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VANE
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I
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Vo
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10
,
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6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
4
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icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
Qo
S
is
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
r
g
u
ar
an
tee
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
cu
s
to
m
er
w
i
th
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
q
u
a
n
ti
f
iab
le
p
r
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
er
v
ice
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
late
n
c
y
,
laten
c
y
v
ar
ian
ce
s
,
u
s
ab
le
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
(
lo
s
s
r
ate)
,
etc.
etc.
T
h
e
I
E
T
F R
FC
2
3
8
6
d
ef
in
e
s
Qo
S a
s
a
co
llect
io
n
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
u
ld
s
atis
f
y
f
o
r
a
p
ac
k
et
s
tr
ea
m
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
at
io
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
iq
u
e
Qo
S
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
'
s
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
w
h
ic
h
ex
te
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
cr
it
ical
ele
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
in
cl
u
d
ed
co
n
tact
laten
c
y
,
tr
an
s
f
er
,
f
a
ilu
r
e
le
v
el
s
,
an
d
er
r
o
r
r
ate
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
elatio
n
.
Of
t
h
e
n
o
d
es,
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
p
h
y
s
ica
l
n
o
d
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
r
elatio
n
s
,
Qo
S
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
at
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
lev
els
o
f
te
n
h
elp
Qo
S
in
n
et
wo
r
k
s
.
R
e
g
r
ettab
l
y
,
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
M
A
NE
T
s
s
h
o
w
w
ea
k
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
Qo
S
[
6
,
7
]
.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
w
it
h
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
y
s
m
al
l
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e
r
ate
is
w
ea
k
a
n
d
ti
m
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
.
Oth
er
p
o
ten
tia
l
w
ir
eles
s
d
ev
i
c
es
th
a
t
n
o
d
es
m
a
y
u
s
e
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
to
co
n
n
ec
t
M
A
NE
T
s
[
8
,
9
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Qo
S,
ea
ch
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
M
AC
la
y
er
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
Qo
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
M
AC
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
o
u
ld
also
b
e
r
ea
d
il
y
m
a
tch
ed
to
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
i
m
p
le
w
ir
ele
s
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
I
t
w
il
l
b
e
a
task
t
o
en
co
u
r
ag
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
in
a
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
etti
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
tr
ait
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
q
u
alit
y
i
n
a
MA
NE
T
allo
w
s
it d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
te
m
to
o
b
tain
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
[
1
0
-
1
2
]
.
3.
I
SS
U
E
S AN
D
P
RO
B
L
E
M
I
N
DATA
D
I
SS
E
M
I
NATI
O
N
Veh
icle
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
:
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t,
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
r
e
ad
h
o
c
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
e
r
,
u
s
in
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
allo
w
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
t
y
p
es
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
o
s
e
n
e
w
an
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
g
ch
al
len
g
es,
m
ai
n
l
y
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
m
o
b
ilized
.
I
n
ex
tr
a
to
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
a
s
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
s
in
ce
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
t
o
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
ar
is
e
in
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
y
p
la
y
v
eh
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
f
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
ar
is
e
t
h
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
Un
li
k
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
i
n
a
n
ad
-
h
o
c
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
o
r
k
s
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
a
s
a
s
tatio
n
an
d
as
a
r
o
u
ter
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
to
b
e
ab
le
to
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
est,
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
w
h
ich
it
b
elo
n
g
s
an
d
h
a
v
e
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
s
e
n
d
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
es.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
s
et
t
h
at
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
i
n
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
m
u
s
t
ad
ap
t
q
u
ick
l
y
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
an
d
u
n
p
r
ed
ict
ab
le
ch
an
g
es
in
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
m
ak
in
g
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
u
s
e
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
p
o
w
er
an
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
th
e
ac
t
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
h
at
i
s
,
n
o
d
e
to
n
o
d
e.
A
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
at
h
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
u
r
ce
to
a
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
w
it
h
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
llo
w
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
b
e
f
u
ll
y
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
ed
o
n
its
o
w
n
,
a
n
d
its
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
u
tes
b
et
w
ee
n
a
p
air
o
f
n
o
d
es.
Me
s
s
ag
es
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
co
r
r
ec
tly
an
d
ti
m
el
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
o
u
te
s
m
u
s
t
o
cc
u
r
w
i
th
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
th
e
h
ea
d
er
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
v
er
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
n
ee
d
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
a
n
d
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
t
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ex
is
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
c
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
eir
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
r
ef
lect
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t a
s
p
ec
t
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
t
h
eir
d
es
ig
n
.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
cr
iter
io
n
as
s
u
m
es
t
h
e
class
if
ica
tio
n
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
atte
n
d
s
to
t
h
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
i
n
wh
ich
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
an
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
(
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e)
.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
th
e
u
p
d
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
k
ep
t
at
all
ti
m
e
s
,
in
t
h
e
r
ea
g
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
est
in
at
io
n
is
s
ea
r
ch
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
ee
d
to
estab
lis
h
a
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
ar
is
es.
