Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 2
850
~
2860
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp2850
-
28
60
2850
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Enha
ncing
r
ad
ia
l distribu
tio
n sy
st
em
performa
nce
by
op
timal pl
acement
of DSTATCOM
S.
F
. Mekh
am
er
1
, R.
H
. She
ha
t
a
2
,
A.
Y.
A
bdelaz
iz
3
, M
. A.
Al
-
Gabal
aw
y
4
1
,3
Facul
t
y
of
Eng
ine
er
ing
and
T
echnolog
y
,
Futur
e University
in
Eg
y
pt
,
C
ai
ro
,
Eg
y
p
t
2
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
e
r
and
M
ac
hin
es
Depa
rtment, Facult
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng,
Ain
Sham
s Unive
rsit
y
,
Cair
o,
Eg
y
p
t
4
Py
r
amids High
er
Insit
iut
e
for
E
ngine
er
ing
an
d
Te
chno
log
y
,
Cairo,
Eg
y
p
t
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
1
, 2019
Re
vised
Dec
1
2
,
20
19
Accepte
d
Dec
1
8
, 20
19
In
thi
s
pape
r,
A
novel
m
odifi
ed
opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
m
et
hod
was
u
sed
to
find
the
opti
m
al
lo
cation
and
size
for
pla
ci
ng
distr
ibu
ti
on
Stat
i
c
Com
pensa
tor
in
the
r
adi
a
l
d
istribution
t
est
f
ee
d
er
in
orde
r
to
i
m
prove
it
s
pe
rf
orm
anc
e
b
y
m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
tot
al
power
loss
e
s
of
the
te
st
fe
ede
r,
enha
nc
ing
the
volt
ag
e
profil
e
and
red
uci
ng
th
e
costs
.
The
m
odified
gre
y
wolf
op
ti
m
iz
ation
al
gorit
hm
is
use
d
for
th
e
f
irst
t
i
m
e
to
solve
thi
s ki
nd
of
op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
probl
em.
An
obje
c
ti
ve
fu
nct
ion
w
as
dev
e
lope
d
t
o
stud
y
t
he
rad
ia
l
distri
b
uti
on
s
y
s
te
m
inc
lud
ed
total
p
ower
loss
of
th
e
s
y
st
em
and
c
osts
due
to
po
wer
loss
in
s
y
stem.
The
pro
posed
m
et
hod
i
s
appl
ie
d
to
tw
o
diffe
r
ent
te
st
distri
buti
o
n
fee
der
s
(33
bus
and
69
bus
te
st
s
y
stems
)
using
diffe
ren
t
Ds
ta
tc
o
m
size
s
and
the
a
cqui
red
r
esult
s
were
an
aly
z
ed
and
compare
d
to
othe
r
r
ec
en
t
opti
m
iz
atio
n
m
et
hods
appl
i
e
d
to
th
e
sam
e
te
st
f
ee
der
s
to
ensure
th
e
e
ffe
ct
iv
ene
ss
of
the
used
m
et
hod
and
it
s
superior
ity
ov
er
othe
r
re
ce
nt
opti
m
i
za
t
io
n
m
ehods.
The
m
aj
or
findings
from
obta
in
ed
resul
ts
t
ha
t
t
he
ap
p
li
ed
tech
nique
foun
d
the
m
ost
m
ini
mi
ze
d
tot
a
l
power
loss
in
s
y
stem,
the
best
improved
voltage
profil
e
and
m
o
st
red
uc
ti
on
in
costs
due
po
wer
loss
compare
d
to
oth
er
m
et
hods.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DS
T
ATCOM
placem
ent
Gr
ey
wo
l
f op
ti
m
iz
er
Power
l
os
s m
inim
iz
at
ion
Vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
R
.
H. S
he
hata
,
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er a
nd
Ma
chin
es D
e
par
tm
ent
,
Ain Sham
s Un
iversity
,
Ca
iro,
Egy
pt.
Em
a
il
:
ra
m
yha
ssan
42
@
ya
ho
o
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
perform
a
nce
of
ra
dial
distrib
ution
fe
eder
(RD
S)
co
uld
be
m
easure
d
by
m
any
factor
s
w
hic
h
include
but
no
t
lim
it
ed
to
total
act
ive
and
re
act
ive
power
l
os
ses,
syst
em
vo
lt
age
pro
file
,
powe
r
flo
w,
r
eact
ive
powe
r
instal
le
d,
volt
age
sta
bi
li
t
y,
cost
redu
ct
ion
,
powe
r
qual
it
y
and
total
syst
e
m
op
e
rati
on
c
os
ts
[
1
-
2
]
.
So
m
e
dev
ic
es
an
d
E
qu
i
pm
ent
as
D
ist
ribu
te
d
Ge
ne
rati
on
unit
s
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
com
pen
sa
tors
a
re
a
n
e
ffec
ti
ve
so
luti
on
t
o
en
ha
nce,
c
ontr
ol
a
nd
m
i
ti
gate
som
e
of
the
pre
vi
ou
sly
m
entione
d
as
ses
sm
ent
factors
of
a
ny
te
sted
rad
ia
l
distrib
ut
ion
fee
der.
Th
e
Ele
ct
ric
Po
w
er
Re
search
I
nst
it
ute
(EPRI)
dev
el
op
e
d
fle
xi
ble
AC
trans
m
issi
on
syst
e
m
(F
ACT
S)
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
in
w
hich
pow
er
fl
ow
is
e
no
ur
m
os
ly
con
tr
olled
by
util
iz
ing
dif
fer
e
nt
pow
e
r
el
ect
ro
nic
de
vic
es.
F
ACTS
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
su
c
h
as
sta
ti
c
var
com
pen
sat
or,
un
i
fied
powe
r
flo
w
co
ntr
oller
an
d
sta
ti
c
synchro
nous
com
pen
sat
or
(S
T
ATC
O
M)
are
a
pr
om
i
sing
a
nd
e
ff
ect
ive
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
en
ha
nce
the
powe
r
trans
fer
ca
pab
i
li
ty
by
20
-
30%
an
d
sta
bili
ty
of
the
netw
ork
by
re
gu
la
ti
ng
the
bus
volt
ages
a
nd
red
ist
r
ibu
ti
ng
the
li
ne
flow
s
[2
-
4
].
By
adju
sti
ng
an
d
var
y
ing
the
firi
ng
ang
le
s
of
the
thyrist
ors
insid
e
the
FA
CT
de
vices,
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
inj
e
ct
ed
or
abs
orbe
d
cou
l
d
be
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
in
or
de
r
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
perform
ance
and
cha
racte
risit
ic
s
of
the
tran
sm
issi
on
an
d
dist
rib
ution
s
syst
e
m
s.
The
STATC
OM
is
m
or
e
reli
able
and
faster
reacti
ng
tha
n
t
he
switc
he
d
c
apacit
or.
FA
C
T
dev
ic
es
are
connecte
d
t
o
powe
r
syst
em
a
t
sp
eci
fied
loc
at
ion
s
ei
ther
in
sh
unt
or
series
co
nnect
ion
or
co
m
bin
at
ion
of
bo
t
h.
