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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8708
I
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t J
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&
C
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p
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g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
3
9
9
-
6
4
1
1
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C
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.
Sectio
n
4
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
lizat
io
n
of
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ap
p
licati
o
n
f
o
r
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ec
tio
n
g
iv
e
s
an
in
s
i
g
h
t
in
to
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
B
L
O
CK
CH
AIN
2
.
1
.
B
lo
ck
cha
in o
v
er
v
iew
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
is
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
g
r
o
u
p
ed
to
f
o
r
m
b
lo
ck
s
.
T
h
ese
b
lo
ck
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
icall
y
,
h
e
n
ce
,
it
is
ca
lled
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
e
v
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
p
ee
r
to
p
ee
r
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
en
s
u
r
es d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
ta
m
p
er
r
esis
tan
ce
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
]
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
Why
blo
ck
cha
i
n
?
As
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
s
tar
ted
a
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
ca
s
h
to
ca
s
h
le
s
s
an
d
g
o
in
g
d
ig
i
tized
,
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
e
m
icr
o
p
ay
m
en
t,
o
n
l
in
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ig
ital c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
r
e
ess
e
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
is
s
u
es
l
ik
e
d
ata
in
teg
r
it
y
,
d
ata
co
n
f
id
en
ti
alit
y
,
d
ata
p
r
o
v
en
a
n
ce
an
d
lac
k
o
f
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
[
2
-
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es r
elate
d
to
d
ata
co
n
f
id
en
tialit
y
,
i
n
teg
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
r
ep
u
d
iatio
n
.
B
an
k
s
an
d
f
i
n
an
c
ial
o
r
g
a
n
izat
io
n
s
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
ce
n
tr
al
o
r
f
ed
er
al
au
t
h
o
r
ities
.
T
h
e
r
u
l
es
i
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
n
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
f
ee
s
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
li
m
it
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
w
i
th
s
h
ar
e
m
ar
k
et
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies,
h
en
ce
,
t
h
er
e
i
s
a
n
ee
d
to
n
av
i
g
ate
to
a
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
s
y
s
te
m
li
k
e
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
w
h
er
e
in
p
eo
p
le
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
a
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
co
n
tr
ac
t
an
d
v
alid
ate
ev
er
y
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
b
y
tak
i
n
g
a
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
f
r
o
m
ev
er
y
o
t
h
er
m
e
m
b
er
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fra
u
d
s
a
n
d
h
ac
k
in
g
r
elate
d
to
co
n
f
id
en
tial
d
ata
li
k
e
i
n
ter
n
et
b
a
n
k
in
g
,
cr
ed
it/d
eb
it
ca
r
d
d
ata,
h
ea
lt
h
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
d
ata
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
li
k
e
v
id
eo
s
u
r
v
ei
llan
ce
,
e
lectr
o
n
ic
a
p
p
lian
ce
u
s
ag
e
d
at
a
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
ar
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
an
y
d
ig
ita
l
an
d
I
o
T
b
a
s
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
w
it
h
ap
p
lied
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
m
o
s
t o
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
s
o
m
e
ex
te
n
t.
2
.
1
.
2
.
B
lo
ck
cha
in
us
ec
a
s
e
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
li
k
e
cr
y
p
to
c
u
r
r
en
c
y
,
c
lo
u
d
s
er
v
ice,
la
n
d
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
,
v
o
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
la
w
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
I
o
T
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
,
6
]
.
L
et
’
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
u
s
ec
ase
o
f
th
e
lan
d
r
eg
i
s
tr
atio
n
ap
p
licati
o
n
.
T
h
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
m
u
s
t
id
en
tify
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
au
t
h
e
n
ticate
th
e
m
b
e
f
o
r
e
s
ellin
g
o
r
b
u
y
in
g
t
h
e
la
n
d
.
I
t
m
u
s
t
also
en
s
u
r
e,
s
ec
u
r
e
r
ec
o
r
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
v
er
i
f
y
an
d
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
u
p
lo
ad
ed
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
u
p
lo
ad
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
u
s
er
id
en
tit
y
an
d
la
n
d
d
etails,
en
ab
le
tr
ac
k
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
an
d
v
er
if
y
i
n
g
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
al
s
o
en
s
u
r
es t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ai
n
s
t la
n
d
-
f
r
a
u
d
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
tam
p
er
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
B
uil
din
g
blo
cks
o
f
a
blo
ck
cha
i
n
T
h
e
th
r
ee
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
-
E
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
:
T
h
ese
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
s
er
v
ices
s
u
c
h
as
a
u
t
h
en
ticatio
n
,
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
,
n
o
n
-
r
ep
u
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
co
n
fi
d
en
t
ialit
y
[
8
,
9
]
.
