Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4104
~
4110
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
4104
-
41
10
4104
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Energy
H
ar
ve
s
ti
ng on
F
ootsteps
U
sing Pi
ezoele
ctr
ic
b
ased
on
Circuit
LCT35
88 and
Boost up
C
onverte
r
Iswanto
1
,
Sla
met Suri
pto
2
,
Fa
aris Muj
ah
i
d
3
,
K
arism
a
T
ri
na
nd
a Putr
a
4
,
N
oor Pr
ata
ma
Ap
ri
yanto
5
,
Yo
si
Ap
ri
an
i
6
1,2,3,4,5
Depa
rtmen
t
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l En
gine
er
ing, Univers
it
as
Muham
m
adiy
ah
Yog
y
ak
arta,
Indon
esia
6
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Muhamm
adiy
ah
Pal
embang
,
I
ndonesia
1
La
bora
tor
y
Con
trol
,
Roboti
cs,
a
nd
Com
pute
r
Vi
sion,
Univer
si
ta
s
Muham
m
adiy
ah
Yog
y
aka
rt
a, I
nd
onesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
11
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
7
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
2
7
, 2
01
8
Piez
oe
le
c
tri
c
ut
ilization
as
a
generat
or
is
an
eff
ort
to
obta
in
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
tha
t
ref
ers
to
the
conc
ept
of
ene
r
g
y
har
v
esti
ng
re
fer
ring
the
dev
elopm
ent
of
pie
zo
el
e
ct
ri
c
as
a
gene
ra
tor
tha
t
conve
rts
the
pre
ss
ure
or
vibra
ti
on
gene
rate
d
from
steps
int
o
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
ene
rg
y
tha
t
c
an
be
use
d
on
low
-
power
el
ectroni
c
devi
c
es.
Be
ca
us
e
the
use
of
p
iezoe
l
ec
tr
ic
as
a
gene
ra
tor
a
ll
ows
the
use
i
n
cha
rging
low
vo
lt
ag
e,
a
larger
re
source
is
req
uired
in
diffe
ren
t
se
rie
s.
Based
on
the
probl
em,
an
ene
rg
y
har
vesti
ng
dev
ic
e
a
nd
a
vol
ta
g
e
a
m
pli
fie
r
ar
e
cre
a
te
d
to
in
cr
ea
se
th
e
vol
ta
g
e
of
th
e
pi
zoe
l
ec
tr
ic
ou
tput
.
An
ard
uino
m
ic
roc
ontroller
is
used
to
con
tr
ol
the
ene
rg
y
ha
rve
sting
dev
ice
and
voltage
booster.
I
t
is
r
e
quire
d
appr
oximatel
y
10
st
eps
t
o
cha
rg
e
four
AA
1.
2
Vol
t
bat
t
eri
e
s
and
80
steps
to cha
rg
e t
wo
12
volt ba
tt
er
ie
s re
spe
ct
iv
ely
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Ardu
i
no
C
onve
ntion
al
e
nergy
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
P
ie
zoelec
tric
R
enew
a
ble e
ne
rg
y s
ource
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Isw
a
nto
,
Lab
or
at
ory
Co
ntr
ol,
Ro
boti
cs, and C
om
pu
te
r
Visi
on
,
Un
i
ver
sit
as M
uh
am
m
adiy
ah
Yogyaka
rta
,
Yogyaka
rta,
Indonesia.
Em
a
il
:
iswanto
_te@
um
y.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
c
urre
nt
en
erg
y
c
risis
is
a
pro
blem
that
gr
eat
ly
af
fects
the
sur
viv
al
of
hum
an
li
fe,
es
pecial
ly
the
pro
blem
of
el
ect
rical
ener
gy.
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
te
ch
nolo
gy
m
akes
m
os
t
of
hum
an
act
i
viti
es
are
su
pp
or
te
d
by
var
i
ou
s
e
qu
ipm
ent
and
te
chnolo
gies
that
us
e
el
ect
rical
energy
as
a
so
ur
ce
of
ene
r
gy.
