I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
5
~1
1
0
4
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
2
.
p
p
1
0
9
5
-
1
1
0
4
1095
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The desig
n of an
eff
icie
nt
cla
ss
E
-
L
CCL ca
pa
citive
p
o
w
er
trans
fer
sy
ste
m
t
hro
ug
h f
requ
ency
t
uning
m
e
thod
K
ha
irul K
a
m
a
ru
din
H
a
s
a
n
1
,
Sh
a
k
ir
Sa
a
t
2
,
Yus
m
a
rnit
a
Y
us
o
p
3
,
H
uza
i
m
a
h H
u
s
in
4
,
No
r
Diy
a
na
M
d Sin
5
1,
5
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
,
Ca
w
a
n
g
a
n
Jo
h
o
r
,
Ka
m
p
u
s
P
a
sir
G
u
d
a
n
g
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
1,
2,
3,
4
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic an
d
Co
m
p
u
ter E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
e
la
k
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
2
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
A
lb
u
k
h
a
r
y
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ke
d
a
h
Da
ru
l
Am
a
n
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
u
g
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Sep
23
,
2
0
2
0
In
th
is
w
o
rk
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
z
e
ro
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
(ZV
S
)
o
f
Clas
s
E
-
L
CCL
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
we
r
tran
s
f
e
r
(CP
T
)
wa
s
d
e
ter
m
in
e
d
v
ia
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
tu
n
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
a
n
e
f
f
icie
n
t
sy
ste
m
c
a
n
b
e
g
u
a
n
ra
n
tee
d
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
re
is a ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
late
s d
istan
c
e
.
T
h
is stu
d
y
u
se
d
a
Cla
s
s
-
E
L
CC
L
in
v
e
rter,
a
s
it
c
a
n
o
p
e
ra
te
a
t
a
h
ig
h
a
lt
e
rn
a
te
c
u
rre
n
t
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
b
e
sid
e
s
p
ro
d
u
c
in
g
l
o
w
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
lo
ss
e
s
a
n
d
m
in
im
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
lo
ss
e
s.
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
,
th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
sim
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
ts
to
a
n
a
ly
se
th
e
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
L
CC
L
CP
T
S
y
ste
m
a
t
1
M
H
z
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
2
4
V
DC
su
p
p
ly
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
Us
in
g
a
n
a
ir
g
a
p
d
ista
n
c
e
o
f
0
.
1
c
m
,
th
e
d
e
sig
n
e
d
C
P
T
sy
ste
m
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
su
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
a
c
h
iev
e
d
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
1
0
W
a
n
d
a
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
9
5
.
4
5
%
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
lso
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
b
y
tu
n
in
g
t
h
e
re
so
n
a
n
t
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
C
l
a
s
s
E
-
L
CCL
sy
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
Z
VS
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
iv
e
p
l
a
t
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
v
a
r
ie
d
f
r
o
m
1
-
3
c
m
v
ia
e
x
p
e
r
im
e
n
ta
l
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
u
ld
b
e
n
e
f
it
m
e
d
ica
l
i
m
p
lan
t
a
n
d
p
o
rtab
le
d
e
v
ice
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts t
h
a
t
in
v
o
lv
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
h
a
z
a
rd
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ap
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
C
las
s
E
L
C
C
L
i
n
v
er
ter
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
tu
n
i
n
g
Z
er
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
d
Sh
a
k
ir
Md
Saat
Sch
o
o
l o
f
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
an
d
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
Al
bu
k
h
ar
y
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
J
alan
T
u
n
A
b
d
u
l Raza
k
0
5
2
0
0
,
A
lo
r
Setar
,
Ked
ah
Dar
u
l
Am
an
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
m
ail:
s
h
a
k
ir
.
m
d
s
aa
t@
ai
u
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
h
y
p
er
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
g
e,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
less
h
as
s
le
w
h
e
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
r
tab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
c
h
as
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
ic
les
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
s
,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
w
ir
es
a
m
aj
o
r
h
in
d
r
an
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
w
ir
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
e
f
a
s
t
b
ei
n
g
r
ep
lace
d
with
w
ir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
w
ir
eles
s
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
r
elies
o
n
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
at
is
n
o
t
b
ased
o
n
r
ad
iatio
n
,
an
d
m
ai
n
l
y
f
al
ls
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
ac
o
u
s
tic
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
(
A
E
T
)
,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
e
r
(
C
P
T
)
,
an
d
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
(
I
PT
)
,
all
o
f
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
n
ea
r
-
f
ie
ld
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
-
6
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
ce
r
tain
li
m
itat
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
e
n
s
itiv
it
y
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
A
E
T
)
an
d
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
m
e
t
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
I
P
T
)
[
7
-
9
]
.
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
e
a
k
n
e
s
s
e
s
o
f
A
E
T
a
n
d
I
P
T
;
C
P
T
,
w
h
i
c
h
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
p
o
w
e
r
v
i
a
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
(
i
.
e
.