Distri
bu
t
ion
sta
ti
c
synchro
nous
com
pen
sat
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
r
ad
ial distri
buti
on
syste
m perf
orma
nce
by o
ptima
l
pla
ce
me
nt
of DST
ATCO
M
(
S.
F. Mek
hamer
)
2851
(
DSTATC
OM
)
has
m
any
fe
at
ur
es,
s
uc
h
as
le
ss
har
m
on
ic
pr
oduc
ti
on,
low
powe
r
losses,
lo
w
cos
t,
high
regulat
or
y c
ap
abili
ty
an
d
c
om
pact siz
e [
5
,
6
]
.
Naseer
M.,
et
al
.,
[
7
]
pr
opos
e
s
the
us
e
of
ge
netic
al
gorithm
to
fin
d
th
e
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
siz
e
and
locat
io
n
of
ST
ATCOM
in
a
powe
r
sy
stem
con
side
ri
ng
the
powe
r
factor
co
rr
ect
i
on
lim
it
s.
The
pro
posed
m
eth
od
is
app
li
ed
to
IEE
E
5
bus,
IEE
E
30
bu
s
te
st
syst
e
m
s
and
I
r
aqi
natio
nal
gri
d
to
s
how
t
he
res
ults.
H
ow
ever,
the
pro
posed
t
echn
i
qu
e
nee
ds
to
be
a
pp
li
e
d
to
la
r
ger
te
s
t
rad
ia
l
syst
e
m
s
to
ens
ur
e
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ness.
Also,
the
volt
age
pr
ofi
le
sta
tus
a
fter
placem
ent
of
the
sta
tc
om
in
I
EEE
30
bus
an
d
Ir
a
qi
nationa
l
gr
i
d
is
not
s
how
n.
Yuva
raj
a
,
et
al
.,
[8
]
discu
sse
s
the
us
e
of
ha
rm
on
y
searc
h
al
gorithm
for
the
optim
al
si
zi
ng
an
d
l
ocati
on
of
DS
T
ATCOM
i
n
RDS
.
The
m
et
hod
is
te
ste
d
on
ly
on
IE
EE
33
bus
to
en
sure
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ness
a
nd
the
dem
erit
in
this
st
ud
y
t
hat
it
only
us
e
d
on
e
te
st
ra
dial
distrib
utio
n
syst
e
m
and
th
e
volt
age
prof
i
le
was
not
opt
i
m
ally
i
m
pr
oved
whe
n
c
om
par
ed
t
o othe
r op
ti
m
iz
a
t
ion
tec
hn
i
ques
app
li
ed
to
t
he
s
a
m
e test
f
eeder
as in
.
Taher,
et
al
.,
[
9]
presents
a
bi
olo
gical
in
sp
ir
ed
al
gorit
hm
c
al
le
d
Im
m
un
e
Algorithm
wh
i
ch
is
us
ed
t
o
op
ti
m
al
l
y
al
loc
at
e
the
DSTA
TCOM
in
t
he
r
ad
ia
l
distrib
ution
fee
der
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
te
c
hniqu
e
is
te
ste
d
on
t
w
o
te
st
syst
e
m
s
IEEE
33
bu
s
an
d
IEEE
69
bus
.
T
he
res
ults
we
re
prom
isi
ng
but
in
the
case
of
te
sti
ng
IEEE
33
bus
rad
ia
l
distri
bu
ti
on
fee
de
r
w
hen
com
par
ed
to
the
res
ults
obta
ined
us
i
ng
the
har
m
on
y
searc
h
al
gorithm
te
chn
iq
ue
i
n [
8
]
are
bette
r
r
e
ga
rd
i
ng the t
otal p
ow
e
r
l
os
s
reducti
on of t
he
R
DS
a
nd the
tot
al
an
nual
c
os
ts.
Guptaa,
et
al
.,
[
10]
us
es
sensiti
ve
m
et
hod
to
det
erm
ine
the
be
st
locat
ion
s
for
placi
ng
the
DS
T
ATCO
M
in
the
te
ste
d
IEEE
33
bus
r
adial
distribu
ti
on
fee
de
r.
A
fter
sel
ect
ing
one
of
the
tw
o
sens
it
ive
m
et
ho
ds
propose
d
in
this
stud
y,
the
va
ri
at
ion
al
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
us
e
d
in
orde
r
to
sel
ect
the
pr
oper
siz
e
of
the
DS
T
ATC
OM.
The
disa
dv
a
ntage
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
that
it
on
ly
te
ste
d
the
te
chn
iq
ue
on
sing
le
RDS
a
nd
a
ls
o
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
t
est
ed
IEEE
33
bu
s
RD
S
total
ann
ual
en
er
gy
saving
ob
ta
i
ned
by
oth
e
r
m
et
ho
ds
as
in
[
9
]
is
bette
r
tha
n
t
he on
e
r
eac
he
d
in
this w
ork.
Yu
var
aj,
et
al
.,
[1
1]
intro
du
ces
the
bat
al
go
ritm
wh
ic
h
is
us
ed
to
find
the
op
ti
m
al
siz
e
of
DS
TATCOM
to
be
placed
in
R
DS
and
the
placem
ent
of
the
siz
ed
DS
TATCOM
is
decided
by
vo
lt
age
sta
bili
ty
ind
ex
m
et
ho
d.
To
valia
de
the
pr
op
os
ed
te
chn
iqu
e
fo
r
op
ti
m
al
l
ocati
on
and
siz
ing
of
DS
TATCOM.
It
is
te
ste
d
us
ing
two
te
st
syst
em
s
IEEE
33
bu
s
and
IEEE
69
bu
s
rad
ia
l
distribu
ti
on
syst
em
s.Th
e
ob
ta
ined
resu
lt
s
fo
r
the
te
ste
d
IEEE
33
bu
s
RDS
sh
ow
that
the
siz
e
of
the
instal
le
d
DS
TATCOM
is
la
rg
er
than
the
siz
e
us
ed
by
oth
er
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
m
et
ho
ds
app
li
ed
to
the
sam
e
te
st
feed
er.
Sh
ah,
et
al
.,
[1
2]
pr
esents
the
eff
ect
of
op
ti
m
al
placem
ent
of
STA
TCOM
fo
r
vo
lt
age
sta
bili
ty
pu
rp
os
es
by
us
ing
load
sensiti
vity
factor
s.
By
var
yi
ng
the load
s
on
each
load
bu
s,
the
eff
ect
of
STA
TCOM
is reali
zed.
The
im
plem
entat
ion
is
do
ne
on
two
te
st
RDS
syst
em
s
IEEE
5
bu
s
and
IEEE
14
bu
s.
But
the
sta
tus
of
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
po
wer
losses
is
no
t
pr
esented
and
al
so
the im
plem
entat
ion
sh
ou
ld h
ave in
cl
ud
ed
la
rg
er test feeder
s
.
In
this
pap
er,
the
im
pr
ov
ed
gr
ey
wo
lf
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
al
go
rithm
is
app
li
ed
to
two
diff
eren
t
IEEE
rad
ia
l
distribu
ti
on
feed
ers.
This
pr
op
os
ed
te
chn
iqu
e
is
inten
ded
to
find
the
op
ti
m
al
so
luti
on
s
to
al
locat
e
and
siz
e
DS
TATCOM
in
any
RDS.
