Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3542
~
35
49
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp3542
-
35
49
3542
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Frequen
cy re
co
n
figurabl
e antenn
as
f
or co
gnitiv
e r
adio
appli
ca
ti
ons: a re
view
Ro
s
Marie
C
.
Cleetus
,
G
. Jose
mi
n Ba
l
a
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
troni
cs
&
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing, Kar
un
y
a
Insti
tut
e
of
Technol
og
y
and
Sc
ie
nc
es
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ju
l
25
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
pr
4
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
1
4
, 201
9
W
ire
le
ss
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
s
y
st
ems
under
go
tre
m
endous
growth
the
se
da
y
s
and
devi
c
es
able
to
o
per
ate
in
a
num
ber
of
fr
eque
n
c
y
bands
are
highly
demande
d.
Rec
onfigur
at
ion
in
ant
enn
a
ch
aract
er
isti
cs
tri
gge
r
ed
th
e
evol
ut
ion
of
antenna
s
tha
t
can
work
in
m
ult
ipl
e
fr
equenc
y
,
patter
n
o
r
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
envi
ronm
ent
.
Th
e
fre
quency
re
con
figura
bl
e
an
te
nn
as
thus
emerge
d
are
we
ll
sui
te
d
in
Cognit
ive
Radi
os
which
t
ake
par
t
in
th
e
eff
ective
u
ti
l
izati
on
of
unuse
d
bands
of
fre
quencie
s
b
y
cont
inuousl
y
in
t
era
c
ti
ng
with
t
he
RF
envi
ron
m
ent
.
Thus,
Cognit
ive
Radi
o
s
enha
nc
e
the
utilizati
on
of
fre
qu
ency
spe
ct
rum
a
nd
esta
b
li
s
h
rel
i
abl
e
com
m
unic
a
ti
on.
The
m
ost
recent
r
ese
ar
ch
works
ca
rr
ied
out
in
the
are
na
of
Freq
uency
Re
conf
i
gura
ble
Ant
en
nas
for
Cogni
ti
ve
R
adi
o
appl
i
ca
t
ions
are
rev
i
ewe
d
and
summ
ed
up
in
thi
s
pap
er
to
pre
sent
the
at
tri
bu
te
s
and
c
at
egor
iz
a
ti
on
.
Four
te
chn
ique
s
adopt
ed
to
atta
i
n
fre
quen
c
y
rec
onfigur
at
ion
are
ext
ensiv
ely
c
om
par
ed
in
thi
s
pape
r
to
find
the
adva
n
ta
ges
and
constr
ai
nts
o
f
each
m
et
hodo
l
og
y
.
Th
e
appl
i
cations
of
the
wor
ks
rev
ie
we
d
her
e
ar
e
not
on
l
y
l
imite
d
to
Co
gnit
ive
rad
ios,
b
ut
extende
d
to
a
num
ber
of
wire
le
ss
comm
u
nic
a
ti
on
serv
ices l
ik
e, WLAN
,
W
iMAX
,
et
c
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
ndwidt
h
Cognit
ive
r
adi
o
Mi
cro
strip
p
at
c
h
a
nten
na
Re
config
ur
a
bl
e
a
nten
na
Ultrawi
deb
a
nd
a
nten
na
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ros Marie C
.
Cl
eet
us
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
& C
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
E
ngineeri
ng,
Karu
nya
I
ns
ti
tute
of
Tec
hn
olo
gy
a
nd
Scie
nc
es,
Karu
nya
Na
gar,
Coim
bator
e,
641114,
T
a
m
i
l
n
a
d
u
,
India.
Em
a
il
: ro
s_bin
a@ya
hoo.i
n
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Tel
ecom
m
un
icati
on
,
t
he
day
-
by
-
day
gro
wing
se
gm
ent
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
industry
is
fu
ll
y
dep
e
ndan
t
on
Ra
di
o
wa
ve
s
and
Ra
di
o
Fre
qu
e
ncy
sp
ect
r
um
(RF
Sp
ect
ru
m
)
coo
r
din
at
e
d
by
certai
n
re
gu
la
ti
ons
de
fin
ed
by
the
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
Tel
ecom
m
u
nicat
ion
Un
i
on
(
ITU).
T
he
ITU
has
div
id
ed
RF
spe
ct
rum
to
a
nu
m
ber
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds
a
nd
has
al
lo
tt
ed
the
ba
nds
to
va
rio
us
wi
re
le
ss
serv
ic
es
li
ke
3G,
LTE,
WL
AN,
W
i
-
Fi,
GS
M
,
Bl
uetoo
t
h,
etc.
The
recent
a
dvancem
ent
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gies
an
d
the
i
ncr
e
ased
dem
and
of
ba
nds
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
tri
gg
e
re
d
a
pa
uc
it
y
in
the
avai
la
ble
R
F
s
pectru
m
.
The
reas
on
to
t
his
s
hortfall
is
am
at
e
ur
is
h
m
anag
em
ent
po
li
ci
es
of
spe
ct
ru
m
al
locat
ion
t
ha
n
the
la
ck
of
us
a
ble
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
[
1]
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
T
he
Fede
ral
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
Com
m
issi
on
(FC
C,
2002)
,
m
os
t
of
the
s
pe
ct
ru
m
i
s
no
t
eff
ect
ively
util
iz
ed
[
2].
It
cou
l
d
be
se
en
that
70%
of
the
al
lott
ed
li
censed
s
pectr
um
sta
nd
s
to
be
unex
plo
it
e
d
[3
]
.
He
nce,
it
is
th
e
necessit
y
of
cu
rr
e
nt
era
t
hat
this
sit
uatio
n
is
to
be
a
voide
d
by
ens
uri
ng
ef
f
ic
ie
nt
us
ag
e
of
li
censed
s
pectr
um
in
su
c
h
a
w
ay
tha
t unuse
d fr
e
qu
ency ba
nds m
us
t be
detect
ed
a
nd share
d
to
us
ers wit
hout int
erf
e
ren
ces
.
In
on
e
word,
the
so
luti
on
to
this
pro
ble
m
is
Cog
niti
ve
Ra
dio
s
(CR
s),
w
hich
ca
n
act
as
s
m
art
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
s
by
le
arn
in
g
f
rom
and
ada
pt
ing
t
o
the
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
s
.
Th
e
Cognit
ive
Ra
dio
i
s
structu
re
d
with
a
sensing
ante
nn
a
,
m
os
tl
y
an
ultra
wide
band
ante
nn
a
that
ste
adily
scans
the
sp
ect
ru
m
for
the
bands
le
ft
un
use
d
a
nd
a
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
a
nt
enn
a
t
o
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
tho
se
un
us
e
d
ba
nd
s
[
4].
Th
us
,
CR
s
est
ablish
a
de
penda
ble
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
schem
e
by
eff
ect
ively
exp
lori
ng
the
unde
ru
ti
li
zed
or
unocc
up
ie
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Freq
uen
cy
rec
on
fi
gur
able
an
te
nnas
f
or
c
ogniti
ve ra
dio
ap
plicati
ons: a
re
vi
ew
(Ros M
ari
e C Cl
eet
us
)
3543
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds
that
le
ads
t
o
ef
fici
ent
sp
e
ct
ru
m
us
age
[
5].
The
highe
st
eff
ic
ie
ncy
in
sp
ect
ru
m
us
age
is
prom
ise
d
by
f
reque
ncy
rec
onfi
gurab
le
ant
enn
a
s.
