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hi
p
o
f
a
ut
h
or
s
’
c
u
r
s
i
v
e
ha
n
dw
r
i
t
i
ng
a
c
c
or
di
n
gl
y
.
A
c
o
n
ve
nt
i
ona
l
ge
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
f
unc
t
i
on w
i
t
h
u
n
i
t
e
d
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
ex
t
r
act
t
h
e
w
r
i
t
e
r
s
’
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
.
E
xt
e
ns
i
ve
e
x
pl
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
on t
he
i
n
va
r
i
a
nc
e
ne
s
s
of
t
he
s
e
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
p
r
o
b
e
d
t
o
s
e
e
k
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
.
S
u
bs
e
qu
e
nt
l
y,
t
he
s
e
i
nva
r
i
a
nt
s
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
w
i
l
l
be
d
i
s
cr
et
i
zed
t
o
g
r
a
n
u
l
ar
l
y
m
i
n
e t
h
es
e
f
e
at
u
r
e
s
f
or
i
de
nt
i
f
yi
ng
t
he
a
ut
h
o
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
i
t
e
r
s
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
t
he
c
o
m
m
on
u
s
a
ge
of
D
i
s
c
r
e
t
i
z
a
t
i
on i
n
da
t
a
m
i
ni
n
g,
t
o t
h
e
be
s
t
of
o
u
r
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
,
n
o
s
uc
h s
t
u
d
y
ha
s
be
e
n
c
on
d
uc
t
e
d
o
n
Di
s
c
r
e
t
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
i
n
va
r
i
a
nt
be
ha
vi
o
ur
a
l
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
f
o
r
c
ur
s
i
ve
ha
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
ng pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
pa
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
c
o
gni
t
i
on.
T
he
pa
pe
r
i
s
o
ut
l
i
ne
d
a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
T
he
c
ur
r
e
n
t
i
s
s
ue
s
of
W
I
a
r
e
gi
ve
n i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
pr
ov
ide
s
a
n in
t
r
oduc
tio
n
of
m
om
e
n
t f
un
c
tion
s
,
u
n
i
t
e
d
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
(
UM
I
)
a
nd
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
s
o
f
as
p
ect
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
s
c
a
l
i
n
g
(AS
I
) i
n
t
o
U
M
I fo
r
C
u
r
s
i
v
e
h
a
ndw
r
iting
.
N
ex
t
s
ect
i
o
n
d
i
s
cu
s
s
es
t
he
i
nva
r
i
a
nc
e
ne
s
s
of
cu
r
s
i
v
e
a
ut
h
or
s
hi
p
by
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d D
i
s
c
r
e
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
a
ly
s
is
of
the
pr
opo
s
e
d m
e
th
od
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
-
c
l
a
s
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
r
a
-
c
l
a
s
s
t
o
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
i
ndi
vi
dua
l
i
t
y
a
nd di
s
c
r
i
m
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y.
F
ol
l
ow
i
ng i
s
t
he
s
e
c
t
i
on t
ha
t
re
v
e
a
l
s
i
t
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
es
u
l
t
s
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
nc
l
ude
s
t
he
pa
pe
r
a
nd
p
os
s
i
bl
e
f
u
t
ur
e
w
or
k.
WI
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
unt
e
d
as
a s
p
eci
f
i
c k
i
n
d
o
f
v
i
b
r
an
t
b
i
o
m
et
r
i
c w
h
e
r
e t
h
e ch
ar
act
e
r
s
,
s
h
a
p
es
an
d
h
a
ndw
r
iting
st
y
l
e
s o
f
i
n
di
vi
dua
l
ca
n
b
e u
s
ed
as
b
i
o
m
et
r
i
c
f
eat
u
r
es
f
o
r
au
t
h
en
t
i
cat
i
n
g
a
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
[
8
-
1
1
].
T
yp
ic
a
lly
,
W
I
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d on of
f
ic
ia
l
p
a
p
e
r
s
b
y a
w
a
y
o
f
s
ign
a
tur
e
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e i
s
a n
e
e
d
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
a
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
e
o
f
a
doc
u
m
e
nt
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
a
pe
r
s
ona
l
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
t
h
r
eat
e
n
l
et
t
er
,
w
r
i
t
e
r
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
on
of
ol
d
or
a
nc
i
e
nt
m
a
nu
s
c
r
i
p
t
,
a
n
d
f
i
l
m
s
c
r
i
pt
(
t
o i
de
nt
i
f
y t
he
o
r
i
gi
na
l
i
de
a
)
.