The
al
go
rithm
fo
ll
ow
s
a
set
of
pr
edeterm
ined
ste
ps
to
find
the
glo
bal
op
ti
m
al
so
luti
on
f
or
tho
se k
ind
o
ptim
iz
at
ion
p
ro
blem
s.
The
no
velit
y fact
or
in
this stud
y t
hat the p
ro
po
sed
te
c
hn
iqu
e is
us
ed
fo
r
the
first
ti
m
e
to
find
a
so
luti
on
fo
r
this
kin
d
of
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
ob
le
m
s
wh
ic
h
includes
determ
ining
the
op
ti
m
al
locat
ion
and
siz
e
of
DS
TATCOM
in an
y radial
d
ist
ribu
ti
on
f
eeder.
Th
is new
algo
rithm
co
uld
f
ind
the
op
ti
m
al
so
luti
on
reg
ard
in
g
the
lowest
syst
em
m
inim
um
po
wer
losses
accom
pan
ie
d
by
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
im
pr
ov
em
ent
within
the
pr
edef
ined
op
ti
m
iz
ti
on
pr
ob
le
m
li
m
it
s
su
c
h
as
po
wer
balance
con
strai
nts,
bu
s
vo
lt
age
con
strai
nts
and
reacti
ve
po
wer
com
pen
sta
ti
on
con
strai
nts.
The
rest
of
the
pa
per
is
div
ided
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
Sect
ion
2
(Research
m
et
ho
d)
intro
du
ces
the
gr
ey
wo
lf
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
al
go
rithm
and
it
s
m
od
ific
at
ion
s.
Also
,
the
al
go
rithm
ste
ps
ta
ken
to
app
ro
ach
and
so
lve
the
pr
ob
le
m
of
op
ti
m
al
placem
ent
of
DTA
TCOM
in
RDS
are
exp
la
ined.
Sect
ion
3
(Results
and
An
al
ysi
s)
intro
du
ces
the
im
plem
entat
ion
and
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
app
li
ed
to
two
te
st
syst
em
s.
Also
,
com
par
ison
of
the
resu
lt
s
to
oth
er
op
t
im
iz
at
ion
te
chn
iqu
es
app
li
ed
to
the sam
e test
feed
ers.
Finall
y,
Sect
ion
4
includes
the co
nclusio
ns
o
f
thi
s stud
y.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Gre
y
w
ol
f opt
im
iz
at
io
n
a
lg
orit
hm
(G
WOA)
GW
OA
is
natur
e
insp
ired
al
go
rithm
that
m
im
cs
the
beh
avior
of
the
real
gr
ey
wo
lves
in
natur
e
by
app
ly
ing
their
te
chn
iqu
es
in
searchin
g,
le
ader
sh
ip
and
hu
nting
the
pr
ey
s.
The
al
go
rithm
was
intro
du
ced
fo
r
the
first
ti
m
e
in
[1
3].
Fr
om
the
stud
y
in
[1
3
-
1
7
]
.
Gr
ey
wo
lves
are
pr
edat
or
s,
in
oth
er
wo
rd
s
they
are
at
the
peak
of
the
fo
od
chain.
It
is
reco
rd
ed
that
they
li
ve
in
a
gr
ou
p.
In
m
os
t
cases
the
gr
ou
p
con
ta
ins
5
-
12
ind
ividu
al
s.
GW
O
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
a
m
et
a
-
heu
risti
c
al
go
rithm
wh
ic
h
belon
gs
to
the
swar
m
intel
li
gen
ce
fam
il
y.
In
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess
gr
ey
wo
lves
div
ide
them
sel
ves
into
pack
s.
Fig
ur
e
1
cl
assifi
es
them
accord
ing
to
do
m
inati
on
and
po
wer
.
Ther
e
are
fo
ur
cat
ego
ries
of
gr
ey
wo
lves.
The
fir
st
on
e
is
le
ader
s,
wh
ic
h
are
cal
le
d
al
ph
a
(a)
wo
lves
and
they
are
the
m
os
t
po
wer
fu
l
and
le
ad
the
wh
ole
pack
in
feed
ing
,
m
igrati
on
and
hu
nting
.
The
secon
d
le
vels
are
the
beta
(b
)
wo
lves;
they
help
the
le
ader
s
in
decisi
on
m
aking
and
rep
la
ce
the
al
ph
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
5
0
-
2
8
6
0
2852
wo
lves
in
case
of
death
or
il
lness.
The
le
ast
ty
pes
of
gr
ey
wo
lves
are
delta
(d
)
and
om
ega
(x
)
wo
lves.
In
te
resti
ng
ly
,
the
al
ph
a
is
no
t
necessarily
the
stron
gest
m
em
ber
of
the
pack
bu
t
thebest
in
te
rm
s
of
m
anag
ing
the
pack
.
Ger
y
wo
lves
du
ring
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess
fo
ll
ow
a set o
f
well
-
known
pr
oced
ur
es:
ch
asi
ng
, en
ci
rcli
ng
,
har
assing
and
at
ta
cking
.
This
m
akes
them
hu
nt
la
rg
e
pr
ey
s.
GW
O
al
go
rithm
app
li
es
the
sam
e
m
echan
ism
in
natur
e,
wh
ere
it
fo
ll
ow
s
the
pack
hierar
chy
fo
r
or
gan
iz
ing
the
diff
eren
t
fu
nctions
in
the
wo
lves’
pack
.
Also
,
as
in
natur
e
in
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess
each
wo
lf
per
fo
rm
s
it
s
ro
le
wh
ere
the
GW
O
pack
’s
m
em
ber
s
are
div
ided
into
fo
ur
gr
ou
ps
based
on
the
cat
ego
ry
of
the
wo
lf’s
fu
nction.
The
fo
ur
gr
ou
ps
are
al
ph
a,
beta,
delta
and
om
ega,
wh
ere
the
Alph
a
rep
r
esents
the
best
cand
idate
so
luti
on
fo
un
d
fo
r
hu
nting
so
far
.
Con
sequ
ently
,
beta
and
delta
rep
resen
t
the
secon
d
and
third
best
cand
idate
so
luti
on
s
wh
ere
om
ega
is
the
le
ast
pr
ob
able
so
luti
on
to the p
ro
blem
.
Figure
1. G
rey
wo
l
ves’
soc
ia
l hierarc
hy
2.1.
1.
M
athe
mat
ic
al
m
od
el
ing
2.1.1.
1.
E
ncir
cl
ing p
re
y
In
o
rd
er to
m
at
hem
at
ic
al
ly
m
od
el
encircli
ng
b
ehav
ior
of
the g
rey
wo
lves the f
ollow
ing
eq
uations
are
pr
esented in
[1
3
-
14
]
:
⃗
⃗
=
|
.
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(
)
−
(
)
|
(1)
(
+
1
)
=
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(
)
−
.
⃗
⃗
(2)
wh
e
re
:
t i
nd
ic
at
es the
current it
erati
on,
an
d
are c
oeffi
ci
ent v
ect
or
s
,
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(
)
is t
he p
os
it
ion
vecto
r of
t
he pr
ey
,
(
)
ind
ic
at
es t
he p
os
it
ion vect
or
of a
gr
ey
wo
l
f.
