Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4540~
4555
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
6
.
pp4540
-
45
55
4540
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Extend
ed
family
of
DC
-
DC
q
u
asi
-
Z
-
sou
rce c
onvert
ers
Muhamm
ad
Ado
1
,
Awang
Ju
s
oh
2
,
T
ole S
ut
ikn
o
3
1,
2
School
of El
ectrical
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
,
U
nive
rsi
t
i
Te
k
nologi
Ma
lay
sia
,
Malay
si
a
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
Ph
y
sics,
Ba
y
ero
Univer
ity
,
Nig
er
ia
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
e
eri
ng
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
5
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Me
i
3
0
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
J
un
1
3
, 201
9
The
famil
y
of
DC
-
DC
q
-
ZSCs
is
ext
end
ed
from
t
wo
to
three
class
es
and
fou
r
to
six
m
embers.
All
the
m
emb
ers
were
an
aly
z
ed
base
d
on
eff
ic
i
e
nt
dut
y
ra
ti
o
ran
ge
(R
De
ff
)
and
gene
ral
du
t
y
rat
io
ran
g
e
(R
Dg
e
n
).
Findings
s
howed
that
sim
il
ar
to
the
tr
a
dit
ional
buck
-
bo
ost
conve
rte
r
(B
BC),
each
of
the
topol
ogie
s
is
the
ore
t
ically
c
apa
bl
e
of
inve
r
t
ed
buck
-
boost
(
BB)
oper
at
ion
f
or
the
R
Dg
e
n
with
addition
al
adva
nt
age
s
but
diffe
red
a
cc
ordi
ng
to
cl
ass
in
h
ow
the
g
ai
ns
are
ac
h
ie
ved
.
T
he
new
topol
ogi
es
have
adv
ant
a
ges
of
BB
ca
p
a
bil
ity
a
t
th
e
R
De
ff
,
cont
inuou
s
and
ope
rab
l
e
dut
y
ra
ti
o
r
ange
with
un
ity
g
ai
n
at
D
=
0
.
5
cont
rar
y
to
ex
isti
ng
topol
ogi
es
where
undef
ined
or
ze
ro
gai
n
i
s
produc
ed.
Potent
ial
appl
i
cations
of
ea
ch
class
were
discuss
ed
with
suita
ble
topol
ogies
for
appl
icati
ons
such
as
fue
l
ce
lls
,
photovol
ta
i
c,
unint
err
up
ti
bl
e
power
suppl
y
(UP
S),
h
y
brid
en
erg
y
storag
e and
loa
d
l
eve
l
li
ng
s
y
stems
id
ent
if
ied
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Buck
-
bo
os
t
DC
-
DC
Im
ped
ance s
ou
rce
q
-
Z
SC
Shoo
t
-
thr
ough
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muh
am
m
ad
A
do
,
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
U
nive
rsit
i
Te
kno
logi
Ma
lay
sia
,
81310
Skudai, Johor,
Mal
a
y
sia
.
Em
a
il
: ado
ba
ffa@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Power
co
nvert
ers
c
onve
rt
el
ect
ric
ene
rg
y
from
a
m
agn
it
ud
e
or
form
t
o
a
no
t
her
[
1,
2]
.
DC
-
DC
conve
rters
c
onver
t
betwee
n
DC
volt
ages
,
wh
il
e
ac
-
ac
co
nv
e
rters
c
onve
rt
betwee
n
ac
-
sign
al
s.
DC
-
a
c
and
ac
-
DC
co
nv
e
rters
cal
le
d
inv
e
rters
an
d
recti
fi
ers
res
pecti
vel
y
conver
t
bet
ween
DC
an
d
ac
sign
al
s.
D
C
-
DC
conve
rt
ers
a
re
essenti
al
in
ap
plica
ti
on
s
in
vo
lving
DC
si
gnal
s
of
var
ia
ble
m
agn
it
ud
e
s.
T
hey
ge
ner
al
ly
involv
e
us
in
g
switc
he
s
m
os
tl
y
transistors
an
d
are
cl
assifi
ed
as
li
near
or
s
witc
he
d
m
od
e
DC
-
DC
conve
rters
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on ho
w
the
tra
ns
ist
ors a
re
operated.