A
t
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
an
y
v
eh
icu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
n
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to
b
e
an
s
w
er
ed
p
r
io
r
to
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esig
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e
f
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
r
eliab
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m
e
s
s
a
g
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
in
V
A
NE
T
f
o
r
Qo
S
o
f
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
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m
p
E
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g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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R
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V
A
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T:
a
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f
ec
ti
v
el
y
d
ep
lo
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d
to
p
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a
s
tab
le
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k
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et
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n
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y
t
w
o
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
n
o
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es in
V
AN
E
T
?
-
Ho
w
to
b
u
ild
a
r
eliab
le
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d
ef
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icien
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r
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te/p
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d
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itab
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S r
o
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tin
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NE
T
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-
Wh
at
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
s
h
all
b
e
u
s
e
d
s
u
c
h
t
h
a
t
Q
o
S
o
f
t
h
e
I
T
S
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
?
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
ab
o
v
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
is
th
at
i
f
a
s
tab
le
lin
k
ca
n
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
an
y
t
w
o
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
n
o
d
es
in
V
ANE
T
(
V2
V
o
r
V
2I
)
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
ch
an
ce
th
a
t
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
/r
o
u
ti
n
g
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
Qo
S
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
I
T
S im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
4.
RO
UT
I
N
G
I
N
VAN
E
T
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
il
e
n
o
d
es
m
a
y
b
e
s
i
n
g
le
-
h
o
p
o
r
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
in
V
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
also
d
ec
id
es
th
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es.
L
o
w
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
en
d
t
o
en
d
d
ata
d
eliv
er
y
ar
e
t
h
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
r
o
u
te
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
ce
,
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
an
d
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
es
i
n
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
.
T
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
y
p
es o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
5.
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
B
ASE
D
RO
UT
I
N
G
I
N
VAN
E
T
S
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
VANE
T
w
as
b
a
s
ed
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
el
s
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
r
e
g
ar
d
ed
as
f
a
m
o
u
s
m
o
d
els
in
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
W
e
p
r
esen
t
h
er
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
.
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
a
v
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
b
ased
o
n
m
e
ta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
s
.
So
m
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
ad
o
p
ted
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
u
s
ed
it
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
to
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
V
A
NE
T
s
.
I
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
f
ir
e
f
l
y
w
as
u
s
ed
as
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
OL
S
R
f
o
r
V
A
NE
T
b
ased
o
n
a
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
s
ta
g
es:
1
-
g
en
er
a
ti
n
g
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
o
ad
an
d
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic,
2
-
f
o
r
m
u
lati
n
g
th
e
w
eig
h
t
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
3
-
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
4
6426
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
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co
n
s
id
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ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
h
o
ld
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e,
th
e
r
ef
r
esh
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
li
n
k
s
ta
tu
s
,
an
d
h
ello
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
etc.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
h
a
s
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
ated
th
e
MO
O
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
in
ated
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
,
h
y
p
er
-
v
o
l
u
m
e,
s
et
co
v
er
ag
e,
…
etc.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
tain
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
s
u
s
i
n
g
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
V
ANE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
i
ts
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
la
y
er
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
M
AC
la
y
er
in
VANE
T
[
2
1
]
,
a
MO
O
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
o
f
M
AC
an
d
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
a
i
m
s
at
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es:
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
,
an
d
laten
c
y
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
la
y
er
s
.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
ev
al
u
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
i
n
ated
s
o
r
tin
g
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
NSG
A
-
I
I
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
2
]
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
g
e
n
eti
c
w
h
ale
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
ass
i
s
ti
n
g
in
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
r
o
o
t
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
as
n
a
m
ed
as
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
co
g
n
iti
v
e
tr
ee
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
MC
T
R
P
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
u
ti
lizatio
n
i
n
VA
NE
T
.
An
o
th
e
r
asp
ec
t
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
in
VA
NE
T
is
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
.
I
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
ai
m
ed
at
o
p
tim
iz
in
g
lin
k
s
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
lif
eti
m
e
as
w
el
l
as
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
a
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
ted
as
a
s
i
n
g
le
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
t
w
o
ter
m
s
.
Ne
x
t,
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
u
s
ed
d
is
cr
ete
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
i
za
t
io
n
.
A
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
b
ased
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
f
o
r
estab
lis
h
i
n
g
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
i
n
V
A
NE
T
s
.