The
vector
s
and
are calc
ulate
d
as f
ollow
s:
=
2
.
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
(3)
=
2
.
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
(4)
wh
e
re
:
com
po
nen
ts
of
are
li
near
ly
decr
eased
fr
om
2
to
0
ov
er
the
cou
rse
of
it
erati
on
s
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
and
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
are
ran
do
m
vector
s
in
the
ran
ge
of
[
0,
1]
.
Fr
om
the
abo
ve
equ
at
ion
s,
a
gr
ey
wo
lf
in
the
po
sit
ion
of
(X
,Y
)
in
the
search
sp
ace
can
up
date
it
s
po
sit
ion
accord
ing
to
the
po
sit
ion
of
the
pr
ey
(X
*,
Y*
)
diff
eren
t
locat
ion
s
aro
un
d
the
best
agen
t
can
be
reached
with
resp
ect
to
the
cur
ren
t
po
sit
ion
by
var
yi
ng
the
values
of
the
vector
s
and
.
So
,
a
gr
ey
wo
lf
can
up
date
it
s
po
sit
ion
inside
the
sp
ace
aro
un
d
the
pr
ey
in
any
ran
do
m
place
by
us
ing
the
abo
ve
m
entioned
eq
uations
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
r
ad
ial distri
buti
on
syste
m perf
orma
nce
by o
ptima
l
pla
ce
me
nt
of DST
ATCO
M
(
S.
F. Mek
hamer
)
2853
2.1.1.
2.
Hun
ti
ng
Du
ring
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess,
Gr
ey
wo
lves
hav
e
the
capab
il
it
y
to
find
the
pr
ey
and
encircle
them
.
The
le
ader
of
the
hu
nting
is
the
al
ph
a
wo
lf.
The
beta
and
delta
wo
lves
m
ay
al
so
con
tribu
te
in
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess
occasion
al
ly
.
Ho
wev
er,
in
an
abstract
search
sp
ace
there
is
no
cl
ue
abo
ut
the
locat
ion
of
the
op
ti
m
um
pr
ey
.
In
or
der
to
m
od
el
m
at
hem
at
i
cal
ly
the
hu
nting
beh
avior
of
gr
ey
wo
lves,
su
gg
est
that
the
al
ph
a
(b
est
cand
idate
so
luti
on
)
beta
and
delta
hav
e
bette
r
kn
ow
le
dge
abo
ut
the p
otentia
l
locat
ion
of
p
rey. Th
erefo
re,
store
the
first
three
best
so
luti
on
s
fo
un
d
so
far
and
fo
rce
al
l
the
oth
er
sea
rch
agen
ts
to
chan
ge
their
po
sit
ion
s
accord
ing
to
the
po
sit
ion
of
the
best
search
agen
t.
The
fo
ll
ow
ing
fo
rm
ulas
and
equ
at
ion
s
are
pr
esented
in
this
reg
ard
to
rep
resen
t t
he
pr
eviou
s ex
plained
beh
avior
:
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
(5)
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
(6)
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
3
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
(7)
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
(
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
(8
)
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
(
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
(9)
3
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
3
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
(
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
(10)
(
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
t+
1)
=
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
3
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
3
(11)
In
search
sp
ace
us
ing
these
equ
at
ion
s,
a
search
agen
t
chan
ges
and
up
dates
it
s
po
sit
ion
accord
ing
to
al
ph
a,
beta
and
delta
.
Also
,
the
final
po
sit
ion
reached
wo
uld
be
in
a
ran
do
m
place
within
a
ci
rcle
wh
ic
h
is
def
ined
by
the
po
sit
ion
s
of
al
ph
a,
beta,
and
delta
.
In
sh
or
t
wo
rd
s,
al
ph
a,
beta
and
delta
determ
ine
the
po
sit
ion
of
the p
rey and
all
o
ther
wo
lves u
pd
at
e and
ch
ang
e their p
os
it
ion
s in
a ran
do
m
w
ay
aro
un
d
the p
rey.
2
.
1.2.
E
xp
l
oration
a
n
d e
xp
l
oi
ta
ti
on
in
GW
O
In
[1
5]
du
ring
the
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
ocess,
the
al
go
rithm
per
fo
rm
s
two
op
po
sit
e
act
ion
s
wh
ic
h
are
exp
lorati
on
and
exp
loit
at
ion
.
Du
ring
the
exp
lorati
on
ph
ase,
the
al
go
rithm
trie
s
to
exp
lore
al
l
the
new
areas
of
the
pr
ob
le
m
search space
by m
aking
chan
ges
in
the
so
luti
on
s
since
the
m
ai
n
pu
rp
os
e
is t
o kn
ow
the b
est
areas
of
the
search
la
nd
scape
and
pr
oh
ibit
so
luti
on
s
fr
om
being
trapp
ed
in
a
local
op
ti
m
um
.
W
hile
du
ring
exp
loit
at
ion
ph
ase,
the
m
ai
n
ta
rg
et
is
to
enh
ance
the
cal
culat
ed
so
luti
on
s
ob
ta
ined
in
the
exp
lorati
on
pr
ocess
by
kn
ow
ing
the
neigh
bo
ur
ho
od
par
ts
of
each
so
luti
on
.
Ther
efo
re,
up
dates
in
the
so
luti
on
s
fo
un
d
sh
ou
ld
be
m
ade
to co
nv
erg
e tow
ard
s the g
lob
al
o
ptim
al
so
luti
on
o
f
the p
ro
blem
.
In
GW
O,
searchin
g
fo
r
pr
ey
rep
resen
ts
exp
lorati
on
ph
ase
an
d
m
at
hem
at
ic
al
ly
the
(C)
vector
,
(A
)
and
(a)
al
so
rep
resen
ts
it
.
The
(C)
vector
pr
esents
the
eff
ect
of
ob
sta
cl
es
to
app
ro
ach
ing
pr
ey
in
natur
e.
In
gen
eral,
the
wo
lves
face
ob
sta
cl
es
du
ring
the
hu
nting
pr
ocess
wh
ic
h
slow
s
them
and
m
akes
it
har
der
wh
en
app
ro
aching
the
pr
ey
.
In
Su
m
m
ary,
the
searchin
g
pr
ocess
sta
rts
by
inti
al
iz
ing
a
ran
do
m
po
pu
la
ti
on
of
gr
ey
wo
lves)
in
the
GW
O
al
go
rithm
.
Ov
er
the
cou
rse
of
it
erati
on
s,
al
ph
a,
b
et
a,
and
delta
wo
lves
determ
ine
the
exact
po
sit
ion
of
the
pr
ey
. e
ach
agen
t up
dates an
d
chan
ges
it
s d
ist
ance f
ro
m
the p
rey. Th
e p
aram
et
er (
a) is
decr
eased
fr
om
2
to
0
in
or
der
to
assur
e
exp
lorati
on
and
exp
loit
at
ion
,
resp
ect
ively
.
Ag
ents
te
nd
to
div
erg
e
away
fr
om
the
pr
ey
wh
en
|
|
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
>1an
d
con
ver
ge
towar
ds
the
pr
ey
wh
en
<1.
