/1
0
.
1
0
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3
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.
3
3
9
4
0
1
1
[6
]
T
h
a
b
e
t
,
A
.
,
M
u
b
a
ra
k
Y.
A.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
iele
c
tri
c
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
c
o
st
-
f
e
w
e
r
p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
c
h
lo
rid
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
E
lec
trica
l
An
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
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p
.
1
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-
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[7
]
T
h
a
b
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t
,
A.
,
“
E
x
p
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m
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n
tal
stu
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p
o
ly
v
in
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l
c
h
lo
rid
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
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rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
(
IJ
EE
I)
,
v
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l.
7
n
o
.
1
,
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p
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1
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1
[8
]
T
h
a
b
e
t
,
A
.
“
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
v
e
ri
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
im
p
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v
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d
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tri
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th
o
f
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ly
m
e
rs
b
y
u
sin
g
c
la
y
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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En
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o
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[9
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Ch
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,
Y.,
Ya
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,
C.
,
Zh
o
u
,
Y.
P.,
S
u
n
,
Y
.,
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M
e
a
su
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g
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e
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is
tri
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u
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o
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,
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En
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0
]
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h
a
b
e
t,
A
.,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
v
e
rif
ic
a
ti
o
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o
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e
ff
e
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ts
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
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c
les
f
o
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e
n
h
a
n
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in
g
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tri
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a
n
d
d
iele
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tri
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p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
c
h
lo
rid
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
e
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re
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1
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led
,
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.
A
.
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,
A
.
,
“
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c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
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y
n
th
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ti
c
M
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ta
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u
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,
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2
2
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2
]
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t
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.
,
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u
b
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k
Y.
A
.
“
T
h
e
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m
a
l
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x
p
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ri
m
e
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t
a
n
a
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y
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r
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tri
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c
h
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teriz
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f
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ig
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sit
y
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ly
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y
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n
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
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tro
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En
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g
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,
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l.
1
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.
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.
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3
]
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h
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t
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.
,
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k
Y
.
,
“
A
.
Ex
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e
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ly
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sites
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it
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”
A
d
v
a
n
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s
in
El
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c
trica
l
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n
d
El
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c
tro
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ic
En
g
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g
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l
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l
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4
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,
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m
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n
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.
A
.
a
n
d
S.
A
b
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e
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h
a
d
y
.
“
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e
c
ti
v
e
m
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g
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ti
c
c
h
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ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
n
e
w
n
a
n
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c
o
m
p
o
sites
in
d
u
strial
m
a
teri
a
ls u
sin
g
m
u
lt
i
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n
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n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
tec
h
n
i
q
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e
,
”
IEE
E
,
M
id
d
le E
a
st P
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m Co
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fer
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n
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p
p
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5
]
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h
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,
A
.
,
a
n
d
M
u
b
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ra
k
Y.
A
.
,
“
T
h
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ffe
c
t
o
f
c
o
st
-
f
e
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e
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a
n
o
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rti
c
les
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t
h
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tri
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l
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ro
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o
f
p
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ly
v
in
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l
c
h
lo
rid
e
,
”
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
J
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l.
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6
]
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h
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t
A
.
,
“
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h
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n
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n
a
f
o
r
n
e
w
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
m
p
o
sites
a
n
d
ti
m
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
m
a
teria
ls,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
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rin
g
J
o
u
rn
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l
,
v
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l.
1
3
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o
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5
,
p
p
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5
5
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0
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.
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7
]
Ju
a
n
C.
,
e
t.
a
l.
,
“
C
o
re
la
m
in
a
ti
o
n
se
lec
ti
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n
f
o
r
d
istri
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u
ti
o
n
tran
sf
o
rm
e
rs
b
a
se
d
o
n
se
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
is,
”
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
9
5
,
issu
e
1
,
p
p
3
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–
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,
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0
1
3
.
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8
]
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h
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t
A
.
,
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o
b
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ra
k
,
Y.
A
.
