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Jou
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an
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Com
p
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E
n
gin
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in
g
(
I
JE
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)
Vol.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
2
4
,
pp
.
5408
~
5419
I
S
S
N:
2088
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8708
,
DO
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:
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.
11591/i
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408
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5419
5408
Jou
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Digit
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model
Ge
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inf
or
mation
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tems
Khua
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Kr
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s
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s
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Na
khon
S
i
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ha
mm
a
r
a
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T
ha
il
a
nd
E
mail:
pa
nji
t
.
mu@wu.
a
c
.
th
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
M
os
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of
the
s
moke
that
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T
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wa
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ts
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g
r
icultur
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l
pe
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tl
a
nds
[
1]
.
F
o
r
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
in
T
ha
il
a
nd
we
r
e
pr
im
a
r
i
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a
us
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y
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wa
s
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
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ue
f
or
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t
f
ir
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in
2019.
T
he
outbr
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k
of
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e
ve
r
e
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or
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t
f
ir
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s
wa
s
witnes
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d
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om
De
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br
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9.
T
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s
a
tt
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l
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[
2]
.
A
s
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ica
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a
mount
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money
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ll
oc
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ted
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nment
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t
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,
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igur
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s
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the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Util
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(
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W
anthong
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5409
Khua
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Kr
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ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
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or
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s
t
c
a
ptur
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d
on
J
un
29,
2019
[
3]
a
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F
igur
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1(
b)
s
moke
f
r
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the
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Aug
1
,
2019
[
4
]
.
F
igur
e
1.
Huge
s
moke
f
il
led
the
s
ky
(
a
)
s
moke
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t
s
wa
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s
t
c
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ptur
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d
on
J
un
29,
2019
[
3]
a
nd
(
b
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s
moke
f
r
om
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ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
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s
t
f
ir
e
c
a
ptur
e
d
on
Aug
1,
2019
[
4
]
P
r
olonged
mont
hs
of
e
xt
r
e
me
dr
y
pe
r
iods
in
S
outh
e
a
s
t
As
ia
led
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ous
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ir
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s
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va
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ious
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gions
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ntr
a
l
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li
manta
n,
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outh
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umatr
a
,
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o
uther
n
T
ha
il
a
nd
,
a
nd
M
a
lays
ia.
Khua
n
K
r
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t,
T
ha
il
a
nd's
s
e
c
ond
-
lar
ge
s
t
s
w
a
mp
f
or
e
s
t,
wa
s
s
it
ua
ted
a
t
the
bor
de
r
s
of
thr
e
e
pr
ovince
s
:
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khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t,
P
ha
tt
ha
lung
,
a
nd
S
ongkhla
in
S
outhe
r
n
T
ha
il
a
nd.
T
he
f
or
mation
o
f
the
lowland
pe
a
t
s
wa
mps
in
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
wa
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
the
topogr
a
phic
c
ondit
ions
of
we
tl
a
nds
,
whe
r
e
ve
ge
tation
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
a
nd
de
pos
it
e
d
on
wa
ter
logged
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oil
s
a
t
a
f
a
s
ter
r
a
te
tha
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it
c
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de
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ompos
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.
Hyd
r
ology
playe
d
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vit
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l
r
ole
in
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e
s
tablis
hment
a
nd
f
unc
ti
oning
of
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
e
c
o
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
hydr
ologi
c
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
a
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
de
pe
nde
d
on
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on,
topogr
a
phy,
na
tur
a
l
s
ubs
oil
,
a
nd
dr
a
inage
ba
s
e
[
5]
.
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
c
ove
r
e
d
a
n
a
r
e
a
of
217
.
76
k
m
2
in
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t,
93.
6
km
2
in
S
ong
khla,
a
nd
1.
44
km
2
in
P
ha
tt
ha
lung
[
6]
.
F
o
r
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
oc
c
ur
r
in
g
in
the
f
or
e
s
t
r
e
s
e
r
ve
typi
c
a
ll
y
pe
ne
tr
a
ted
the
pe
a
t
laye
r
to
de
pths
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
0.
2
–
0.
3
mete
r
s
,
s
im
il
a
r
t
o
the
s
it
ua
ti
on
in
S
ir
indhor
n
S
wa
mp
f
o
r
e
s
t
in
Na
r
a
thi
wa
t
P
r
ovince
,
T
ha
il
a
nd
[
7]
,
[
8]
.
F
ight
ing
wildf
ir
e
s
in
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
ts
wa
s
mor
e
c
ha
ll
e
nging
than
land
f
ir
e
s
due
to
the
ne
e
d
to
c
ombat
f
i
r
e
s
hor
izonta
ll
y
a
n
d
ve
r
ti
c
a
ll
y,
c
ons
ider
ing
the
he
a
vy
s
moke
a
nd
c
onc
e
a
led
loca
ti
ons
.
C
ontr
oll
ing
the
wa
ter
table
in
e
a
r
ly
s
umm
e
r
withi
n
the
r
a
nge
of
+
0
.
30
to
+
0
.
50
mete
r
s
a
ll
owe
d
the
wa
ter
leve
l
in
the
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
to
be
s
us
taine
d
f
o
r
2
–
3
mont
hs
,
but
it
c
ould
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
to
-
0.
20
mete
r
s
dur
ing
late
s
umm
e
r
[
6]
.
T
he
s
ur
f
a
c
e
ge
ogr
a
phy
a
nd
e
leva
ti
on
laye
r
s
in
digi
tal
f
or
m
we
r
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
the
digi
tal
e
leva
ti
on
model
(
DE
M
)
,
a
da
taba
s
e
model.
I
t
wa
s
us
e
d
to
a
na
lyze
topogr
a
phy
a
nd
s
tudy
hydr
ologi
c
a
l
c
ondit
ions
[
9]
.
Da
ta
c
ould
be
or
ga
nize
d
int
o
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
li
s
ts
u
s
ing
a
lgor
it
hms
im
pleme
nted
in
pr
ogr
a
mm
ing
l
a
ngua
ge
s
r
e
s
e
mbl
ing
mathe
matica
l
notation
[
10]
.
D
E
M
s
we
r
e
wide
ly
us
e
d
to
il
lus
tr
a
te
hydr
ologi
c
a
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
f
e
a
tur
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
oil
moi
s
tur
e
a
nd
uns
table
ge
ogr
a
phic
ter
r
a
ins
.
Da
ta
c
ol
lec
ti
on
f
o
r
buil
ding
DE
M
s
t
ypica
ll
y
invol
ve
d
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
tec
hniques
,
e
nvir
onmenta
l
moni
tor
ing,
a
nd
s
pa
ti
a
l
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
r
e
s
olut
io
n
of
the
DE
M
c
los
e
ly
ti
e
d
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
da
ta
[
11]
.