Su
c
h
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
anten
n
as
re
j
ec
t
interfe
ren
ce
from
coex
ist
in
g
sta
ndar
ds
or
se
rv
ic
es
an
d
a
void
t
he
us
a
ge
of
filt
ers.
Wh
e
n
m
ulti
band
syst
e
m
s
are
us
ed
,
t
he
c
os
t
and
volum
e
of
the
syst
em
s
will
be
reduce
d
wh
e
reas
the
ve
rsati
li
ty
wil
l
be
i
ncr
ease
d
[
6].
T
he
fr
e
quenc
y
reconfi
gura
ble
an
te
nnas
use
d
in
CR
s
are
desire
d
to
po
ssess
bette
r
frequ
e
ncy
sel
ect
ivit
y,
hig
h
gai
n
an
d
isolat
ion
,
wide
tun
in
g
ra
nge
a
nd
c
onsist
ent
pa
tt
ern
[
7,
8].
A
s
the
m
agn
it
ude
of
the
Fr
e
que
ncy
Re
co
nf
ig
urable
anten
nas
f
or
Cognit
ive
Ra
dio
Ap
plica
ti
ons
is
exp
a
nd
i
ng
progre
ssi
vely
,
in
this
pap
er,
the
la
te
st
dev
el
op
m
ents
occurre
d
i
n
th
is
area
are
sur
veyed
a
nd
s
um
m
arized.
He
nce,
pr
e
sente
d
the
rec
onfi
gurati
on
te
c
hniq
ues
for
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
reconfi
gurab
le
ante
nn
a
s
in
Co
gnit
ive
Ra
di
o
syst
e
m
s
and
the
c
om
par
ison
of
var
i
ou
s
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
in
Re
su
lt
s and
Di
scussion,
foll
owed
b
y t
he
C
oncl
us
i
on.
2.
RECONFI
GURATI
ON T
ECH
NIQUES
FOR
FR
E
QUE
NCY REC
O
NFIGU
RA
BL
E AN
TE
NNA
S
Four
disti
nct
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
th
ere
to
ac
hieve
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Re
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
i
n
anten
nas.
Firs
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
to
achieve
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
rec
onfig
urat
ion
is
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
in
w
h
i
c
h
anten
nas
are
re
config
ur
e
d
us
i
ng
Ra
dio
F
re
quency
-
Mi
cro
el
ect
ro
m
echan
ic
al
syst
e
m
s
(RF
-
MEM
S)
[9
-
14
]
,
P
I
N
di
odes
[
15
-
18]
,
or
va
ract
or
s
[19
-
21]
.
S
econd
m
et
ho
d
is
O
pt
ic
al
wh
e
re
s
uc
h
a
nten
nas
use
phot
ocon
duc
ti
ve
switc
he
s
t
o
ac
hieve
rec
onfi
gura
ti
on
[
22
-
26]
.
Thir
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
is
to
prov
i
de
structu
ral
al
te
rati
on
to
the
a
nten
na
to
at
ta
in
re
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on
wh
ic
h
are
cal
le
d
p
hysic
al
ly
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
a
nt
enn
as
[
27
-
32
]
.
The
la
st
m
e
t
h
o
d
is
to
u
s
e
,
s
m
art
m
a
ter
ia
ls
for
achie
ving
reconfi
gurati
on
[33].
2.1.
El
ectric
ally
re
confi
gu
r
ab
le
antenn
as
Ele
ct
rical
reconfi
gurati
on
is
achieve
d
via
s
witc
hing
com
po
ne
n
ts
s
uch
as
RF
-
MEM
S,
P
IN
diode
s
,
or
va
racto
rs.
T
hese
c
om
po
ne
nts
will
be
act
ing
as
s
witc
hes
an
d
dire
ct
in
g
su
r
face
c
urre
nts
in
orde
r
to
c
hang
e
the
a
nten
na
ra
diat
or
to
po
l
ogy.
Sw
it
c
hes
ca
n
be
easi
ly
int
egr
at
e
d
int
o
t
he
ante
nn
a
an
d
these
ex
hib
it
good
isolat
ion
an
d
m
ini
m
al
losses.
The
disa
dvan
ta
ges
of
this
m
et
ho
d
incl
ude
the
non
-
li
ne
ar
natu
re
of
s
witc
hes,
requirem
ent o
f
b
ia
sin
g
li
nes
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l t
he
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s
,
losses
ass
ocia
te
d,
a
dd
e
d
c
om
plexity
,
et
c.
2.1.1.
Reconfi
gu
r
ab
l
e
antenn
as f
or
cogniti
ve
r
ad
i
os
b
as
e
d
on
R
F
-
ME
MS
It
repor
ts
a
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
an
te
nn
a
usi
ng
RF
MEM
S
switc
h
f
or
co
gnit
iv
e
rad
io
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
in
[
9
].
It
descr
i
bes
a
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
m
on
opole
U
W
B
antenn
a
with
sin
gle
notc
he
d
featu
re
achi
eved
by
an
octagonal
sh
a
pe
patc
h
an
d
RF
MEM
S
s
witc
h.
T
he
no
t
ched
ba
nd
c
ould
be
obta
ined
by
et
chin
g
the
m
eand
ere
d
slot
in
th
e
patch.
A
nd
the
eff
ect
of
the
s
lot
is
m
ini
m
ized
by
an
RF
MEM
S
switc
h
in
the
cente
r
of
t
he
m
eand
e
red
slot
.
The
desi
gn
of
the
antenn
a
and
the
sim
ul
at
ed
return
lo
ss
are
sh
ow
n
in
Figu
re
1.
If
the
switc
h
is
in
the
O
N
-
sta
te
,
t
he
a
nten
na
ope
rates
as
a
n
U
WB
a
nten
na
w
orkin
g
i
n
th
e
f
reque
ncy
ra
ng
e
3.2
G
Hz
to
12
GH
z
.
I
f
t
he
s
witc
h
is
in
the
OFF
-
sta
t
e,
a
si
ng
le
notc
h
ca
n be
fou
nd f
r
om
3.
3 G
Hz t
o
4.1
G
Hz..
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (a
)
T
he desig
n of t
he
an
te
nna,
(b)
Si
m
ulate
d
retu
rn loss a
t dif
fere
nt s
witc
hing s
ta
te
s
Anothe
r
MEM
S
rec
onfi
gurabl
e
com
bin
ed
ci
rcu
la
r
a
nd
rect
angular
s
hap
e
d
slott
ed
m
ic
ro
strip
patc
h
anten
na
f
or
co
gn
it
ive
rad
i
o
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
is
pr
esente
d
[
10
].
It
is
design
e
d
to
operate
withi
n
2
to
5
G
Hz.
MEM
S
switc
hes
a
re
use
d
for
fast
s
witc
hing
an
d
bette
r
ada
ptati
on.
The
s
witc
hing
operati
on
is
acco
m
plished
usi
ng
Partic
le
swa
r
m
op
tim
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
natu
re
i
ns
pi
red
opti
m
i
zat
ion
te
c
hn
i
ques.
Slots
are
inc
orporated
into
t
he
anten
na
to
e
nhance the
r
et
urn
loss
i
n order
to red
uce t
he
m
is
m
at
ch
betwe
en
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
ne
a
nd
a
nte
nn
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
4
2
-
3
5
4
9
3544
2.1.2.
Reconfi
gu
r
ab
l
e
antenn
as f
or
cogniti
ve
r
ad
i
os
b
as
e
d
on
P
I
N
d
i
od
es
A
m
eand
ered
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
F
-
s
hap
e
d
a
nten
na
is
prese
nted
in
[1
5
]
.