T
he
a
ut
h
or
c
r
e
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
que
s
t
i
one
d
ha
n
dw
r
i
t
t
e
n
do
c
u
m
e
nt
ha
ve
a
g
r
e
a
t
c
o
ns
e
que
nc
e
o
n
t
he
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
l
j
us
t
i
c
e
s
ys
t
e
m
a
nd
w
i
de
l
y
e
xpl
or
e
d i
n
f
or
e
ns
i
c
ha
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
[
1
,
3
,
1
2
-
1
4
].
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
m
a
n
y
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
i
n
W
I,
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
r
i
s
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y i
n
o
bs
e
r
vi
ng
a
n
d
r
e
c
og
ni
z
i
n
g t
he
s
t
yl
e
o
f
ha
n
d
wr
i
t
i
n
g.
He
nc
e
,
i
t
ha
s
be
e
n a
n i
n
s
pi
r
a
t
i
on t
o t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
t
o
ha
ve
i
n
de
pt
h e
x
pl
o
r
a
t
i
on
o
n t
h
i
s
f
i
e
l
d.
T
he
s
ha
pe
o
r
s
t
yl
e
o
f
c
u
r
s
i
v
e
w
r
i
t
i
n
g f
r
o
m
o
ne
pe
r
s
o
n
t
o a
n
ot
he
r
i
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
n
d
e
ve
n f
or
o
ne
pe
r
s
o
n
,
i
t
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
i
n
t
i
m
e
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
h
a
s
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
s
t
y
l
e
o
f
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
i
t
i
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
[
1
-
5
].
T
he
f
e
a
t
ur
e
m
us
t
be
u
ni
q
ue
,
t
hus
c
a
n
be
ge
ne
r
a
l
i
z
e
d a
s
pe
r
s
o
n’
s
ha
n
dw
r
i
t
i
ng r
e
ga
r
dl
e
s
s
of
c
ou
nt
l
e
s
s
wr
i
t
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
e
s
.
A
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
t
yl
e
ha
s
i
t
s
ow
n
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
t
e
xt
ur
e
a
n
d
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
[
12
]
.
E
a
c
h
ha
n
dw
r
i
t
i
ng
s
ha
pe
i
s
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
d
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
f
o
r
s
a
m
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
i
n
t
r
a
w
ri
t
e
r c
l
a
s
s
fo
r t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
r
i
t
e
r a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
wri
t
e
r c
l
a
s
s
fo
r d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
w
r
i
t
er
s
.
T
h
es
e e
x
t
r
act
ed
f
eat
u
r
e
s
ar
e
e
n
t
a
i
l
e
d
t
o
b
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
c
l
a
s
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
In
t
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
i
s
w
i
d
e
l
y
de
pe
n
ds
on
f
e
a
t
ur
e
e
xt
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
ear
n
i
n
g
s
c
h
em
e
s
as
d
es
cr
i
b
ed
i
n
[1
3
,
1
4
].
Th
o
s
e
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
a
r
e
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
obt
a
i
n
t
r
ue
a
ut
ho
r
s
hi
p o
f
h
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
.
I
n
b
e
t
w
een
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ces
s
o
f
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
,
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
ho
os
i
ng
t
h
e
e
x
act
f
eat
u
r
es
o
f
a p
er
s
o
n
’
s
h
an
d
w
r
i
t
en
ar
e
not
a
n e
a
s
y
t
a
s
k i
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
p
at
t
er
n
r
eco
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
hos
e
b
e
s
t
e
x
t
r
act
ed
f
eat
u
r
es
w
i
l
l
b
e
gr
oup
e
d
i
n
t
o
s
p
eci
f
i
c
c
a
t
e
g
or
i
e
s
.
H
owe
v
e
r
,
i
t
i
s
a
n
ope
n
que
s
t
i
on
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
e
xt
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
a
r
e
o
pt
i
m
a
l
or
n
ear
-
o
pt
i
m
a
l
t
o i
de
nt
i
f
y t
he
a
ut
h
or
.