An
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
s
h
u
f
f
led
f
r
o
g
-
leap
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
-
b
a
s
ed
[
2
4
]
Qo
S
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
m
u
l
ticast
r
o
u
tin
g
(
I
SF
L
A
B
MR)
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
u
b
-
tr
ee
f
o
r
m
es
s
ag
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
-
tr
ee
is
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t
tr
ee
f
r
o
m
av
a
ilab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
u
l
ti
-
ca
s
t
tr
ee
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
a
s
ai
m
ed
at
o
p
ti
m
i
zin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
,
j
itter
,
laten
c
y
,
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
s
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t
r
o
u
tin
g
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at,
s
o
m
e
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
b
ase
d
VA
NE
T
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
5
]
,
w
h
er
e
s
w
ar
m
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
o
f
ar
t
if
icial
i
n
tel
lig
e
n
ce
w
er
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
co
u
n
ter
i
n
g
r
o
u
tin
g
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
f
V
A
NE
T
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
cl
u
d
ed
m
an
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
b
ased
o
n
m
e
ta
-
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
6
]
,
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
r
o
u
tes
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
f
i
tn
e
s
s
v
alu
e
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
g
e
n
etic.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
s
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
g
r
ee
d
y
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
te
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
g
en
et
ic.
Af
ter
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
i
ty
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
v
er
o
th
er
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
tated
th
a
t
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
lo
w
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
,
an
d
its
co
m
b
i
n
at
io
n
w
it
h
h
e
u
r
is
tic
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
s
p
ee
d
o
f
g
en
et
ic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
i
n
d
icat
ed
b
y
o
th
er
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
[
2
7
]
in
th
eir
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
g
e
n
etic
w
as
ap
p
lied
in
b
o
th
s
er
ial
an
d
p
ar
allel
w
a
y
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
f
a
s
i
m
ilar
w
a
y
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lt
i
-
co
r
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
Oth
er
r
esear
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
e
tr
ics
in
c
lu
d
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
,
p
ath
lo
s
s
,
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
8
]
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
n
e
w
m
etr
ic
s
,
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
g
en
et
ic
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
s
tic
s
elec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
k
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
also
h
a
s
s
tated
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
an
d
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
it
as
a
f
u
tu
r
e
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
th
at
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
h
a
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
its
r
es
u
lt o
n
t
h
e
co
n
g
es
tio
n
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
An
e
x
a
m
p
le
i
s
a
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
9
]
,
w
h
er
e
a
m
icr
o
-
ar
ti
f
icial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
Qo
S
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
VANE
T
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
izi
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
d
ela
y
co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
b
it
-
b
ased
e
n
co
d
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
o
u
te
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
in
s
id
e
a
s
p
a
n
n
in
g
tr
ee
.
T
h
e
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
al
s
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
n
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
is
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
co
n
s
id
er
s
o
n
l
y
a
s
m
all
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es
i
t
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
all
y
e
f
f
icien
t
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
wo
r
k
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
ca
s
t
r
o
u
tin
g
is
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
3
0
]
w
h
er
e
f
ir
e
f
l
y
w
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
L
ev
e
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
a
n
d
b
it
s
tr
i
n
g
co
d
in
g
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ath
t
h
at
ac
h
ie
v
es
t
h
e
b
est
co
s
t
w
h
ich
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
an
d
E
2
E
d
elay
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
6.
DATA D
I
SS
E
M
I
NATI
O
N
I
N
VANE
T
T
h
e
d
ata
d
is
s
em
i
n
atio
n
is
a
c
r
u
cial
p
ar
t
o
f
VA
NE
T
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
elate
d
to
s
af
et
y
,
to
aler
t
th
e
d
r
iv
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
i
n
cid
en
ts
in
t
h
eir
lo
ca
l
r
eg
io
n
.
An
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
in
V
ANE
T
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
V
A
NE
T
in
h
er
i
ts
m
an
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
M
A
NE
T
)
,
VA
NE
T
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
its
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
t
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
,
an
d
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
is
a
n
in
teg
r
al
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
k
e
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
i
s
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
V
A
N
E
T
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
ti
n
g
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
l
ik
e
A
ODV
a
n
d
DS
R
ar
e
n
o
t
ap
p
licab
le
in
it.
U
n
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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efficien
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m
an
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
h
a
v
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
VA
NE
T
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
in
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
at
eg
o
r
ies
as
b
ein
g
Un
ica
s
t
[
3
1
]
,
Mu
lticast
[
3
2
]
,
o
r
B
r
o
ad
c
ast.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
in
V
A
NE
T
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
as
o
n
e
r
el
y
in
g
o
n
th
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
an
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
3
3
]
an
d
an
o
th
e
r
o
n
e
r
el
y
in
g
o
n
ze
r
o
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
3
4
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
in
ten
t
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
i
n
V
A
NE
T
h
av
e
b
ee
n
class
i
f
ied
in
to
t
w
o
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies:
(
1
)
T
h
o
s
e
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
w
h
ich
p
r
esu
m
e
th
e
ex
i
s
ten
ce
o
f
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
v
eh
icles.