Finall
y,
the
GW
O
al
go
rithm
is
te
rm
inate
d
by
the sati
sfacti
on
o
f
an
end
co
nd
it
ion
.
2.2.
M
od
ifie
d
grey w
olf
opti
mi
z
at
ion
algo
ri
th
m
(
MG
WO
A
)
In
or
der
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
exp
lorati
on
ph
ase
in
GW
O,
the
value
of
(
a
⃗
)
is
var
ie
d
us
ing
an
exp
on
entia
l
fu
nction
instea
d
of
ch
ang
ing
i
t l
inearly
as p
rp
os
ed
in [
1
8
]
. I
n
this case t
he
fo
ll
ow
ing
eq
uation
is used
:
a = 2
(
1
-
2
max
2
)
(12)
wh
e
re
,
is t
he
c
urren
t i
te
rati
on
, and
is t
he
m
axium
n
um
ber
of it
erati
on
s
.
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2854
2.3.
DS
T
ATC
OM struc
tu
re
DS
TATCOM
is
a
ty
pe
of
the
flexiable
AC
transm
issi
on
s
(F
ACTs)
dev
ic
es,
and
it
abso
rb
s
or
su
pp
li
es
bo
th
the
reacti
ve
and
the
act
ive
cur
ren
t
at
a
po
int
of
com
m
on
cou
pling
(P
CC
).
Actuall
y,
it
is
con
siderd
a
DC/AC
con
ver
te
r,
wh
ere
it
con
sist
s
of
a
dc
ener
gy
storag
e
ban
k
or
a
dc
-
li
nk
capaci
tor.
The
m
ai
n
ro
le
of
the
ener
gy
ban
k
is
su
pp
ly
ing
a
co
ns
ta
nt
DC
vo
lt
age,
wh
ic
h
is
con
ver
te
d
to
a
3
-
ph
ase
vo
lt
age.
The
AC
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
feed
s
a
cou
pling
transf
or
m
er
that
is
com
m
on
ed
cou
pling
with
the
RDS
[1
9
]
.
Ma
inly
,
t
he
DS
TATCOM
op
erates
as
a
var
ia
ble
synchr
on
ou
s
vo
lt
age
so
ur
ce,
wh
ere
bo
th
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ud
e
and
ang
le
s
are
tun
ed
in
or
der
to
con
trol
the
bu
s
vo
lt
age
and
im
pr
o
ve
the
po
wer
factor
.
The
con
necti
on
of
the
DS
TATCOM
to
the
distribu
ti
on
syst
em
bu
s
is i
ll
us
trat
ed a
s in Fi
g
ure
2.
Most
pr
op
erly
,
PI
D
con
trolle
r
has
been
app
li
ed
in m
any
stud
ie
s to
con
trol
the stat
e o
f
this dev
ic
e;
inj
ect
o
r
abso
rb
the elect
rical
cu
rr
ent.
The
bu
s
vo
lt
age
is
reg
ulate
d
by
DS
TATCOM
in
the
no
rm
al
or
abn
or
m
al
con
diti
on
s,
wh
ere
it
inj
ect
s
the
pr
op
er
po
wer
to
the
bu
s.
The
po
wer
exch
ang
e
m
igh
t
be
fo
r
the
act
ive
or
reacti
ve
po
wer
,
b
ut
in
this
pap
er
the
DS
TATCOM
is
on
ly
fo
r
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
exch
ang
e.
New
ton
-
Ra
ph
os
n
load
flow
cal
culat
ion
m
et
ho
d
has
been
app
li
ed
in
this
wo
rk
,
and
it
is
assum
ed
that
the
distribu
ti
on
netwo
rk
is
in
balance
con
diti
on
s.
A
sect
ion
of
a
sam
ple
distribu
ti
on
netwo
rk
is sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
Fig
ure
2
.
D
ST
ATCOM
c
on
ne
ct
ed
to
b
us
i
Figure
3.
Sin
gl
e li
ne
dia
gr
am
o
f
tw
o
c
on
sec
ut
ive buses
of
a d
ist
rib
utio
n
s
yst
e
m
In
t
his
Fig
ur
e
3
,
+
is
the
i
m
ped
ance
betwe
e
n
the
ℎ
and
+
1
ℎ
bu
ses.
,
,
an
d
are
vo
lt
age
,
a
ct
ive p
owe
r,
an
d
rea
ct
ive
po
wer of the
ℎ
bus
re
sp
ec
ti
vely
,
an
d
t
he
sam
e
fo
r
the
+
1
ℎ
bus.
Fig
ure
4
il
lustrate
s t
he
phas
or
diag
ra
m
o
f
Fig
ure
3,
and if
K
VL
is
app
ly
in
g
th
e
phas
or
e
quat
ion
is res
ult as in
(
13
)
:
+
1
∠
+
1
=
∠
−
(
+
)
.
∠
(13)
Fig
ure
4. P
has
or d
ia
gr
am
o
f vo
lt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt of t
he
sys
tem
her
e
,
is
the
f
l
ow
i
ng
cu
rr
e
nt
from
ℎ
to
+
1
ℎ
buse
s.
I
n
t
his
w
ork
,
a
DS
T
ATCO
M
has
bee
n
in
sta
ll
ed
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
volt
age
of
the
+
1
ℎ
bu
s
t
o
reac
h
the
opti
m
iz
ed
le
vel,
as
in
Fi
g
ur
e
5.
Fi
nally
,
this
dev
ic
e
is
app
li
ed
f
or
re
gu
la
ti
ng
the
bus
vo
lt
age
,
re
du
ci
n
g
the
sy
stem
loss
in
s
te
ady
sta
te
co
nd
it
io
n.
It
w
ould
be
achieva
ble
if
t
he
c
urre
nt
a
ngle
of
t
he
DST
ATCOM
is
i
n
the
desire
d
qu
a
dr
at
ur
e
wit
h
re
sp
ect
t
o
t
he
vo
lt
age
angle.
=
2
+
+
1
(14)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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p
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g
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En
hancin
g
r
ad
ial distri
buti
on
syste
m perf
orma
nce
by o
ptima
l
pla
ce
me
nt
of DST
ATCO
M
(
S.
F. Mek
hamer
)
2855
So
,
(
13
)
is
m
od
ifie
d
to t
he
fol
lowing
:
+
1
∠
+
1
=
∠
−
(
+
)
.
(
∠
+
∠
)
(15)
Fig
ure
5. D
ST
ATCOM i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
at the
+
1
ℎ
bus
Fi
gure
4
is
m
od
ifie
d
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
(1
5
)
,
and
t
he
fina
l
ph
as
or
dia
gram
is
rep
res
ented
as
in
Fig
ure
6.
T
he
DS
T
ATCOM
current
a
ng
le
is
determ
ined
as
in
(
14
)
a
nd
the
c
urren
t
m
agn
it
ud
e
co
ul
d
be
ob
ta
ine
d from
(
16
):
|
|
=
+
1
c
os
+
1
−
1
−
4
sin
+
1
−
3
c
os
+
1
(16)
wh
e
re
,
1
and
2
a
re
t
he
real
a
nd
the
im
aginar
y
of
(
13
)
re
sp
ect
ively
.
w
hi
le
,
3
is
−
an
d
4
i
s
−
.