F
e
a
t
ur
e
s
m
i
ni
n
g
m
a
y i
nc
l
ude
i
r
r
el
ev
a
n
t
f
eat
u
r
es
,
a
n
d
u
s
el
e
s
s
f
o
r
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
d
e
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e o
f
a cl
as
s
i
f
i
er
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e f
eat
u
r
es
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
i
nde
pe
n
de
nt
of
e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
o
r
e
ve
n
r
e
d
un
da
n
t
.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
y
be
s
o
m
e
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
t
h
a
t
do
not
p
r
o
vi
de
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he
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r
a
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n
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ne
xt
s
e
c
t
i
on.
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ETH
O
D
2
.
1
.
U
n
i
t
e
d
m
o
men
t
i
n
v
a
ri
a
n
t
(U
MI
)
a
n
d
as
p
e
c
t
s
c
al
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g
i
n
var
i
an
t
(A
S
I
)
fo
r
c
u
rs
i
v
e
ex
t
ra
ct
i
o
n
Mo
m
e
nt
f
unc
t
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on
ha
s
be
e
n u
s
e
d
i
n
di
ve
r
s
e
f
i
e
l
ds
r
a
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gi
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g f
r
om
m
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ha
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n
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t
a
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e
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n
r
e
c
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n
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
m
a
ge
u
nde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
.
T
he
us
e
of
m
om
e
n
t
s
i
n i
m
a
ge
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
a
nd
pa
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
c
o
gni
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
i
ns
pi
r
e
d
b
y H
u
[
16
]
a
n
d
A
l
t
[
17
].
H
u
f
i
r
s
t
p
r
es
en
t
ed
a
s
et
o
f
s
ev
e
n
-
t
u
p
l
e
t
m
o
m
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n
t
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
a
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i
a
n
t
t
o
p
o
s
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t
i
o
n
,
s
i
z
e
,
a
n
d
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
i
m
a
ge
s
ha
pe
.
A
g
oo
d
s
ha
pe
de
s
c
r
i
pt
o
r
s
h
o
ul
d
be
a
bl
e
t
o
f
i
n
d
pe
r
c
e
pt
ua
l
l
y
s
i
m
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l
a
r
s
ha
pe
w
he
r
e
i
t
us
ua
l
l
y
m
e
a
ns
r
ot
a
t
e
d,
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
e
d,
s
c
a
l
e
d a
n
d a
f
f
i
ne
d t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
d s
ha
pe
s
.
F
u
r
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
i
t
c
a
n
t
ol
e
r
a
t
e
wi
t
h
h
um
a
n
i
n
c
om
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
he
i
m
a
g
e
s
ha
pe
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
re
,
Y
i
n
a
n
[
18
]
de
r
i
ve
d
u
n
i
t
e
d
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
s
(
U
M
I
)
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
a
p
p
l
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e
d
i
n
a
l
l
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o
n
d
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t
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n
s
w
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h
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o
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d
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s
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m
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n
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a
p
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s
f
e
a
t
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s
.
I
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e
f
f
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c
t
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v
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di
s
c
r
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m
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na
t
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s
t
he
s
h
a
pe
of
i
m
a
ge
o
n
bot
h
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e
gi
o
n
a
n
d
bo
u
n
da
r
y
i
n
di
s
c
r
e
t
e
a
nd
c
o
nt
i
nu
o
us
c
o
n
di
t
i
on
.
U
M
I wa
s
de
r
i
ve
d ba
s
e
d on
t
he
g
eo
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
(
GM
I)
an
d
t
h
e
i
m
pr
ove
m
om
e
nt
i
nva
r
i
a
nt
(
IM
I) [
19
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1,
F
e
b
r
ua
r
y
2
02
1
:
736
-
7
44
7
38
G
M
I
i
s
us
a
bl
e
f
or
r
e
gi
on
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
di
s
c
r
e
t
e
c
o
n
di
t
i
on
b
ut
hi
gh
i
n
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
na
l
t
i
m
e
s
f
or
bo
u
nda
r
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on.
T
h
us
,
Yi
n
a
n
et
a
l
.
,
[
18
]
p
r
op
os
e
d
t
he
a
b
ove
U
MI
t
ha
t
ha
s
be
e
n
p
r
o
ve
n
a
s
a
g
oo
d
t
e
c
hni
que
f
o
r
f
e
a
t
ur
e
e
xt
r
a
c
t
i
on
t
a
s
k
.