Linear
m
od
e
conve
rters
in
volve
op
e
rati
ng
the
transist
or
at
a
giv
e
n
op
erati
ng
point
in
the
li
nea
r
reg
i
on
a
nd
re
gula
ti
on
is
achi
eved
by
var
yi
ng
the
transist
or
base
curre
nt
(I
B
)
he
nce
f
un
c
ti
on
s
li
ke
a
va
riable
resist
or
[
3]
.
In
switc
he
d
m
od
e
co
nv
e
rters
,
tra
ns
ist
ors
functi
on
as
s
witc
hes
w
her
e
they
ar
e
switc
he
d
O
N
/OFF
base
d
on
their
du
ty
rati
os
(
D
).
Linea
r
m
od
e
conver
te
r
s
are
char
act
erise
d
by
low
ef
fici
ency
wh
il
e
swit
ched
mo
de
conver
te
rs
c
on
ta
in
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
du
e
t
o
switc
hing
a
nd
re
quire
filt
ers
[4
-
8]
.
S
witc
hed
m
od
e
co
nverter
s
wer
e
furthe
r
cl
assifi
ed
into
vo
lt
age
s
ource
conver
te
rs
(
V
SCs)
an
d
cu
rrent
source
c
onver
te
r
s
(CSCs
)
un
ti
l
the in
ven
ti
on of im
ped
ance s
ource
con
ver
te
rs
(
I
SCs/
ZSCs)
[
9]
.
IS
Cs
pe
rm
i
ts
bo
t
h
the
shoot
-
thr
ough
(S
T
)
lim
it
a
ti
on
of
VS
Cs
withou
t
causing
ove
r
current
f
or
vo
lt
age
boost
ing
a
nd
ope
n
ci
rcu
it
(O
C
)
lim
it
at
ion
of
CSC
s
without
causi
ng
ov
ervolt
age
f
or
current
boos
ti
ng
[9
-
13]
.
ST
ph
e
nom
e
non
is
sim
ultaneous
switc
hi
ng
of
b
ot
h
switc
he
s
of
a
c
omm
o
n
le
g
of
a
n
H
-
bri
dge
wh
il
e
OC
refe
r
s
to
tu
rn
i
ng
t
he
m
bo
th
OFF
[
14]
.
Dea
d
-
tim
e
and
overla
p
-
ti
m
e
are
pro
vid
e
d
in
VS
Cs
a
nd
CSC
s
resp
ect
ively
to
cat
er
fo
r
S
T
and
OC
res
pecti
vely
bu
t
that
causes
wa
ve
form
distor
ti
on
and
ca
us
es
f
re
quenc
y
restrict
ion
bec
ause
t
he
c
han
c
es
of
S
T
or
O
C
increases
with
f
reque
ncy
due
to
th
e
possi
ble
inter
val
be
com
ing
sh
ort
er
[
9,
15]
.
Elim
inati
on
of
dead
an
d
ove
rlap
-
ti
m
e
in
ISC
s
pe
rm
i
ts
higher
f
reque
ncy
op
e
rati
on
le
a
din
g
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ext
end
e
d
f
am
il
y o
f
DC
-
DC
quas
i
-
Z
-
s
ou
rc
e
c
on
ve
rte
rs
(
Mu
ham
mad
A
do
)
4541
reduce
d
siz
e,
weig
ht
an
d
co
st
[16]
.
Ind
uct
or
s
of
IS
Cs
store
ene
rg
y
du
rin
g
ST
a
nd
r
el
ease
them
du
ri
ng
diff
e
re
nt m
od
es whil
e r
obus
t
ne
ss of
IS
Cs
is t
hat they ca
n be
contr
olled
with
or w
it
ho
ut S
T
[
17
-
19]
.
A
der
i
vative
of
the
ZSCs
cal
l
ed
qu
a
si
-
ZSC
(q
-
ZSC
)
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1
(
a)
w
as
p
r
opos
e
d
by
[
20
]
t
o
address
pr
oble
m
s
includin
g
disco
ntin
uous
input
cu
rrent
durin
g
boos
t
m
od
e,
re
du
ce
d
s
ource
stres
s
a
nd
si
m
plifie
d
co
ntr
ol
strat
egy.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
21
]
e
xten
de
d
the
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
of
ZSCs
an
d
q
-
ZSCs
from
dc
-
ac
[9,
18,
22
-
35
]
and
ac
-
ac
[36]
to
DC
-
DC
ap
plica
ti
on
by
pro
po
si
ng
f
our
to
polo
gi
es
each
f
or
Z
SC
an
d
q
-
Z
SC
to
po
l
ogie
s
.