It
is
a
4
el
em
ent,
m
u
lt
iple
inp
ut
m
ul
ti
ple
ou
tput
(MIMO)
ante
nn
a
syst
em
that
wo
r
ks
in
dua
l
m
od
e.
Fr
eq
ue
ncy
agili
ty
is
ob
ta
ine
d
us
in
g
PIN
diodes
w
he
rea
s
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
tu
ning
is
acq
uir
ed
by
var
act
or
diodes.
To
re
du
ce
t
he
mu
tual
coupling
be
tween
diff
e
re
nt
MIM
O
el
em
ents,
an
is
olati
on
e
nhancem
ent
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
intr
oduce
d.
T
o
el
i
m
inate
the
m
utu
al
couplin
g
bet
w
een
horiz
on
ta
l
anten
na
el
em
ents,
de
fected
gro
und
slots
a
re
ap
plied
w
he
reas
to
im
pr
ove
the
isolat
ion
betw
een
ve
rtic
al
an
te
nn
a
el
em
ents,
sta
ircase
ty
pe
gro
und
plane
structu
re
is
em
plo
ye
d.
T
wo
m
od
es
of
operati
ons
a
ccordin
g
t
o
the
switc
hi
ng
stat
es
of
P
IN
di
odes
is
obta
ine
d.
Th
e first
m
od
e
,
w
he
n
the
PIN
diod
e
switc
hes
are
i
n
OFF
sta
te
a
nd v
aract
or
di
od
e
s
are
re
ver
se
b
ia
sed,
the f
r
eq
ue
ncy b
an
ds
c
overe
d
a
re foun
d
to
b
e
1170
an
d
2420
MHz
with
al
m
os
t
10
0
MH
z
bandw
i
dth
in
bo
th
th
e
ba
nds.
The
pr
oto
ty
pe
of
the
ante
nn
a
a
nd
t
he
si
m
ulate
d
and
m
easur
ed
ref
le
ct
io
n
coeffic
ie
nts
of
th
e
first
m
od
e
are
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
2
.
In
the
s
eco
nd
m
od
e,
wh
e
n
th
e
switc
hes
a
re
ON,
an
d
r
eve
r
se
bias
ap
plied
to
va
ractor
di
od
e
is
var
ie
d
in
bet
ween
0
V
and
6
V,
a
nd
res
on
a
ti
ng
f
reque
ncies
are
f
ound
to
be
var
ie
d
betwee
n
74
3
and
1030
MH
z,
an
d
24
00
MHz
.
The ba
ndwidt
hs f
or
t
hese t
wo
bands
are 6
0 M
Hz
a
nd 12
0 M
Hz.
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
(
a
)
F
abr
ic
at
ed
Mo
de
l
, (b)
Re
flect
ion coe
ff
ic
ie
nts at first
m
od
e
of
op
e
rati
on
Anothe
r
m
ic
ro
strip
ci
rcu
la
r
m
on
opole
antenn
a
with
a
reco
nfi
gura
ble
10
-
dB
im
ped
anc
e
bandw
i
dth
for
co
gn
it
ive
r
adios
is
re
ported
in
[
1
6
]
.
It
is
f
ed
by
a
m
ic
ro
strip
li
ne
integr
at
ed
with
a
bandp
a
ss
filt
er
bas
ed
on
a
three
-
li
ne
co
up
le
d
res
on
at
or.
The
rec
onfi
gurati
on
of
th
e
filt
er
al
lows
the
antenn
a
t
o
operate
at
ei
ther
in
wide
band o
r
in
n
a
rrowba
nd by
a PIN dio
de.
Tu
ning is
done
f
r
om
3
.9 to
4.82 G
Hz fo
r
t
he
n
a
rrowba
nd.
2.1.3.
Reconfi
gu
r
ab
l
e
antenn
as f
or
cogniti
ve
r
ad
i
os
b
as
e
d
on
va
ractors
A
f
reque
n
cy
re
config
ur
a
ble
a
s
well
as
com
pact
filt
enn
a
wit
h
a
kee
n
out
of
band
re
j
ect
io
n
in
sensi
ng
and
c
omm
un
ic
at
ing
sta
te
s
f
or
c
ogniti
ve
r
adio
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
is
re
porte
d
i
n
[
19
]
.
T
o
switc
h
the
filt
enn
a
betwee
n
se
ns
in
g
a
nd
c
omm
un
ic
at
ing
sta
te
s,
e
m
plo
ye
d
a
PIN
di
ode
in
t
he
desig
n.
I
n
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
sta
te
,
two
va
racto
rs
are
introd
uce
d
in
the
C
sh
ap
ed
res
on
at
or
f
or
the
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
sh
ifti
ng
f
rom
3.
05
GH
z
t
o
4.3
9
GH
z
.
The
filt
enn
a
e
xhibit
s
ex
cl
us
ive
out
of
band
re
j
ect
io
n
natu
re
at
sensi
ng
sta
ge.
T
he
op
e
rati
on
is
sw
it
ched
betwee
n
tw
o
sta
te
s:
wideb
an
d
an
d
na
rro
w
band.
It
is
done
by
switc
hi
ng
the
PIN
to
OF
F
an
d
ON
sta
te
s
resp
ect
ively
.
Wh
e
n
the
filt
enn
a
is
in
narr
ow
band
sta
te
,
the
op
e
rati
on
al
fr
eq
ue
ncies
can
be
co
ntin
uous
ly
sh
ifte
d
by
tun
i
ng
t
he
bias
vo
lt
age
giv
e
n
to
the
var
act
or
s
.
The
Ge
om
et
r
y
of
the
f
requ
ency
recon
fig
urable
filt
enn
a
a
nd
t
he
si
m
ulate
d
an
d
m
easur
ed
S
par
am
et
er
resul
ts
wh
e
n
the
fil
te
nn
a
is
in
wide
band
a
re
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
3
.
T
he
m
easur
ed
re
su
l
ts
show
that
w
hen
the
filt
en
na
is
w
orki
ng
i
n
wide
ba
nd
st
at
e,
the
ba
ndw
idth
is
2.63
G
Hz
(
fro
m
2.
35
G
Hz
t
o
4.9
8
GHz)
a
nd
wh
e
n
the
filt
enn
a
is
in
narr
ow
ba
nd
sta
te
,
the
ba
nd
width
is
1.3
4
GH
z
(fro
m
3.05
G
Hz
to
4.39
G
Hz)
.
A
no
t
her
recon
fig
urable,
com
pact
4
el
em
ent
m
ulti
ple
input
m
ul
ti
ple
ou
t
pu
t
ante
nna
with
a
pen
ta
gonal
slot
prese
nted
in
[
20
]
.
This
anten
na
is
capa
ble
of
operati
ng
in
t
he
band
3.230
GHz
to
3.880
GH
z
.
Re
config
ur
a
bili
ty
is
at
ta
ined
us
ing
var
act
or
dio
de
s
by
the
ca
pacit
ance
va
r
yi
ng
of
pen
ta
gonal sl
ot an
te
nna.
T
his
desig
n
is
best s
uited
for W
iM
AX b
a
nds a
nd
cogniti
ve radi
o ap
plica
ti
on
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Freq
uen
cy
rec
on
fi
gur
able
an
te
nnas
f
or
c
ogniti
ve ra
dio
ap
plicati
ons: a
re
vi
ew
(Ros M
ari
e C Cl
eet
us
)
3545
(a)
(b)
Figure
3
.
(a
)
G
eom
et
ry o
f
the
filt
enn
a
(b)
Si
m
ula
te
d
an
d
m
easur
e
d S
par
a
m
et
er r
esults
w
hen the
filt
enna is i
n
wide ba
nd stat
e
2.2.