W
a
ter
f
low,
including
s
ur
f
a
c
e
wa
ter
,
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on,
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on,
a
nd
wa
ter
table
e
s
ti
mation,
wa
s
de
picte
d
by
a
hydr
ogr
a
phic
model,
us
ing
c
omm
only
e
mpl
oye
d
a
lgor
it
hms
.
One
s
uc
h
a
lgo
r
it
hm
wa
s
th
e
D8
model
[
12]
.
T
he
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on
c
ould
be
de
t
e
r
mi
ne
d,
a
nd
r
e
li
a
ble
r
e
s
ult
s
c
ould
be
p
r
ovided
in
the
f
oo
t
hil
l
a
r
e
a
,
whic
h
wa
s
the
na
tur
a
l
r
iver
ba
s
in,
but
t
he
r
e
s
ult
s
we
r
e
not
ve
r
y
a
c
c
ur
a
te
in
f
lat
land
[
13]
.
An
e
xpl
a
na
ti
on
f
or
the
va
r
iation
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
with
r
e
ga
r
d
to
e
leva
ti
on,
c
ons
ider
ing
both
two
-
dim
e
ns
ional
(
2D)
a
nd
thr
e
e
-
dim
e
ns
ional
(
3D)
dim
e
ns
ions
,
c
ould
be
pr
ovided
by
the
theor
y
of
DE
M
[
14]
.
Ge
ogr
a
phic
inf
or
mation
s
ys
tems
(
GI
S
)
a
nd
DE
M
s
we
r
e
im
pl
e
mente
d
a
nd
playe
d
a
s
ubs
tantial
r
ole
in
wa
ter
s
he
d
ge
omo
r
phologi
c
a
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
iza
ti
on
.
High
-
r
e
s
olut
ion
D
E
M
s
we
r
e
una
va
il
a
ble,
r
e
quir
ing
digi
tal
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
to
im
pr
ove
r
e
s
olut
ion
[
15]
.
T
he
us
e
of
DE
M
-
ba
s
e
d
GI
S
a
n
d
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
or
s
ha
d
be
c
ome
popular
[
16]
,
[
17
]
.
Ge
opr
oc
e
s
s
ing
methods
typi
c
a
ll
y
r
e
li
e
d
on
a
r
a
s
ter
DE
M
a
s
the
pr
im
a
r
y
da
ta
s
our
c
e
,
wi
th
va
r
y
ing
r
e
s
olut
ions
r
a
ng
ing
f
r
o
m
medium
to
c
oa
r
s
e
,
whic
h
we
r
e
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
us
e
d
in
the
wa
ter
s
he
d
f
o
r
ge
omor
phomet
r
ic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
iza
ti
on
[
18]
.
Ar
c
GI
S
wa
s
e
mpl
oye
d
to
c
omput
e
the
D8
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on,
whic
h
de
ter
mi
ne
d
the
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
c
e
ll
to
a
djac
e
nt
c
e
ll
s
a
t
lowe
r
e
leva
ti
ons
.
W
hil
e
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
y
r
e
s
ult
s
we
r
e
yielde
d
whe
n
thi
s
method
wa
s
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
f
oothi
ll
a
r
e
a
o
f
the
na
tur
a
l
ba
s
in,
li
mi
tations
we
r
e
e
nc
ounter
e
d
whe
n
de
a
li
ng
with
f
lat
ter
r
a
in.
How
e
ve
r
,
D
E
M
wa
s
s
ti
ll
us
e
d
a
s
the
pr
im
a
r
y
da
ta
s
our
c
e
in
hydr
ogr
a
phy
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
whe
r
e
top
ogr
a
phic
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
to
identif
y
ba
s
ins
a
nd
de
ter
mi
ne
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
[
19
]
,
[
20
]
.
All
the
c
e
ll
s
on
the
ne
twor
k
we
r
e
upda
ted
togethe
r
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l.
T
h
is
t
e
c
hnique
wa
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
e
mpl
oye
d
in
wa
ter
man
a
ge
ment
planning
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
is
s
ue
s
s
uc
h
a
s
f
loodi
ng
a
nd
wa
ter
s
c
a
r
c
it
y.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
a
pa
th
wa
s
f
ol
lowe
d
by
wa
ter
f
r
om
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5408
-
54
19
5410
higher
to
lowe
r
e
leva
ti
ons
,
f
lowing
th
r
ough
the
c
e
ll
s
.
T
he
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
wa
s
de
ter
mi
ne
d
by
c
a
lcul
a
ti
ng
the
f
low
f
r
om
one
c
e
ll
to
a
nothe
r
in
the
f
o
r
m
of
a
r
a
s
ter
,
uti
li
z
ing
D
E
M
da
ta.
T
he
r
e
we
r
e
e
ight
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
c
a
lcula
ti
on
invol
ve
d
de
ter
mi
ning
the
c
umul
a
ti
ve
f
low
o
f
in
f
or
mation
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
c
e
ll
,
whic
h
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
f
lowe
d
towa
r
d
the
c
e
ll
s
a
t
lowe
r
inclinations
[
21
]
.
T
he
wa
ter
dr
a
inage
point
s
with
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
c
u
mul
a
ti
ve
r
a
te
c
ould
be
uti
li
z
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
wa
ter
pa
th
wa
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
c
e
ll
s
in
high
-
a
lt
it
ude
a
r
e
a
s
did
not
pos
s
e
s
s
a
c
umul
a
ti
ve
r
a
te.
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
s
tood
out
a
s
a
highl
y
e
f
f
icie
nt
numer
ica
l
pr
ogr
a
m
,
known
f
o
r
i
ts
us
e
r
-
f
r
iendly
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
,
making
it
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
both
a
c
a
de
mi
c
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pur
pos
e
s
[
22]
.
A
topogr
a
phic
model
wa
s
c
r
e
a
ted
us
ing
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
,
a
nd
a
hydr
olog
ic
model
wa
s
de
ve
loped
us
ing
Ar
c
GI
S
to
a
id
in
wa
ter
mana
ge
ment
f
or
the
pr
e
v
e
nti
on
of
f
o
r
e
s
t
f
i
r
e
s
in
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
m
p
f
or
e
s
t,
loca
ted
in
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
P
r
ovince
,
S
out
he
r
n
T
ha
il
a
nd.
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
o
ya
l
T
ha
i
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
a
nd
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
we
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d
by
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
.
T
he
s
e
da
ta
pr
ovided
ins
ight
s
int
o
the
r
e
a
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
of
the
a
r
e
a
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
d
a
s
t
he
ba
s
is
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
wa
ter
mana
ge
ment
s
tr
a
tegie
s
.
I
t
wa
s
im
por
tant
to
r
e
c
ognize
that
a
ny
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
ons
in
th
e
hydr
ology,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
thr
ough
the
im
pleme
nt
a
ti
on
of
dr
a
inage
s
ys
tems
,
c
ould
ha
ve
ir
r
e
ve
r
s
ibl
e
im
pa
c
ts
on
the
de
li
c
a
te
e
c
os
ys
tems
pr
e
s
e
nt
in
the
pe
a
t
s
wa
mps
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
ga
ini
ng
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
unde
r
s
tanding
of
the
hydr
ology
o
f
thes
e
e
nvir
onments
wa
s
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
the
s
us
taina
ble
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
mana
ge
ment
of
p
e
a
t
s
wa
mp
a
r
e
a
s
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1.