The
e
xten
sion
t
o
DC
-
D
C
was
do
ne
by
ta
kin
g
the
outp
ut
acr
os
s
a
capaci
tor
rath
er
th
a
n
switc
h S
2
f
or both t
he dc
-
ac
a
nd ac
-
ac
con
ve
rters as
s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
1
(
b).
Both
the
DC
-
DC
ZSC
and
q
-
ZSC
fam
ilies
consi
ste
d
of
tw
o
cl
asses
each
with
each
cl
ass
com
pr
isi
ng
of
tw
o
to
polo
gi
es.
Der
i
vation
of
var
ia
nt
topolo
gies
was
po
ssible
due
to
th
e
fact
that
the
ou
t
pu
t
c
ou
l
d
be
ta
ke
n
acro
s
s
any
ca
pacit
or
a
nd
t
he
po
sit
io
ns
of
t
he
in
put
so
urce
a
nd
a
capaci
tor
co
uld
be
s
wapp
ed
[
21]
.
Othe
r
va
riant
DC
-
DC
co
nve
rter
to
polo
gies
took
their
outp
uts
acr
os
s
S
2
in
w
hat
is
cal
le
d
pulse
width
m
od
ulate
d
(PWM
)
DC
-
DC
IS
Cs
[
37
-
43]
fo
r
highe
r
volt
age
gai
n
al
beit
with
ad
di
ti
on
al
com
po
nen
ts
.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
44]
took
the
DC
ou
t
pu
t
par
al
le
l
to
the
im
ped
ance
net
w
ork
input
po
rt
rathe
r
tha
n
a
ca
pacit
or
or
switc
h
in
orde
r
to
achie
ve
c
omm
on
gr
ou
nd
an
d
hi
gh
volt
age
gain
.
Det
ai
le
d
ste
ady
-
st
at
e
analy
sis
of
P
W
M
DC
-
DC ISC
s
was pres
ente
d by
[
38]
.
DC
-
DC
IS
Cs
are
f
ur
th
er
cl
assifi
ed
a
ccordin
g
to
galva
nic
isol
at
ion
into
is
olate
d
an
d
non
-
isolat
ed
[
12,
45]
.
T
opol
og
ie
s
wit
h
tr
ansfo
rm
er
isolat
ion
usual
ly
h
ave
sa
fety
adv
a
ntage
s
an
d
higher
vo
lt
age
gain
but
co
ns
tr
ai
ne
d
by
their
relat
iv
el
y
hig
h
c
os
t
a
nd
com
plexity
,
m
or
e
switc
hes
re
qu
irem
ent
a
nd
lo
w
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
45,
46]
.
N
on
-
isol
at
ed
DC
-
DC
I
SCs
ha
ve
ad
va
ntages
of
l
ow
cost,
le
ss
c
omplexit
ie
s
an
d
s
witc
hes
and h
i
gh
e
r
e
ff
i
ci
e
ncy but are
const
raine
d by
safety
problem
and lo
we
r vo
lt
age
gain
[
46
]
.
The
e
xisti
ng
f
a
m
ily
of
DC
-
DC
q
-
ZSCs
[21]
with
tw
o
cl
asses
has
t
he
adv
a
ntage
of
bid
irect
io
nal
op
e
rati
on
an
d
bipolar
ou
t
pu
t
op
e
rati
on.
Howev
e
r,
eac
h
of
the
cl
asses
ha
s
pro
blem
s
of
la
cking
buc
k
-
boost
(BB) ca
pab
il
it
y at
eff
ic
ie
nt
duty
r
at
io
range
(R
Deff
)
and eit
he
r disco
ntinuo
us
or lo
wer gai
n
[47]
.
In
this
pa
per,
a
new
cl
ass
of
DC
-
DC
q
-
ZS
Cs
is
pr
esente
d
to
exten
d
th
e
fa
m
ily
of
DC
-
DC
q
-
ZSCs
from
two
to
th
ree
cl
asses.
M
e
m
b
ers
of
the
new
cl
ass
ha
ve
BB
capab
il
it
y
at
the
R
Def
f
,
con
ti
nu
ous
or
higher
gain
c
om
par
ed
to
existi
ng
m
em
ber
s.