(
2
)
T
h
o
s
e
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
d
o
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
lack
o
f
co
n
n
e
ctiv
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
v
e
h
icles.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
li
k
e
VGr
id
,
MU
R
U
[
3
5
]
,
an
d
P
B
R
[
3
6
]
ar
e
th
e
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t c
at
eg
o
r
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Data
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
i
n
a
V
A
NE
T
T
h
e
VGr
id
Data
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
ati
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
a
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
,
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
cr
e
ates
a
p
ath
f
r
o
m
a
s
tatic
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
v
eh
icle
s
p
r
esen
t
i
n
a
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
ar
ea
.
An
o
th
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
MU
R
U.
I
t
is
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
r
o
u
tes
in
u
r
b
an
V
A
NE
T
.
MU
R
U
ai
m
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ath
-
b
r
ea
k
in
g
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
ata
o
f
all
v
e
h
icles
a
n
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
u
n
iq
u
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
tated
a
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
d
e
g
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
u
t
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
r
o
u
te
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
[
3
7
]
.
MU
R
U
p
r
u
d
en
tl
y
as
s
u
m
e
s
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
i
ll
b
e
s
ev
er
al
r
o
u
tes
b
et
w
ee
n
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
its
ai
m
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
is
h
ig
h
l
y
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
.
P
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
r
o
u
ti
n
g
(
P
B
R
)
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
u
s
ed
w
h
er
e
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
tak
en
b
ased
o
n
p
o
w
er
a
war
en
ess
.
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
-
a
w
ar
e
r
o
u
tin
g
(
C
AR
)
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
en
d
-
en
d
to
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
V
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
C
AR
is
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
d
esti
n
a
ti
o
n
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
atter
w
h
eth
er
th
e
r
o
u
te
is
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
est
o
n
e
o
r
n
o
t
; th
is
is
a
cc
o
m
p
lis
h
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
p
ath
d
e
te
cti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
a
ctu
al
d
at
a
ca
n
b
e
s
en
t
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
a
l
o
n
g
er
e
n
tire
l
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
is
b
etter
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
t
iv
i
t
y
i
s
s
u
e
at
s
o
m
e
p
o
in
t.
Dir
ec
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
DPP
)
[
3
8
,
3
9
]
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icles
an
d
d
ata
to
d
is
s
e
m
in
ate
th
e
p
ac
k
et.
DP
P
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates r
ea
l
tr
af
f
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
s
w
h
er
e
v
e
h
icl
es
f
o
r
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
ad
,
an
d
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
m
i
g
h
t
g
et
d
etac
h
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
r
ea
l
tr
af
f
ic
s
it
u
atio
n
r
ef
lect
s
in
r
esear
ch
w
h
er
e
d
etac
h
ed
v
e
h
icle
s
m
ig
h
t
m
a
k
e
a
clu
s
ter
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
also
p
r
esen
ted
,
w
h
er
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
te
d
in
s
id
e
th
e
clu
s
ter
,
b
u
t
to
ass
o
ciate
t
h
ese
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
p
r
io
r
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
ea
l
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
its
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
p
r
e
-
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
al
l
ex
is
t
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
is
t
h
at
eith
er
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
tak
e
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
t
V
A
NE
T
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
V
Gr
id
,
MU
R
U
an
d
P
B
R
o
r
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
t
h
at
tak
e
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
to
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
n
y
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
lo
o
p
s
a
n
d
w
a
s
ti
n
g
t
h
e
li
m
i
ted
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
in
t
h
eir
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
in
a
tio
n
.
6
.
1
.
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
(
Q
o
S
)
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
V
A
NE
T
s
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
ar
e
d
ela
y
-
s
en
s
iti
v
e.
W
e
h
av
e
o
th
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
cr
ite
r
ia,
s
u
c
h
a
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
elev
a
n
t
to
h
ea
lt
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ad
eq
u
ate
d
at
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
er
v
ice
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
(
Qo
S)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata.
W
ah
ab
[
4
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
Qo
S
s
y
s
te
m
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
a
t
ca
n
r
o
u
te
a
p
ac
k
e
t
as
s
o
o
n
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
n
e
w
m
etr
ic
i
s
cr
ea
ted
to
allo
w
v
ar
io
u
s
w
eig
h
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es,
f
r
o
m
w
h
ich
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
to
b
u
ild
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
estab
li
s
h
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
a
s
to
r
m
an
d
ea
s
il
y
r
ec
o
v
er
if
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
a
ils
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
2
3
-
6
4
3
4
6428
o
n
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
b
et
w
ee
n
Q
o
S
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
s
tr
o
n
g
v
er
s
atili
t
y
r
estrictio
n
s
,
W
a
h
e
b
et
al.