Un
f
or
t
una
t
e
l
y
,
U
MI
t
e
c
hni
que
us
e
s
s
c
a
l
i
ng
f
a
c
t
o
r
by
H
u
w
hi
c
h
wa
s
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
pr
ove
n
t
o
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
s
cal
i
n
g
f
act
o
r
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
al
t
er
n
at
i
v
e s
cal
i
n
g
f
act
o
r
o
f
as
p
ect
i
n
v
ar
i
a
n
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
As
pe
c
t
)
by
F
e
n
g a
n
d K
e
a
ne
[
20
]
i
s
us
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y.
I
t
obt
a
i
n
e
d be
t
t
e
r
i
nva
r
i
a
nt
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
w
i
t
hout
s
i
z
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
f
us
i
on
f
or
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
s
c
a
l
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r o
f
A
s
p
e
c
t
[2
0
]
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
U
M
I [1
8
]
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
o
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x
t
r
a
c
t
t
he
gl
o
b
a
l
w
or
d
s
ha
p
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f
e
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s
f
r
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m
b
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h
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gi
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n
a
n
d
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n
bo
u
nda
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y
r
e
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s
e
nt
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t
i
on,
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n
di
s
c
r
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t
e
a
n
d c
ont
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n
u
ou
s
c
on
di
t
i
on
f
or
be
t
t
e
r
i
ndi
vi
d
ua
l
f
e
a
t
ur
es
.
U
M
I a
r
e
b
es
t
m
e
t
ho
d us
e
t
o
d
i
s
c
r
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m
i
n
a
t
e
h
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
f
eat
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r
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a
n
d
a
pp
lic
a
b
le
i
n
a
ny
di
s
c
r
e
t
e
c
o
ndi
t
i
on a
s
de
c
r
i
be
d b
y
H
u
[
16
]
,
w
h
i
ch
co
n
s
i
d
er
s
n
o
r
m
al
i
zed
cen
t
r
al
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
e
l
o
w
(re
f
e
r
t
o
[
16
]
f
o
r
d
e
t
a
i
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
G
M
I
)
:
2
2
00
pq
pq
pq
µ
η
µ
++
=
,
2
,
3
,
...
pq
+=
∫
∫
∞
∞
−
∞
∞
−
−
−
=
,
)
,
(
)
(
)
(
0
0
dx
dy
y
x
f
y
y
x
x
q
p
pq
µ
...
3
,
2
,
1
,
0
,
=
q
p
(
1)
w
i
t
h
(
2
)
i
n
d
i
s
c
r
et
e
f
o
r
m
.
C
e
n
t
r
al
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
i
zed
ce
n
t
r
al
m
o
m
en
t
s
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
i
zed
as
be
l
ow
:
'
pq
pq
pq
µ
ρ
µ
+
=
,
2
2
00
pq
pq
pq
pq
pq
pq
ρ
η
ρη
µ
µ
+
+
++
′
=
=
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
ρ
i
s
a
s
cal
i
n
g
f
act
o
r
.
T
h
e
e
nha
nc
e
d
m
o
m
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n
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
nt
t
e
c
hni
que
b
y
C
h
e
n
[
2
1]
i
s
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
f
ol
l
o
ws
:
(
)
1
00
'
+
+
=
q
p
pq
pq
µ
µ
η
(3
)
E
qu
a
tio
n (
1
)
to
(3
)
c
o
n
si
st
s o
f
f
eat
u
r
e
s
pq
µ
.
B
y
d
i
s
re
g
a
rd
i
n
g
t
h
e
fe
a
t
u
re
s
of
00
µ
a
nd
,
ρ
U
M
I
ca
n
b
e p
r
es
en
t
ed
as
b
el
o
w:
1
2
1
φ
φ
θ
=
6
2
14
φ
θ
φφ
=
5
3
4
φ
θ
φ
=
5
4
34
φ
θ
φφ
=
(
4)
16
5
23
φφ
θ
φφ
=
(
)
1
23
6
6
φ
φφ
θ
φ
+
=
15
7
36
φφ
θ
φφ
=
(
)
34
8
5
φ
φ
θ
φ
+
=
w
h
er
e
i
φ
ar
e
H
u
’
s
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
va
r
i
a
nt
s
a
n
d e
a
c
h
c
ons
t
i
t
ue
nt
o
f
i
φ
i
nv
ol
ve
s
p
q
µ
,
(
s
e
e
Y
i
na
n
[
18
]
a
nd
H
u
[1
6
]).