Finall
y, the i
nject
ed
reacti
ve
powe
r
is t
he
m
ulti
plica
ti
on
of
+
1
by
as i
n
(
17
):
=
+
1
∠
+
1
.
∠
(17)
Fig
ure
6. The
fi
nal phas
or
dia
gr
am
o
f v
oltag
e an
d
c
urren
t
of syst
em
after
instal
li
ng
t
he D
STA
TC
OM
2.4.
Ob
jecti
ve
Fun
c
tion
Fr
om
[9
]
a
m
ulti
-
obj
ect
ive
f
un
ct
io
n
is
represente
d
as
in
(
18
)
,
to
e
nsu
re
that
the
DSTACOM
i
s
locat
ed
in
t
he
op
ti
m
al
bu
s,
a
nd
it
c
on
ta
in
s
two
obj
ect
ive
functi
ons.
T
he
first
ob
j
ect
ive
is
to
m
ini
m
ize
the
syst
e
m
po
wer
loss
as
in
(
19
)
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
in
(
20
)
dem
on
strat
es
the
second
ob
j
ect
ive
wh
ic
h
is
m
ini
m
iz
ing
the cost
of
th
e
DS
T
ATCOM
:
.
=
{
.
1
.
2
(18)
.
1
=
(19)
.
2
=
,
(20)
The p
ow
e
r
lo
ss
m
ini
m
iz
ation
wh
ic
h
is t
he
fi
r
st o
bj
ect
iv
e
fu
nction
is
d
esc
ribe
d
in
(
21
)
as
:
=
∑
.
|
|
2
=
1
(21)
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2856
w
he
re,
is
num
ber
of
the
syst
e
m
br
a
nc
hes,
is
the
br
a
n
ch
r
esi
sta
nce,
an
d
is
t
he
brac
h
c
urren
t.
I
n
(
22
)
sh
ows
the s
eco
nd ob
j
ect
ive
w
hich
is
m
ini
m
i
zi
ng
t
he
c
os
t
due to
po
wer l
oss
.
,
=
. Q
DSTATCOM
.t
(22)
wh
e
re:
,
is t
he
t
otal
po
wer l
os
s
cost
is t
he
e
nergy c
os
to
f
lo
sses i
n ($
/
Kwh)
Q
DSTATCOM
is t
he DST
ATC
O
M si
ze in
KVA
r
t i
s the lo
a
d d
urat
ion
The
weig
hted
-
su
m
m
et
ho
d
has
bee
n
a
pp
l
ie
d
to
co
nvert
the
m
ulti
-
obje
ct
ive
to
sin
gle
obje
ct
ive
functi
on
wh
e
re
1
an
d
2
are
w
ei
ght fact
or
s
and
(
18
)
is
re
wri
t
te
n as f
ollo
ws:
.
=
1
.
∑
.
|
|
2
=
1
+
2
.
(
,
)
(2
3
)
Fina
ll
y,
the
m
ai
n
con
strai
nts
of
the
pr
op
os
ed
ob
j
ect
ive
fu
nction
are
descr
ibed
in
bo
th
(
24
)
and
(
25
)
,
wh
ere
in
(
24
)
the
v
oltage
con
strai
nts
are
def
ined.
The
up
per
and
lower
li
m
it
s
of
the
DS
TATCOM
reacti
ve
po
wer
capaci
ty
are
dem
on
strat
ed
in
(
25
)
.
≤
≤
(2
4
)
Wh
e
re
,
an
d
a
re
the
m
ini
m
u
m
and
m
axiumim
lim
it
s
resp
ect
ively
of
the
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
.
Wh
il
e,
in
(
25
)
Q
S
TA
TC
O
M
min
an
d
Q
S
TAT
C
O
M
max
are
the
m
ini
m
um
and
m
axim
u
m
l
i
m
it
s
resp
ect
ively
of
t
he
DS
T
ATC
O
M
uni
t si
ze
i
n kVAr.
Q
S
TAT
C
O
M
min
≤
≤
Q
S
TAT
C
O
M
max
(2
5
)
2.5.
Al
go
ri
thm
step
s
Usin
g
New
ton
Ra
ps
ho
n
m
et
ho
d
so
lve
the
load
flow
pr
ob
le
m
fo
r
the
giv
en
te
st
feed
er
and
determ
ine
the syst
em
total
p
ow
er lo
ss an
d
syst
em
v
oltage
pr
of
il
e.
In
it
ia
li
ze
the
ran
do
m
nu
m
ber
of
search
agen
ts,
set
the
it
erati
on
cou
nter=
1,
set
m
ax
nu
m
ber
of
it
erati
on
s,
set
the
pr
ob
le
m
pr
edef
ined
con
strai
nts
fo
r
DS
TATCOM
siz
e,
bu
s
vo
lt
age
li
m
it
and
m
axim
um
cur
ren
t
in li
ne.
Re
ad
the
syst
em
par
am
et
ers
wh
ic
h
include
the
syst
em
real
po
wer
loss,
li
ne
data,
syst
em
con
strai
nts
and
bu
s d
at
a fo
r
gen
erated p
op
ulati
on
b
y perf
or
m
ing
load
f
low
cal
culat
ion
s.
In
ti
al
iz
e the p
op
ulati
on
X
r
and
om
ly
, w
her
e each ag
ent r
epr
esents a cand
idate
so
luti
on
.
=
+ ra
nd (0,
1) (
-
)
(26)
wh
ere m
= 1
,2
,3
,….,
N.
Ca
lc
ulate
the
fitness
fu
nction
fo
r
al
l
po
pu
la
ti
on
us
ing
load
flow
cal
culat
ion
s
and
ta
kin
g
con
strai
nts
into accou
nt.
Determ
ine
and
up
date
X
α
,
X
β
,
X
δ
wh
ere
X
α
is
the
first
best
search
agen
t,
X
β
is
the
secon
d
-
best
search
agen
t,
X
δ
is t
he
third
b
est
search
ag
ent
Up
date and
m
ov
e the r
est
o
f
search
agen
ts using
s eq
uations
(
1
-
12).
Cl
aculat
e the o
bj
ect
ive f
un
ct
ion
f
or
the u
pd
at
ed
agen
ts.
Up
date the v
al
ues
of
A
, C,
an
accord
ing
to
(3
-
4)
&
(1
2)
.
Re
peat u
ntil
the m
axim
um
nu
m
ber
o
f
it
erati
on
s is p
erf
or
m
ed
and
p
rint the r
esults.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
T
he Firs
t
Feeder
The
first
te
ste
d
feed
er
us
ing
the
pr
op
os
ed
m
od
ifie
d
gr
ey
wo
lf
op
ti
m
i
zat
ion
al
go
rithm
MGW
OA
is
the
33
-
bus
syst
em
.
The
syst
em
sing
le
li
ne
diagr
am
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7
.
This
te
st
feed
er
has
a
total
load
of
37
20
kW
and
23
00
kV
Ar
at
a
vo
lt
age
le
vel
of
12
.6
6
kV
.
The
syst
em
data
are
fo
un
d
in
[
20
-
2
3
].