,
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
e
w
Qo
S
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
s
h
ap
e
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
s
tab
le
clu
s
ter
s
w
h
i
le
m
ee
t
in
g
Qo
S r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
6
.
2
.
D
e
l
a
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
d
elay
ed
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
estab
li
s
h
ed
to
co
p
e
ef
f
icien
tl
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Su
c
h
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
r
el
y
o
n
n
o
d
es
u
s
ed
to
p
ick
a
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
d
ata
p
a
ck
ets.
UG
AD
[
4
2
]
u
s
e
s
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
a
u
s
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
i
n
g
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
i
n
cit
y
V
A
NE
T
s
.
A
t
i
n
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
e
UG
AD
lets
v
eh
icle
s
r
etr
an
s
m
it
ea
s
il
y
b
y
s
etti
n
g
p
r
io
r
it
y
p
r
ef
er
e
n
c
es.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
ca
r
s
r
u
n
t
wo
s
ep
ar
ate
k
in
d
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
to
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
,
th
e
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
al
r
atio
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
il
e
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
ec
id
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
e
h
icle
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
elay
cr
iter
io
n
.
T
VB
R
[
4
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
ti
m
er
-
b
ased
v
eh
ic
le
b
ac
k
e
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
w
h
ich
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
tak
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
h
ea
d
er
,
its
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate,
an
d
lo
ca
l
ca
lc
u
la
tio
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
e
s
n
o
d
e
ti
m
e
s
to
s
elec
t
a
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
p
ac
k
et.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
n
o
t
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
co
n
f
i
g
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r
ed
,
th
e
ti
m
e
q
u
a
n
ti
t
y
i
m
p
ac
t
w
ill
lead
to
th
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
s
to
p
.
I
n
[
4
3
]
,
w
h
e
n
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
,
an
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
ac
t
io
n
s
o
f
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
h
elp
g
ain
in
s
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
to
t
h
e
f
a
ls
e
tr
a
n
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m
itt
in
g
i
s
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e
t
h
at
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f
ec
ts
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
V
ANE
T
-
b
ased
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
d
e
ter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
f
lo
w
ad
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
ac
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
e
r
e
b
y
li
m
i
tin
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
ch
ar
g
es to
a
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
d
ata
r
ate
p
o
in
t.
6
.
3
.
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
c
h
e
m
es
allo
w
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
p
a
ck
ets
t
h
at
ar
e
li
k
el
y
to
r
ed
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ce
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
is
itp
o
n
g
p
h
a
n
[
4
4
]
a
n
d
T
o
n
g
u
z
[
4
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
-
b
a
s
ed
,
w
ei
g
h
ted
-
p
-
an
d
s
lo
tted
-
p
-
b
ase
d
,
cr
o
s
s
-
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
i
ts
th
e
p
ac
k
et
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
er
lik
el
ih
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
W
eig
h
ted
-
p
P
r
o
to
c
o
l.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
ap
i
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
th
e
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
i
n
ten
s
it
y
w
o
u
ld
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
o
r
e
i
n
e
f
f
icie
n
t
co
n
tact
a
n
d
a
h
u
r
r
ican
e.
T
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
is
s
p
li
t
in
to
m
an
y
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
S
lo
tted
-
1
P
r
o
to
co
l,
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
ait
in
g
t
i
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
t
h
at
is
f
u
r
th
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
will
w
ait
f
o
r
le
s
s
t
i
m
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
s
in
ce
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
v
ar
ies
o
v
er
ti
m
e,
it
is
h
ar
d
to
as
s
ess
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
e
s
lo
ts
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
.
P
an
ich
p
ap
ib
o
o
n
[
4
6
]
e
x
p
an
d
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
tin
g
.
T
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
re
-
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
th
e
s
p
atial
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
-
v
e
h
icle
d
eli
v
er
y
,
w
h
ich
e
n
ab
les
th
e
I
F
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
u
p
licate
re
-
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
ef
f
ici
en
tl
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
I
F
p
r
in
cip
le
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
fo
r
ev
er
y
in
ter
-
v
eh
ic
le
s
ep
ar
atio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Mo
s
taf
a
[
4
7
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
er
n
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
,
an
d
lo
w
-
co
lli
s
io
n
p
ac
k
et
-
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
r
e
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
V
A
NE
T
s
.