S
t
u
d
y
ar
e
a
T
he
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
is
loca
ted
in
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
in
the
Kr
e
ng
S
ub
-
dis
tr
ict
of
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
Dis
tr
ict
in
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
P
r
ovince
,
S
outher
n
T
ha
il
a
nd
.
As
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
2,
the
c
oor
dinate
s
of
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
a
r
e
a
s
f
ol
lows
:
-
UT
M
582636
–
609636
N,
884357
–
911357
E
,
obt
a
ined
f
r
om
the
DE
M
da
ta
of
the
R
oya
l
T
ha
i
S
u
r
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt.
-
UT
M
616000
–
629000E
,
870000
-
895000
N
,
ob
taine
d
f
r
om
the
D
E
M
da
ta
of
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt.
F
ig
ur
e
2.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
e
a
s
c
ope
in
T
ha
il
a
nd
2.
2.
E
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
T
he
DE
M
da
ta
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
we
r
e
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
T
ha
i
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
a
t
a
s
c
a
le
of
1:50,
000
.
T
he
da
ta
c
ons
is
ts
of
s
ub
-
c
e
ll
s
with
a
r
e
s
olut
ion
of
30×
30
m
2
ba
s
e
d
on
the
univer
s
a
l
t
r
a
ns
ve
r
s
e
M
e
r
c
a
tor
(
UT
M
)
c
oor
dinate
s
ys
tem
(
U
T
M
5826
36
–
609636
N,
884357
–
911357
E
)
.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
t
he
s
tudy
f
oc
us
e
s
on
a
na
lyzing
topogr
a
phic
a
nd
hydr
ogr
a
phic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
withi
n
a
n
a
r
e
a
of
729
km
2
,
i
nc
ludi
ng
S
e
c
ti
on
50244.
T
he
DE
M
da
ta
us
e
d
in
the
s
tudy
we
r
e
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
o
f
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
t
a
s
c
a
le
of
1:4,
000.
T
he
da
ta
r
e
s
olut
ion
wa
s
5×
5
m
2
a
nd
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
UT
M
c
oor
dinate
s
ys
tem.
T
he
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
oor
dinate
s
f
or
thi
s
da
tas
e
t
a
r
e
UT
M
616000
-
629000
E
,
870000
-
895000
N.
T
he
s
tudy
f
oc
us
e
s
on
a
na
lyzing
the
topogr
a
phic
a
nd
hydr
og
r
a
phic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
withi
n
a
n
a
r
e
a
of
80
km
2
.
T
his
a
r
e
a
c
ons
is
ts
of
20
s
e
c
ti
ons
,
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
3.
T
he
c
omput
e
r
us
e
d
f
or
the
s
im
ulation
c
ons
is
ts
of
both
ha
r
dwa
r
e
a
nd
s
of
twa
r
e
c
omponents
.
T
he
ha
r
dwa
r
e
s
pe
c
if
ica
ti
ons
include
a
n
Apple
M
a
c
B
ook
P
r
o
16
with
a
n
I
ntel
C
or
e
i9
(
8
-
c
or
e
)
p
r
oc
e
s
s
or
,
ope
r
a
ti
ng
a
t
a
ba
s
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
2
.
3
GH
z
a
nd
c
a
pa
ble
of
r
e
a
c
hing
a
T
u
r
bo
B
oos
t
s
pe
e
d
of
4.
8
GH
z
.
I
t
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Util
iz
ing
digi
tal
e
lev
ati
on
mode
ls
and
ge
ogr
aphic
i
nfor
mation
s
y
s
tem
s
for
…
(
Ur
aiw
un
W
anthong
)
5411
e
quipped
with
DD
R
4
2400
M
Hz
memo
r
y
with
a
t
otal
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
16
GB
a
nd
a
n
S
S
D
P
C
le
s
tor
a
ge
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
512
GB
.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
the
ins
talled
memor
y
(
R
AM
)
is
64.
0
GB
.
R
e
ga
r
ding
the
s
of
twa
r
e
,
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
s
ys
tem
us
e
d
f
or
the
s
im
ulation
is
W
indow
s
XP
P
r
of
e
s
s
ional.
T
he
s
im
ulation
a
nd
a
na
lys
is
r
e
s
ult
pr
o
gr
a
m
a
r
e
wr
it
ten
in
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
12,
Ar
c
GI
S
10.
6
,
a
nd
Goo
gle
E
a
r
th
P
r
o
.
F
igur
e
3.
DE
M
s
of
the
R
oya
l
T
ha
i
S
u
r
ve
y
De
pa
r
t
ment
a
r
e
in
blue,
a
nd
the
D
E
M
s
of
the
De
pa
r
t
ment
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
r
e
in
r
e
d
2.
3.
M
e
t
h
od
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
oc
e
s
s
ha
s
be
e
n
de
tailed
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
topog
r
a
phy
wa
s
a
na
lyze
d
us
ing
the
2D
a
nd
3D
topogr
a
phic
models
im
pleme
nted
wi
th
the
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
pr
ogr
a
m
[
23]
,
[
24]
.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
metho
d
of
the
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
model
a
nd
the
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
model
wa
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
thr
ough
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
DE
M
da
ta.
T
he
hydr
ogr
a
phic
model
wa
s
s
im
ulate
d
us
ing
the
s
pa
ti
a
l
a
na
lys
t
too
l
s
a
va
il
a
ble
in
the
Ar
c
G
I
S
s
of
twa
r
e
.
T
he
s
e
tool
s
a
r
e
a
pa
r
t
of
the
Ar
c
tool
box.
W
it
hin
the
hydr
ology
s
e
c
ti
on
of
the
s
pa
ti
a
l
a
na
lys
t
tool
s
,
va
r
ious
f
unc
ti
ons
we
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d,
including
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on.
T
he
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on
model
e
mpl
oye
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
c
ons
is
ted
of
e
ight
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
ons
ba
s
e
d
on
dir
e
c
ti
on
c
odi
ng
[
25]
.
Othe
r
f
unc
ti
ons
us
e
d
in
the
hyd
r
ology
a
na
lys
is
include
d
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on,
ba
s
in
de
li
ne
a
ti
on,
wa
ter
s
he
d
de
li
ne
a
ti
on,
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
m
o
r
de
r
de
ter
mi
na
ti
on
.
F
igur
e
4.
F
lowc
ha
r
t
de
picting
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
oc
e
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5408
-
54
19
5412
2.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
I
n
C
a
s
e
S
tudy
1,
wr
it
ing
s
e
c
ti
on
No.