The
con
figu
rati
on
of
the
sy
ste
m
bef
or
e
instal
li
ng
DS
TATCOM
is
as
fo
ll
ow
:
the
real
po
wer
loss
in
kW
is
21
0.
9
and
the
m
inim
um
bu
s
vo
lt
age
is
0.
90
38
.
The
resu
lt
s
of
the
syst
em
per
fo
rm
ance
bef
or
e
and
after
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
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C
om
p
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S
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88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
r
ad
ial distri
buti
on
syste
m perf
orma
nce
by o
ptima
l
pla
ce
me
nt
of DST
ATCO
M
(
S.
F. Mek
hamer
)
2857
con
necti
ng
the
DS
TATCOM
to
the
te
st
feed
er
are
sh
ow
n
in
Table
1.
Also
Table
1
pr
e
sents
the
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ined
by
the
pr
op
os
ed
te
chn
iqu
e
and
oth
er
recent
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
m
et
ho
ds
app
li
ed
to
sam
e
te
st
feed
er
.
It
is
con
cl
ud
ed
fr
om
the
resu
lt
s
that
the
pr
op
os
ed
m
et
ho
d
per
fo
rm
s
su
per
ior
pr
ocess
reg
ard
ing
the
m
os
t
m
inim
iz
ed
syst
em
po
wer
losses
and
the
best
im
pr
ov
ed
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
com
par
ed
to
oth
er
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
te
chn
iqu
es
as
bat
al
go
rithm
and
im
m
un
e
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
al
go
rithm
.Th
e
red
uction
in
syst
em
act
ive
po
wer
losses
has
reached
29
.1
5%
and
m
inim
iz
at
ion
of
syst
em
reacti
ve
po
wer
losses
has
achieved
29
%
accom
pan
ie
d
by
red
uction
in
cost
du
e
to
po
wer
loss
.
Also
,
the
m
inm
um
bu
s
vo
lt
age
in
p.
u.
is
raised
fr
om
0.
91
to
0.
93
.
Figu
re
8
sh
ow
s
the
eff
ect
iveness
of
the
pr
op
os
ed
m
et
ho
d
after
placi
ng
the
DS
TATCOM
in
red
ucing
total
syst
em
acti
ve
po
wer
losses
com
par
ed
t
o
recent o
ptim
iz
at
ion
techn
iqu
es
as BAT algo
rithm
.
Fr
om
the
ob
ta
ined
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
n
in
Table
1
and
Figu
re
8
for
the
33
bu
s
te
st
feed
er,
the
no
vel
it
y
factor
s
in
the
resu
lt
s
wer
e
the
m
os
t
m
inim
iz
ed
total
real
po
wer
losses
in
the
te
st
feed
er,
the
m
os
t
im
pr
ov
ed
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
fo
r
the
te
st
feed
er
and
the
m
os
t
red
uction
in
costs
du
e
to
total
po
wer
loss
in
te
st
syst
em
wh
ic
h
sh
ow
ed
the
eff
ect
iveness
of
ap
plied m
et
ho
d.
Fig
ure
7.
Sin
gl
e li
ne
dia
gr
am
o
f
I
EE
E
33 bus
syst
e
m
T
able
1.
O
pti
m
al
resu
lt
s
of 33
-
bus
fee
der
a
ft
er s
in
gle
DS
T
ATCOM
place
m
ent
Figure
8. Com
par
si
on of t
he a
ct
ive pow
e
r
l
os
ses
re
du
ct
io
ns i
n
t
he
I
EEE
33
bu
s
test
syst
em
after
placi
ng
DS
T
ATCOM
us
in
g dif
fer
e
nt
op
ti
m
iz
ation
al
goritm
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
5
0
-
2
8
6
0
2858
3.2.
Th
e
s
ec
ond fee
der
As
in
Figu
re
9,
the
secon
d
te
ste
d
rad
ia
l distri
bu
ti
on
feed
er
is a
la
rg
er
scal
e
syst
em
w
it
h
69
bu
ses
and
68
br
anch
es.
The
li
ne
and
bu
s
data
of
this
syst
em
are
ta
ken
fr
om
[
20
-
2
3
]
.
The
base
values
are
10
0MVA
and
12
.6
6K
V
and
the
total
real
and
re
act
ive
po
wer
loads
of
the
syst
em
are
3.
80
MW
and
2.
69
MVAr
,
resp
ect
ively
.
Table
2
rep
resen
ts
a
com
par
ison
between
fo
ur
diff
eren
t
recent
te
chn
iqu
e
s
app
li
ed
to
the
te
ste
d
feed
er,
it
is
no
te
d
that
the
pr
op
os
ed
m
et
ho
d
has
achieved
the
m
os
t
red
uction
in
real
po
wer
loss
in
Kw
and
in
kV
Ar
and
the
m
os
t
im
pr
ov
ed
syst
em
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
as
the
m
inim
um
bu
s
vo
lt
age
in
the
syst
em
has
increased
fr
om
0.
90
9
to
0.
93
9
pu
.
Fig
ure
10
sh
ow
s
the
total
act
ive
po
wer
loss
in
the
syst
e
m
after
con
necti
ng
the
DS
TATCOM
to
the
netwo
rk
us
in
g
the
pr
op
os
ed
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
te
chn
iqu
e
and
var
iou
s
recent
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
te
chn
iqu
es.
Fr
om
the
ob
ta
ined
resu
lt
s
fo
r
the
69
bu
s
te
st
feed
er,
the
no
velit
y
factor
s
in
the
resu
lt
s
wer
e
the
m
os
t
m
inim
iz
ed
total
real
po
wer
losses
in
the
te
st
feed
er,
the
m
os
t
im
pr
ov
e
d
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
fo
r
the
te
st
feed
er
and
the
m
os
t
red
uction
in
costs
du
e
to
total
po
wer
loss
in
te
st
syst
em
wh
ic
h
con
firm
ed
the
su
per
iority
of
the ap
plied techn
iqu
e
Fig
ure
9.
Sin
gl
e li
ne
dia
gr
am
o
f
I
EE
E
69
bus
syst
e
m
T
able
2
.
O
pti
m
al
resu
lt
s
o
f
69
-
bus
fee
der
a
ft
er s
in
gle
DS
T
ATCOM
place
m
ent
Fig
ure
10.
C
om
par
sion
of th
e act
ive
power
losses
reducti
ons i
n
the
I
EE
E
69 bus
te
st
syst
e
m
after
placi
ng
DS
T
ATCOM
us
in
g dif
fer
e
nt
op
ti
m
iz
ation
al
goritm
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
r
ad
ial distri
buti
on
syste
m perf
orma
nce
by o
ptima
l
pla
ce
me
nt
of DST
ATCO
M
(
S.
F. Mek
hamer
)
2859
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
stu
dy,
a
m
od
ifie
d
grey
wo
lf
op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
al
gorithm
is
us
ed
to
s
olve
the
prob
le
m
of
op
ti
m
al
al
locat
ion
a
nd
siz
ing
of DST
ATCOM i
n ra
dial dist
rib
utio
n
fee
de
r.
T
he p
rop
os
ed
m
et
ho
d
is t
est
ed
on d
iffer
e
nt
rad
ia
l
te
st
fee
der
s
to
e
nsure
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss
an
d
s
uperi
or
it
y
.