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
w
i
r
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
a
t
n
e
a
r
f
i
e
l
d
)
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
,
w
a
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
a
s
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
w
i
th
t
h
e
m
ain
ai
m
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
an
d
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
[
7
,
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
li
n
g
in
co
n
ta
c
tles
s
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
m
eth
o
d
s
is
t
h
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
allo
w
p
o
w
er
to
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
etal
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
A
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
DC
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
a
r
eso
n
an
t
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
r
ec
tif
ier
,
a
n
d
a
lo
ad
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
9
5
-
1104
1096
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ap
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
T
h
e
C
PT
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
es
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
co
u
p
lin
g
to
tr
an
s
f
er
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
lates
v
ia
an
elec
tr
ical
in
s
u
lato
r
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
d
ielec
tr
ic.
T
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
is
b
ased
o
n
t
w
o
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
:
i)
m
u
t
u
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
ii)
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
lates
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
v
ia
elec
tr
icit
y
,
u
s
u
a
ll
y
b
y
a
m
ater
ial
s
u
ch
a
s
ce
r
a
m
ic
,
p
last
ic,
w
a
x
ed
p
ap
er
,
o
r
m
ic
a
o
r
a
liq
u
id
g
el.
T
h
ese
p
lates
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
m
e
tal
(
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e)
an
d
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
p
ar
allel
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
en
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
w
it
h
i
n
a
n
e
lectr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
o
n
e
p
late
to
an
o
th
er
p
late)
u
s
in
g
a
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
cu
r
r
en
t
b
et
w
ee
n
cir
cu
its
b
y
i
n
d
u
ci
n
g
a
n
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
[
8
,
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
,
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
w
as
ap
p
lied
to
tr
an
s
f
e
r
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
cir
cu
it to
an
o
t
h
er
cir
cu
it.
A
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
n
o
r
m
a
ll
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
p
o
w
er
w
ir
ele
s
s
l
y
i.e
.
v
i
a
an
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
[
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
4
-
1
7
]
.
P
ast
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
w
id
el
y
i
n
v
esti
g
at
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
P
T
in
W
PT
s
u
ch
as
in
b
io
m
ed
ic
al
i
m
p
lan
t
s
[
1
8
-
2
1
]
.
I
n
o
n
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
59
-
290
m
W
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
ee
f
s
h
o
u
ld
er
th
at
w
a
s
5
m
m
t
h
ic
k
to
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
i
m
p
la
n
t
s
id
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
li
n
k
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
t
w
o
p
air
s
o
f
co
ated
p
ar
all
el
p
lates
ali
g
n
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
(
b
ee
f
)
t
is
s
u
e
to
r
ep
lace
a
s
er
ie
s
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
in
ta
n
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
1
9
]
.
C
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
a
s
a
ls
o
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
d
r
o
n
e
b
atter
ies
[
2
2
]
,
w
h
er
e
o
n
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
ch
ar
g
ed
a
d
r
o
n
e
w
it
h
3
b
att
er
y
ce
ll
s
at
5
0
%
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
d
eliv
er
ed
1
2
W
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
E
ls
e
w
h
er
e,
C
P
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
al
s
o
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
el
i
m
i
n
ati
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
lip
r
i
n
g
an
d
th
u
s
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
to
r
p
o
w
e
r
co
u
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
w
o
u
n
d
-
f
ield
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
s
b
y
r
ep
lacin
g
it
w
it
h
a
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
n
o
n
-
co
n
tact
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
3
]
.
Oth
er
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
w
o
r
k
s
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
r
o
tar
y
p
lates
f
o
r
a
C
P
T
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
w
i
th
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
7
6
%
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
at
1
MH
z
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
lb
eit
at
a
1
m
m
p
late
d
is
ta
n
ce
[
2
4
]
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
all
asp
ec
t
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
to
th
e
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
f
o
c
u
s
es
m
o
r
e
o
n
an
al
y
s
i
n
g
,
o
p
tim
is
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ali
t
y
,
an
d
d
esi
g
n
in
g
a
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
C
PT
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
e
f
f
icie
n
t
w
ir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
C
ap
ac
ita
n
ce
co
u
p
lin
g
is
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
w
it
h
i
n
a
n
elec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
o
n
e
p
late
to
an
o
th
er
p
late)
v
ia
t
h
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t c
u
r
r
en
t b
et
w
ee
n
cir
c
u
it
s
b
y
i
n
d
u
cin
g
an
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
[
8
,
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
A
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
in
v
er
ter
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
cir
cu
it
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esi
r
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
[
2
5
]
.
T
w
o
cir
cu
its
-
a
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
cir
cu
i
t
a
n
d
an
L
C
m
atch
cir
c
u
it
-
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
i
n
t
h
is
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e
o
f
t
h
is
cir
cu
i
t
i
s
th
at
it c
a
n
m
atc
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t b
y
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
to
th
e
d
esire
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
[
2
6
]
.