I
t
o
p
er
ates
i
n
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
w
a
y
w
h
er
e
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
r
etr
an
s
m
i
ts
a
p
ac
k
e
t
w
it
h
a
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lik
eli
h
o
o
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
m
an
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
,
t
h
e
i
n
ter
-
v
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h
icle
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es,
an
d
t
h
e
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
ath
.
6
.
4
.
P
u
s
h
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
p
u
s
h
-
b
ased
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
a
ta
i
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
lo
ca
l
an
d
p
u
b
li
c
in
ter
est
d
ata.
T
h
is
s
ch
e
m
e
ca
n
cr
ea
te
lo
w
co
n
tain
m
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
a
ta
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
an
d
co
ll
is
io
n
s
.
Sch
w
ar
tz
[
3
1
]
s
u
g
g
es
ts
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
d
is
s
e
m
in
ate
p
u
s
h
-
b
ase
d
r
esu
lt
s
.
W
h
e
n
u
tili
zi
n
g
a
n
e
f
f
icien
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
eletio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
te
m
p
e
s
t
is
s
u
e
w
i
th
d
en
s
e
d
en
s
it
y
m
a
y
b
e
m
in
i
m
ized
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
ca
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
ar
r
y
-
an
d
-
F
u
tu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
n
e
s
s
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
d
e
f
in
itio
n
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
in
a
d
en
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
.
Mo
n
d
al
[
84
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
w
it
h
o
n
e
r
elativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
in
itial
l
y
to
d
ef
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ef
f
icien
tl
y
.
A
o
n
e
-
w
a
y
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
il
l
t
h
en
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
a
k
e
a
s
et
o
f
ca
n
d
id
ate’
s
n
o
d
es
s
to
r
e
m
es
s
ag
e
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
n
s
a
n
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
d
ela
y
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
h
as n
o
t a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
i
n
tr
u
s
io
n
,
s
ca
lab
il
it
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
it
y
.
6
.5
.
P
u
l
l
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
d
etails,
p
u
ll
-
b
ased
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le,
w
h
er
e
v
e
h
icles
ca
n
r
eq
u
est
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
p
licitl
y
.
B
ai
[
84
]
P
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
u
n
icast
-
b
ased
d
ata
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
on
-
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
V
A
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
s
ca
tter
d
ata
as
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
i
f
an
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
m
es
s
ag
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s
ar
e
is
s
u
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
a
u
to
m
o
b
iles
th
at
j
u
s
t
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
ate
d
ata
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
is
s
ch
e
m
e,
h
o
wev
er
,
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
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I
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m
i
ttal
d
ev
i
ce
f
o
r
v
ital
s
ec
u
r
it
y
m
es
s
ag
e
s
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
to
VM
P
is
th
at
i
t
d
ef
i
n
es
s
ev
er
al
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
th
y
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiated
d
ela
y
s
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
I
t
n
ee
d
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
cr
o
s
s
-
c
u
tti
n
g
.
A
p
ee
r
to
p
ee
r
VANE
T
ap
p
l
icatio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
5
1
]
t
o
tr
ac
k
a
n
d
a
v
o
id
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
to
s
h
ar
e
d
etail
s
o
n
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
f
f
ic.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
es
a
p
u
s
h
-
b
ased
g
eo
-
ca
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
to
co
llec
t
an
d
d
is
s
e
m
in
ate
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
icien
tl
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
w
il
l
r
aise
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
h
ar
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
v
eh
ic
les b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
ca
ch
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
6
.
6
.
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
ch
a
llen
g
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
VANE
T
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
to
s
el
f
-
o
r
g
a
n
ize
t
h
e
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
clu
s
ter
s
.
Si
n
g
h
[5
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
n
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
tar
g
et
r
eg
io
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
d
i
s
p
er
s
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
es
t
w
o
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
:
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
g
eo
ca
s
ti
n
g
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
eo
ca
s
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
u
s
e
s
r
o
u
te
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
an
d
m
ai
n
p
o
in
ts
to
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
w
o
r
d
.
L
a
s
tl
y
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
r
e
g
io
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
d
iv
id
es
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
i
n
to
m
a
n
y
s
m
all
ar
ea
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
ce
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
ill
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
es
s
ag
e
a
n
d
a
v
o
id
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
v
alu
ab
le
d
ata.
An
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
VA
NE
T
s
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
s
[5
3
]
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
cr
ea
te
s
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
a
n
d
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
m
,
tak
i
n
g
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
s
an
d
v
er
s
a
tili
t
y
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
a
clu
s
ter
,
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
lar
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
in
itia
ll
y
cr
ea
te
a
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
ca
lled
a
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
e
n
ta
k
es
p
ar
t
in
u
n
it
h
ea
d
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
an
y
r
eo
r
g
an
izat
io
n
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
av
er
ag
e
p
ac
e
o
f
v
eh
icle
s
.