O
n
t
he
ot
he
r
h
a
nd
,
b
a
s
e
d on
F
e
ng
[
2
0]
,
G
MI
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d
by
H
u
[
1
6
]
ha
ve
nu
m
e
r
ou
s
d
i
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
a
nd
o
nl
y
i
nva
r
i
a
nt
w
i
t
h a
n
e
qua
l
s
c
a
l
i
ng
i
m
a
g
e
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
F
e
n
g
[
20
]
p
r
op
os
e
d
a
s
p
e
c
t
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
(AI
M
)
f
o
r
i
m
ag
er
i
es
o
f
i
n
ad
eq
u
at
e
s
c
a
l
i
n
g
s
i
z
e
b
y
i
n
t
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g
r
a
t
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d
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as
o
f
m
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t
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v
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a
n
t
s
t
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at
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e
f
f
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c
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t
i
n
s
o
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v
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d
i
ffe
re
n
t
s
c
a
l
i
n
g
i
n
b
ot
h di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
o
f
x a
n
d
y.
T
he
i
n
va
r
i
a
n
t
s
c
a
l
i
ng t
ha
t
w
a
s
p
r
op
os
e
d
by
F
e
n
g [
2
0
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[1]
S.
N
.
S
ri
ha
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,
C.
H
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ng,
H
.
S
ri
ni
va
s
a
n,
V
.
A
.
S
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"
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D
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um
e
nt
P
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s
s
i
ng,
B.
B.
C
ha
udhuri
(
e
d.
)
,
S
pri
nge
r,
2006
.
[2]
L
.
X
i
a
ohong
,
L
.
Y
ua
nyua
n
,
"
H
a
ndw
ri
t
i
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de
n
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i
fi
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a
t
i
on:
Cha
l
l
e
nge
s
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nd
s
ol
u
t
i
o
ns
,"
J
F
or
e
ns
i
c
Sc
i
Me
d
,
v
ol
.
4,
pp.
167
-
73
,
201
8.
\
[3]
B.
A
m
e
ur
an
d
T
.
H
a
t
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m
,
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V
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w
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g
in
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me
tr
ic
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y
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ms
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P
R
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P
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Int
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nat
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Co
nf
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nc
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on
P
at
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r
n R
e
c
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t
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on
and A
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i
f
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c
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al
In
t
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l
l
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g
e
nc
e
,
pp.
5
-
10
,
2018
.
[4]
A
. R
eh
m
an
, S
.
N
az, M
. I
. R
a
zz
ak
, "
Wr
i
t
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i
f
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at
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t
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di
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s
A
ppl
.
, p
p
. 1
-
43
,
S
e
p
.
2018
.
[5]
C.
A
d
a
k,
B
.
B.
Cha
udhuri
a
nd
M
.
Bl
u
m
e
ns
t
e
i
n
,
"
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n
E
m
pi
ri
c
a
l
S
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udy
on
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rom
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ra
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n
I
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E
E
A
cc
es
s
,
v
ol
.
7
,
pp
.
24738
-
24758,
2019
.
[6]
P
. P
an
d
ey
, K
.
R
. S
eej
a, A
. S
o
m
an
i
, S
. S
r
i
v
as
t
av
a, A
. M
u
n
d
r
a
, S
. R
aw
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t
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nt
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on
of G
ra
phe
m
e
s
,
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r
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ngs
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s
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Int
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al
Conf
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m
s
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e
c
hn
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e
s
,
vol
.
79
,
pp.
129
-
136
,
20
18.
[7]
Roki
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s
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nal
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e
k
nol
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Mak
l
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m
at
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l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
,
vo
l
.
1,
pp.
15
-
26
,
2004
.
[8]
M
.
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a
c
u,
L
.
S
c
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bi
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ri
fi
c
a
t
i
on
,
"
i
n
10t
h
In
t
e
r
nat
i
o
nal
Wo
r
k
s
hop
o
n F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n
H
andwr
i
t
i
ng
R
e
c
ogni
t
i
on
(
IWF
H
R
2006)
, 2
3
-
26
O
c
t
obe
r,
L
a
B
a
u
l
e
,
F
ra
nc
e
,
pp.
28
1
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286
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[9]
G
azzah
S
., E
.
B
en
A
m
ar
a N
.