A
gen
e
ral
analy
sis
of
al
l
the
cl
asses
and
their
t
opol
og
ie
s
is
presen
te
d
in
detai
ls
by
fi
rst
der
i
ving
t
he
ga
in
of
eac
h
t
opology.
Op
e
rati
on
s
of
al
l
the
cl
asses
we
re
ve
rified
by
sim
ulati
on
and
the
res
pons
es
of
Cl
ass
B
and
Cl
ass
C
conf
or
m
to
their
the
or
et
ic
al
gains.
T
he
respo
ns
es
of
Cl
ass
C
m
e
m
ber
s d
isa
greed
w
it
h t
heir
theo
reti
cal
g
ai
n du
e
to
t
he dis
con
ti
nuit
y i
n
t
he
ir g
ai
n.
S
1
V
S
L
1
L
2
S
2
(a)
V
S
C
2
C
1
L
1
S
1
L
2
S
2
L
o
a
d
(b)
Figure
1. (a
) G
ener
ic
q
-
ZSC
(
b) D
C
-
DC
q
-
Z
SC
2.
OVERVIEW
a)
Existi
ng
to
pol
og
ie
s
The
co
ncep
t
q
-
ZSC
was
exten
ded
by
[21]
fr
om
inv
erter
[20]
to
DC
-
DC
ap
plica
ti
on
s.
T
his
pr
od
uce
d
four
dif
fer
e
nt
t
opologies
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
gure
2(
a
)
to
Fig
ur
e
2(d)
of
wh
ic
h
two
of
each
ha
ve
a
n
ide
ntica
l
gain
curve.
T
his
le
a
d
to
ha
ving
tw
o
cl
asses
of
D
C
-
DC
q
-
Z
SC
with
eac
h
cl
ass
co
ns
ist
ing
of
two
m
e
m
ber
s
[21]
.
Mem
ber
s
of
ea
ch
cl
ass
ha
ve
a
n
ide
ntica
l gai
n
e
qu
at
io
n.
b)
A
dd
it
io
nal
to
polo
gies
Tw
o
ne
w
DC
-
D
C
co
nverte
r
t
opologies
with
the
s
har
e
d
prop
e
rtie
s
of
q
-
Z
SCs
an
d
tra
diti
on
al
BB
Cs
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
2(
e
)
an
d
Fi
gure
2(f
)
we
re
recently
propose
d
[2,
14]
.
An
al
ysi
s
of
th
ei
r
op
e
rati
on
s
hows
com
m
on
p
r
ope
rtie
s su
c
h
as
g
a
in equati
on a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
res
pons
e,
ther
e
f
or
e,
can
be gr
oupe
d as a cl
ass
[
47
]
.
c)
Exte
nd
e
d
fam
i
ly
Com
bin
ing
th
e
existi
ng
f
our
DC
-
DC
q
-
ZSC
topolo
gies
a
nd
the
t
wo
ad
di
ti
on
al
to
po
l
og
i
es
res
ult
in
hav
i
ng
an
exte
nd
e
d
fam
ily
con
sist
ing
of
six
m
e
m
ber
s
as
show
n
i
n
Fig
ure
2.
Of
these
si
x
m
e
m
ber
s,
th
re
e
gain
curves
e
xist,
of
w
hich
ea
ch
c
on
sist
s
of
tw
o
m
e
m
ber
s.
This
m
eans
that
th
e
exten
de
d
fa
m
ily
con
sist
s
of
thr
e
e
cl
asses with
ea
ch havi
ng tw
o t
opologies
[
21,
47]
.
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t J
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p
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ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
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ber
2
01
9
:
4540
-
45
55
4542
3.
CIRC
UIT
ANALYS
IS
In
this
sect
ion,
the
op
e
rati
on
of
each
cl
ass
is
analy
sed
based
o
n
two
operati
on
m
od
es
to
der
i
ve
the
gai
n
e
quat
ion
of
eac
h
t
op
ology
in
the
cl
ass.
Althou
gh
IS
Cs
ca
n
s
upport
m
or
e
t
han
two
ope
rati
on
m
od
es
du
e
to
t
he per
m
issi
bili
t
y of
S
T and
OC,
t
wo operati
on m
odes w
e
re c
onsid
ered he
re
beca
us
e
a.