A
ll
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
s
tr
u
g
g
led
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
in
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
lates
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
late
d
is
tan
ce
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
b
io
m
ed
ical
i
m
p
la
n
ts
h
a
v
e
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
tr
an
s
f
er
d
is
ta
n
ce
li
m
ited
to
ar
o
u
n
d
5
m
m
b
et
w
e
en
p
lates.
I
n
o
t
h
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
elec
ted
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
m
m
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
b
y
m
a
tch
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
u
n
it
to
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
u
n
i
t.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
i
n
v
er
ter
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
(
C
P
T
)
s
y
s
te
m
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
l
ate
s
ize,
a
n
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
ic
f
ield
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
itter
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
[
2
5
,
2
4
]
.
I
n
s
p
ec
if
ic,
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
a
citi
v
e
p
la
tes
w
as
an
al
y
s
ed
b
y
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atin
g
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
Z
VS
u
s
in
g
a
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
t
u
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
an
d
b
y
ad
j
u
s
t
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
late
s
f
r
o
m
1
-
7
c
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
efficien
t c
la
s
s
E
-
LC
C
L
ca
p
a
citive
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
Ha
s
a
n
)
1097
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
m
a
in
s
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
to
g
e
th
er
with
th
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt
s
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
l
w
o
r
k
s
to
g
e
t
th
e
b
es
t
Z
VS.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
o
d
is
cu
s
s
es
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
es
r
elate
d
Z
VS
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
y
s
te
m
d
es
ig
n
ed
.
Fin
all
y
,
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
CL
AS
S E
-
L
CCL CP
T
SY
ST
E
M
Sectio
n
1
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
w
ir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT
)
w
ith
a
n
e
m
p
h
asi
s
o
n
C
P
T
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
Sy
s
te
m
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
p
r
es
en
ted
to
g
et
h
er
w
i
th
its
d
esi
g
n
s
p
e
cif
icatio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
i
n
v
er
ter
w
a
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ci
r
cu
it
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
[
2
5
]
.
T
w
o
cir
cu
i
ts
-
a
C
l
ass
E
-
L
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
cir
cu
it
an
d
an
L
C
m
atc
h
cir
cu
it
-
w
er
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
in
th
i
s
in
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
cir
cu
it
is
t
h
at
it
ca
n
m
atc
h
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
b
y
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
to
th
e
d
esire
d
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates t
h
e
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
s
y
s
te
m
.
V
c
c
L
1
L
2
C
2
C
1
S
1
C
p
C
3
L
3
R
L
G
n
d
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
L
C
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
l
a
t
e
s
L
C
M
a
t
c
h
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
clas
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
PT
s
y
s
te
m
I
t
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
th
a
t
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
las
s
-
E
i
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
ati
s
f
ied
a
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
s
w
i
tch
is
p
er
f
ec
t.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
ated
in
th
e
lo
ad
r
esi
s
to
r
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
t
o
b
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
t
h
e
D
C
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
ias
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
1
0
W
w
a
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
as
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
w
h
ile
2
4
V
w
as
s
elec
ted
a
s
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e,
Vcc
.
A
ll c
ir
cu
it c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
v
alu
e
s
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
:
1
=
1
33
.
22
(
2
4
+
1
)
2
,
=
1
2
[
2633
.
62
8
.
85
−
√
2
6
3
3
.
62
−
1
]
,
2
=
1
2
[
√
2633
.
62
−
1
]
,
3
=
1
2
[
1316
2
3
]
(
1
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
:
1
=
66
.
33
(
2
4
−
1
)
1
,
2
=
33
.
22
,
3
=
√
1316
−
2
2
(
2
)
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
w
as
ca
l
cu
lated
as
1
0
0
%.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lt
w
a
s
t
h
en
c
h
ec
k
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
P
o
w
er
i
n
p
u
t,
P
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
ze
r
o
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
(
Z
VS)
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
Fi
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
p
late
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
1
-
7
c
m
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les th
at
wer
e
c
alcu
lated
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
(
i.e
.
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t,
p
o
w
er
in
p
u
t,
an
d
Z
VS
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
)
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
ed
ex
ac
tl
y
m
atch
ed
o
r
wer
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
an
d
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t
r
esu
l
t
w
er
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
d
etail
w
h
ile
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
a
c
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
it
an
ce
p
late
d
is
tan
ce
,
C
p
,
o
f
0
.
1
c
m
.
Z
er
o
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
(
Z
VS
)
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
iab
le,
as
it
en
s
u
r
es
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es d
u
r
i
n
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
in
MO
SF
E
T
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
9
5
-
1104
1098
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
N
a
me
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
i
t
V
a
l
u
e
L
o
a
d
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
R
L
50
Ω
D
C
su
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
cc
24
V
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
C
1
8
8
0
pF
T
r
a
n
smit
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
2
4
7
5
pF
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
3
6
0
9
pF
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
C
P
1
2
0
.