,
"
W
ri
t
e
r Ide
n
t
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on U
s
i
ng M
o
dul
a
r M
L
P
Cl
a
s
s
i
fi
e
r a
nd
G
e
ne
t
i
c
A
l
gori
t
hm
f
or
O
p
tima
l
F
e
a
tu
r
e
s
S
e
le
c
t
io
n
,
”
I
n
:
Wan
g
J
.
, Y
i
Z
.
,
Z
u
r
ad
a
J
.M
.,
L
u
B
L
.,
Y
i
n
H
. (
ed
s
)
A
dv
an
c
e
s
i
n N
e
ur
al
Ne
t
wor
k
s
-
IS
N
N
2006.
IS
N
N
2006.
L
e
c
t
ure
N
ot
e
s
i
n Co
m
pu
t
e
r S
c
i
e
nc
e
,
vol
.
397
2.
S
pri
nge
r
,
Be
rl
i
n
,
H
e
i
de
l
b
e
rg,
2006
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[10]
P
. P
an
d
ey
,
K
.
R
. S
e
ej
a,
"
F
o
r
en
s
i
c
w
ri
t
e
r
i
d
e
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
proj
e
c
t
i
on
profi
l
e
re
p
re
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on
of
gr
a
phe
m
e
s
,
"
P
r
o
c.
1s
t
Int
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Conf
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Sm
ar
t
Sy
s
t
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F
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Cl
oppe
t
,
V
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gl
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n
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V
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C
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K
i
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u,
D
.
S
t
u
t
z
m
a
n
n,
N
.
V
i
nc
e
nt
,
V
.
E
g
l
i
n,
V
.
C.
K
i
e
u
,
D
.
S
t
ut
z
m
a
nn,
N
.
V
i
nc
e
nt
,
"
ICF
H
R2016 c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
on
on
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on
of
m
e
d
i
e
v
a
l
ha
nd
w
ri
t
i
ngs
i
n
l
a
t
i
n
s
c
ri
pt
,
"
2016
1
5t
h Int
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
Conf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n H
and
wr
i
t
i
ng R
e
c
ogn
i
t
i
on (ICF
H
R
)
,
pp
.
590
-
595
,
O
ct
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2
016.
[12]
A
.
D
urou,
I
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A
r
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f,
S
.
A
l
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M
aad
e
ed
, A
.
B
o
u
r
i
d
an
e,
E
.
B
en
k
h
e
l
i
f
a
, "
W
ri
t
e
r
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
pproa
c
h
ba
s
e
d on
ba
g o
f
w
ords
w
i
t
h O
BI
fe
a
t
ur
e
s
,
"
Inf
.
P
r
oc
e
s
s
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A
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A
h
m
ed
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as
an
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am
e
ed
,
O
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I
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A
l
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S
a
nj
a
ry,
"
W
ri
t
e
r
i
de
nt
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on on
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
c
ri
pt
h
a
ndw
ri
t
t
e
n
us
i
ng
o
p
timu
m f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
,"
Kur
di
s
t
an J
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A
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l
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e
l
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e
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i
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h
r
i
s
t
l
e
i
n
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o
u
l
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u
d
i
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a
m
a
t
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p
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u
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L
os
,
B.
G
a
t
os
,
"
ICD
A
R 2017
c
o
m
pe
t
i
t
i
on
on hi
s
t
ori
c
a
l
do
c
um
e
n
t
w
ri
t
e
r
i
de
nt
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on
(H
i
s
t
ori
c
a
l
-
W
I)
,
"
2
017
14t
h
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Conf
e
r
e
nc
e
on D
oc
um
e
nt
A
nal
y
s
i
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and
R
e
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ogni
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i
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i
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t
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u
n
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er
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, M
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A
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W
al
ch
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. B
u
s
c
ag
l
i
a,
"
A
s
et
o
f
h
an
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es
for us
e
i
n
a
u
t
om
a
t
e
d
w
ri
t
e
r i
d
e
nt
i
fi
c
a
tio
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,
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r
en
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ua
l
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c
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gni
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i
on by
m
om
e
nt
i
nv
a
ri
a
nt
s
,
”
IR
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
on
on Inf
or
m
at
i
on
T
he
or
y
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87,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
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87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1,
F
e
b
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ua
r
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02
1
:
736
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7
44
7
44
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,
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D
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gi
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c
ogn
i
t
i
on by
mo
me
n
t
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,
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J
our
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nt
a
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t
he
or
e
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of m
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nv
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i
a
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P
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t
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n
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l
ys
i
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nd M
a
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h
i
ne
Int
e
l
l
i
g
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nc
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E
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ans
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hm
a
di
,
"
P
a
t
t
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rn re
c
ogni
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
m
om
e
nt
i
nv
a
ri
a
nt
s
:
a
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
udy
a
n
d
n
e
w r
e
su
l
t
s,
"
Pa
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n
Re
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en
g
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of
m
om
e
n
t
i
nva
ri
a
n
t
s
for h
a
ndw
ri
t
t
e
n
num
e
r
a
l
r
e
c
ogni
t
i
on
,
I
m
a
ge
P
roc
e
s
s
i
ng
,
"
in
:
ICI
P
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E
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Int
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r
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nv
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s
fo
r s
ha
pe
d
i
s
c
ri
m
i
na
t
i
on
,
"
P
at
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r
n R
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d
a
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M
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uddi
n,
a
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M.