50244
f
oc
us
e
d
on
de
ve
lopi
ng
a
topogr
a
phic
model
p
r
ogr
a
m
us
ing
the
D
E
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
.
T
he
DE
M
da
ta
ha
d
a
s
c
a
le
r
a
ti
o
of
1:50,
000.
T
he
topog
r
a
phic
model
pr
og
r
a
m
wa
s
i
mpl
e
mente
d
us
ing
the
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
pr
og
r
a
m.
I
n
c
a
s
e
s
tudy
2,
thi
s
invol
ve
s
wr
it
ing
the
16
-
s
e
c
ti
on
topogr
a
phic
model
pr
ogr
a
m
with
DE
M
da
ta
(
r
a
ti
o
1:
4
,
000)
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
us
ing
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
topogr
a
phic
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
5(
a
)
2D
topog
r
a
phic
of
s
e
c
ti
on
No.
50244
a
nd
F
igur
e
5(
b
)
3D
topogr
a
phic
o
f
s
e
c
ti
on
No.
50244
a
nd
F
igur
e
6(
a
)
2D
topogr
a
phic
im
a
ge
a
nd
F
igur
e
6
(
b)
3D
topogr
a
phic
im
a
ge
,
it
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
major
it
y
of
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
c
ompr
is
e
s
a
pa
n
ba
s
in.
T
his
a
r
e
a
is
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
1
–
2
mete
r
s
be
low
s
e
a
leve
l
a
nd
is
s
ur
r
ounde
d
by
s
e
ve
n
low
hil
ls
,
na
mely
Khua
n
Ya
o,
Khua
n
P
om,
Khua
n
T
e
e
n,
Khua
n
S
a
i,
Khua
n
R
a
b,
a
nd
Khua
n
C
hing
,
with
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
be
ing
the
lar
ge
s
t
hil
l.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
thr
e
e
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
c
a
na
ls
,
na
mely
Khlong
L
a
e
m,
Khlong
Hua
P
luak
C
ha
ng,
a
nd
Khlong
Khua
n,
c
a
n
be
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
t
he
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
e
leva
ti
on
of
the
hil
ls
r
a
nge
s
f
r
om
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
ly
30
to
110
mete
r
s
.
F
igu
r
e
7
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
the
kr
a
jood
f
o
r
e
s
t,
while
the
loca
ti
ons
whe
r
e
wildf
i
r
e
s
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
be
twe
e
n
2010
a
nd
2020
a
r
e
ma
r
ke
d
with
r
e
d
point
s
.
F
igur
e
5.
R
e
s
ult
s
of
the
s
im
ulation
with
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
pr
ogr
a
m,
610000
–
635000
E
a
nd
855000
–
88500
0
N.
(
a
)
2D
topogr
a
phic
of
s
e
c
ti
on
No.
50244
a
nd
(
b)
3
D
topogr
a
phic
of
s
e
c
ti
on
No.
50244
F
igur
e
6.
R
e
s
ult
s
of
the
s
im
ulation
pr
oc
e
s
s
r
un
wit
h
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
,
618000
–
626000
E
a
nd
874000
–
88
2000
N.
(
a
)
2D
topogr
a
phic
im
a
ge
a
nd
(
b)
3D
topog
r
a
phic
i
mage
Dur
ing
f
ield
inves
ti
ga
ti
on,
it
wa
s
de
ter
m
ined
that
the
kr
a
jood
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
r
e
a
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
s
us
c
e
pti
ble
to
f
i
r
e
outbr
e
a
ks
a
nd
r
e
quir
e
s
s
igni
f
ica
nt
f
i
r
e
p
r
e
ve
nti
on
mea
s
ur
e
s
.
T
he
K
r
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t
c
ons
is
ts
of
thr
e
e
pr
im
a
r
y
plo
ts
s
pa
nning
4,
800
,
2
,
320,
a
nd
8
,
400
a
c
r
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
s
e
r
ve
a
s
the
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
our
c
e
of
inc
ome
f
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Util
iz
ing
digi
tal
e
lev
ati
on
mode
ls
and
ge
ogr
aphic
i
nfor
mation
s
y
s
tem
s
for
…
(
Ur
aiw
un
W
anthong
)
5413
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
90%
of
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
s
wa
mp
c
omm
unit
y,
a
s
c
onf
ir
med
by
the
Vill
a
ge
He
a
d
man,
M
r
.
S
a
na
n
Kongka
e
w,
du
r
ing
a
n
int
e
r
view
.
Apa
r
t
f
r
o
m
the
im
pa
c
t
o
f
dr
ought
,
the
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
f
o
r
e
s
t
f
i
r
e
s
is
a
ls
o
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
de
li
be
r
a
te
bu
r
ning
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
im
e
d
a
t
c
lea
r
ing
the
old
kr
a
jood
tr
e
e
s
to
c
ult
ivate
n
e
w
one
s
with
a
e
s
thetica
ll
y
plea
s
ing
a
nd
s
lende
r
s
tems
c
on
s
is
tent
in
s
ize
.
How
e
ve
r
,
maintaining
a
c
ons
is
tently
moi
s
t
s
oil
s
ur
f
a
c
e
thr
ough
a
de
qua
te
wa
ter
s
upply
woul
d
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
r
e
duc
e
the
e
xpa
ns
ion
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
it
y
of
f
or
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
in
the
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
of
DE
M
da
ta
obtai
ne
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
(
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
20
leve
ls
by
a
tt
it
ude
)
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
F
igur
e
8
a
nd
the
F
ir
e
outbr
e
a
k
(
blue
dots
)
in
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
in
F
igur
e
9
pr
ovides
a
c
lea
r
idea
of
the
p
r
e
domi
na
nt
a
r
e
a
wi
thi
n
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
o
r
e
s
t,
pa
r
t
icula
r
ly
the
kr
a
jood
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
ur
r
ounding
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
hil
l
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
it
ua
ted
withi
n
the
gr
a
y
laye
r
,
indi
c
a
ti
ng
a
n
e
leva
ti
on
r
a
nge
of
–
1.
12
to
0
.
10
mete
r
s
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
f
looded
o
r
wa
ter
logged
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
F
igur
e
7.
DE
M
(
No.
52044)
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
(
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
20
leve
ls
by
a
lt
it
ude
)
F
igur
e
8.
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
(
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
20
leve
ls
by
a
tt
it
ude
)
F
igur
e
9.
F
i
r
e
outbr
e
a
k
(
blue
dots
)
in
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
(
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5408
-
54
19
5414
I
n
F
igu
r
e
10
,
the
blue
do
ts
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
l
oc
a
ti
ons
whe
r
e
wildf
ir
e
s
b
r
oke
out
be
twe
e
n
2010
a
nd
2020.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
a
na
lys
is
of
f
low
di
r
e
c
ti
on
,
it
c
a
n
be
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
f
low
is
divi
de
d
int
o
t
wo
main
z
one
s
withi
n
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
.