-
C
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
:
T
h
es
e
ar
e
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
id
e,
w
h
e
th
er
,
a
n
e
w
b
lo
ck
o
f
v
alid
ated
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
ed
t
o
th
e
ch
ai
n
o
r
r
ej
ec
te
d
.
-
T
im
esta
m
p
a
n
d
h
a
s
h
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
b
lo
ck
:
T
h
ese
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
ata
in
te
g
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
elp
s
to
tr
ac
k
b
ac
k
to
a
s
p
ec
i
fic
tr
an
s
ac
t
io
n
,
d
u
e
to
co
n
s
is
te
n
t a
n
d
i
m
m
u
tab
le
d
ata
p
r
o
v
en
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
ec
en
tr
a
liz
ed
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
u
s
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
ec
o
s
ystem
(
C
h
eta
n
a
P
u
ja
r
i)
6401
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
2
.
1
.
4
.
B
lo
ck
cha
in
wo
rk
ing
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
es
a
lin
k
ed
lis
t
d
ata
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
T
r
an
s
a
cti
o
n
s
ar
e
v
alid
at
ed
by
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
[
1
0
]
.
A
g
r
o
u
p
of
th
e
v
al
i
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
is
s
to
r
ed
in
a
b
lo
ck
an
d
co
n
fi
d
e
n
tialit
y
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
by
h
a
s
h
in
g
each
b
lo
ck
.
E
ac
h
b
lo
ck
s
to
r
es
th
e
h
as
h
g
e
n
er
ated
by
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
b
lo
ck
to
f
o
r
m
a
ch
ain
of
b
lo
ck
s
w
h
ich
r
ese
m
b
les
a
lin
k
ed
lis
t
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
E
v
er
y
b
lo
ck
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
a
led
g
er
of
a
v
a
li
d
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
.
If
a
n
y
h
ac
k
er
tr
ies
to
ta
m
p
er
th
e
d
ata,
it
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
h
as
h
v
a
lu
e
s
ig
n
i
fi
ca
n
tly
.
A
d
d
in
g
a
n
ew
b
lo
ck
to
ch
ai
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
f
r
o
m
e
v
e
r
y
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
ch
ain
h
en
ce
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
v
alid
ati
o
n
of
each
b
lo
ck
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
tw
o
m
aj
o
r
r
o
les o
f
a
n
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
el
o
w
:
-
I
n
itiate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
:
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
ac
ti
v
e
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
o
r
t
o
in
itiate
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
m
u
s
t
in
itiate
a
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
is
t
h
e
n
v
er
i
fied
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
-
P
ar
ticip
an
t
ca
n
p
la
y
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
i
n
er
s
a
n
d
ca
n
d
o
a
tas
k
lik
e
v
er
i
f
y
in
g
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ti
n
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
co
m
p
eti
n
g
to
ad
d
a
b
lo
ck
,
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
a
n
e
w
b
lo
ck
a
n
d
co
n
fi
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
ex
a
m
p
le
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
p
r
iv
ate
an
d
p
u
b
lic
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
s
.
-
P
r
iv
ate
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
:
I
t
is
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
p
er
m
i
s
s
io
n
ed
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
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,
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er
e
o
n
e
n
ee
d
s
to
h
a
v
e
p
er
m
is
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io
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to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
ea
d
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w
r
ite
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d
u
p
d
ate
o
p
er
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.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
is
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
led
g
er
.
-
P
u
b
lic
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
:
An
y
b
o
d
y
ca
n
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
a
p
u
b
lic
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
as
it
is
p
u
b
lic.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ea
l
w
it
h
ac
ce
s
s
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
n
y
b
o
d
y
ca
n
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
Va
lid
atio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
2
.
2
.