9
pF
C
h
o
k
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
1
2
3
0
µH
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
L
2
53
µH
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
3
40
µH
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
C
PT
L
C
C
L
s
y
s
t
e
m
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
et
u
p
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
ti
o
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
Z
V
S,
d
ep
ictin
g
a
VDS=8
7
V
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
w
itc
h
in
g
w
h
ile
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
Z
V
S
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
w
it
h
a
VD
S=1
0
7
V,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
till
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
,
b
o
th
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
VDS
(
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
)
ar
e
g
o
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
Vcc
b
y
3
-
to
4
-
f
o
ld
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lated
p
o
w
er
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t a
s
w
e
l
l a
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Z
VS
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
SYST
E
M
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Z
VS
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t si
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
V
dc
:
2
4
.
2
V
I
dc
:
0
.
4
0
A
V
DS
:
1
0
7
V
V
GS
:
1
7
V
V
DS
:
8
7
.
7
V
V
DS
:
8
7
.
7
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
efficien
t c
la
s
s
E
-
LC
C
L
ca
p
a
citive
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
Ha
s
a
n
)
1099
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
l r
esu
lt
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
lass
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lt
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
3
)
p
r
esen
ts
an
eq
u
atio
n
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t o
b
tain
ed
an
d
as p
r
e
s
en
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es 6
to
9
:
%
=
(
)
∗
(
)
(
)
∗
(
)
(
3
)
T
ab
le
2
lis
ts
th
e
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
9
7
.
9
6
%
an
d
9
5
.
4
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
t
h
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
p
late
d
is
tan
ce
w
as
s
et
to
1
mm
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
w
as
5
0
Ω
,
w
h
ile
th
e
p
o
w
er
w
a
s
1
0
W
;
b
o
th
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
d
icate
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
in
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
in
g
p
o
w
er
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sy
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
r
es
u
lts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
i
t
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
su
l
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
R
e
su
l
t
I
n
p
u
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
d
c
)
I
in
(
d
c
)
0
.
4
1
A
0
.
4
0
A
O
u
t
p
u
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
r
ms)
I
o
(
r
ms)
0
.
4
4
A
0
.
4
4
A
I
n
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
d
c
)
V
in
(
d
c
)
2
4
.
0
0
V
2
4
.
2
0
V
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
r
ms)
V
o
(
r
ms)
2
1
.
8
6
V
2
1
.
0
0
V
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
%n
9
7
.
7
7
%
9
5
.
4
5
%
Nex
t
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
c
p
ac
itiv
e
p
late
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
0
.
1
c
m
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
w
e
i
n
v
esti
g
at
e
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
Z
VS
w
h
en
t
h
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
p
lat
e
s
d
is
tan
ce
ar
e
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
-
7
c
m
.
T
h
en
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
u
n
u
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
Z
V
S
co
n
d
itio
n
d
esp
ite
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
p
late’
s
d
is
ta
n
c
e.
3.
O
P
T
I
M
U
M
Z
VS D
E
S
I
G
N
I
n
Sectio
n
2
,
th
e
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
at
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
1
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
it
h
9
7
.
9
6
%
an
d
9
5
.
4
5
%
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
s
,
re
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
a
s
an
a
l
y
s
ed
at
1
m
m
co
u
p
li
n
g
g
ap
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
an
a
l
y
s
in
g
t
h
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
b
est
Z
VS
v
ia
ca
lcu
latio
n
w
h
en
t
h
e
co
u
p
lin
g
p
late’
s
d
is
tan
ce
ch
an
g
e.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
es
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
i
tan
ce
p
lates
w
a
s
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
-
7
c
m
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Var
iab
le
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
class
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
late
d
is
ta
n
ce
w
a
s
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
c
m
to
7
cm
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
1
cm
2
cm
3
cm
4
cm
5
cm
6
cm
7
cm
V
in
2
4
.
2
24
24
2
4
.
2
2
4
.
1
2
4
.
1
2
4
.
1
I
in
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
5
0
.
6
4
0
.
7
0
.
7
1
0
.
7
3
0
.
7
5
V
o
2
1
.
2
1
1
5
.
0
6
1
3
.
6
5
9
.
2
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
2
3
4
.
6
I
o
0
.
3
7
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
1
P
in
1
0
.
8
9
1
3
.
2
1
5
.
3
6
1
6
.
9
4
1
7
.
1
1
1
1
7
.
5
9
3
1
8
.
0
7
5
P
o
ut
7
.
8
4
7
7
3
.
9
1
5
6
3
.
1
3
9
5
1
.
8
5
2
0
.
6
7
8
0
.
5
7
5
3
0
.
4
6
%n
7
2
.
0
6
2
9
.
6
6
2
0
.