Existi
ng ana
ly
ses for
the e
xisti
ng to
po
l
og
ie
s
[
21
]
a
re
base
d o
n
tw
o
s
witc
hi
ng m
od
es.
b.
Use
of two
s
witc
hin
g
m
od
es e
nab
le
s f
ai
r
co
m
par
ison
w
it
h othe
r
DC
-
DC topolo
gies that on
ly
suppo
rt two
m
od
es.
S
2
V
S
L
1
L
2
S
1
(a)
S
1
V
S
L
1
L
2
S
2
(b)
R
0
C
1
S
1
L
1
L
2
S
2
(c)
R
0
C
1
S
1
L
1
S
2
L
2
(d)
C
1
S
1
L
1
L
2
S
2
(e)
C
2
S
2
L
1
S
1
L
2
(f)
Figure
2. Exte
nd
e
d fam
ily of
DC
-
DC q
-
ZSC
s
The
to
polo
gies
in
a
cl
ass
a
re
l
abell
ed
as
t
opol
og
y
I
an
d
to
polo
gy
I
I.
T
he
operati
on
of
eac
h
to
polo
gy
is
analy
sed
ba
sed
on
the
s
witc
hing
m
od
es
and
the
e
qu
ivale
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
s
fo
r
eac
h
m
od
e
a
re
al
so
sh
ow
n.
The
pa
ram
et
ers
us
ed
for
th
e
ci
rcu
it
s
ana
ly
ses
are
V
L1
(volta
ge
acr
os
s
L
1
)
,
V
L2
(volta
ge
acr
oss
L
2
),
V
C1
(volta
ge
a
cro
ss
C
1
)
,
V
C2
(volta
ge
acr
os
s
C
2
),
V
O
(outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge)
,
V
S
(input
volt
age
)
an
d
D
(
duty
rati
o)
.
The
s
witc
hes
S
1
an
d
S
2
we
re a
ssu
m
ed
to
be
i
deal.
a)
Clas
s
A
This
cl
ass
c
on
s
ist
of
the
t
opol
og
ie
s
of
Fig
ur
e
2(
a
)
a
nd
(b)
la
belle
d
as
to
pol
og
y
I
an
d
to
po
log
y
I
I
a
nd
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 3
a
nd Fi
gure
4 resp
ect
ively
.
C
1
C
2
V
S
L
1
L
2
V
O
I
L
2
I
O
I
C
2
I
C
1
I
L
1
I
S
C
1
C
2
V
S
L
1
L
2
V
O
I
L
1
I
C
1
I
C
2
I
L
2
I
O
I
S
(a)
(b)
Fi
gure
3. Cl
ass A
t
opology
I
(
a) m
od
e I
(b)
m
od
e II
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
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Ext
end
e
d
f
am
il
y o
f
DC
-
DC
quas
i
-
Z
-
s
ou
rc
e
c
on
ve
rte
rs
(
Mu
ham
mad
A
do
)
4543
C
2
V
S
L
1
L
2
C
1
V
O
I
S
I
L
1
I
O
I
C
1
I
L
2
I
C
2
(a)
C
2
V
S
L
1
L
2
C
1
V
O
I
S
I
O
I
C
1
I
L
2
I
C
2
I
L
1
(b)
Fig
ure
4. Cl
ass A
t
opology
II
,
(a) m
od
e I
(b)
m
od
e II
1.
Clas
s
A
t
opology
I
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
3(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
C1
(1)
V
L2
=
V
O
(2)
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
3(b
),
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
O
(
3
)
V
L2
=
V
C1
(
4
)
Applyi
ng
V
ol
t
seco
nd
bala
nc
e
(VSB)
t
o
get
the
a
ver
a
ge
in
du
ct
or
volt
age
s
over
a
s
witc
hing
per
i
od
on the i
nduct
ors L
1
a
nd L
2
yi
el
ds
(5
)
a
nd (6).
V
L1
=
−
D
V
C1
+
V
S
−
V
O
+
D
V
O
=
0
(
5
)
V
L2
=
D
V
O
+
V
C1
−
DV
C1
=
0
(
6
)
Fr
om
(
6),
V
C1
=
−
D
V
O
1
−
D
(
7
)
Subst
it
uting (
7) int
o
(
5) a
nd s
i
m
plifyi
ng
yi
el
ds
A
a1
=
V
O
V
S
=
1
−
D
1
−
2D
(
8
)
2.