,
“
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ie
lec
tri
c
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
n
e
w
n
a
n
o
-
c
o
m
p
o
site
in
d
u
strial
m
a
teria
ls,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
On
Hig
h
V
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lt
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g
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En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
An
d
Ap
p
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ti
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,
Ne
w
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a
n
s,
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,
p
p
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–
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0
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0
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[1
9
]
T
h
a
b
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t
A.
,
a
nd
Re
p
e
tt
o
,
M.
,
“
P
re
d
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g
e
f
f
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ti
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m
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a
b
il
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n
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tri
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sites
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d
b
y
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m
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g
n
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ti
c
n
a
n
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p
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rti
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les
,
”
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ter
n
a
ti
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n
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l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
C
h
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mic
a
l,
M
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t
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ria
ls
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c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
v
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l.
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p
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9
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0
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.
[2
0
]
T
h
a
b
e
t
,
A.
,
a
nd
Re
p
e
t
to
,
M
.
,
“
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
in
v
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stig
a
ti
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f
fe
c
ti
v
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p
e
r
m
e
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b
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w
m
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g
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ti
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c
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m
p
o
site
m
a
teria
ls,
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ter
n
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
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u
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n
a
l
o
n
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
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(
IJ
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I)
,
v
o
l.
6
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o
.
3
,
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p
.
5
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.
[2
1
]
Ko
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sta
n
ti
n
,
N.
,
Ko
led
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n
tse
v
a
,
M.
Y
.
,
Ye
lsu
k
o
v
,
P.,
“
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re
q
u
e
n
c
y
-
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
e
f
f
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ti
v
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m
a
teria
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p
a
ra
m
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ters
o
f
c
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m
p
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sites
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
ti
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n
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f
in
c
lu
sio
n
sh
a
p
e
,
”
L
ice
n
se
In
te
c
h
.
,
c
h
a
p
ter
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
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3
5
8
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
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rg
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0
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5
7
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2
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8
7
6
9
.
[2
2
]
T
a
g
a
m
i,
N.
,
e
t.
a
l
.,
“
C
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
e
p
o
x
y
c
o
m
p
o
sites
w
it
h
n
a
n
o
si
z
e
d
c
la
y
f
il
lers
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
p
rim
a
r
y
a
m
in
e
a
n
d
t
e
rti
a
r
y
a
m
in
e
,
”
IEE
E
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
I
n
su
l
a
ti
o
n
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
no.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
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-
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2
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
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rg
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0
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0
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5
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1
2
0
2
0
[2
3
]
T
o
d
d
,
M.
,
a
nd
S
h
i
,
F
.
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
in
g
th
e
in
terp
h
a
se
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
o
f
p
o
ly
m
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
site
m
a
teria
ls:
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
a
g
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
-
5
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
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o
i
.
Org
/1
0
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1
0
6
3
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.
1
6
0
4
9
6
1
[2
4
]
Yi,
Y.
B
.
,
S
a
stry
,
A
.
M
.
,
“
A
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
tw
o
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
p
e
rc
o
lati
o
n
t
h
re
sh
o
ld
f
o
r
f
ield
s
o
f
o
v
e
rlap
p
in
g
e
ll
i
p
se
s,
”
Ph
y
sic
a
l
R
e
v
iew E
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
2
.
D
o
i.
O
rg
/1
0
.
1
1
0
3
/
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h
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sre
v
e
.
6
6
.
0
6
6
1
3
0
[2
5
]
G
o
u
d
a
O.
E
.
,
T
h
a
b
e
t
A
.
,
a
n
d
El
-
T
a
m
a
l
y
H.
H
.
“
Ho
w
to
g
e
t
lo
w
d
iele
c
tri
c
lo
ss
e
s
in
b
in
a
ry
a
n
d
m
u
lt
i
-
m
i
x
tu
re
d
iel
e
c
tri
c
a
t
h
ig
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
”
3
9
th
,
U
n
ive
rs
it
ies
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
7
-
1
2
4
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
A
c
c
e
ss
io
n
n
u
m
b
e
r:
8
6
0
5
9
4
2
.
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