4
4
1
0
.
9
3
3
.
9
6
3
.
2
7
2
.
5
4
V
rm
s
:
2
1
.
0
0
V
I
r
m
s
:
0
.
4
4
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
9
5
-
1104
1
100
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
late
d
is
ta
n
c
e
co
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
em
i
s
s
io
n
f
ield
en
er
g
y
,
as
it
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
to
tal
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
w
ith
an
esp
ec
iall
y
d
r
asti
c
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
en
th
e
p
l
at
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
w
a
s
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
-
3
c
m
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
lates
w
er
e
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
1
-
7
c
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Gr
ap
h
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
v
s
.
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
late
s
f
r
o
m
1
c
m
to
7
cm
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
ab
o
v
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
ac
tl
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
Z
VS,
as
Z
VS
is
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
th
e
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
m
u
s
t
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
b
e
s
e
l
e
ct
e
d
f
r
o
m
(
4
)
:
=
1
1
+
,
0
1
=
1
2
√
,
02
=
1
2
√
,
0
=
02
−
01
2
(
4
)
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
w
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ile
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
ca
pa
citi
v
e
p
late
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
1
-
3
c
m
.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
er
ies
v
alu
e
a
n
d
to
tal
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e
h
ad
to
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
th
e
c
ap
ac
itiv
e
p
lat
e
v
alu
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
3
4
.
3
9
p
F
at
1
c
m
,
1
8
.
4
p
F a
t 2
cm
,
an
d
1
4
p
F a
t
c
m
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
i
n
v
ar
iab
l
es a
s
th
e
p
late
d
is
t
a
n
ce
w
as
v
a
r
ied
f
r
o
m
1
c
m
to
3
c
m
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
i
t
1
cm
2
c
m
3
cm
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
L
53
uH
53
uH
53
uH
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
C
1
8
8
0
pF
8
8
0
pF
8
8
0
pF
T
o
t
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
e
r
i
e
s v
a
l
u
e
C
S
5
0
9
.
5
5
pF
4
9
3
.
4
2
pF
4
8
9
.
0
1
pF
T
o
t
a
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
C
eq
3
2
2
.
7
pF
3
1
6
.
1
5
pF
3
1
4
.
3
3
pF
L
o
w
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
01
0
.
9
6
8
M
H
z
0
.
9
8
4
M
H
z
0
.
9
8
9
M
H
z
H
i
g
h
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
02
1
.
2
1
7
M
H
z
1
.
2
3
0
M
H
z
1
.
2
3
3
M
H
z
R
e
so
n
a
n
t
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
f
0
1
.
0
9
3
M
H
z
1
.
1
0
7
M
H
z
1
.
1
1
0
M
H
z
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lc
u
la
tio
n
o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
PT
s
y
s
te
m
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
p
lates
w
er
e
v
ar
ied
.
T
h
e
Z
VS,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
ig
ital
s
to
r
ag
e
o
s
cil
lo
s
co
p
e
(
Ag
ile
n
t T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies).
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
Z
VS,
a
n
d
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
lates,
f
ix
ed
at
1
MH
z
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
w
as
s
et
to
1
c
m
,
2
c
m
,
an
d
3
cm
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
Z
VS
s
h
o
w
in
g
a
g
ap
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
i
tch
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
w
i
th
th
i
s
c
h
an
g
e
in
d
is
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
Z
V
S,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
as
v
ar
ied
,
as p
er
T
ab
le
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
efficien
t c
la
s
s
E
-
LC
C
L
ca
p
a
citive
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
Ha
s
a
n
)
1101
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(
f
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Z
VS,
o
u
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
t a
f
i
x
ed
1
MH
z
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
; (
a
)
Z
VS a
t 1
c
m
,
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 1
cm
,
(
c)
Z
V
S a
t 2
cm
,
(
d
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 2
c
m
,
(
e)
Z
VS a
t 3
c
m
,
(
f
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 3
cm
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esu
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
b
est
Z
VS
co
n
d
itio
n
w
a
s
ac
h
iev
ed
w
it
h
n
o
g
ap
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
itc
h
in
g
,
w
it
h
a
n
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
th
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
o
f
f
0
1
an
d
f
0
2
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ast
icall
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
B
o
th
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
,
a
ch
an
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
es
o
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
as
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
to
tal
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
al
s
o
ch
a
n
g
ed
.
Af
ter
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
w
as
d
o
n
e
m
a
n
u
all
y
f
o
r
a
p
late
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
m
m
,
th
e
to
tal
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
5
7
.
9
4
+
j
1
9
8
.
4
2
Oh
m
p
r
ef
er
s
o
f
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
,
X
L
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
,
th
e
to
tal
in
d
u
ctan
ce
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
to
d
r
o
p
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
is
i
n
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
C
las
s
E
-
L
C
C
l
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
.