M
os
t
of
the
f
low
is
dir
e
c
ted
towa
r
d
the
s
outhea
s
t,
e
ve
ntually
r
e
a
c
hing
the
s
e
a
.
Anothe
r
por
ti
on
of
the
f
low
moves
towa
r
d
the
nor
t
he
a
s
t,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
int
o
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
P
hr
a
e
k
M
ua
ng
c
a
na
l
a
t
the
top
of
the
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
wa
ter
table
in
a
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
is
pr
im
a
r
i
ly
in
f
luenc
e
d
by
r
a
in
f
a
ll
,
a
s
e
va
por
a
ti
on
a
nd
wa
ter
table
outf
low
r
e
main
r
e
latively
c
ons
tant.
Du
r
ing
the
we
t
s
e
a
s
on
(
Nove
mber
–
F
e
br
ua
r
y)
,
r
a
inf
a
ll
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
c
ombi
ne
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
e
va
por
a
ti
on
a
nd
wa
ter
tabl
e
r
unof
f
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
the
wa
ter
table
c
ons
is
tently
r
e
maining
a
bove
the
s
oil
s
ur
f
a
c
e
.
T
he
s
e
we
t
c
ondit
ions
a
r
e
c
onduc
ive
to
pe
a
t
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
du
r
ing
dr
ier
pe
r
iods
that
las
t
f
or
we
e
ks
,
s
uc
h
a
s
in
the
dr
y
m
onths
of
the
ye
a
r
,
the
wa
ter
table
in
the
s
wa
mp
c
a
n
dr
op
be
low
the
s
oil
s
ur
f
a
c
e
[
26
]
.
F
igur
e
10.
F
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
model
de
ve
loped
us
ing
DE
M
(
No.
52044)
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt,
610000
–
635000
E
a
nd
855000
–
8850
00
N
F
igur
e
11(
a
)
s
howe
d
the
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
of
m
ode
l
ba
s
e
d
on
No.
52044
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
a
nd
F
igur
e
11(
b)
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
of
the
model
a
nd
F
igur
e
12
de
pict
the
f
low
d
ir
e
c
ti
on,
il
l
us
tr
a
ti
ng
the
nor
thea
s
t
-
to
-
s
outhwe
s
t
pa
tt
e
r
n
obs
e
r
ve
d
f
r
om
DE
M
a
na
lys
is
(
No
50244)
.
T
he
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
nd
s
ub
-
s
ur
f
a
c
e
r
unof
f
dyna
mi
c
s
a
r
e
c
los
e
ly
inf
luenc
e
d
by
the
s
lopes
a
nd
dr
a
inage
ne
twor
ks
in
the
wa
ter
s
he
d,
with
ge
omor
phology
playing
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
ole
in
s
ha
ping
the
c
a
tchme
nt
a
r
e
a
a
nd
tr
a
ve
l
ti
mes
[
27]
.
T
he
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
de
r
ived
f
r
om
the
DE
M
(
s
c
a
le:
1:4,
000
)
d
a
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lo
pment
in
the
kr
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t
wa
s
a
na
lyze
d.
I
t
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
a
r
e
a
wa
s
e
xc
a
va
ted
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
qua
r
e
t
r
e
nc
h,
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
12.
T
he
blue
a
r
r
ow
indi
c
a
tes
t
he
loca
ti
on
of
a
r
e
c
tangula
r
gr
id
tr
e
nc
h
withi
n
the
kr
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
the
c
a
na
l
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
t
r
a
ns
por
tation
r
oute
thr
ough
the
s
wa
mp,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
the
vil
lage
r
s
'
tr
a
ns
por
tation
of
kr
a
jood
f
r
om
the
kr
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t
s
it
ua
ted
a
mong
the
thr
e
e
hil
ls
,
na
mely
Khua
n
Ya
o,
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng,
a
nd
Khua
n
C
hing.
F
igur
e
11.
M
ode
l
ba
s
e
d
on
No.
52044
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
,
610000
–
635000
E
a
nd
855000
–
885000
N
(
a
)
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
a
nd
(
b)
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Util
iz
ing
digi
tal
e
lev
ati
on
mode
ls
and
ge
ogr
aphic
i
nfor
mation
s
y
s
tem
s
for
…
(
Ur
aiw
un
W
anthong
)
5415
F
igur
e
13
(
a
)
s
hows
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
us
ing
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
(
No.
52044)
a
nd
F
igu
r
e
13(
b
)
s
hows
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
us
ing
DE
M
da
ta
ob
taine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt.
it
de
picts
the
f
low
s
e
que
nc
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nts
a
t
DE
M
50422
a
nd
highl
ight
s
the
loca
ti
on
of
the
mains
tr
e
a
m
or
igi
na
ti
ng
f
r
om
the
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
M
ountain
R
a
nge
.
T
he
s
e
c
ur
r
e
nts
t
r
a
ve
r
s
e
va
r
ious
a
r
e
a
s
,
r
a
nging
f
r
om
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
1
to
7
,
includi
ng
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
S
wa
mp
F
o
r
e
s
t
a
nd
it
s
s
ur
r
ounding
r
e
gions
.
F
igur
e
14
s
hows
the
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
s
tudi
e
d
ba
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
t
ment
No.
52044
(
F
igur
e
14(
a
)
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
o
r
e
qua
l
to
4
th
a
nd
F
igur
e
14(
b
)
s
tr
e
a
m
o
r
de
r
is
g
r
e
a
ter
than
or
e
qua
l
to
5
th
)
.
F
igur
e
15
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
of
the
mains
tr
e
a
m
int
o
two
d
ir
e
c
ti
ons
,
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
or
e
qua
l
to
4
th
(
F
igur
e
15
(
a
)
)
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
or
e
qua
l
to
5
th
(
F
igu
r
e
15(
b
)
)
.
F
ir
s
tl
y,
the
s
tr
e
a
m
f
lows
f
r
om
the
nor
thea
s
t
to
the
s
outhwe
s
t,
a
s
de
picte
d
a
t
the
bott
om
of
the
f
igur
e
,
e
ve
ntually
r
e
a
c
hing
T
ha
le
Noi
a
nd
S
ongkhla
lak
e
.
S
e
c
ondly,
the
s
tr
e
a
m
f
lows
f
r
om
the
s
outhwe
s
t
to
the
nor
thea
s
t,
a
s
s
hown
a
t
the
top
o
f
the
f
igur
e
,
a
nd
c
onti
nue
s
it
s
c
our
s
e
towa
r
d
the
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
c
a
na
l
a
nd
the
Gulf
of
T
ha
il
a
nd
.
T
his
divi
s
ion
oc
c
ur
s
due
to
the
wa
ter
or
igi
na
ti
ng
f
r
om
the
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
M
ountain
r
a
nge
.
F
igur
e
12.
F
low
dir
e
c
ti
on
model
de
ve
loped
us
ing
DE
M
(
618000
–
626000
E
a
nd
874000
–
882000
N)
F
igur
e
13.