Opt
ic
ally
rec
onfigu
ra
ble a
nte
nna
s
It
repor
ts
a
n
opti
cal
ly
reco
nf
i
gura
ble
anten
na
for
co
gn
it
ive
rad
io
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
i
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
hi
s
desig
n
is
com
po
sed
of
an
ultrawi
de
ba
nd
un
it
to
sense
the
fr
e
que
ncy
sp
ect
r
um
from
2.
5
GH
z
to
8
GH
z,
a
nd
a
reconfi
gura
ble
un
it
wh
ic
h
is
a
ble
to
s
witc
h
be
tween
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
3.9
G
Hz
a
nd
6.2
G
Hz.
Re
c
onfig
urabil
it
y
cou
l
d
be
obta
ined
usi
ng
op
ti
cal
swit
ches
,
nam
el
y
Si.
Figure
4
s
hows
the
op
ti
cal
ly
switc
hed
tra
ns
m
issio
n
li
ne
that
is
fab
ricat
ed
us
i
ng
T
a
c
o
n
i
c
su
bs
trat
e
an
d
the
prot
otyp
e
of
the
ante
nna
.
A
rectan
gula
r
blo
c
k
of
Si
is
us
e
d
to
va
ry
the
le
ngth
of
the
gro
und
pla
ne
of
t
he
anten
na.
The
dark
a
nd
act
i
ve
sta
te
s
of
the
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
un
it
are
con
t
ro
ll
ed
us
in
g
880
nm
infr
a
red
em
i
tt
ing
di
od
e
s.
For
dark
an
d
act
ive
sta
te
s,
the
operati
ng
f
reque
ncy
of
the
reconfi
gura
ble
anten
na
li
es
within
the
ba
nd
of
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
ultrawi
deb
a
nd
se
ns
in
g
un
it
,
he
nce
pro
vid
e
s
the
functi
onal
it
y
of
a
c
ogniti
ve
r
adio.
Th
e
gain
of
the
rec
onfi
gura
ble
ante
nna
is
hi
gh
e
r
for
da
rk
sta
te
tha
n
for
act
ive
sta
te
as
i
n
the
act
ive
sta
te
,
there
is
po
w
er
loss
in
t
he
re
config
ur
a
ble
a
nten
na
du
e
t
o
the
increa
se
of
losses
of
Si
s
witc
h.
Anothe
r
op
t
ic
a
ll
y
reco
nfi
gura
ble
notc
he
d
ultrawi
deb
a
nd
a
nt
enn
a
f
or
c
ogni
ti
ve
rad
i
o
syst
e
m
s
is
pr
ese
nted
[2
3
]
.
A
fo
l
ded
sl
ot
is
inserted
on
a
U
sh
a
ped
ultrawi
deb
a
nd
an
te
nn
a.
T
he
vari
ou
s
set
up
po
si
ti
ons
and
the
‘ON’
or
‘
OF
F
’
c
ombinati
on
of
ph
oto
c
onduct
ive
switc
hes
m
ake
the
ante
nna
to
achieve
the
re
j
ect
ion
char
act
e
risti
cs.
This
str
uctu
re
is
op
e
rated
in
a
wide
band
with
switc
hab
le
ba
nd
re
j
ect
ion
in
wireless
loca
l
area
netw
ork
(
WL
AN)
2.4
G
Hz
(
2.2
–
2.9
G
Hz),
world
wide
inte
roper
a
bili
ty
for
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
ac
cess
(
WiM
A
X)
(3.2
–
4.7
GH
z
),
WL
AN 5 G
Hz (4
.
8
–
6.6 G
Hz) an
d
the
I
T
U 8
G
Hz (7
.5
–
8.7 G
Hz).
(a)
(
b)
Figure
4
.
(a
)
O
ptica
ll
y
switc
hed
m
ic
ro
strip
tr
ansm
issi
on
li
ne
(b)
P
ro
t
otype
of the
opti
cal
ly sw
it
che
d
c
ogni
ti
ve
rad
i
o
syst
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
4
2
-
3
5
4
9
3546
2.3.
Phy
sic
ally
rec
on
fi
gu
r
ab
le
antenn
as
Ph
ysi
cal
ly
Reco
nfi
gura
ble
a
nten
nas
f
or
C
ogniti
ve
Ra
di
os
co
ns
ist
of
a
sensing
an
te
nn
a
a
nd
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
reconfi
gurab
le
ant
enn
a
.
T
he
sen
sing
ante
nn
a
will
be
a
n
ultr
a
wide
ba
nd
a
nt
enn
a,
that
sc
a
ns
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
sp
e
c
trum
to
discover
unuse
d
ba
nds
wh
e
reas
the
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
anten
na
is
t
un
e
d
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
in
these
bands
.
In
ph
ysi
cal
ly
reco
nfi
gura
ble
an
te
nn
as
,
a
r
otati
on
al
m
otion
of
the
rad
ia
ti
ng
patch
is
need
e
d
f
or
the
work
i
ng.
An
a
nten
na
sy
stem
is
pr
esen
te
d
for
co
gnit
ive
ra
dio
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
w
he
re
reconfi
gura
ble
anten
na
is
com
po
sed
of
f
ive
patc
hes
a
nd
the
opera
ble
range
va
ries
from
2.
3
GHz
to
10
.
6
G
Hz
[
27
].
Each
patch
i
s
op
e
rated
at
dif
f
eren
t
fr
e
qu
e
nci
es
ba
nds.
T
he
r
otati
on
is
re
gu
l
at
ed
by
a
ste
pp
ing
m
oto
r
plac
ed
at
the
bac
k
of
the
anten
na.
This
anten
na
is
ca
pa
ble
of
sca
nn
i
ng
the
s
pectr
um
fr
om
1.
7
G
Hz
to
10.
6
GHz.
The
str
uctu
r
e
of
the
anten
na
an
d
t
he
r
et
urn
loss
of
the
re
co
nf
i
gur
able ante
nn
a
at
d
if
fer
e
nt s
hapes o
btaine
d by ro
ta
ti
ng the
p
at
ch
a
re
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
5
.
T
he
ba
nds
c
overe
d
by sh
a
pes
1,
2,3,4 an
d
5
are
2
.
3
-
4.5 G
Hz
, 3
.
8
-
5
GH
z
, 4
.
8
-
7.
4
GH
z
,
6.3
-
8.2 GHz an
d 8
-
10.6
GH
z
r
especti
vely
.
A
no
t
her
an
te
nna
d
esi
gn
c
onsist
s o
f
an
ultra
wi
deb
a
nd an
te
nn
a and
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
rec
onfi
gurab
le
a
ntenn
a
us
e
d
f
or
cogniti
ve
ra
di
os
is
re
ported
in
[
28
]
.
In
this
case,
the
r
otati
on
a
l
m
ot
ion
of m
ot
or is co
ntr
olled
b
y L
ABV
IE
W
on a
c
om
pu
te
r
conn
ect
e
d
to
t
he
m
oto
r
thr
ou
gh
its
par
al
le
l
port.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5
.
(a
)
T
he An
te
nn
a
Str
uctu
re
(
b)
Re
t
urn
Loss
plo
t
of
the Rec
onfi
gur
able A
nten
na
2.4.
Reconfi
gu
r
ab
l
e
antenn
as b
ase
d
on sm
ar
t materi
als
A
com
pact
reco
nfi
gura
ble
we
arab
le
ante
nn
a
i
m
ple
m
ented
on
a
fa
br
ic
s
ubstrat
e
is
pr
esen
te
d
[
33
]
.