Da
r
u
s,
"
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
s
c
a
l
e
u
n
ite
d
mo
me
n
t
in
v
a
r
ia
n
t f
o
r
id
e
n
tif
ic
a
tio
n
o
f
ha
ndw
ri
t
i
ng i
nd
i
vi
dua
l
i
t
y
,
"
in
:
I
CCSA
2007
I
nte
r
n
ati
on
al C
o
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
on C
om
put
at
io
nal
Sc
i
e
nc
e
an
d
I
t
s
A
ppl
ic
ati
ons
,
Com
put
at
i
onal
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and I
t
s
A
pp
l
i
c
at
i
ons
–
ICCS
A
2007
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S
pri
nge
r
V
e
rl
a
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385
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U
.
S
t
ań
c
zy
k
,
"
O
n U
ns
upe
rvi
s
e
d a
nd S
upe
rvi
s
e
d D
i
s
c
re
t
i
s
a
t
i
on
i
n M
i
ni
ng S
t
y
l
om
e
t
ri
c
F
e
a
t
ure
s
,
"
In:
G
ruc
a
A
.
,
C
zach
ó
r
s
k
i
T
.
,
D
eo
r
o
w
i
cz
S
.
,
H
ar
ężl
ak
K
.,
P
i
ot
row
s
ka
A
.
(
e
ds
)
Man
-
Mac
h
i
ne
In
t
e
r
ac
t
i
ons
6.
ICMMI
20
19
Int
e
r
nat
i
o
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on Man
–
Mac
hi
ne
Int
e
r
ac
t
i
on
s
.
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n
Int
e
l
l
i
ge
n
t
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
and Com
put
i
ng
,
S
pri
nge
r,
Ch
a
m
m
,
v
ol
.
1061,
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20.
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K
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M
u
d
a
, S.
M
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S
ha
m
s
uddi
n
an
d
M
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ar
u
s
,
"
Inva
ri
a
n
t
s
D
i
s
c
re
t
i
z
a
t
i
on for
Indi
vi
dua
l
i
t
y
R
e
pre
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on
i
n
H
a
ndw
ri
t
t
e
n
A
ut
hors
hi
p,
"
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Wor
k
s
hop on Com
put
at
i
o
nal
F
or
e
ns
i
c
(I
WCF
2008),
L
N
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S
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k
,
J
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u
s
s
er
,
"
A
ffi
n
e
m
om
e
nt
i
nv
a
r
i
a
n
t
s
G
e
ne
ra
t
e
d
by
gra
ph
m
e
t
hod,
"
P
at
t
e
r
n R
e
c
o
gni
t
i
on
,
v
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4,
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Se
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2011
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B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Won
g Y
e
e
Le
n
g
obt
a
i
ne
d h
e
r
M
a
s
t
e
r de
gr
e
e
a
nd
D
oc
t
or o
f P
hi
l
os
ophy
from
Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
i
T
e
knol
ogi
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
(U
T
M
)
i
n
d
e
pa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Co
m
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
.
P
re
vi
ous
l
y,
s
he
w
a
s
a
r
es
e
ar
ch
a
ssi
st
a
n
t
a
t
t
he
D
e
pa
rt
m
e
n
t
of S
oft
w
a
r
e
E
ng
i
ne
e
ri
ng,
U
T
M
,
c
onc
e
rne
d w
i
t
h
t
he
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d D
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
i
n
t
he
a
r
e
a
s
of S
pe
e
c
h R
e
c
ogni
t
i
on a
nd M
ul
t
i
m
o
da
l
Bi
om
e
tr
ic
S
y
s
te
m.