G
AP
GAP
GAP
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
9
5
-
1104
1102
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(
f
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Z
VS,
o
u
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
t v
ar
y
in
g
r
es
o
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies;
(
a)
Z
V
S
at
1
cm
,
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 1
cm
,
(
c)
Z
V
S a
t 2
cm
,
(
d
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 2
c
m
,
(
e)
Z
VS a
t 3
c
m
,
(
f
)
o
u
tp
u
t a
t 3
cm
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
C
la
s
s
E
-
L
C
C
L
C
PT
Sy
s
te
m
w
a
s
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
es
ig
n
ed
,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
MH
z
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
9
7
.
9
6
% a
n
d
9
5
.
4
5
% si
m
u
la
ted
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
ef
f
icie
n
cie
s
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
at
0
.
1
c
m
co
u
p
lin
g
g
ap
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
u
n
it
a
n
d
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
also
id
en
ti
f
ied
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
Z
VS
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
v
ar
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
ch
a
n
g
ed
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
ai
m
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
C
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
eliv
er
ed
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
u
to
m
at
ical
l
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
is
a
ch
an
g
e
in
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
ill
g
r
ea
tl
y
b
en
ef
it
w
ir
eless
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
th
e
m
ed
ical
f
ield
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Sin
ce
r
el
y
to
ex
p
r
es
s
th
e
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i
MA
R
A
(
UiT
M)
,
Un
iv
er
s
i
ti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
la
y
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
an
d
A
lb
u
k
h
ar
y
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
N
O
G
A
P
N
O
G
A
P
N
O
G
A
P
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
efficien
t c
la
s
s
E
-
LC
C
L
ca
p
a
citive
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
Ha
s
a
n
)
1103
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T
.
Zaid
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
Y.
Yu
s
o
p
,
a
n
d
N.
Ja
m
a
l,
“
Co
n
tac
tl
e
ss
e
n
e
rg
y
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
u
sin
g
a
c
o
u
stic
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
-
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
2
0
1
4
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
4
C
T
)
,
L
a
n
g
k
a
w
i
,
2014
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
-
381.
[2
]
M
.
P
.
Ka
z
m
i
e
rk
o
w
sk
i
a
n
d
A
.
J.
M
o
ra
d
e
w
icz
,
“
Co
n
tac
tl
e
ss
e
n
e
r
g
y
tran
sfe
r
(CE
T
)
s
y
ste
m
s
-
A
re
v
i
e
w
,
”
2
0
1
2
1
5
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
EP
E/
PE
M
C)
,
No
v
i
S
a
d
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
36
,
.
[3
]
D.
Ro
z
a
rio
,
N.
A
.
Az
e
e
z
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
W
il
li
a
m
so
n
,
“
A
m
o
d
if
ied
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
u
se
d
in
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sp
o
rta
t
io
n
El
e
c
trif
ica
ti
o
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
(
IT
EC)
,
De
a
rb
o
r
n
,
M
I
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
K.
D.
P
a
p
a
ste
rg
io
u
a
n
d
D.
Ew
e
n
M
a
c
p
h
e
rso
n
,
“
A
n
a
irb
o
rn
e
ra
d
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
w
it
h
c
o
n
tac
tl
e
ss
tr
a
n
sf
e
r
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
P
a
rt
I
:
Ro
tat
in
g
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
A
.
S
.
Re
k
h
i,
B.
T
.
Kh
u
ri
-
Ya
k
u
b
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
rb
a
b
ian
,
“
W
irele
s
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
to
M
il
li
m
e
ter
-
S
iz
e
d
No
d
e
s
Us
in
g
A
irb
o
rn
e
Ultras
o
u
n
d
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ultr
a
so
n
ics
,
Fer
ro
e
lec
trics
,
a
n
d
Fr
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
6
-
1
5
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
C.
M
i,
“
Hig
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
w
ir
e
les
s
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r
f
o
r
e
v
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
C
o
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
sit
io
n
(
ECCE
),
Ci
n
c
in
n
a
ti
,
OH
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
184
.
[7
]
H.
Hu
sin
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
Y.
Yu
so
p
,
a
n
d
S
.
K.
Ng
u
a
n
g
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
4
1
6
k
Hz
P
ZT
d
riv
e
r
f
o
r
a
c
o
u
stics
e
n
e
rg
y
tran
s
f
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
1
2
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
ll
o
q
u
i
u
m
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
&
Its
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
CS
PA
)
,
M
a
lac
c
a
Cit
y
,
2016
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
9
3
,
.
[8
]
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
H.
P
a
n
g
,
A
.
G
e
o
rg
ia
d
i
s,
a
n
d
C
.
Ce
c
a
ti
,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
-
A
n
Ov
e
rv
i
e
w
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
4
-
1
0
5
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
9
]
J
.
D
a
i
a
n
d
D
.
C
.