I
t
can
op
e
rate
on
ba
nd
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
IS
M,
W
i
-
Fi
and
W
i
-
Ma
x
i
n
ultrawi
deb
a
nd
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
.
Alon
g
with,
this
anten
na
pr
ov
i
de
s
rad
ia
ti
on
pa
tt
ern
rec
onfig
urat
ion.
To
c
ons
truct
the
m
et
al
par
t
of
a
nten
na
,
the
m
at
erial
s
us
e
d
for
the
substrat
e
are
c
otto
n
a
nd
le
at
he
r,
c
ombine
d
with
f
ab
ric
co
pper
or
c
onduct
ing
th
re
ad
em
br
oi
der
y.
Five
prototypes
are
co
ns
ide
re
d
in
this
case
as
An
te
nn
a
1
to
An
te
nn
a
5.
Th
e
s
ubstrat
e
an
d
c
onduct
ive
path
of
An
te
nn
a
1
to
An
te
nn
a
5
are
Cott
on
De
nim
(ɛ
r
=1.2
)
a
nd
C
onduct
ive
Se
w
ing
T
hread
,
C
otton
Ca
li
co
(ɛ
r
=1.2
)
and
Co
nductiv
e
Sewi
ng
Th
re
ad,
C
otton
De
nim
and
Co
pper
Fa
br
ic
,
C
otton
Ca
li
co
an
d
Coppe
r
Fa
br
i
c
an
d
Leat
her
(ɛ
r
=
2.3)
a
nd
Co
p
per
Fabr
ic
res
pect
ively
.
The
prot
otype
of
the
anten
na
on
le
at
her
a
nd
t
he
m
easure
d
return
loss
of
anten
nas
at
ultrawi
deb
a
nd
co
nf
i
gurati
on
is
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fi
gure
6
.
Stu
bs
of
diff
ere
nt
le
ng
t
hs
are
respo
ns
ible
f
or
reconfigu
rati
on
in
this
anten
na
an
d
w
hen
a
ll
th
e
switc
hes
are
OF
F
,
the
a
nten
na
is
well
su
it
ed
for
c
ogniti
ve r
adio wit
h o
perable ba
nd
3
t
o 8 GHz
.
Figure
6
.
(a
)
P
r
oto
ty
pe o
f
the
anten
na on l
eat
her
(b)
Me
as
ured
return l
os
s
of a
nten
nas
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Freq
uen
cy
rec
on
fi
gur
able
an
te
nnas
f
or
c
ogniti
ve ra
dio
ap
plicati
ons: a
re
vi
ew
(Ros M
ari
e C Cl
eet
us
)
3547
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
Re
co
nfi
gu
rati
on
te
c
hn
i
ques
re
viewe
d
so
fa
r,
Ele
ct
ri
cal
,
Op
ti
cal
,
P
hysic
al
and
S
m
art
m
at
eria
l
us
a
ge
to
ac
hieve
F
reque
ncy
Re
config
ur
at
i
on
for
Co
gnit
ive
Ra
dio
s
ca
n
be
c
om
par
e
d
acco
r
ding
to
thei
r
perform
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
switc
hing
s
pe
ed,
isolat
io
n,
power
re
quirem
ents,
losses,
reli
abili
ty
,
et
c.
The
a
dvanta
ge
s and
disad
va
nt
ages
of
t
hese t
echn
i
qu
e
s ar
e
consolidat
e
d
a
nd su
m
m
arized b
el
ow.
Ele
ct
rical
reconfi
gurati
on
ha
s
bee
n
f
ound
a
s
the
m
os
t
prom
inent
m
et
h
odology
f
or
ac
hieving
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
rec
onfi
gurati
on.
RF
MEM
S
switc
hes
are
m
or
e
reli
able
and
are
best
su
it
ed
fo
r
work
i
ng
in
the
m
illim
e
te
r
w
a
v
e
and
m
ic
ro
wav
e
range
f
reque
ncies
suc
h
as
phase
sh
ifte
rs
,
s
of
t
w
are
def
i
ned
r
adio,
reconfi
gura
ble
anten
nas,
tu
na
ble
ba
nd
pas
s
filt
ers,
res
onat
or
s,
et
c.
[
9
-
10
]
.
MEM
S
switc
hes
pr
ov
i
de
fast
switc
hing
oper
at
ion
,
li
near
it
y,
isolat
ion
,
bette
r
ada
ptati
on
a
nd
lo
wer
si
gn
a
l
distor
ti
on
[
11
-
1
2
]
.
The
inse
r
ti
on
loss
is
ver
y
l
ow
of
the
ord
er
0.1
6
dB
a
nd
Qu
al
it
y
fact
or
is
ve
ry
hi
g
h
up
to
fr
e
qu
encies
of
120
G
Hz.
The
s
witc
hi
ng loss
is ver
y
le
s
s,
a
nd
they
ca
n
be
c
ontr
olled u
sin
g
10
to
12
0
K
resist
ive
li
nes.
The
bias
ne
twor
k
of
RF
MEM
S
switc
he
s
will
not
degra
de
anten
na
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
rn
but
powe
r
ha
nd
li
ng
capa
bili
ti
es
of
RF
MEM
S
switc
he
s
are
le
ss
[1
3
].
A
dv
e
rsely
, hig
h vo
lt
age
is
ne
eded f
or act
iva
ti
on
of RF
-
ME
MS switc
he
s [14
]
.
PI
N
di
od
es
ca
n
be
us
e
d
f
or
switc
hing
between
ba
nds
w
hile
var
act
or
diodes
ca
n
be
util
iz
ed
f
or
sm
oo
th v
ariat
ion
of
t
he
res
on
at
ing
freq
ue
ncies.
T
he
fine
tu
ning of th
e
varac
tor
is m
or
e noti
ceable
in
the
low
e
r
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds
[1
5
,
1
7
]
.
T
he
respo
ns
es
of
PIN
diod
es
an
d
var
act
or
s
are
faster
an
d
a
re
of
the
orde
r
of
nanosec
onds.
These
switc
he
s
m
ake
the
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
an
te
nn
as
m
or
e
scal
able.
These
s
witc
hes
can
be
easi
ly
inco
rpor
at
e
d
in
the
anten
na
structu
re.
But
these
are
nonli
near
in
nat
ur
e
.
Fo
r
PIN
diod
es
the
i
ns
ert
ion
lo
ss
is
0.4
dB
to
0.7 d
B
[
18
].
H
i
gh
volt
age is
nee
de
d
by
va
racto
rs
for
act
ivati
on
[
21
].
Ele
ct
ronic
s
witc
hes
nee
d
bia
sed
vo
lt
ag
e
li
ne
s
to
act
ivate
t
hem
,
wh
ic
h
wi
ll
distor
t
the
ra
diati
on
s
of
the
ante
nn
a
i
n
m
os
t
of
t
he
de
sign
s
.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
m
echan
ic
al
switc
hes
are
com
plica
ted
to
m
anu
fact
ur
e
a
nd
are
li
kely
to
be
h
e
a
v
y
,
restrict
ing
fle
xib
il
it
y
of
de
sig
n.
Wh
e
reas
op
ti
c
al
switc
hes
off
er
im
m
un
ity
fr
om
su
ch
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
interfe
re
nces
as
the
is
olati
on
is
quit
e
high
i
n
betwee
n
the
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
a
nd
rad
ia
ti
ng
sig
na
ls
of
the
ante
nn
a
.