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
us
ing
DE
M
da
ta
(
a
)
obtain
e
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
u
r
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
(
No.
52044
)
a
nd
(
b)
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
F
igur
e
14.
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
s
tudi
e
d
ba
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
ur
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
No.
52044
(
a
)
S
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
g
r
e
a
ter
than
o
r
e
qua
l
to
4
t
h
a
nd
(
b
)
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
g
r
e
a
ter
than
o
r
e
qua
l
to
5
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
1
4
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2
02
4
:
5408
-
54
19
5416
F
igur
e
15.
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
ba
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt,
6180
00
–
626000
E
a
nd
874000
–
882000
N
.
(
a
)
S
t
r
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
or
e
qua
l
to
4
th
a
nd
(
b
)
S
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
or
e
qua
l
to
5
th
T
he
Khua
n
K
r
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
f
a
c
e
d
a
c
r
is
i
s
due
to
d
r
ought.
T
he
wa
ter
c
r
is
is
c
ould
be
pa
r
tl
y
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
a
c
a
na
l
f
or
dr
a
inag
e
.
T
he
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
o
f
the
c
a
na
l
r
e
s
ult
e
d
in
the
dr
a
inage
of
wa
ter
f
r
om
the
or
igi
na
ll
y
wa
ter
-
r
ich
we
tl
a
nd
f
or
e
s
t,
tr
a
ns
f
or
mi
ng
it
in
to
a
de
pr
ived
s
wa
mp.
Alth
ough
the
dr
a
ined
wa
ter
c
ould
be
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
a
gr
icultur
a
l
pur
pos
e
s
a
r
ound
the
f
or
e
s
ted
a
r
e
a
s
,
it
led
to
the
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
of
the
we
tl
a
nds
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
the
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on
of
the
f
or
e
s
t
e
c
os
ys
tem.
T
he
wa
ter
table
in
the
pe
a
tl
a
nds
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
dur
ing
the
dr
y
s
e
a
s
on.
T
hi
s
incr
e
a
s
e
d
e
nvir
onmenta
l
ha
z
a
r
ds
dur
ing
the
outbr
e
a
k
of
the
pe
a
tl
a
nd
f
ir
e
,
a
s
it
wa
s
dif
f
icult
to
c
ontr
ol
the
f
ir
e
outb
r
e
a
k.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
main
tena
nc
e
of
we
t
c
ondit
ions
in
the
pe
a
tl
a
nds
c
a
n
he
lp
r
e
duc
e
the
o
c
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
f
ir
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
e
xpe
dit
ing
the
r
e
plenis
hment
of
wa
ter
in
the
s
wa
mp
be
c
omes
im
pe
r
a
ti
ve
by
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ng
b
a
s
ins
that
c
a
n
s
tor
e
wa
ter
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
a
s
a
wa
ter
s
our
c
e
f
o
r
e
xti
nguis
hing
f
or
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
.
F
ield
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
tud
ies
c
onduc
ted
in
va
r
ious
s
wa
mps
ha
ve
r
e
ve
a
led
that
the
wa
ter
table
leve
ls
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
c
r
os
s
the
e
nti
r
e
s
wa
mp
by
va
r
ying
leve
ls
.
I
n
pe
a
t
s
wa
mps
,
the
wa
ter
table
c
a
n
r
e
a
c
h
a
maximum
of
0.
58
mete
r
s
ne
a
r
the
pe
r
iphe
r
y
o
f
a
pe
a
t
dome,
e
xhibi
ti
ng
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
be
twe
e
n
the
dr
y
a
nd
we
t
s
e
a
s
ons
[
28]
.
T
he
c
e
ntr
a
l
r
e
gion
of
the
s
wa
mp
s
hows
a
s
li
ghtl
y
s
maller
s
e
a
s
ona
l
f
luct
ua
ti
on
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
0.
45
mete
r
s
.
C
ompar
a
ti
ve
ly,
the
pe
r
ipher
y
of
the
s
wa
mp,
whic
h
ha
s
s
tee
pe
r
s
lopes
,
e
xhibi
ts
a
de
e
pe
r
wa
ter
table
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
f
latter
c
e
nt
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
[
29]
.
Ge
omor
phometr
y
plays
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
unde
r
s
tanding
the
be
ha
vior
o
f
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
withi
n
a
wa
ter
s
he
d.
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
l
methods
a
r
e
u
s
e
d,
a
nd
ter
r
e
s
tr
ial
s
ur
f
a
c
e
da
ta
a
r
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d
f
or
a
na
lys
is
.
Ge
omor
phometr
y
p
r
ovides
ins
ight
s
int
o
the
wa
ter
dr
a
inage
a
nd
f
low
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
a
given
a
r
e
a
[
30]
,
[
31
]
.
D
E
M
50244
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
wa
ter
s
he
d
a
r
e
a
loca
ted
on
the
s
outhea
s
ter
n
c
oa
s
t,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
pa
r
t
4
of
the
22
wa
ter
s
he
ds
f
ound
in
T
ha
il
a
nd
[
32
]
.
T
he
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
R
iver
ba
s
in,
s
it
ua
ted
in
the
s
outher
n
r
e
gion
of
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
P
r
ovince
,
f
a
ll
s
withi
n
thi
s
wa
ter
s
he
d
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
R
iver
ba
s
in
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
a
n
e
xtens
ive
a
r
e
a
,
including
10
dis
tr
icts
o
f
the
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
p
r
ovince
,
two
dis
tr
icts
of
the
P
ha
tt
ha
lung
pr
ovince
,
a
nd
one
dis
tr
ict
of
the
S
ongkhla
p
r
ovince
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
a
tot
a
l
wa
ter
s
he
d
a
r
e
a
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
3,
100
km
2
o
r
775,
000
a
c
r
e
s
[
33
]
.
T
he
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
M
ountain
R
a
nge
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
the
s
our
c
e
of
the
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
R
iver
ba
s
in
,
r
unning
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
to
the
c
oa
s
tl
ine.
T
he
topogr
a
phy
withi
n
the
ba
s
in
c
a
n
be
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
thr
e
e
types
.
T
he
uppe
r
pa
r
t
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
s
tee
p
s
lope,
f
oll
owe
d
by
wa
vy
te
r
r
a
in
in
the
mi
ddle
a
nd
a
ge
ntl
e
s
lope
towa
r
d
the
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
R
iver
on
th
e
e
a
s
ter
n
s
ide.
T
he
main
r
iver
f
lows
thr
ough
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
r
e
g
ion
of
the
ba
s
in,
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
a
pa
n
-
li
ke
mor
p
hology,
while
a
lar
ge
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
domi
na
tes
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
wa
ter
s
he
d
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
kr
a
jood
f
o
r
e
s
t
in
the
Kr
e
ng
S
u
b
-
dis
tr
ict
is
s
it
ua
ted
withi
n
a
s
mall
ba
s
in
be
twe
e
n
Khua
n
K
r
e
ng,
Khua
n
Ya
o,
a
nd
Khua
n
C
hing
,
loca
ted
withi
n
the
P
a
k
P
ha
na
ng
R
iver
ba
s
in
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
16(
a
)
,
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
u
r
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
(
No.