L
u
d
o
i
s
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
v
i
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
b
u
m
p
er
,
”
2
0
1
5
I
E
E
E
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
A
P
E
C
)
,
C
h
a
r
l
o
t
t
e
,
N
C
,
2015
,
2015
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
7
-
3313.
[1
0
]
M
.
K
l
i
n
e
,
I
.
I
z
y
u
m
i
n
,
B
.
B
o
s
e
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
n
d
e
r
s
,
“
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
”
2
0
1
1
T
w
e
n
t
y
-
S
i
x
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
E
E
E
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
A
P
E
C
)
,
F
o
r
t
W
o
r
t
h
,
T
X
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
8
-
1
4
0
4
.
[1
1
]
C.
L
iu
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
Hu
,
“
S
tea
d
y
sta
te
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
l
y
c
o
u
p
led
c
o
n
tac
tl
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
in
2
0
0
9
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
si
ti
o
n
,
S
a
n
Jo
se
,
CA
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
3
-
3
2
3
8
.
[
1
2
]
J
.
R
.
M
i
l
l
e
r
,
“
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
6
,
p
p
.
7
2
6
-
7
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
3
]
J
.
R
.
M
i
l
l
e
r
,
“
P
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
0
,
p
p
.
3
-
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
L
.
J.
Zo
u
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
Hu
,
“
A
Co
n
tac
tl
e
ss
S
in
g
le
-
W
ire
CP
T
(Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r)
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
Driv
in
g
a
V
a
riab
le
M
e
ss
a
g
e
S
ig
n
,
”
2
0
1
8
IE
EE
PE
L
S
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
W
ire
les
s
Po
we
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
(
W
o
w)
,
M
o
n
tréa
l,
QC
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
[1
5
]
K.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
a
n
d
Y.
Yu
sm
a
rn
it
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
w
irele
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
f
e
r:
A
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
2
0
1
4
I
E
E
E
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
&
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
I
S
I
E
A
)
,
K
o
t
a
K
i
n
a
b
a
l
u
,
2014
,
pp
.
1
3
6
-
141.
[1
6
]
K.
Kh
,
S
h
a
k
ir
S
a
a
t,
Y.
Y
u
sm
a
rn
it
a
,
a
n
d
N.
Ja
m
a
l,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
De
sig
n
o
f
W
irele
s
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
sfe
r
:
A
C
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
B
a
s
e
d
M
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
W
S
E
A
S
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
and
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
-
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
K.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
,
M
.
S
.
Ra
m
li
,
A
.
W
.
S
it
iS
u
f
iah
,
N.
F
.
Ra
z
a
li
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
No
rd
in
,
“
De
sig
n
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
v
e
stig
a
te
o
f
a
F
u
ll
-
W
a
v
e
Co
n
tro
l
ler
Re
c
ti
f
ier
(F
W
CR)
f
o
r
Eff
e
c
t
S
o
u
rc
e
In
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
F
u
ll
W
a
v
e
Re
c
ti
f
ier,”
M
AT
EC
W
e
b
o
f
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
7
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
Z
.
B
i
n
M
u
s
t
a
p
a
,
S
.
S
a
a
t
,
Y
.
Y
u
s
o
f
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
S
h
a
a
r
i
,
“
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
i
n
b
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
a
n
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
5
-
9
4
2
,
2019.
[1
9
]
R.
Erf
a
n
i
,
F
.
M
a
re
fa
t,
A
.
M
.
S
o
d
a
g
a
r,
a
n
d
P
.
M
o
h
se
n
i
,
“
T
ra
n
sc
u
tan
e
o
u
s
c
a
p
a
c
it
i
v
e
w
irel
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
f
e
r
(C
-
W
P
T
)
f
o
r
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
im
p
la
n
ts,”
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
IS
CAS
)
,
Ba
lt
im
o
re
,
M
D
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
.
[2
0
]
R.
S
e
d
e
h
i,
D.
B
u
d
g
e
tt
,
A
.
P
.
Hu
,
a
n
d
D.
M
c
Co
rm
ick
,
“
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
T
issu
e
o
n
Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
W
i
re
les
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r,
”
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
PE
L
S
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Eme
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
W
ire
les
s P
o
we
r T
ra
n
sfe
r
(
W
o
w)
,
M
o
n
tréa
l,
QC
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
[2
1
]
Z.
M
u
sta
p
a
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
a
n
d
Y.
Y
u
so
f
,
“
A
n
e
w
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sfe
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
h
y
b
ri
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
im
p
l
a
n
tab
le
d
e
v
ice
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
5
-
2
3
7
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
T
.
M
.
M
o
sta
f
a
,
A
.
M
u
h
a
ra
m
,
a
n
d
R.
Ha
tt
o
ri,
“
W
irele
ss
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
in
g
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
d
ro
n
e
s
v
ia
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r,
”
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
PE
L
S
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Eme
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
W
ire
les
s
Po
we
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
(
W
o
W
)
,
Ch
o
n
g
q
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[2
3
]
D.