Also,
they
are
of
li
ghtwei
gh
t,
ha
vi
ng
hi
gh
sw
i
tc
hin
g
s
peed
an
d
ca
n
be
easi
ly
fabrica
te
d
[
2
2,
2
4
-
2
5
].
Lase
r
dio
des
can
dir
ect
ly
be
integr
at
ed
into
t
he
a
nten
na
str
uctu
r
e.
He
nce,
opti
cal
fiber
cables
do
not
need
directi
ng
li
gh
t
to
the
phot
ocon
du
ct
i
ve
switc
hes
.
T
hus,
the
c
om
ple
xity
of
the
syst
e
m
is
reduce
d
an
d
th
ese
antennas
c
an
be
easi
ly
integrate
d
in
the
up
c
om
ing
wire
le
ss
hand
held
dev
ic
es
.
N
o
bias
li
nes
are
need
e
d
i
n
t
his case
f
or
t
he
acti
vation o
f
s
witc
hes
as
in
t
he
cases
of RF
MEM
S and PI
N dio
des
[
26
].
In
P
hysic
al
ly
reco
nfi
gura
ble
anten
nas,
bias
li
nes,
la
ser
diodes
or
opti
cal
fiber
s
are
not
ne
eded
for
the
act
ivati
on
of
switc
hes.
T
he
const
raints
of
this
te
chn
iq
ue
are
cost,
siz
e,
power
s
ourc
e
requirem
ents,
e
tc
.
The
desi
gn
i
ng
is
com
plicated
as
it
inv
olv
es
i
ncor
porati
on
of
rec
onfig
uri
ng
el
e
m
ent
into
the
a
nten
na
str
uc
ture.
These
desi
gn
s
pro
vid
e sl
ow
e
r
r
es
pons
es
co
m
par
i
ng to othe
r
s
[
27
-
32
].
The
i
dea
of
we
arab
le
de
vices
evo
l
ved
with
the
hasty
gro
wt
h
in
the
us
a
ge
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
de
vices.
And
it
ca
n
be
reali
zed
us
in
g
recon
fig
ur
at
io
n
te
ch
nique
w
it
h
sm
art
m
a
ter
ia
ls.
I
f
the
a
nt
enn
a
is
em
bed
de
d,
li
gh
twei
ght,
c
om
pact,
and
wear
a
ble,
it
can
be
par
t
of
daily
cl
oth
in
g
and
will
be
su
f
fici
ent
f
or
on
body
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n.
T
he
a
ppli
cat
ions
li
e
in
t
he
a
r
eas
of
na
vig
at
ion
,
m
ob
il
e
com
pu
ti
ng
,
heal
th
care
,
trackin
g, pu
blic safet
y, a
nd m
il
it
ary
[3
3].
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Cognit
ive
Ra
di
os
ha
ve
been
consi
der
e
d
as
t
he
em
erg
ing
te
chnolo
gy
w
hic
h
can
fill
the
gaps
in
th
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
us
a
ge
of
RF
sp
ect
r
um
.
The
C
ogniti
ve
ra
dios
a
re
f
ound
t
o
f
ollow
an
al
go
rithm
of
‘
sens
ing
of
sp
ect
r
um
’
to
find
t
he
un
us
e
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds
in
t
he
ra
ng
e
o
f
se
ns
i
ng
a
nt
enn
a
,
‘
decidi
ng
on
s
pectr
um
’
to
fin
d
the
apt
band
f
or
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd
‘c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
of
s
witc
hes
or
m
et
hods
’
t
o
tu
ne
res
on
a
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
ie
s
of
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Re
config
ur
a
ble
An
te
nn
a
s.
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Re
co
nf
i
gurab
le
A
nt
enn
as
,
the
m
ajo
r
c
on
sti
tuent
of
Cognit
i
ve
Ra
di
os
has
bee
n
s
urvey
ed
detai
le
d
on
basis
of
diff
e
ren
t
rec
onfi
gura
ti
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
in
this
pap
e
r.
The
fou
r
te
ch
niques
t
o
ac
hi
eve
recon
fig
urat
ion
ca
n
be
e
nlist
ed
as
el
ec
tric
al
,
opti
cal
,
ph
ysi
cal
,
a
nd
sm
art
m
at
erial
based
.
A
num
ber
of
ante
nn
a
s
de
s
ign
e
d
wi
t
h
ea
ch
of
the
se
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
are
s
tud
ie
d
to
perf
or
m
a
com
par
at
ive
stud
y
on
basis
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
su
c
h
a
s
switc
hi
ng
spe
ed,
is
olati
on,
powe
r
re
quire
m
ents,
losses,
reli
abili
ty
,
et
c.
The
adv
anta
ges
an
d
di
sadv
a
ntages
of
the
te
chn
iq
ue
s
are
detai
le
d
in
thi
s
pap
e
r
in
orde
r
to
deci
de
the
best
m
et
ho
d
a
ccordin
g
t
o
th
e
co
ns
trai
nts
of
the
a
nte
nn
a
desi
gner
s
in
t
he
fiel
d
of
Aca
dem
ic
s
and I
ndus
t
ry.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
t
he
De
par
t
m
ent
of
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
s
a
nd
C
omm
un
ic
at
ion
En
gin
ee
rin
g
of
Sahrdaya
C
ollege
of
E
ng
i
nee
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ko
dak
a
r
a,
K
erala,
I
nd
i
a
f
or
the
hel
p
and
s
upport
e
xt
end
e
d
for
ca
rr
yi
ng
out t
his
w
ork.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
4
2
-
3
5
4
9
3548
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Q.
Zha
o
and
B.
M.
Sadl
er,
“
A
Sur
ve
y
of
D
y
n
amic
Spec
trum
Acc
ess,
”
in
I
EEE
Signal
Proc
e
ss
ing
Magazine
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
24
(
3
)
,
pp.
79
-
89
,
Ma
y
2007.
[2]
Feder
al
Com
m
unic
a
ti
ons
Com
mi
ss
ion
,
“
Report
of
the
spe
c
trum
eff
iciency
work
i
ng
group
,
”
FCC
spec
trum
poli
c
y
task
forc
e, Tec
h
nic
al
Re
port
,
20
02.
[3]
K.
L.
A.
Yau
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
cont
e
xt
-
awa
re
and
In
te
lligent
D
y
n
amic
Chann
el
Sel
e
ct
ion
sch
em
e
for
cogni
ti
v
e
rad
i
o
net
works
,
”
200
9
4th
Inte
rnational
Confe
ren
ce
on
Cognit
i
ve
Radi
o
Or
iented
Wirel
ess
Net
works
an
d
Comm
unic
ati
ons
,
Hannov
er,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2009
.
[4]
G.
Srivasta
va
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Com
pac
t
Rec
onfigur
abl
e
UW
B
Slot
Antenna
fo
r
Cogni
ti
ve
Rad
io
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons,
”
I
EE
E
Ant
ennas
and
W
irel
ess P
ropagat
ion
Letters
,
vo
l.
16,
pp
.
1139
-
11
42,
2017
.
[5]
R.
Hus
sain,
et
a
l
.
,
“
An
Inte
gra
t
e
d
Four
-
El
ement
Slot
-
Based
MIM
O
and
a
U
WB
Sensing
Antenna
S
y
stem
for
C
R
Plat
form
s,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Antennas and
Propagati
on
, v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
66
(
2
)
,
pp
.
978
-
983
,
Feb
2
018.
[6]
L.
Ge
,
et
al
.