52044)
a
nd
F
igu
r
e
16(
b
)
,
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
o
f
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt.
F
igur
e
16.
De
tails
of
the
ba
s
in
(
a
)
DE
M
da
ta
obtai
ne
d
f
r
om
the
R
oya
l
S
u
r
ve
y
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
(
No.
52044
)
a
nd
(
b)
DE
M
da
ta
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
o
f
L
a
nd
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Util
iz
ing
digi
tal
e
lev
ati
on
mode
ls
and
ge
ogr
aphic
i
nfor
mation
s
y
s
tem
s
for
…
(
Ur
aiw
un
W
anthong
)
5417
W
he
n
wildf
ir
e
s
oc
c
ur
in
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
ts
,
wa
ter
s
hor
tage
is
of
ten
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
d,
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
ti
ng
the
s
it
ua
ti
on.
T
he
d
r
y
pe
a
t
a
c
ts
a
s
f
ue
l
f
or
the
f
ir
e
s
,
c
ontr
ibut
ing
to
their
int
e
ns
it
y
a
nd
s
pr
e
a
d.
F
ir
e
s
t
ha
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
ts
pos
s
e
s
s
unique
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
T
he
y
a
r
e
s
e
mi
-
gr
ound
f
ir
e
s
that
bur
n
in
two
dim
e
ns
ions
,
both
hor
izonta
ll
y
a
nd
ve
r
ti
c
a
ll
y.
T
he
s
e
pe
a
t
f
ir
e
s
c
a
n
b
r
e
a
k
out
r
e
pe
a
tedly,
making
it
c
ha
ll
e
nging
to
a
s
c
e
r
tain
the
f
ull
e
xtent
of
the
f
ir
e
due
to
the
de
ns
e
s
moke.
I
n
s
ome
c
a
s
e
s
,
f
ir
e
s
may
not
be
vis
ibl
e
on
the
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
s
they
bur
n
unpr
e
dicta
bly
be
ne
a
th
the
g
r
ound.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
e
xti
nguis
hing
thes
e
f
ir
e
s
be
c
omes
a
da
unti
n
g
tas
k.
I
t
may
take
s
e
ve
r
a
l
mont
hs
a
nd
s
igni
f
ica
nt
f
inanc
ial
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
to
c
ontr
ol
a
nd
s
uppr
e
s
s
the
f
ir
e
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
[
34]
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
mea
s
ur
e
s
c
a
n
be
im
pleme
nted
to
maintain
the
wa
ter
table
a
t
a
n
a
ppr
op
r
iate
leve
l:
i)
I
ns
tallat
ion
of
a
wa
ter
table
mea
s
ur
ing
de
vice
withi
n
the
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
a
nd
the
r
e
tention
of
wa
ter
in
the
pe
a
t
f
o
r
e
s
t
whe
n
the
pe
a
t
dr
ies
out
(
whe
n
the
wa
ter
table
is
les
s
than
–
30
c
m)
by
pumpi
ng
wa
ter
ba
c
k
f
r
om
the
m
a
in
c
a
na
l
s
ur
r
ounding
the
r
e
s
e
r
ve
d
f
or
e
s
t.
F
or
ins
tanc
e
,
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
P
hr
a
e
k
M
ue
a
ng
c
a
na
l
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
r
e
pl
e
nis
h
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
pe
a
t
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t;
ii
)
I
ns
tallation
of
a
n
unde
r
gr
ound
ba
r
r
ier
a
t
the
wa
ter
dr
a
inag
e
point
;
ii
i)
De
e
pe
r
dr
e
dging
of
the
int
e
r
na
l
c
a
na
ls
(
the
s
m
a
ll
c
a
na
ls
in
the
s
wa
mp)
to
e
nha
nc
e
wa
ter
s
tor
a
ge
c
a
pa
c
it
y
in
the
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t;
a
nd
iv)
Avoid
de
e
pe
ning
the
main
c
a
na
l
a
r
ound
the
s
wa
mp
a
r
e
a
,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
P
hr
a
e
k
M
ue
a
ng
c
a
na
l.
T
he
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
de
pth
of
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
P
hr
a
e
k
M
ue
a
ng
c
a
na
l
ha
s
led
to
a
de
c
li
ne
in
wa
ter
leve
ls
withi
n
the
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
the
incr
e
a
s
e
d
wa
ter
volum
e
in
the
c
a
na
l
ha
s
r
e
s
ult
e
d
in
the
e
xpa
ns
ion
of
pa
l
m
p
lanta
ti
ons
s
ur
r
ounding
the
f
o
r
e
s
ts
a
nd
e
nc
r
oa
c
hment
on
c
ons
e
r
ve
d
f
or
e
s
ts
f
o
r
a
gr
icultur
a
l
pur
pos
e
s
.
A
s
im
ple
c
e
ment
pa
r
ti
ti
on
wa
s
c
on
s
tr
uc
ted
to
c
ontain
wa
ter
a
nd
r
e
tain
the
unde
r
gr
ound
wa
ter
leve
l,
int
e
nding
to
r
e
duc
e
f
i
r
e
-
pr
one
a
r
e
a
s
.
M
e
a
s
ur
e
s
we
r
e
take
n
ba
s
e
d
on
a
n
ini
ti
a
l
s
tudy
r
e
por
t
a
nd
la
ndowne
r
r
e
c
omm
e
nda
ti
ons
by
P
e
r
badanan
K
e
majuan
P
e
r
tani
an
Se
langor
(
P
KPS
)
in
S
e
langor
,
M
a
lays
ia.
T
he
s
e
mea
s
ur
e
s
a
im
e
d
to
pr
otec
t
a
ll
c
a
na
ls
in
the
a
r
e
a
a
nd
r
a
is
e
g
r
oundwa
ter
leve
ls
thr
ough
the
ins
tall
a
ti
on
of
s
im
ple
wa
ter
c
ont
r
ol
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
c
ti
ons
of
the
c
a
na
l.
T
his
wa
s
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
t
hr
ough
a
pa
r
tner
s
hip
be
twe
e
n
pr
ivate
s
e
c
tor
s
take
holder
s
a
nd
non
-
gove
r
nmenta
l
or
ga
niza
ti
ons
,
with
the
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
mi
ti
ga
ti
ng
f
i
r
e
thr
e
a
ts
in
pe
a
t
a
r
e
a
s
by
identif
ying
f
ir
e
pr
e
ve
nti
on
is
s
ue
s
a
nd
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ng
ba
r
r
ier
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
s
to
maintain
a
high
-
wa
ter
table
.