C.
L
u
d
o
is,
K.
Ha
n
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
J
.
K.
Re
e
d
,
“
Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
e
r
f
o
r
slip
rin
g
re
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
in
w
o
u
n
d
f
ield
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
,”
2
0
1
1
I
E
E
E
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
g
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
E
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
P
h
o
e
n
i
x
,
A
Z
,
2011
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
4
-
1
6
6
9
,
.
[2
4
]
Y.
Yu
so
p
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
Z.
G
h
a
n
i,
H.
Hu
sin
,
M
.
K.
A
d
ie,
a
n
d
S
.
Kio
n
g
,
“
A
C
a
sc
a
d
e
d
Bo
o
st
-
Clas
s
-
E
f
o
r
Ro
tar
y
Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r
S
y
ste
m
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
7
4
2
-
3
7
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
Y.
Yu
so
p
,
H.
H
u
sin
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
S
.
K.
Ng
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z.
G
h
a
n
i,
“
Clas
s
-
E
L
CCL
f
o
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
2
0
1
6
IE
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
(
PE
Co
n
)
,
M
e
lak
a
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
4
2
8
-
4
3
3
.
[2
6
]
Y.
Yu
so
p
,
S
.
S
a
a
t,
Z.
G
h
a
n
i,
H.
Hu
sin
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
.
Ng
u
a
n
g
,
“
Ca
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
sfe
r
w
it
h
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
tch
in
g
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
2
0
1
6
IE
EE
1
2
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
ll
o
q
u
i
u
m
o
n
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
&
Its
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
(CS
PA
)
,
M
a
lac
c
a
Cit
y
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
2
9
.
[2
7
]
M
.
K.
Ud
d
i
n
,
S
.
M
e
k
h
il
e
f
,
a
n
d
G.
Ra
m
a
sa
m
y
,
“
Co
m
p
a
c
t
w
ir
e
les
s
IP
T
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
a
m
o
d
if
i
e
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
f
e
d
m
u
lt
i
-
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
las
s E
F
2
I
n
v
e
rter,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
0
9
5
-
1104
1104
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
K
h
a
iru
l
K
a
m
a
r
u
d
i
n
B
in
H
a
s
a
n
M
sc
(El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
m
),
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s)
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
I
n
d
u
strial
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Dip
.
I
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
M
r
Kh
a
ir
u
l
is
L
e
c
t
u
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
,
Ca
wa
n
g
a
n
Jo
h
o
r,
Ka
m
p
u
s
P
a
sir
G
u
d
a
n
g
,
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
is
c
u
r
re
n
tl
y
a
p
a
rt
ti
m
e
P
h
D stu
d
e
n
t
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic at
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
si
a
M
e
lak
a
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
sfe
r,
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic,
Co
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
Driv
e
.
S
h
a
k
i
r
S
a
a
t
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
e
n
g
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
),
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s
)
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
D
r
S
h
a
k
ir
S
a
a
t
is
S
e
n
i
o
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
l
y
in
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(No
n
li
n
e
a
r
C
o
n
tr
o
l
T
h
e
o
ry
)
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
,
Ne
w
Zea
lan
d
,
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
s
in
c
lu
d
e
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
tro
l
th
e
o
ry
,
p
o
ly
n
o
m
i
a
l
d
isc
re
te
-
ti
m
e
s
y
ste
m
s,
n
e
t
w
o
rk
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
s
y
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
w
irele
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Yu
s
m
a
r
n
ita
Yuso
f
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
r
e
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
.
E
n
g
(El
e
c
tt
rica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
),
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s
)
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
rs
Yu
sm
a
rn
it
a
is
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
.
He
r
a
re
a
o
f
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
te
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tro
n
ic
s
y
ste
m
d
e
sig
n
,
w
irele
ss
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
f
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
H
u
z
a
i
m
a
h
H
u
sin
M
.
En
g
.
De
g
r
e
e
,
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
S
h
e
w
a
s
a
p
p
o
in
ted
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
In
stru
c
t
o
r
(2
0
0
1
)
a
t
Ko
lej
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
la
y
si
a
M
e
lak
a
a
n
d
p
ro
m
o
ted
to
L
e
c
tu
re
r
(2
0
0
5
)
a
n
d
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
(2
0
0
8
)
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
si
a
M
e
lak
a
.
S
in
c
e
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
,
sh
e
h
a
s b
e
e
n
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
n
tro
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
a
f
o
c
u
s o
n
a
c
o
u
stics
e
n
e
rg
y
tran
s
f
e
r.
No
r
Diy
a
n
a
M
d
S
in
P
h
D
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
),
d
e
g
re
e
in
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
h
o
n
o
rs.
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
siti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
A
RA
(UiT
M
),
M
a
l
a
y
sia
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
i
n
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
se
n
so
r,
m
e
tal
o
x
id
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
d
e
v
ice
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.