This
certai
nly
m
akes
the
el
ect
rical
e
nergy
as
an
in
separ
a
ble
pa
rt
in
al
l
hu
m
an
a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
The
m
ai
n
so
ur
c
e
of
power
to
day
is
fo
ssi
l
fu
el
,
but
f
os
sil
fu
el
is
non
-
r
e
new
a
ble
natu
r
al
resource
an
d
the
avail
abili
ty
is
lim
it
ed
becau
se
it
ha
s
a
certai
n
a
m
ou
nt
of
m
ass
an
d
if
use
d
c
on
ti
nu
ously
wi
thout
any
restr
ic
ti
on
it
will
c
on
si
der
a
bly
de
crease
a
nd
r
un
out.
The
pr
oductio
n
an
d
use
of
f
ossi
l
fu
el
has
a
detrim
ental
eff
ect
on
the
e
nv
i
ronm
ent,
and
f
os
sil
fu
el
s
a
re
carbo
n
dioxide
pro
du
cers
that
pro
du
ce
gr
ee
nhous
e
gases
.
Alon
g
with
th
e
in
creasin
g
e
nerg
y
dem
and
a
nd
the
unbalance
d
c
onditi
on
betwee
n
the
dem
and
an
d
s
upply
due
to
the
dec
r
ease
of
the
f
ossi
l
fu
el
s
uppl
y,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent of alt
ern
at
i
ve
e
ne
rg
y s
ources
is
n
ee
ded to m
eet
cu
r
ren
t e
ne
rgy
n
eed
s.
A
r
en
ewa
ble
energy
is
need
e
d
to
re
du
ce
the
us
e
of
f
os
sil
f
uels
as
a
m
ajo
r
so
urce
of
energy
for
pow
e
r
gen
e
rati
on.
It
i
s
a
s
ource
of
s
us
ta
ina
ble
en
er
gy
that
is
avail
able
in
nat
ur
e
and
ca
n
be
us
e
d
in
a
relat
ively
long
tim
e
so
that
there
is
no
nee
d
to
worr
y
ab
ou
t
the
la
ck
of
the
resour
ces
.
Re
f
le
ct
ing
to
the
la
st
few
ye
ars,
m
any
stud
ie
s
hav
e
be
en
co
nducte
d
in
de
velo
ping
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
s
ources
bo
th
in
la
rg
e
a
nd
sm
all
scal
e.
On
e
of
the
researc
h
de
velo
pm
ents
of
re
new
a
ble
energy
is
energ
y
har
ve
st
desi
gn.
So
m
e
pr
e
vi
o
us
r
esearc
he
rs
ha
ve
cond
ucted
e
nergy
harvesti
ng
r
esearch
s
uc
h
a
s
Kym
issi
s
et
al
.
cond
ucting
a
researc
h
on
e
nergy
ha
rv
est
i
ng
on
sh
oe
-
us
e
by
usi
ng
m
ic
ro
-
ge
ner
at
or
[
1].
W
hen
the
shoe
s
te
pp
e
d
on,
t
he
m
ic
ro
-
ge
ner
at
or
r
otate
s
to
pro
duce
vo
lt
age
.
E
nerg
y
harvesti
n
g
i
n
sea
a
nd
riv
er
us
i
ng
sm
al
l
gen
e
rators
is
cond
ucted
by
Tay
lor
et
al
.
[2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ener
gy Harv
es
ti
ng
on F
oo
tst
e
ps
Using
Pie
zoe
le
ct
ric
Ba
sed
on Ci
rcui
t
.
...
(
Slamet
Suri
pto)
4105
The
gen
e
rato
r
is
dr
i
ven
by
th
e
flo
w
of
rive
r
water
a
nd
oc
e
an
c
urren
ts
t
o
pro
du
ce
ve
ry
low
ene
rg
y.
Co
ntr
ols
and
m
od
ifie
rs
for
e
nergy
ha
r
vesters
us
i
ng
m
ic
ro
powe
r
a
re
exam
ined
by
S
he
ngwe
n
X
u
et
al
.
[
3].
Piz
oelect
ric
trans
du
ce
r
is
use
d
to
ge
ner
at
e
m
ic
ro
po
we
r
and
di
gital
con
tr
ol
is
us
ed
to
increase
the
dc
power
of
m
ic
ro
powe
r.
The
m
echan
ic
al
analy
sis
of
vibrat
e
energy
harvesters
on
pizoelect
ric
is
carrie
d
out
by
Bl
ažević
et
al
.
[4
]
.