,
“
Unidire
c
ti
ona
l
Dual
-
Band
St
acked
Pat
ch
Ante
nna
with
Inde
pe
n
dent
Frequ
ency
R
ec
onf
igura
t
i
on,
”
IEE
E
Antennas
and
Wireless
Propagati
on
Le
tt
er
s
,
vol. 16, pp. 11
3
-
116,
2017
.
[7]
Y.
Cai,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
Low
-
Profile
Fre
quency
R
ec
o
nfigura
bl
e
Grid
-
Slott
ed
Pa
tc
h
A
nte
nna
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
ess
,
vol
.
6,
pp.
36305
-
36312,
2
018.
[8]
C.
B
.
Fortun
y
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Low
-
cost
m
ec
hani
sm
to
rec
onfigure
th
e
op
era
t
ing
fre
quen
c
y
band
of
a
Viv
al
di
an
te
nna
for
cogni
ti
v
e
rad
io
and
spec
trum
m
onit
oring
applicati
ons,
”
I
ET
Mic
rowaves,
An
te
nnas
&
P
rop
agati
on
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
12
(
5
)
,
pp
.
779
-
7
82,
2018
.
[9]
A.
A.
Ibra
h
im,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Design
of
rec
onfigur
able
a
nte
nna
using
RF
MEMS
sw
it
ch
f
o
r
cogni
t
ive
rad
i
o
appl
i
cations,
”
2017
Progress
i
n
Elec
tromagnet
ic
s R
ese
arch
S
y
mpos
ium
-
Spring
(
PIE
RS)
,
St.
Pete
rsburg,
pp.
36
9
-
376
,
2017
.
[10]
Abira
m
i
M
.
and
Raj
ase
kar
G
.
,
“
MEM
S
rec
onfigura
bl
e
slott
e
d
m
ic
rostrip
pat
ch
antenna
for
cogni
ti
v
e
rad
i
o
appl
i
ca
t
ion,
”
2016
Online
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
renc
e
on
Gr
ee
n
Eng
ine
erin
g
and
Technologies
(
IC
-
GET
)
,
Coi
m
bat
ore
,
pp.
1
-
4
,
2016
.
[11]
R.
George
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Design
of
a
fr
eque
nc
y
r
ec
onf
i
gura
ble
p
ixe
l
patch
antenna
fo
r
c
ognit
ive
rad
io
ap
pli
c
at
ions,
”
201
6
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Co
mm
unic
ati
on
an
d
Signal P
roc
essing
,
Me
lmaruva
t
hur,
pp
.
1684
-
16
88
,
2016
.
[12]
T.
W
u
,
et
al
.,
“
Sw
it
cha
ble
Qu
ad
-
Band
Ant
en
nas
for
Cognit
i
ve
R
adi
o
Base
Stat
ion
Appl
icati
ons,
”
in
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Ante
nnas and
Pr
opagati
on
,
vol
/
issue:
58
(
5
)
,
pp
.
1
468
-
1476,
Ma
y
2010.
[13]
S.
Ariva
zha
g
an,
et
al
.
,
“
Desig
n
of
a
rec
onf
ig
ura
ble
ant
enn
a
for
cogni
t
ive
ra
dio,
”
2015
I
EEE
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
E
le
c
tric
al
,
Compu
te
r and
Comm
un
ic
ati
on
Techno
lo
gie
s (
ICECCT)
,
Coim
bat
ore
,
pp.
1
-
5
,
2015
.
[14]
H.
Rajagopalan,
et
al
.
,
“
MEMS
Rec
onfigur
abl
e
Optimize
d
E
-
Shaped
Pat
ch
Ant
e
nna
Design
for
Cognit
ive
Radi
o
,
”
in
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ant
enna
s and
Propagation
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
62
(
3
)
,
pp
.
1056
-
10
64,
Mar
2014.
[15]
R.
Hus
sain
and
M.
S.
Shara
wi,
“
Plana
r
m
ea
nder
ed
-
F
-
shape
d
4
-
el
ement
r
ec
onf
i
gura
ble
m
ult
ip
le
-
input
–
m
ult
iple
-
output
antenna
s
y
stem
with
isol
a
ti
on
enh
anc
eme
nt
for
cognitive
rad
io
pl
at
form
s
,
”
in
IET
Mi
crowave
s,
An
te
nnas
&
Propagati
on
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
1
)
,
pp
.
45
-
52
,
2016
.
[16]
P.
Y.
Qin,
et
al
.
,
“
A
W
ide
band
-
to
-
Narrowba
nd
Tuna
ble
An
te
nna
Us
ing
a
Rec
onfigur
abl
e
Filt
er
,
”
in
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Ante
nnas and
Pr
opagati
on
,
vol
/
issue:
63
(
5
)
,
pp
.
2
282
-
2285,
Ma
y
2015.
[17]
R.
Hus
sain
and
M.
S.
Shara
wi,
“
4
-
el
ement
pl
ana
r
MIM
O
rec
onfigura
bl
e
ant
e
nna
s
y
stem
fo
r
cogni
ti
ve
r
adi
o
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
”
2
015
IEE
E
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Symposi
um
on
Ant
ennas
and
Propagati
on
&
U
SNC/URS
I
Nati
onal
Radio
Sci
en
ce Me
e
ti
ng
,
Van
couve
r
,
BC
,
pp
.
71
7
-
718
,
2
015
.
[18]
M.
Ali,
et
al
.
,
“
A
Rec
onfigur
able
Stac
k
ed
Micro
strip
Patc
h
Ante
nna
for
S
atellite
and
T
err
estr
ia
l
Li
nks,
”
in
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Vehicular
Techn
ology
,
vol
/
issue:
56
(
2
)
,
pp
.
426
-
4
35,
Mar
2007.
[19]
M.
C.
Ta
ng
,
et
al
.
,
“
Com
pa
ct
,
Frequ
ency
-
Rec
onfigur
a
ble
Filt
enna
w
i
th
Sharpl
y
De
fin
ed
W
ide
band
and
Conti
nuousl
y
Tu
nabl
e
Narrowba
nd
Stat
es,
”
in
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ant
ennas
an
d
Propagati
on
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
65
(
10
)
,
pp.
5026
-
5034
,
Oct
2017.
[20]
R.
Hus
sain
and
M.
S.
Shar
awi,
“
Rec
onfigura
bl
e
pentagona
l
slot
base
d
4
-
elem
ent
MIM
O
ant
enn
as,
”
2017
IE
EE
Inte
rnational
Sy
mpos
ium
on
Ant
ennas
and
Pro
pagati
on
&
US
NC/URSI
Nati
o
nal
Radi
o
Sc
ie
n
ce
M
ee
t
ing
,
Sa
n
Diego,
CA
,
pp
.
1151
-
1152
,
201
7
.
[21]
L.
Ge,
et
al
.
,
“
Unidirect
ion
al
Dual
-
Band
Sta
cke
d
Patc
h
Antenna
with
Inde
pen
d
en
t
Freque
nc
y
Re
c
onfigura
t
ion,
”
in
IEE
E
Antennas
and
Wireless
Propagati
on
Le
tt
er
s
,
vol. 16, pp. 11
3
-
116,
2017
.
[22]
A.
And
y
,
et
al
.
,
“
An
opti
ca
lly
-
s
witc
hed
fr
eque
n
c
y
rec
on
figura
b
l
e
antenna
for
co
gnit
ive
rad
io
ap
pli
c
at
ions,
”
201
6
10th
European
Confe
renc
e
on
A
nte
nnas and Pro
pagati
on
(
EuCAP)
,
Davos,
pp
.
1
-
4
,
2016
.
[23]
S.
H.