Curr
e
nt
l
y,
s
he
i
s
a
l
e
c
t
ure
r
a
t
A
ppl
i
e
d
Com
put
i
ng
, Fa
c
ul
t
y E
ngi
ne
e
ri
ng
a
t
U
T
M
a
nd
a m
em
b
er
o
f
S
oft
Com
pu
t
i
ng
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
G
roup
.
H
er
r
es
e
ar
ch
i
n
t
er
es
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
B
i
g
D
at
a
Com
put
i
ng,
A
rt
i
fi
c
i
a
l
In
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
nc
e
,
P
a
t
t
e
rn R
e
c
o
gni
t
i
on,
M
u
lt
im
o
d
a
l B
io
me
tr
ic
a
nd M
a
c
h
i
ne
L
e
a
rn
i
ng.
Si
t
i
M
a
r
i
y
a
m
Sha
m
s
uddi
n
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
h
er
M
a
s
t
er
d
eg
r
ee
i
n
M
at
h
em
at
i
cs
f
r
o
m
F
ai
r
l
ei
g
h
Di
c
ki
ns
on U
ni
v
e
rs
i
t
y (F
D
U
)
N
e
w
J
e
rs
e
y U
S
A
a
nd D
oc
t
or
of P
hi
l
os
ophy
i
n A
rt
i
fi
c
i
a
l
Int
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
fro
m
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
i
P
ut
ra
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
(U
P
M
).
P
re
vi
ous
l
y,
s
he
w
a
s
a
H
e
a
d of R &
D
Cl
us
t
e
r o
f
E
ngi
n
e
e
ri
ng
a
nd
IC
T
,
H
e
a
d D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
of
Com
put
e
r
G
ra
phi
c
s
a
nd
M
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
from
2001 unt
i
l
2006,
a
nd H
e
a
d
,
S
oft
Com
put
i
ng R
e
s
e
a
rc
h G
roup
.
Cur
re
nt
l
y
,
s
he
i
s
a
D
i
re
c
t
or,
U
T
M
Bi
g D
a
t
a
Ce
n
t
re
,
S
kuda
i
J
ohor
Ba
hru w
hi
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
D
at
a S
ci
en
ce
an
d
B
i
g
D
at
a A
n
a
l
y
t
i
cs
ra
ngi
ng
from
R
&
D
produc
t
s
a
n
d s
e
rvi
c
e
s
.
H
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
ude
Bi
g
D
a
t
a
Co
m
put
i
ng
,
M
a
c
hi
ne
L
e
a
rn
i
ng,
S
oft
Com
pu
t
i
ng,
P
a
t
t
e
rn
Re
c
ogni
t
i
on
,
Bi
om
e
t
ri
c
s
S
ys
t
e
m
s
a
nd
Int
e
l
l
i
g
e
nt
G
ra
phi
c
s
.
No
r
Az
m
an
I
s
mai
l
obt
a
i
n
e
d h
i
s
M
a
s
t
e
r D
e
gr
e
e
i
n Info
rm
a
t
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogy fro
m
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
i
K
e
ba
nggs
a
a
n M
a
l
ys
i
a
n
a
nd D
o
c
t
or of
P
hi
l
os
o
phy from
L
oug
hborough U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y,
U
ni
t
e
d
K
i
ngdom
.
H
e
w
a
s
a
D
e
put
y
D
i
r
e
c
t
or
of
Corpor
a
t
e
A
ffa
i
rs
(
W
e
b D
i
re
c
t
or)
s
i
n
c
e
A
pri
l
2009.
Curre
n
tly
,
h
e
is
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
P
rofe
s
s
or i
n S
c
hool
of
Com
put
i
ng,
F
a
c
ul
t
y E
ngi
n
e
e
r
i
ng
a
t
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
i
T
e
knol
ogi
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
a
nd ho
l
di
n
g a
pos
t
a
s
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
Ch
a
i
r
(
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
&
A
c
a
de
m
i
c
S
t
a
ff)
.
Hi
s r
es
ear
ch
i
n
t
er
es
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
H
u
m
an
Co
m
put
e
r In
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
(
H
CI),
Im
a
ge
R
e
t
ri
e
va
l
a
nd
W
e
bom
e
t
ri
c
i
n i
m
provi
ng
t
he
s
t
a
t
e
of
re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on
.
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