In
a
n
ex
per
im
ent
t
o
analy
ze
the
m
echan
ic
s
of
energy
ha
rv
est
ers,
a
Ca
te
rp
il
la
r
is
us
ed
to
create
vibrat
ion
s
a
gai
ns
t
the
piz
oelect
ric.
The
e
nergy
harvester
of
the
pizoelect
ri
c
trans
du
ce
rs
i
s
app
li
ed
t
o
shoes
by
Rocha
et
al
. [5
]
. W
he
n
t
he
shoes
ar
e
us
e
d
for
wal
king,
t
hey
will
pro
du
ce
e
nergy
f
ro
m
pizoelect
ric
tran
s
du
ce
r
s
app
li
ed
to
t
he
s
ho
e
s’ pe
destal
.
Desig
ning
a
ci
rcu
it
us
i
ng
pizoelect
ric
trans
du
ce
rs
a
nd
ca
pacit
ors
has
been
c
onduct
ed
by
Pisharo
dy
[6
]
.
The
ci
rc
uit
is
arr
a
ng
e
d
in
pa
ra
ll
el
to
wh
ic
h
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
is
recti
fied
w
it
h
the
diode
bri
dge
ci
rcu
it
.
The
ha
rv
est
in
g
of
vibrat
ion
al
e
nergy
by
us
in
g
pizo
el
ect
ric
transducers
has
bee
n
perform
ed
by
Wang
et
al
.
[
7].
F
our
pizoelect
rics
a
r
e
co
up
le
d
i
n
pa
rall
el
to
the
di
od
e
,
a
nd
the
n
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is
m
easur
e
d
an
d
te
ste
d
by se
ve
r
al
f
orces.
Th
e
gr
eat
er
the
for
c
e ap
plied, t
he g
reater th
e
vo
lt
a
ge resulte
d.
The
droppe
d
e
nergy
ha
rvest
ing
us
i
ng
pizoe
le
ct
ric
and
it
s
m
od
el
has
bee
n
co
nducte
d
by
Alkh
a
ddei
m
et
al
.
[8
]
.
T
he
pizoelect
ric
ci
r
cuit
is
m
od
el
e
d
an
d
te
ste
d
wi
t
h
water
dro
ple
ts
su
ch
as
rai
n.
In
t
he
te
st
it
is
seen
that
the
vo
lt
ag
e
gen
e
rated
by
the
pizoelect
ric
cl
os
es
to
0.5
vo
lt
s
with
a
10K
ohm
ou
tpu
t
.
Energy
ha
rv
e
sti
ng
from
low
ai
rf
low
velocit
y
usi
ng
pizoelect
ri
c
has
bee
n
in
ve
sti
gated
by
[
9]
.
Pizoele
ct
ric
energy
ha
rv
e
ste
rs
ar
e
instal
le
d
on
th
e
wind
m
il
l
so
that
wh
e
n
the
windm
i
ll
is
ro
ta
te
d,
the
piz
oe
le
ct
ric
pr
od
uce
s
energy.
A
re
search
on
recti
fiers
f
or
ene
r
gy
ha
rv
e
ste
rs
ha
s
bee
n
exam
ined
by
Do
et
al
[
10
]
.
The
recti
fier
ci
rcu
it
is
e
xam
in
ed
a
nd
app
li
ed
to
t
he
e
nergy
harveste
r usin
g
a
Triac
com
po
ne
nt wh
ic
h
gate is
cont
ro
ll
ed
b
y a
d
i
gital
b
lock
.
The
r
esearc
h
on
in
ver
te
r
desi
gn
f
or
sta
nd
-
al
on
e
piez
oelect
r
ic
energy
ha
rvest
ing
has
bee
n
co
nduc
te
d
by
Stei
n
&
H
of
m
ann
[11].
The
i
nv
e
rters
are
desig
ned
usi
ng
a
ne
w
res
on
a
nt
in
ve
rter
topolo
gy
that
app
li
e
s
dynam
ic
energy
ha
r
vestin
g
te
ch
niques.
T
he
researc
h
on
s
uper
capac
it
or
s
a
pp
li
e
d
t
o
pizoelect
ric
ene
rg
y
harvesti
ng
has
bee
n
in
vestig
at
ed
by
Sh
a
hri
at
et
al
.[
12]
.