Clas
s
A
t
opology
II
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
4(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
C2
(
9
)
V
L2
=
V
O
(
10
)
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s
m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4(b
)
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
O
(
11
)
V
L2
=
V
C2
(
12
)
Applyi
ng VSB
on L
1
a
nd L
2
y
ie
lds (13) a
nd (14).
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
O
+
D
V
O
−
D
V
C2
=
0
(
13
)
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En
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V
ol.
9
, N
o.
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,
Dece
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ber
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01
9
:
4540
-
45
55
4544
V
L2
=
DV
O
+
V
C2
−
D
V
C2
=
0
(
14
)
Fr
om
(
14
),
V
C2
=
DV
O
D
−
1
(
15
)
Substi
tuti
ng (1
5) into
(13) yi
e
lds
A
a2
=
V
O
V
S
=
1
−
D
1
−
2D
(
16
)
The
(8)
And
(
16)
s
how
that
the
ideal
gains
of
to
po
l
og
y
I
and
I
I
are
ide
nt
ic
al
as
propos
ed
by
[
21
]
t
hus
they
form
a class w
it
h
gai
n.
A
a
=
A
a1
=
A
a2
=
1
−
D
1
−
2D
=
D
′
D
′
−
D
(
17
)
b)
Clas
s
B
The
t
opologie
s
in
Fig
ur
e
2(c)
a
nd
(
d)
a
re
m
e
m
ber
s
la
belle
d
as
t
opol
og
y
I
an
d
II
a
nd
s
how
n
in
Figure
5
a
nd Fi
gure
6 res
pecti
vely
.
C
2
V
S
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
I
L
1
I
C
2
I
O
I
C
1
I
L
2
I
S
(a)
C
2
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
I
L
1
I
L
1
I
O
I
C
2
I
S
I
C
1
V
S
(b)
Figure
5. Cl
ass B t
opol
og
y
I (
a) m
od
e I
(b)
m
od
e II
I
C
2
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
V
S
I
L
1
I
C
1
I
O
I
S
I
L
2
(a)
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
V
S
I
C
1
I
C
2
I
S
I
L
2
I
L
1
I
O
(b)
Figure
6. Cl
as
s B to
po
l
og
y
II
(a)
m
od
e
I (b)
m
od
e II
1.
Family B
top
ol
ogy
I
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
5(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
C2
−
V
O
(
18
)
V
L2
=
V
S
(
19
)
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5(b
),
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
O
(
20
)
V
L2
=
V
C2
(
21
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ext
end
e
d
f
am
il
y o
f
DC
-
DC
quas
i
-
Z
-
s
ou
rc
e
c
on
ve
rte
rs
(
Mu
ham
mad
A
do
)
4545
Applyi
ng VSB
on L
1
a
nd L
2
y
ie
lds (22) a
nd (23).
V
L1
=
D
V
C2
+
V
S
−
V
O
−
D
V
S
=
0
(
22
)
V
L2
=
D
V
S
+
V
C2
−
D
V
C2
=
0
(
23
)
Fr
om
(
23
),
V
C2
=
−
D
1
−
D
V
S
(
24
)
Substi
tuti
ng (2
4) into
(22) a
nd sim
plifyi
ng
yi
el
ds
A
b1
=
V
O
V
S
=
1
−
2D
1
−
D
(
25
)
2.
Clas
s
B top
ology II
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
h
own i
n
Fig
ure
6(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
C2
−
V
O
(
26
)
V
L2
=
V
S
(
27
)
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6(b
)
,
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
O
(
28
)
V
L2
=
V
C2
(
29
)
Applyi
ng VSB
on L
1
an
d
L
2
y
ie
lds (30) a
nd (31).
V
L1
=
D
V
C2
+
V
S
−
V
O
−
D
V
S
=
0
(
30
)
V
L2
=
D
V
S
+
V
C2
−
D
V
C2
=
0
(
31
)
Fr
om
(
31
),
V
C2
=
−
D
1
−
D
V
S
(
32
)
Substi
tuti
ng (3
2) into
(30) a
nd sim
plifyi
ng
yi
el
ds
A
b2
=
V
O
V
S
=
1
−
2D
1
−
D
(
33
)
The
(
25)
A
nd
(33
)
s
how
that
the
ideal
gain
s
of
to
polo
gy
I
A
b1
and
to
polog
y
I
I
A
b2
are
identic
al
as
propos
e
d
by
[
21]
thus t
he
y form
a class with
gain
.