T
his
f
a
c
il
it
a
ted
the
pr
ovis
ion
o
f
nou
r
is
hment
to
the
s
ur
f
a
c
e
dur
ing
dr
ought
c
ondit
ions
,
lea
ding
to
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
oc
c
ur
r
e
n
c
e
of
wildf
i
r
e
s
.
T
he
f
i
r
e
r
is
k
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
s
the
wa
ter
table
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
incr
e
a
s
e
d.
T
he
pe
a
t
s
oil
in
that
a
r
e
a
wa
s
c
ons
is
tently
moi
s
t.
F
ol
lowing
the
f
lood
ing
o
f
the
e
nti
r
e
a
r
e
a
with
the
wa
ter
r
a
is
e
d
in
the
wa
ter
table
,
the
thr
e
a
ts
of
f
ir
e
s
we
r
e
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
dim
ini
s
he
d,
a
nd
the
a
djac
e
nt
F
or
e
s
t
R
e
s
e
r
ve
wa
s
a
ls
o
pr
otec
ted.
C
on
s
e
que
ntl
y,
maintaining
wa
ter
leve
ls
e
mer
ge
d
a
s
t
he
mos
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
pr
e
ve
nti
ve
mea
s
ur
e
a
ga
ins
t
s
e
ve
r
e
pe
a
tl
a
nd
f
ir
e
s
.
3.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
he
M
a
thema
ti
c
a
pr
og
r
a
m
wa
s
uti
li
z
e
d
to
de
s
ign
the
3D
topogr
a
phica
l
model,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
r
e
s
ult
s
that
a
c
c
ur
a
tely
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
the
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
a
nd
ge
ogr
a
phic
ter
r
a
in.
I
n
the
Ar
c
GI
S
c
a
s
e
s
tudy,
the
de
ve
lop
ment
of
r
iver
ne
twor
ks
f
lowing
f
r
om
the
high
lands
to
the
Khua
n
Kr
e
ng
s
wa
mp
f
or
e
s
t
pool
wa
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
by
the
hydr
ogr
a
phic
models
.
A
s
tr
e
a
m
or
de
r
wa
s
e
xhibi
t
e
d
by
the
k
r
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t,
with
li
mi
ted
f
low
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
the
f
ir
s
t
a
nd
s
e
c
ond
s
tr
e
a
ms
while
ma
int
a
ini
ng
c
onti
nuous
f
low.
T
hr
oughout
the
f
or
e
s
t,
a
s
qua
r
e
c
a
na
l
wa
s
e
xc
a
v
a
ted,
s
e
r
ving
a
s
a
de
s
ignate
d
wa
t
e
r
wa
y
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
the
tr
a
ns
por
tation
o
f
kr
a
jood
o
ut
of
the
kr
a
jood
f
or
e
s
t.
T
he
dr
a
inage
s
ys
tem
outs
ide
the
a
r
e
a
c
ould
be
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
pur
pos
e
s
in
the
f
or
e
s
ted
r
e
gions
,
with
the
C
ha
-
Ua
t
P
hr
a
e
k
M
ue
a
ng
c
a
na
l
tr
a
ve
r
s
ing
the
r
e
s
e
r
ve
f
or
e
s
t.
T
he
we
tl
a
nds
of
the
s
wa
mp
a
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
s
a
f
e
gua
r
de
d
f
r
om
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
by
thi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
T
he
s
ubs
e
que
nt
tas
k
invo
lved
mapping
the
a
r
e
a
s
to
e
s
tablis
h
the
unde
r
gr
ound
wa
ter
li
ne
s
a
nd
c
on
s
tr
uc
ti
ng
wa
ter
ga
tes
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
wa
ter
s
tor
a
ge
w
it
hin
the
s
wa
mp.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
his
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
s
uppor
ted
by
the
Gr
a
dua
te
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
P
r
ogr
a
m,
F
is
c
a
l
Ye
a
r
2022,
Na
ti
ona
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
C
oun
c
il
of
T
ha
il
a
nd
(
NR
C
T
)
gr
a
nt,
Na
khon
S
i
T
ha
mm
a
r
a
t
R
a
jabha
t
Unive
r
s
it
y,
R
a
jama
nga
la
Unive
r
s
it
y
of
T
e
c
hnology
P
hr
a
Na
khon
a
nd
W
a
lail
a
k
Unive
r
s
it
y
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
“
F
or
e
s
t
f
ir
e
...T
oh
D
a
e
ng
pe
a
t
f
or
e
s
t,
”
P
r
in
c
e
s
s
Si
r
in
dho
r
n
P
e
at
Sw
am
p
F
or
e
s
t
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
C
e
nt
e
r
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
A
pr
.
01,
2
023.
[
O
nl
in
e
]
, A
va
il
a
bl
e
:
ht
tp
:/
/k
mc
e
nt
e
r
.r
id
.go.t
h/
kmc
17/
da
ta
/Kno
w
le
dge
/P
-
pub/
F
i
pa
r
t
ho da
n.pdf
[
2]
“
S
i
tu
a
t
io
n
s
um
ma
r
y:
dr
o
ug
ht
e
v
e
n
t
s
in
2
01
9
-
2
02
0
,
”
ti
w
r
m
.h
ii
.o
r
.t
h
.
h
tt
p
s
:/
/t
iwr
m.
hi
i.
or
.
th
/c
ur
r
e
n
t/
20
20
/d
r
ou
gh
t2
01
9/
s
u
mm
a
r
y.h
tm
l
(
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
A
pr
.
01
,
20
23)
.
[
3]
M
ig
r
a
nt
or
,
“
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
te
th
e
e
xt
in
gui
s
hi
ng
of
f
or
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
in
th
e
K
hua
n
K
r
e
ng s
w
a
mp
a
f
te
r
6
d
a
ys
of
bur
ni
ng,
da
ma
gi
ng
2,000
r
a
i
of
vi
ll
a
ge
r
s
’
pa
lm
t
r
e
e
s
,”
E
ja
n
, 2021. htt
ps
:/
/ww
w
.e
ja
n.c
o/
ne
w
s
/7
220 (
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d A
pr
. 01, 2023)
.
[
4]
S
a
nook,
“
T
he
f
ir
e
in
th
e
K
hua
n
K
r
e
ng
s
w
a
mp
f
or
e
s
t
bur
ne
d
d
ow
n
th
e
e
nt
ir
e
hous
e
,
le
a
vi
ng
onl
y
f
our
ba
ht
c
oi
ns
,
”
Sanook
,
2
019.
ht
tp
s
:/
/ww
w
.s
a
nook.c
om/
ne
w
s
/7
858079/ (
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d A
pr
. 01, 20
23)
.
[
5]
J
.
H
.
M
.
W
ös
te
n,
“
S
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
im
pl
e
me
nt
in
g
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
pe
a
tl
a
nds
in
B
or
ne
o,”
A
lt
e
r
r
a
,
W
a
ge
ni
nge
n,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.