This
pa
per
presents
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
e
nergy
harvesti
ng
on
foot
s
te
ps
us
i
ng
piz
oelect
ric
trans
du
ce
r.
Th
is
stud
y
is
dif
fer
e
nt
f
ro
m
the
stud
ie
s
previ
ou
sly
m
entioned.
Th
is
research
m
od
ifie
s
the
pizo
el
ect
ric
ener
gy
harvesti
ng
ci
r
cuit
so
that
the
ou
tp
ut
volt
age
fr
om
energy
harvest
ers
ca
n be st
ored at lar
ge
e
ne
r
gy sou
rces s
uc
h
as
b
at
te
ry.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Ha
rdw
are
De
sign
This
pa
per
presents
a
ren
e
wab
le
ene
r
gy
by
us
in
g
a
tra
ns
duce
r
to
co
nv
e
rt
pr
e
ssure
energy
into
el
ect
ric
al
ener
gy
desig
ne
d
as
sh
own
in
F
i
gure
1.
It
sho
ws
that
the
trans
ducer
us
e
d
is
piezoelec
tric
wh
ic
h
ha
s
the
capa
bili
ty
as
so
m
e
crystals
and
ot
her
m
at
erial
s
in
th
at
they
can
gen
erate
el
ect
rical
vo
lt
age
if
ge
tt
ing
pr
ess
ure
or
st
rain
treat
m
ent
s.
Piez
oelect
ric
has
the
abili
ty
to
gen
erat
e
el
ect
rical
v
oltage
w
hen
giv
e
n
a
m
echan
ic
al
pre
ssu
re
.
In
this
stud
y,
the
piz
oelect
ric
is
assem
bled
us
i
ng
a
pa
rall
el
ci
rcu
it
as
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ure
2.
The
pictu
re
s
hows
t
hat
in
on
e
footste
p
the
r
e
are
40
pizoe
le
ct
rics
arr
an
ge
d
in
pa
rall
el
.
The
pa
rall
el
ci
rcu
it
serv
e
s
to
r
ai
se
the p
iz
oelect
ric outp
ut curre
nt.
The
volt
age
an
d
curre
nt
gen
e
r
at
ed
from
the
pizoelect
ric
is
so
sm
all
that
a
n
energy
harve
sti
ng
ci
rcu
it
is
req
uire
d.
T
he
ener
gy
ha
rve
sti
ng
ci
rcu
it
use
d
is
LTC3588
IC
ci
rcu
it
.
The
ou
tp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
gen
erate
d
fro
m
this
ci
rcu
it
is
ver
y
sm
a
ll
that
is
1
vo
lt
s
o
that
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
is
no
t
a
ble
to
charge
12
volt
energy
sou
rce.
Ba
sed
on
t
hese
pro
ble
m
s,
this
pa
per
exp
la
i
ns
the
i
dea
of
how
t
o
cal
ibrate
a
12
-
vo
lt
ba
tt
ery
us
i
ng
e
ne
rg
y
harv
est
ing
com
po
ne
nts.
Figure
1
sho
w
s
that
the
out
put
from
the
en
erg
y
harvester
is
us
ed
t
o
c
harge
tw
o
A
A
bat
te
ries.
A
fter
the
batte
ries
ar
e
fu
ll
,
they
are
connecte
d
to
the
boos
t
ste
p
up
ci
rcu
it
so
t
hat
the
vo
lt
age
go
es
up
to
12
vo
lt
s.
This
boos
t
ste
p
ci
rcu
it
us
es
XL
6009
IC
as
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
3.
It
is
seen
in
the
pictur
e
that
the
ci
rc
uit
us
es
33uH
inducto
r
that
serv
es
as
a
cur
re
nt
f
old
e
r.
The
ou
t
put
of
this
ci
rcu
it
is
us
ed
to
c
harg
e
the
12
-
volt
ba
tt
ery.
As
sho
wn
in
F
igure
1,
the
stud
y
us
es
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
to
co
ntro
l
th
e
flow
of
po
wer
fl
ow
i
ng
f
ro
m
the
pizoelect
ric
to
the
12
volt
ba
tt
ery.
The
vol
ta
ge
sens
or
is
us
e
d
to
dete
r
m
ine
the
vo
lt
a
ge
sto
red
i
n
two
AA
batte
ries.