T
he
res
ults
ha
ve
bee
n
com
par
ed
wit
h
oth
e
r
op
ti
m
iz
a
t
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
as
bat
al
gorith
m
and
cucc
ko
search
al
gorith
m
.
It
is
obser
ve
d
from
the
ob
ta
ined
resu
lt
s
that
th
e
pro
po
se
d
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
has
a
su
pe
rio
r
perfor
m
ance
reg
a
r
din
g
m
ini
m
iz
ing
ov
e
rall
syst
em
real
powe
r
loss
es,
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
syst
e
m
v
oltage pro
f
il
e
and
r
e
du
ci
ng c
os
ts
du
e
to powe
r
loss
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
R.
H.
Shehat
a
,
S.
F.
Mekha
m
er
,
A.
Y.
Abdela
zi
z
,
M.
A.
L.
Badr,
“
Soluti
on
of
the
ca
pac
it
or
al
loc
at
ion
proble
m
using
an
improved
whale
opti
m
iz
at
ion
al
gorit
hm
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
Engi
nee
ring,
Sci
enc
e
and
Technol
ogy
,
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10,
pp.
1
-
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2018.
[2]
S.
Surende
r
Reddy
,
“
Optimal
Plac
ement
of
FA
CTS
Control
le
rs
for
Congesti
on
Mana
gement
in
the
Dere
gula
te
d
Pow
er
Sy
stem
,”
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rnational
Journal
of
El
ec
tric
al
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
(
IJE
CE)
,
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3,
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1344
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2018
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[3]
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Oukennou,
Abdelha
li
m
Sandal
i
,
and
Sam
ira
El
m
oum
en
,
“
Coordina
te
d
Plac
ement
and
Sett
ing
of
FA
CTS
in
El
ec
tri
ca
l
Network
base
d
on
Kala
i
-
sm
orodinsky
Barga
ini
ng
Soluti
on
and
Volta
ge
Devia
ti
on
Inde
x
,”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
El
ec
tric
al
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ri
ng
(
IJE
CE
),
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6,
pp.
4079
-
4088
,
2018
.
[4]
Sekhane
Hocine
and
La
bed
Djamel
,
“
Optimal
num
ber
and
loc
at
ion
of
UP
FC
devi
ce
s to
enha
nce
volt
age
profil
e
and
m
ini
m
iz
ing
losses
in
el
ec
tri
ca
l
power
sy
stems
,”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
El
ec
tric
al
and
Computer
En
gine
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
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5,
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3981
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2019
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[5]
Surekha
Manoj,
Putta
sw
amy
P.
S,
“
Im
porta
nce
of
FA
CTS
Control
le
rs
in
Pow
er
Sy
stems
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
Adv
ance
d
Engi
nee
ring
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ogy
,
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pp.
207
-
212,
2011
.
[6]
Z.
Yang,
C
Shen,
M.
L.
Cro
w
and
L.
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ng,
“
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d
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Model
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Pow
er
Flow
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sis,”
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r E
ngine
ering
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et
y
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er
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[7]
Nasee
r
M.
Yasin
and
Haide
r
A.
Ta
li
b
,
“
Gene
ti
c
Based
Optimal
Loc
at
ion
of
STATCOM
Com
pensa
tor,
”
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rnational
Journ
al
of
Appl
ie
d
Engi
nee
ring R
ese
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2018.
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T.
Yuvara
ja
,
K.
R.
Deva
bal
aj
ia
and
K.
Ravi
a,
“
Optimal
pla
ce
m
ent
and
sizi
ng
of
DS
TATCOM
using
Harm
ony
Sear
ch
al
gorit
hm
,
”
Ene
rgy
Proce
dia
,
vol.
79,
pp.
759
–
765,
2015.
[9]
Sey
ed
Abbas
Ta
her
,
Sey
ed
Ahm
adr
ez
a
Afs
ari
,
“
Optimal
loc
at
ion
and
sizi
ng
of
DS
TATCOM
in
distri
buti
on
sy
stems
by
imm
une
al
gorit
hm
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
El
ec
tric
al
Powe
r
&
Ene
rgy
Syste
ms
,
vol.
60,
pp.
34
–
44,
2014.
[10]
Atm
a
Ram
Guptaa
and
As
hwani
Kum
arb
,
“
Ene
r
gy
savings
using
D
-
STATCOM
pla
ce
m
ent
in
rad
ia
l
distri
buti
on
Sy
stem,”
Proce
dia
Computer
Sci
enc
e
,
vol.
70,
pp.
558
–
564,
2015.
[11]
T.
Yuvara
j,
K.
Ravi
and
K.
R.
Deva
bal
aj
i,
“
DS
TATCOM
al
loc
at
ion
in
distri
buti
on
net
works
conside
ring
loa
d
var
ia
ti
ons using
bat
al
gorit
h
m
,
”
Ai
n
Shams
Engi
nee
ring J
ournal
,
2015
.
[12]
Abu
Hac
han
Shah
and
Saty
aj
it
Bhuy
an,
“
Vari
abl
e
Eva
lua
ti
on
and
Optimal
Plac
ement
of
STATCOM
in
Te
st
Bus
Sy
stems
,
”
ADBU
-
Journal
of
Engi
nee
ring Te
chnol
ogy
,
Vol.
7,
No.
1,
pp.
1
-
6,
2018.
[13]
Sey
eda
li
Mirja
li
li
,
Sey
ed
Moham
m
ad
Mirja
li
li
and
Andrew
Le
wis,
“
Grey
W
olf
Optimize
r,
”
Adv
ance
s
in
Engi
nee
ring
Soft
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,
vol.
69,
pp.
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–
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2014.
[14]
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sam
Faris,
Ibra
him
Alja
rah
,
Moham
m
ed
Azm
i
Al
-
Bet
ar,
Sey
eda
li
Mirja
li
li
,
“
Grey
wolf
opti
m
iz
er:
a
rev
ie
w
of
rec
ent
var
ia
nts a
nd
appl
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[15]
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nsek
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“
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uti
onar
y
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gorit
hm
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”
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L.
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”
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a
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rat
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W
olf
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h
int
ernati
onal
middle
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onfe
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a
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,
“
opti
m
al
power
flow
proble
m
s
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on
with
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using
m
et
a
-
heur
isti
c
al
gorit
hm
,”
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hird
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rnational
Confe
renc
e
On
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ance
s
In
El
ec
tric
al
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ec
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ati
on
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[18]
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al
N,
Singh
U
and
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BS
,
“
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d
gre
y
wolf
opti
m
iz
er
for
globa
l
engi
nee
ring
opti
m
iz
at
ion,
”
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ie
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onal
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ll
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-
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[19]
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zi
c
B
and
Papic
I.
,
“
A
ne
w
m
at
hemati
ca
l
m
odel
and
cont
rol
of
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TATCOM
for
oper
at
ion
under
unbal
anc
ed
condi
ti
ons
,
”
El
ec
tric
al
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r Sy
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pp.
279
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[20]
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ni
N.,
”
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41
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[21]
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S.,
“
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ic
at
ion
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rat
ion
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,
”
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E
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