Co
ns
ens
us
m
ec
ha
n
is
m
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
th
e
d
ec
is
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o
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m
a
k
i
n
g
p
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o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ich
a
n
y
n
e
w
v
alid
o
r
v
er
ifi
ed
b
lo
ck
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
,
w
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
tr
u
s
t
le
v
el.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
s
tak
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
3
9
9
-
6
4
1
1
6402
-
P
r
o
o
f
o
f
w
o
r
k
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
a
n
y
n
e
w
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
to
ev
er
y
o
th
er
n
o
d
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
ia
g
o
s
s
ip
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
m
i
n
er
n
o
d
es
s
elec
t
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
f
o
r
m
a
b
lo
ck
.
A
ll
th
e
s
elec
ted
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
i
fi
ed
an
d
a
r
e
h
as
h
ed
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
n
o
n
ce
.
T
h
i
s
h
as
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
n
ce
u
n
til
t
h
e
d
i
f
fi
c
u
lt
y
is
m
et.
O
n
ce
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
is
cr
ea
ted
it
is
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
to
ev
er
y
o
th
er
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
is
th
en
v
er
i
fi
ed
at
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
iv
e
n
n
o
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
in
e
r
w
h
o
cr
ea
tes
th
e
b
lo
ck
an
d
r
ec
eiv
es
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
w
ill
b
e
r
ew
ar
d
ed
an
d
th
e
m
i
n
er
’
s
b
lo
ck
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
2
]
.
I
f
t
w
o
m
i
n
er
s
cr
ea
te
a
b
lo
ck
at
th
e
s
am
e
ti
m
e,
b
o
th
b
lo
ck
s
w
il
l
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
w
o
b
r
an
c
h
es
o
f
th
e
c
h
ain
,
b
ased
o
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
n
e
x
t
b
lo
c
k
is
ad
d
ed
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
lo
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is
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
i
s
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
in
b
itco
in
,
E
th
er
eu
m
,
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
er
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
.
-
P
r
o
o
f
o
f
s
tak
e
:
I
n
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
w
o
r
k
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
,
h
u
g
e
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
p
o
w
er
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
b
lo
ck
th
at
s
atis
fies
t
h
e
d
if
ficu
l
t
y
le
v
el,
an
d
also
th
e
m
i
n
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
p
o
w
er
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
th
e
w
i
n
n
er
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
e
w
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
ca
lled
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
s
ta
k
e
ca
m
e
in
to
e
x
is
te
n
ce
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
th
e
m
i
n
er
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
v
alid
ato
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
n
ee
d
to
d
ep
o
s
it
s
o
m
e
co
i
n
as
a
s
tak
e
i
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
in
s
o
m
e
p
s
eu
d
o
r
an
d
o
m
o
r
d
er
.
On
ce
s
elec
ted
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
h
as
t
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
cr
ea
te
a
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
is
b
lo
ck
is
th
e
n
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
w
h
o
th
e
n
v
er
i
f
y
th
e
b
lo
ck
cr
ea
ted
an
d
s
en
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
alid
b
lo
ck
[
1
2
]
.
3.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
r
e
v
ie
w
i
s
d
o
n
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
p
ap
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s
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
its
d
ec
en
tr
al
ized
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Su
p
e
n
o
et
al.
,
[
1
3
]
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
s
ec
u
r
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
SH
A
-
256
h
as
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
R
S
A
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ar
e
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s
ed
in
th
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p
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p
o
s
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esig
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to
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
n
d
in
t
eg
r
ity
.
A
ll
t
h
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d
ata
co
llected
ar
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s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
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ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
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v
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r
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h
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ce
if
t
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o
w
n
,
th
e
d
ata
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
be
av
aila
b
l
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
m
ain
tain
ed
by
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
au
t
h
o
r
i
ty
;
h
e
n
ce
it
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
t
h
in
e
s
s
ar
e
a
m
atter
of
co
n
ce
r
n
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es c
a
n
b
e
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Sh
a
h
za
d
et
al.
,
[
1
4
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
v
o
ti
n
g
ap
p
licati
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
b
lo
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ch
ai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
lo
c
k
ch
ai
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
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d
ata
s
ec
u
r
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t
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v
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fia
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ilit
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,
an
d
p
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,
d
u
e
to
its
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r
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v
er
s
ib
le,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
p
r
o
p
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ty
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
S
H
A
-
2
5
6
h
ash
i
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g
u
s
ed
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t
h
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o
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l
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ec
u
r
it
y
as
p
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c
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t
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s
a
f
eg
u
a
r
d
b
u
s
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n
e
s
s
l
o
g
i
c
.