T
his
sens
or
is
c
on
ne
ct
ed
to
t
he
Ardu
i
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
an
d
t
his
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
is
us
ed
to
c
on
t
ro
l
the
relay
.
T
he
al
gorithm
to
con
tr
ol
the
relay
is
fu
zzy
cel
l
de
com
po
sit
ion
al
gorithm
[1
3]. F
uzzy
al
gorith
m
s
has
been f
reque
ntly
u
se
d by f
or
m
er r
e
searc
her
s
to
c
on
t
ro
l al
gor
it
h
m
s su
ch
as i
n gu
a
drot
or
c
ontr
ol.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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In
t J
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C
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p
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V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4104
-
4110
4106
Figure
1.
Desi
gn of
pizoelect
ric ene
rg
y
ha
rvest
er to
c
ha
rg
e
12 Volt
b
at
te
r
y
Figure
2.
The
40 p
ie
z
oelect
ric ci
rcu
it
is c
ou
pled by
us
in
g
a
p
a
rall
el
circuit
Figure
3.
Bo
ost
u
p co
nverter
ci
rcu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Ener
gy Harv
es
ti
ng
on F
oo
tst
e
ps
Using
Pie
zoe
le
ct
ric
Ba
sed
on Ci
rcui
t
.
...
(
Slamet
Suri
pto)
4107
2.2.
So
f
tware
D
e
sign
The
f
unct
ion
of
the
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er
in
the
e
nergy
ha
rv
est
i
ng
ci
rc
uit
is
to
do
a
sim
ple
con
t
ro
l
that
is
to
con
t
ro
l
the
i
gn
it
io
n
tim
e
on
the
relay
ci
rc
uit
so
as
to
m
a
ke
the
cha
nnel
ing
of
the
AA
ba
tt
ery
vo
lt
age
to
the
12
V
olts
batte
r
y
vo
lt
a
ge,
rea
d
the
i
nput
fro
m
the
vo
lt
age
le
vel
detect
or,
and
giv
e
act
i
on
on
eac
h
i
nput
giv
e
n
by
a
vo
lt
age
le
vel
detect
or
ci
r
cuit,as
s
how
n
by
the
flo
wch
a
rt
in
Fi
gure
4.
F
igure
4
s
how
s
that
the
i
niti
al
ste
p
of
t
he
pro
gr
am
is
to
init
ia
li
ze
the
pi
n
a
nd
m
e
m
or
y
us
age
of
the
m
ic
ro
con
tr
o
ll
er
that
is
fo
l
lowe
d
by
the
ADC
init
ia
li
zation
w
hich wil
l be
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
d
t
he vo
lt
age
level
[
14
]
-
[
16
]
.
The
pro
gr
am
will
then
rea
d
from
the
sign
a
l
giv
e
n
by
the
volt
age
le
vel
detect
or
ci
rc
uit.
Wh
e
n
t
he
vo
lt
age
is
s
uffici
ent,
the
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller
will
do
the
i
gn
it
io
n
c
on
t
ro
l
on
th
e
relay
ci
rc
uit
and
tu
rn
on
t
he
li
ght
ind
ic
at
io
n
o
f
the
sa
fe
in
put
volt
age
le
vel
.
Wh
e
n
t
he
i
nput
volt
age
i
nd
ic
at
es
t
he
de
scen
ding
le
ve
l,
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
sto
ps
t
he
co
nt
ro
l
on
the
relay
wh
ic
h
is
th
en
con
ti
nue
d
by
tur
ning
on
the
LED
i
nd
ic
at
ed
in
r
e
d
and
the
B
uzze
r
s
ounds.
The
con
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
us
es
f
uzzy
al
gorithm
cont
ro
l
f
ound
by
zadeh
that
ha
ve
bee
n
us
e
d
in
m
ult
i
-
quad
r
oto
r
path
pl
ann
in
g
[
13]
,
cl
os
est
path
plann
i
ng
f
or
m
oto
rcycl
e
safety
[1
6], p
at
h
pla
nning
of
rob
ot tras
h
[
17
]
an
d q
u
a
droto
r
c
on
tr
ol
[18].
Figure
4.
Flo
w
char
t e
nergy
ha
rv
est
e
rs
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
syst
em
testing
a
nd
a
nal
ysi
s
include
pi
ezoele
ct
ric
syst
e
m
te
st
and
current
read
e
r
ci
rcu
it
te
st
pr
e
viously
m
a
de.