A
b
=
A
b1
=
A
b2
=
1
−
2D
1
−
D
=
D
′
−
D
D
′
(
34
)
c)
Clas
s
C
This
cl
ass
c
onsist
of
t
he
tw
o
new
ly
pr
opos
e
d
to
po
l
og
ie
s
of
Fig
ure
2(
e)
an
d
(f).
T
he
y
are
al
s
o
la
belle
d
as t
opology I
and t
opology I
I
as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
7
and Fig
ure
8
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4540
-
45
55
4546
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
V
S
I
C
1
I
L
1
I
S
I
C
2
I
L
2
I
O
(a)
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
I
L
1
I
S
I
C
1
I
L
2
I
C
2
I
O
V
S
(b)
Figure
7. Cl
a
ss C to
po
l
og
y
I (
a) m
od
e I
(b)
m
od
e I
I
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
V
S
I
L
1
I
L
2
I
O
I
C
2
I
C
1
I
S
(a)
V
O
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
V
S
I
L
1
I
O
I
C
2
I
C
1
I
L
2
I
S
(b)
Fig
ure
8. Cl
ass C to
po
l
og
y
II
(a)
m
od
e
I (b)
m
od
e II
1.
Clas
s
C
t
opology
I
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
7(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
O
−
V
C1
(
35
)
V
L2
=
V
S
(
36
)
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7(b
),
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
C1
(
37
)
V
L2
=
V
O
(
38
)
Applyi
ng VSB
on L
1
a
nd L
2
y
ie
lds (39) a
nd (40).
V
̅
L1
=
D
V
O
+
V
S
−
V
C
1
−
D
V
S
=
0
(
39
)
V
̅
L2
=
D
V
S
−
V
O
(
D
−
1
)
=
0
(
40
)
Si
m
plifyi
ng
(4
0) yi
el
ds
V
O
=
−
D
1
−
D
V
S
(
41
)
A
c1
=
V
O
V
S
=
−
D
1
−
D
(
42
)
2.
Clas
s
C
t
opology
Ii
Mod
e
I
:
In this
m
od
e, S
1
is
O
N wh
il
e S
2
is
OF
F
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
7(
a
),
the duty
r
at
io
is D
.
V
L1
=
V
O
−
V
C1
(
43
)
V
L2
=
V
S
(
44
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ext
end
e
d
f
am
il
y o
f
DC
-
DC
quas
i
-
Z
-
s
ou
rc
e
c
on
ve
rte
rs
(
Mu
ham
mad
A
do
)
4547
Mod
e
II: I
n
thi
s m
od
e, S
1
is
OFF
wh
il
e S
2
is
ON as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7(b
),
t
he du
ty
rati
o
is
D
′
=
1
−
D
.
V
L1
=
V
S
−
V
C1
(
45
)
V
L2
=
V
O
(
46
)
Applyi
ng VSB
on L
1
a
nd L
2
y
ie
lds (47) a
nd (48).
V
̅
L1
=
D
V
O
+
V
S
−
V
C1
−
D
V
S
=
0
(
47
)
V
̅
L2
=
D
V
S
+
V
O
(
1
−
D
)
=
0
(
48
)
Si
m
plifyi
ng
(4
8) yi
el
ds
V
O
=
−
D
1
−
D
V
S
(
49
)
A
c2
=
V
O
V
S
=
−
D
1
−
D
(
50
)
The
(42)
A
nd
(
50)
s
how
t
hat
the
ideal
gains
of
t
opology
I
A
c1
an
d
to
polo
gy
II
A
c2
a
re
i
den
ti
cal
th
us
they
f
or
m
a class
[
47
]
with
ga
in
.
A
c
=
A
c1
=
A
c2
=
−
D
1
−
D
=
−
′
(
51
)
The gai
n i
n (
51)
is t
he
sam
e as the
gain o
f
tra
diti
on
al
BB
C
[2
,
14]
.