Zh
eng,
et
al
.
,
“
Optically
c
ontrol
le
d
re
conf
i
gura
ble
band
-
no
tc
hed
UW
B
ant
e
n
na
for
cogni
t
iv
e
rad
io
s
y
s
te
m
s,
”
in
E
le
c
tronic
s L
et
t
ers
,
vol
/
issue:
50
(
21
)
,
pp
.
1502
-
1504,
Oct
2014
.
[24]
D.
Zha
o,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Optic
a
lly
Control
le
d
Re
con
figura
bl
e
Band
-
Notche
d
UW
B
Antenna
for
Cognit
ive
Rad
i
o
Applic
a
ti
ons,
”
i
n
IEEE Photonic
s Tec
hnology Le
tt
ers
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
26
(
21
)
,
pp
.
2173
-
2176,
Nov
2014
.
[25]
G.
P.
Jin,
et
al
.
,
“
Optic
a
lly
con
trol
le
d
re
conf
ig
ura
ble
antenna
fo
r
cogni
t
ive
r
a
dio
applications,
”
in
E
lectronic
s
Lett
ers
,
vo
l
/i
ss
u
e:
47
(
17
)
,
pp
.
94
8
-
950,
Aug 2011
.
[26]
Y.
Ta
wk,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Dem
on
strat
io
n
of
a
Cognit
iv
e
Radi
o
Front
End
Us
ing
an
Optic
a
lly
Pum
ped
Rec
onfi
gu
ra
ble
Antenna
S
y
st
em
(OP
RA
S),
”
in
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Ant
ennas
and
Pro
pagati
o
n
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
60
(
2
)
,
pp.
1075
-
108
3,
Feb
2012.
[27]
P.
Tumm
as,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
fre
quen
c
y
rec
onfigur
able
ant
en
n
a
design
f
or
UW
B
appl
ic
a
ti
ons,
”
2014
11
t
h
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
El
e
ct
rica
l
Engi
n
ee
ring/
El
e
ct
roni
cs,
Computer,
Telecomm
unic
ations
and
Inform
ati
on
Technol
og
y
(
ECTI
-
CON
)
,
N
akhon
Ra
tc
hasi
m
a,
pp.
1
-
4
,
201
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Freq
uen
cy
rec
on
fi
gur
able
an
te
nnas
f
or
c
ogniti
ve ra
dio
ap
plicati
ons: a
re
vi
ew
(Ros M
ari
e C Cl
eet
us
)
3549
[28]
Y.
Ta
wk,
et
al
.
,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
a
Cognit
iv
e
Radi
o
Front
-
End
Us
ing
Rota
ta
bl
e
Control
l
ed
Rec
onfigura
b
le
Antenna
s,
”
in
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
An
te
nnas an
d
Propagati
on
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
59
(
5
)
,
p
p.
1773
-
1778
,
M
a
y
2011.
[29]
Y
.
Ta
wk
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
rota
ta
b
le
re
conf
igura
b
le
antenna
fo
r
cogn
it
i
ve
rad
io
app
lica
ti
ons,
”
2011
IE
EE
Radi
o
an
d
Wirel
ess Sy
mpos
ium
,
Phoenix
,
A
Z,
pp
.
158
-
161
,
2011
.
[30]
Y.
Ta
wk
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
fre
qu
ency
rec
onf
igura
b
le
rota
t
abl
e
m
ic
ros
tri
p
ant
enn
a
d
esign,
”
2010
I
EEE
An
te
nnas
and
Propagati
on
So
c
ie
t
y
Int
ernati
ona
l
Symposium
,
To
ronto,
ON
,
pp.
1
-
4
,
2010
.
[31]
Y.
Ta
wk
and
C
.
G.
Christodou
lou,
“
A
New
Rec
onfigur
abl
e
A
nte
n
na
Design
f
or
Cognit
ive
R
adi
o,
”
in
IE
E
E
Ant
ennas
and
W
irel
ess P
ropagat
ion
Letters
,
vo
l.
8,
pp
.
1378
-
138
1,
2009
.
[32]
Y.
Ta
wk
and
C.
G.
Christodoul
ou,
“
A
ce
ll
ul
ar
aut
om
at
a
r
ec
onf
igur
able
m
ic
rostrip
ant
enn
a
desi
gn,
”
2009
IE
E
E
Ant
ennas
and
Pr
opagati
on
So
ci
e
t
y
Int
ernati
onal
S
ymposium
,
Char
l
eston,
SC
,
pp.
1
-
4
,
2009
.
[33]
A.
da
C
.
Andr
a
de,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"Rec
o
nfigura
bl
e
t
ext
il
e
-
base
d
ul
tra
-
wi
deba
nd
an
t
enn
a
for
wea
rab
le
ap
pli
c
at
ions,
”
201
6
10th
European
Confe
renc
e
on
A
nte
nnas and Propagation
(
EuCAP)
,
Davos,
pp
.
1
-
4
,
2016
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ros
Mar
ie
C
C
le
etus
recei
v
ed
t
he
B.
T
ec
h
.
degr
ee
in
Elec
tron
ics
&
Com
m
unic
at
ion
eng
ine
er
ing
from
Maha
tma
Gandhi
Univ
e
rsit
y
,
Ind
ia,
in
2010,
the
M
.
Te
ch
.
d
egr
ee
i
n
Com
m
unic
at
i
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
sit
y
of
Cal
ic
ut
,
India,
in
2013.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Res
ea
rch
Schol
ar
at
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
&
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing,
K
ar
un
y
a
Insti
tut
e
of
Technol
og
y
an
d
Scie
nc
es,
Indi
a.
She
is
working
as
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
the
Depa
rtmen
t
o
f
El
e
ct
roni
cs
&
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
nee
r
ing
at
Sahrda
y
a
Coll
ege
of
Engi
n
eering
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Indi
a.
H
e
r
rese
arc
h
int
er
est
s
inc
lude
W
irel
ess
Comm
unic
at
ion,
Re
conf
igu
rab
le
Ant
enna
s,
and
Cognit
iv
e
Radi
o.
G.
Josemin
Bal
a
rec
ei
v
ed
her
Bac
he
lor
'
s
degr
e
e
in
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
from
Bhara
thidasan
Univer
sit
y
,
India
,
in
1996
,
t
he
Master
'
s
d
egr
ee
in
Eng
ineeri
n
g
from
REC,
Trich
y
,
Ind
ia,
in
19
99
and
r
ecei
ved
her
PhD
degr
ee
from
Anna
Univ
ersity
,
Ind
ia
in
2
008.
Curre
nt
l
y
s
he
is
working
as
Profess
or
in
the
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
&
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
e
r
ing,
K
ar
un
y
a
Insti
tut
e
of
Technol
og
y
an
d
Scie
nc
es,
Indi
a.
Her
rese
ar
ch
in
t
ere
sts
include
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
Networks
and
RF
S
y
stems
.
She
ha
s
publi
shed
a
num
ber
of
conf
ere
n
c
e
proc
e
edi
ngs
a
nd
pape
rs
in
Nati
onal
and
Inte
rn
at
ion
al
journals.
Rec
en
tly
in
20
17,
she
r
ecei
ve
d
the
"O
utsta
nd
ing
W
om
en
Educ
at
or
&
Scho
l
ar
Aw
ard
"
fro
m
Nati
ona
l
Founda
ti
on
for
Entrepre
neur
ship
Deve
lo
pm
ent
for
her
co
ntri
buti
ons
and
a
chi
ev
ements
in
the
f
ie
ld
of Engi
nee
ring
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.