In
piezoele
ct
ric
syst
e
m
test,
forty
piezoe
le
ct
rics
wer
e
a
rr
a
ng
e
d
in
pa
r
al
le
l,
then,
in
t
he
la
st
sta
ge,
t
her
e
wa
s a test
for cha
r
ging the
b
at
t
er
y.
3.1.
The tes
t on 4
0 Pi
ez
oelectri
cs in P
ara
ll
el
The
te
st
of
the
outp
ut
volt
age
on
the
f
or
ty
pi
ezoele
ct
ris
in
the
pa
rall
el
ci
r
cuit
is
sho
wn
in
F
i
gure
5.
The
fi
gure
sho
ws
that
the
f
ort
y
piezoelec
tris
wer
e
te
ste
d
by
app
ly
ing
a
n
aver
a
ge
wei
gh
t
of
pe
ople
70
Kg
.
I
n
the
gr
a
ph,
it
can
be
see
n
that
from
fifty
te
sts
us
ing
he
avy
pr
es
sure
of
70
K
g
w
ei
gh
t
of
pe
op
l
e,
the
piezoelec
tric
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
va
ries
f
r
om
35
Vo
lt
s
t
o
50
Volt
s.
Alth
ough
t
hey
hav
e
the
s
a
m
e
weig
ht,
diff
e
rent
pr
ess
ures
ge
ne
rate dif
fere
nt
pi
ezoele
ct
ric
volt
ages.
The
c
urren
t
te
s
t
of
f
ort
y
piezo
el
ect
rics
arr
a
nged
i
n
a
pa
rall
el
ci
rcu
it
is
show
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
T
he
fi
gure
sh
ows
that
the
forty
piezoelec
tric
s
are
te
ste
d
by
app
ly
in
g
an
aver
a
ge
weig
ht
of
70
Kg.
Fro
m
the
gr
ap
h,
it
can
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ol.
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, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4104
-
4110
4108
be
seen
t
hat
from
fifty
te
s
ts
us
in
g
press
ur
e
of
people
of
70
K
g
sho
wed
that
the
piezo
el
ect
ric
ou
tp
ut
curren
t
var
ie
s
from
22
m
illi
-
a
m
per
e
to
33
m
il
li
-
a
m
per
e.
Alth
ough
pe
op
le
ha
ve
the
sam
e
weig
ht,
bu
t
di
ff
e
ren
t
pr
ess
ures
ge
ne
rate dif
fere
nt
pi
ezoele
ct
ric cu
r
ren
ts.
Figure
5. V
oltages
ge
ner
at
ed
by 40 pie
zoele
ct
rics
in
par
al
l
el
Figure
6. Cu
rr
e
nt
ge
ne
rated
by
4
0 piez
oelect
rics
in
pa
rall
el
3.2.
Battery
Char
ging Te
st
AA
batte
ry
ch
arg
i
ng
c
urre
nt
te
st
us
ing
forty
piezoelec
tric
s
in
pa
r
al
le
l
ci
rcu
it
s
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
7.
The
pict
ur
e
s
hows
t
hat
the
f
or
ty
piez
oelect
rics
are
te
ste
d
by
gv
i
ng
a
pressure
of
70
Kg
weig
ht.
F
r
om
the
gr
a
ph,
it
can
be
seen
that
fro
m
fifty
te
s
ts
us
ing
pr
ess
ure
of
people
of
70
K
g
sho
wed
t
hat
the
piezoel
ect
ric
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
t
var
ie
s
f
r
om
1.
2
m
i
ll
i
-
am
per
e
to
1.6
m
illi
-
a
m
per
e.
Althou
gh
pe
op
le
have
the
sam
e
wei
gh
t,
but
diff
e
re
nt press
ur
es
g
e
ne
rate d
iffer
e
nt
piezoel
ect
ric cu
rr
e
nts.
AA
batte
ry
ch
arg
i
ng
c
urre
nt
te
st
us
ing
forty
piezoelec
tric
s
in
paral
le
l
ci
rcu
it
s
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
8.
The
pictu
re
s
hows
that
t
he
f
or
ty
piezoelec
t
rics
are
te
ste
d
by
gi
ving
a
pr
essure
of
70
Kg
wei
gh
t
.