I
n
[
5
8
]
,
a
VA
NE
T
m
o
b
ile
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
s
u
g
g
este
d
to
s
h
ap
e
clu
s
ter
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
p
r
e
ad
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
Af
f
i
n
it
y
P
r
o
p
ag
a
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
eir
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
ta
k
e
s
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
e
v
er
al
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
c
h
as
th
eir
a
v
er
ag
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
ti
m
e,
th
eir
a
v
er
a
g
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ti
m
e,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
ate
o
f
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
h
i
f
ts
,
an
d
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
cl
u
s
ter
s
.
I
n
[
5
5
]
,
VA
NE
T
'
s
w
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
er
n
clu
s
ter
-
b
as
ed
em
er
g
e
n
c
y
d
ata
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
s
y
s
te
m
.
First,
t
h
e
w
e
ig
h
t
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
etr
ic
s
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
w
a
s
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
w
ei
g
h
t
v
al
u
e
.
C
lu
s
ter
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
r
ep
air
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
i
ll
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
s
e
v
er
al
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
A
s
tu
d
y
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
a
n
e
w
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
en
g
i
n
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
all
tr
af
f
ic
s
ch
e
m
e
s
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
Den
s
e
an
d
s
p
ar
s
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
s
c
en
ar
io
s
T
r
af
f
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
D
V
-
C
A
ST
is
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
h
an
d
le
V
ANE
T
m
ess
a
g
es.
Q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
i
s
is
s
ee
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
u
s
e
f
u
ln
e
s
s
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
DV
-
C
AS
T
P
r
o
to
co
l
is
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
in
g
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
[
4
6
]
,
t
h
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
I
F
is
e
x
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
an
y
d
is
ta
n
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
e
h
icle.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
ea
ch
v
eh
icle
s
h
o
u
ld
r
eb
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
o
u
ld
lead
to
a
u
s
ele
s
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
io
ch
a
n
n
el
a
n
d
w
o
u
ld
m
in
i
m
ize
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
.
W
h
ile
in
[
4
7
]
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
e
w
r
eliab
le,
lo
w
-
co
lli
s
io
n
v
e
h
icle
ad
h
o
c
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ad
io
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic.
T
h
e
co
llis
io
n
-
a
w
ar
e
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
(
C
AR
E
FO
R
)
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
m
as
ea
ch
ca
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
p
ac
k
et
w
o
u
ld
r
esen
d
th
i
s
p
ac
k
et
to
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
lik
e
li
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
w
as
ex
p
lo
ited
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
y
s
ical
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
,
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
v
e
h
icle
tr
an
s
f
er
a
n
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
,
an
d
,
ev
en
t
u
all
y
,
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
-
h
o
p
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
all
t
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
i
n
to
o
n
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
en
ab
led
ea
c
h
d
r
iv
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
at
a
n
e
w
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
w
ill
ac
ce
p
t
t
h
is
m
e
s
s
ag
e,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
is
r
etu
r
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
3
1
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
w
ar
d
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
in
cr
o
w
d
ed
an
d
s
p
ac
e
-
s
a
v
in
g
v
e
h
icle
n
et
w
o
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[
4
4
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P
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Ba
i
[
4
8
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[
5
1
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p
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[
5
6
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s
tr
ateg
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,
s
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as
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I
n
[
5
7
]
,
t
h
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t
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p
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tech
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p
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h
ile
in
[
5
4
]
,
a
m
o
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,
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f
icien
t
clu
s
ter
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g
s
i
m
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latio
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ati
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(
M
P
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s
y
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te
m
w
as
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p
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s
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.
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h
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b
asic
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n
ce
p
t
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MP
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s
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eg
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ep
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ate
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s
b
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th
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i
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d
tech
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o
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,
f
in
all
y
,
in
[
54
]
.
T
h
is
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tu
d
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u
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g
ested
a
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7.
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ased
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liter
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in
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2
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[
54
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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5
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
7
-
4
1
5
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[10]
S
.
A
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
t
m
u
l
t
i
-
h
o
p
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
w
i
t
h
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
y
n
o
d
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
fo
r
V
A
N
E
T
,
”
J
o
u
rna
l
o
f
C
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
-
3
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[11]
S
.
A
.
Hu
s
s
e
i
n
a
n
d
D
.
P.
D
a
h
n
i
l
,
“
A
N
e
w
H
y
b
r
i
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
I
m
p
ro
v
e
t
h
e
P
a
t
h
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
R
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
E
n
e
rg
y
C
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
Mo
b
i
l
e
A
D
-
H
OC
N
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Res
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
R.