I
n
clu
d
i
n
g
a
s
m
a
r
t c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
,
w
h
i
ch
h
as b
u
s
in
e
s
s
l
o
g
ic
in
it
can
p
r
o
v
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b
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tt
e
r
s
e
cu
r
i
ty
.
K
s
h
e
t
r
i
e
t
al
.
,
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
,
h
o
w
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
in
c
an
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
am
p
e
r
r
es
is
t
an
t
v
o
t
es
.
B
l
o
ck
ch
a
in
p
l
at
f
o
r
m
a
ls
o
en
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
is
s
t
o
r
e
d
a
c
cu
r
a
te
ly
,
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
ly
an
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
en
t
ly
.
A
s
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
a
in
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
s
t
i
ll
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t
h
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d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
en
t
s
t
ag
e
,
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
im
m
a
tu
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ty
i
s
th
e
o
n
ly
m
a
tt
e
r
o
f
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
.
I
r
h
am
et
a
l
.
,
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
e
-
v
o
t
in
g
s
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s
tem
,
b
as
e
d
o
n
h
as
h
in
g
an
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
k
ey
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f
r
a
s
t
r
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c
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e
.
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n
th
is
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y
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t
em
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th
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k
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d
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p
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r
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ty
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I
n
th
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v
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th
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c
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t
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a
l
a
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d
s
t
o
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c
r
y
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t
th
e
b
a
l
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w
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th
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c
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o
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d
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g
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ch
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,
[
1
7
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h
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[
1
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[
1
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h
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[
2
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h
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3
.
1
.
R
e
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g
a
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I
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li
t
e
r
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x
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ch
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e
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.
B
a
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d
o
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,
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f
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o
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in
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e
d
s
f
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th
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r
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v
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t
ig
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:
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d
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n
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ity
m
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ag
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-
S
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ess
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w
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clu
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-
T
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V
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T
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T
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v
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d
in
th
e
l
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te
r
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s
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r
v
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.
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
b
l
em
s
t
a
t
em
en
t
R
es
e
a
r
ch
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
en
s
u
r
in
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tw
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in
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d
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d
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n
t
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ty
m
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ag
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t
a
r
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k
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d
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-
m
ak
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p
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w
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d
w
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b
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l
ity
an
d
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l
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b
i
l
ity
o
f
an
y
d
at
a
[
1
2
,
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
t
ak
e
s
a
d
es
c
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ti
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t
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d
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t
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d
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d
t
h
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E
th
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eu
m
b
l
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c
h
a
in
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s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
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p
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ifie
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k
in
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y
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.
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
i
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in
th
e
a
p
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lic
a
t
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n
,
m
u
s
t
a
d
h
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r
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t
o
r
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l
es
a
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d
c
o
n
s
t
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in
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d
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d
a
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es
s
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ic
.
F
o
ll
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w
in
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a
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a
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ch
q
u
est
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o
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s
i
d
en
t
ifi
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d
f
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h
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g
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p
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b
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.
-
H
o
w
t
o
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
d
a
t
a
f
r
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m
t
am
p
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in
g
?
-
H
o
w
t
o
en
s
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r
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t
h
e
s
e
cu
r
ity
o
f
th
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b
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?
-
H
o
w
t
o
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s
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r
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d
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n
t
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ty
m
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ag
em
en
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th
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d
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c
en
t
r
al
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z
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d
a
p
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lic
a
t
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n
?
-
W
h
a
t
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ti
v
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C
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p
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?
3
.
3
.
O
b
j
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c
t
i
v
e
a
nd
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
-
O
b
je
c
t
i
v
e:
D
ev
el
o
p
a
s
e
cu
r
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d
ec
e
n
t
r
a
l
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z
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d
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
a
p
p
l
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ca
t
io
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
th
e
r
eu
m
b
l
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ck
ch
a
i
n
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
.
-
R
a
ti
o
n
al
e
:
D
at
a
t
am
p
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in
g
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
t
ity
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
r
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a
m
a
jo
r
c
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n
c
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r
n
f
o
r
a
n
y
a
p
p
l
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a
t
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n
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s
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d
f
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c
i
s
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n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
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p
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w
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p
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w
h
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r
e
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r
ely
o
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th
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t
r
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s
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at
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u
s
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n
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s
l
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c
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h
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ch
,
in
tu
r
n
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h
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p
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t
o
b
u
i
l
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r
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th
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u
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m
ec
h
a
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m
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e
d
.