F
r
om
the
gr
a
ph,
it
can
be
seen
that
fro
m
fifty
te
s
ts
us
ing
pr
ess
ure
of
people
of
70
K
g
sho
wed
t
hat
the
piezoel
ect
ric
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Ener
gy Harv
es
ti
ng
on F
oo
tst
e
ps
Using
Pie
zoe
le
ct
ric
Ba
sed
on Ci
rcui
t
.
...
(
Slamet
Suri
pto)
4109
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
var
ie
s
from
9
vo
lt
s
to
20
vo
lt
s.
Alth
ough
pe
op
le
ha
ve
the
s
a
m
e
weigh
t,
but
dif
fer
e
nt
pr
e
ssu
re
s
gen
e
rate
diff
e
r
ent p
ie
z
oelect
ric cu
rr
e
nts.
Figure
7. A
A b
at
te
ry test
u
sin
g
40 p
ie
z
oelect
rics
in
pa
rall
el
Figure
8. A
A b
at
te
ry test
u
sin
g
40 p
ie
z
oelect
rics
in
pa
rall
el
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
the
di
scussion
an
d
t
he
analy
sis
of
the
data
that
ha
s
been
ob
ta
i
ne
d,
it
can
be
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
the
curre
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
ge
nerat
ed
by
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
is
pr
oport
ion
al
to
the
s
iz
e
of
the
giv
e
n
f
or
ce
.
The
hi
gh
e
st
current
obta
in
ed
is
938
m
ic
ro
am
per
es
an
d
the
lo
west
i
s
641
m
ic
ro
am
per
es.
Wh
il
e
the
highest
volt
age
ob
ta
ine
d
is
80
vo
lt
s
a
nd
the
lowest
is
67
vo
lt
s.
The
util
iz
at
ion
of
el
ec
tric
current
a
nd
volt
age
fro
m
the
piezoelec
tric
with
sm
all
cur
ren
t
an
d
la
r
ge
vo
lt
age
f
or
chargin
g
the
ba
tt
ery
can
be
carried
out
by
lim
i
ti
n
g
piezoelec
tric
outp
ut
volt
age
usi
ng
volt
age
re
gu
la
to
r
in
acc
orda
nce
with
th
e
capaci
ty
of
t
he
batte
ry
us
e
d.
This
resu
lt
s
in
a
lo
ng
tim
e
con
su
m
ed
in
batte
ry
chargin
g
due
to
the
sm
all
cur
re
nt
cut
by
the
re
gu
la
to
r.
T
he
great
er
the
cutti
ng
vo
lt
age,
the
gr
e
at
er
the
disc
ha
rg
e
d
c
urren
t.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
the
freq
ue
ncy
of
ste
ppin
g
on
t
he
piezoelec
tric
fl
oor
af
fects
on
t
he
batte
ry
cha
r
ging.
T
he
high
er
the
fr
e
quenc
y,
the
m
or
e
sta
ble
the
curre
nt,
and
the
faster
the
batte
ry
charg
ed.
Piez
oelect
r
ic
cur
re
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
m
on
i
tor
in
g
can
be
perform
ed,
but
for
m
on
it
or
ing
th
e
batte
ry
ca
pa
ci
ty
ta
kes
a
c
on
si
der
a
bly
lo
ng
tim
e
du
e
to
the
ve
ry
sm
al
l
batte
ry
cap
aci
ty
,
wh
e
reas m
ic
rocon
t
ro
ll
er
can
on
ly
proces
s
wi
th a m
ini
m
u
m
change
of
4
m
V.
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In
t J
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p
En
g,
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ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4104
-
4110
4110
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
K
y
m
issis
,
et
al.
,
“
Para
sit
ic
p
ower
har
vesti
ng
in
shoes,”
Dige
st
of
Pape
rs
.
Se
cond
Inte
rnation
al
Symposium
on
We
arable
Comp
ute
rs
(
Cat.
No.
9
8EX
215)
,
pp.
13
2
-
139
,
1998
.
[2]
G.
W
.
Tay
lor
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Th
e
Ene
rg
y
Harv
esti
ng
E
el:
a
sm
al
l
subs
urfa
ce
o
cean/
riv
er
power
gene
r
at
or,”
IEEE
J
.
Oce
an
.
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