A
.
S
a
n
to
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
H
o
c
a
n
d
Ub
i
q
u
i
to
u
s Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
0
-
9
1
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ay
a
id
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
li
n
k
li
f
e
ti
m
e
in
V
A
NET
s
,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
3
6
t
h
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
L
o
c
a
l
Co
mp
u
t
er
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(
L
CN
)
,
p
p
.
9
0
5
-
9
1
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
J.
Blu
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
b
i
li
ty
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
I
V
C
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
Veh
icl
e
s
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
-
155
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
5
]
M
.
M
.
Ha
m
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Da
ta
Diss
e
m
in
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
in
V
A
NET
:
Ty
p
e
s
,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
Ro
le,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
4
7
3
-
6
4
8
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
E.
M
.
R
o
y
e
r
a
n
d
C.
E.
P
e
rk
in
s,
“
M
u
lt
ica
st
A
d
h
o
c
On
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
(M
A
OD
V
)
Ro
u
ti
n
g
,
”
In
ter
n
e
t
Dr
a
ft
.
[
On
l
in
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/t
o
o
ls.i
e
tf
.
o
rg
/h
tm
l/
d
ra
f
t
-
ietf
-
m
a
n
e
t
-
m
a
o
d
v
-
00
.
[1
7
]
L
.
Hu
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
ff
icie
n
t
Da
ta
T
ra
ff
ic
F
o
r
w
a
rd
in
g
f
o
r
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
-
to
-
I
n
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
V
A
NET
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
19
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
3
9
-
8
5
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
C.
J.
Jo
sh
u
a
a
n
d
V
.
V
a
ra
d
a
ra
jan
,
“
A
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
fo
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
v
a
n
e
ts:
a
m
u
lt
i
-
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
f
ire
f
l
y
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
W
ire
les
s Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
H.
G
.
V
.
A
n
d
ra
d
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
to
im
p
ro
v
e
Q
o
S
in
v
e
h
icu
lar
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
8
t
h
ACM
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
De
s
ig
n
a
n
d
An
a
l
y
sis
o
f
In
tell
i
g
e
n
t
Veh
icu
la
r
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ica
t
io
n
s
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
4
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
U.
M
o
h
a
n
a
k
rish
n
a
n
a
n
d
B
.
Ra
m
a
k
rish
n
a
n
,
“
M
CT
R
P
:
A
n
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
T
re
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
V
e
h
ic
u
lar
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
Us
in
g
Ge
n
e
ti
c
W
h
a
le
Op
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
W
i
re
l
e
ss
Pe
rs
onal
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
2
0
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
Q.
Ya
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
C
A
R:
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
Aw
a
r
e
Ro
u
t
in
g
f
o
r
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
in
Cit
y
S
c
e
n
a
rio
s,”
M
o
b
ile
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
6
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
M
.
E
u
su
ff
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Shu
ff
l
e
d
fr
o
g
-
l
e
a
p
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
:
A
m
e
m
e
t
i
c
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
f
o
r
d
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
Op
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
-
1
5
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
3
]
V
.
Kr
u
n
d
y
sh
e
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
s
w
a
r
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
fo
r
V
A
N
E
T
p
ro
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
,
”
P
ro
c
.
-
2
0
1
8
I
E
E
E
In
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
C
y
b
e
r
-
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
C
P
S
2
0
1
8
)
,
p
p
.
7
9
5
-
8
0
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
n
e
ti
c
Alg
o
rit
h
m
Ba
se
d
Qo
S
P
e
rc
e
p
t
io
n
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
V
A
NET
s
,
”
W
ir
e
l
e
ss
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
M
o
b
ile
C
o
mp
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
H.
Be
ll
o
-
S
a
lau
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
f
o
r
v
e
h
icle
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
5
4
-
7
6
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
m
icro
-
a
rti
f
icia
l
b
e
e
c
o
lo
n
y
b
a
se
d
m
u
lt
i
-
c
a
st
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
v
e
h
icu
lar
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,
”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
-
2
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
M
.
El
h
o
se
n
y
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
f
ire
f
l
y
-
b
a
se
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
w
it
h
L
e
v
y
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
(F
F
-
L
)
f
o
r
m
u
lt
i
-
c
a
st
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
v
e
h
icu
lar
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
”
Exp
e
rt S
y
st
e
ms
wit
h
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
8
]
J.
J.
M
u
lca
h
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
u
to
n
o
m
ic co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
V
A
NET
,
”
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
st
C
on
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
F
.
A
re
n
a
a
n
d
G
.
P
a
u
,
“
A
n
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
o
f
V
e
h
icu
lar
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
”
Fu
t
u
re
In
ter
n
e
t
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
38
,
2
0
1
9
.
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