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
i
s
f
o
llo
wed
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
is
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
4
.
1
.
Dec
ent
ra
lized
co
ns
ens
u
s
a
pp
lica
t
io
n a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
,
th
e
a
r
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
d
i
ag
r
am
f
o
r
d
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t
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al
ize
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en
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ap
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l
ica
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cli
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t
-
s
id
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a
p
p
lic
ati
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n
,
i
.
e,
th
e
f
r
o
n
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en
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ilt
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ML
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C
SS
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av
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t th
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a
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th
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w
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ess
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ar
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a
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r
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est
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g
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o
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d
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iz
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k
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t
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r
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ile
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ig
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ate
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s
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ar
t c
o
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ct
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ce
a
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ilt
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en
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J
SO
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Me
tam
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Fig
u
r
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4
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t th
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Fi
g
u
r
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5
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ter
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Require: Ethereum account, blockchain ecosystem
Ensure: Authentication, confidentiality and data integrity
1: Hos
t client application in IPFS network
2:
if
memberName
= =
username
AND
memberPassword
= =
password
then
3:
if
validEthereumAccountANDbalance
>
transactionFees
then
4:
if
choice
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addSuggestion
6:
else
{
choice
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rejectCount
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acceptCount
then
8:
RejectDecision
9:
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AcceptDecision
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end if
12:
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14:
end if
4
.
2
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2
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g
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6
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t
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10
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6
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Decem
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2020
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I
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h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
ac
co
u
n
t
h
o
ld
er
an
d
en
ab
les a
u
s
er
to
s
ig
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
t
io
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
iv
ate
k
e
y
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
i
n
th
e
p
ap
er
,
Gan
ac
h
e
i
s
u
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
in
g
te
s
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
r
ep
r
esen
ts
,
1
0
test
ac
co
u
n
ts
w
i
th
its
p
r
iv
ate
k
e
y
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
tes
t
a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Gan
ac
h
e
al
s
o
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
GUI
,
to
v
ie
w
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
tat
u
s
,
b
lo
ck
cr
ea
tio
n
s
tat
u
s
,
an
d
ev
en
t
lo
g
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
iv
ate
k
e
y
ass
i
g
n
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
ac
co
u
n
t
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
is
au
th
e
n
tica
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ac
co
u
n
t
ad
d
r
ess
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
,
th
e
GUI
to
ad
d
a
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
.
O
n
ce
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ester
ad
d
s
a
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
is
ex
ec
u
ted
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
,
a
f
ee
is
ca
l
cu
lated
b
ased
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
,
ea
ch
tr
a
n
s
a
ctio
n
is
v
er
i
fied
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
h
e
m
i
n
er
b
ef
o
r
e
it
is
ex
ec
u
ted
,
an
d
o
n
ce
t
h
e
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
it
i
s
lo
ck
ed
in
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
v
alid
it
y
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
On
v
ie
w
in
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
li
s
t,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
er
ca
n
ac
ce
p
t,
r
e
j
ec
t
o
r
k
ee
p
th
e
r
eq
u
est
in
t
h
e
p
en
d
in
g
s
tate
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
On
ce
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
is
ex
ec
u
ted
to
u
p
d
ate
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
es.
Al
l
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
d
o
n
e
to
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
as
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
,
h
en
ce
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
en
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
co
n
fl
ic
ts
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
a
n
d
o
v
er
co
m
es t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
n
o
n
-
r
ep
u
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
r
el
y
o
n
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
er
v
er
o
r
a
t
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
s
er
v
er
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
p
ar
tici
p
atin
g
i
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
n
ee
d
to
tr
u
s
t
t
h
e
o
n
e
w
h
o
o
w
n
s
t
h
is
s
er
v
er
[
2
4
]
.
I
f
th
e
o
w
n
er
w
a
s
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
ata
in
th
e
s
er
v
er
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
ta
m
p
er
ed
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
es
s
an
d
d
ata
in
teg
r
i
t
y
i
s
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
3
9
9
-
6
4
1
1
6408
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Gan
ac
h
e
test
ac
co
u
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
tat
u
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
B
lo
ck
cr
ea
tio
n
s
tatu
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.