The
ci
rc
uit
an
al
yse
s
above
s
how
that
the
s
ix
topolo
gies
f
or
m
three
cl
asses
A,
B
an
d
C
with
gains
giv
e
n
by
(
17)
,
(
34)
a
nd
(
51)
res
pecti
vel
y
fo
r
each
cl
ass.
Cl
ass
A
and
cl
ass
B
hav
e
bee
n
pr
e
viously
pr
ese
nted
[
21
]
.
The
new
cl
as
s
(class
C),
sim
il
ar
to
the
ex
ist
ing
cl
asses
al
so
co
ns
ist
of
two
to
polo
gie
s
with
identic
al
gain
equ
at
io
n,
a
qu
asi
-
im
ped
ance
sou
rce
ne
twork
(q
-
IS
N)
c
om
pr
isi
ng
of
tw
o
in
du
ct
or
s
,
two
ca
pacit
ors
and tw
o
s
witc
he
s.
The
gains
of
t
he
th
ree
c
la
sse
s
are
plo
tt
ed
a
gainst
D
i
n
Fi
gure
9.
The
ca
pacit
or
C
1
an
d
inducto
r
L
1
form
a
series
LC
network
with
i
m
ped
ance
Z
1
reg
a
rdl
ess
of
operat
ing
m
od
e,
co
ntrar
y
to
the
existi
ng
topolo
gies
w
he
re
the
series
LC
netwo
r
ks
are
fo
rm
ed
on
ly
duri
ng
gi
ven
m
od
es.
This
i
m
plies
t
hat
the
char
act
e
risti
cs o
f
the t
opologi
es w
il
l be
alt
er
ed wh
e
n o
per
at
ed
at
thei
r reso
nan
t
fr
e
quenci
es due t
o
re
son
ance.
4.
OPER
ATIO
N
S AN
D APPL
ICA
BIL
IT
Y
This
sect
io
n
a
naly
ses
the
op
erati
on
s
of
eac
h
cl
ass
as
D
is
var
ie
d
from
0
to
1.
T
he
D
r
ang
e
(R
D
)
is
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
t
he
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
R
D
(
0.35
to
0.6
5)
[12,
38,
48]
a
nd
gen
e
ral
R
D
(
0
to
1)
t
her
e
by
res
ulti
ng
in
e
f
fici
en
t
gain ra
ng
e
(
R
A
eff
)
and
ge
ner
al
g
ai
n ra
nge (R
A
).
S
uitable
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
f
or
e
ach class a
re al
so
discusse
d.
a)
Effici
ent
du
ty
rat
i
o
r
ange
(R
D
eff
)
Op
e
r
at
io
ns
of
com
ple
m
entari
ly
switc
hed
co
nv
e
rters
are
m
or
e
ef
fici
ent
at
R
D
of
0.35
to
0.65
due
t
o
le
ss
rin
ging,
re
ver
se
rec
ov
e
ry
pro
blem
and
cond
uction
los
s
[
12,
38,
48,
49]
.
This
is
be
cause
wh
e
n
ei
t
her
of
the
switc
hes
i
s
op
e
rated
at
lowe
r
D,
t
he
oth
e
r
is
at
hig
he
r
D
(in
verse
D
relat
io
nship
)
thus
incr
easi
ng
cond
uction
lo
s
s,
rin
ging
an
d
oth
e
r
non
-
ideal
it
ie
s
[38]
.
The
bounda
ries
an
d
m
idp
oin
t
of
th
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
R
D
(R
Def
f
)
wer
e ap
plied to
the g
ai
n
eq
ua
ti
on
s of these th
ree classes t
o
analy
se their gai
ns
f
or the R
Deff
. F
ig
ur
e
9(b)
sh
ows
plo
ts
of the
gai
ns
a
gainst
D f
or
R
Deff
.
1.
Clas
s
A
Applyi
ng
the boun
dar
y
a
nd
m
idpoint Ds
of
R
Def
f
to
the
gai
n
e
qu
at
io
n
of
c
la
ss
A
in (17),
the
res
ulti
ng
gains
are
A
a0
.
35
=
1
−
0
.
35
1
−
2
(
0
.
65
)
=
2
.
1667
(
52
)
A
a0
.
5
=
1
−
0
.
5
1
−
2
(
0
.
5
)
=
unde
fine
d
(
53
)
A
a0
.
65
=
1
−
0
.
65
1
−
2
(
0
.
35
)
=
−
1
.
1667
(
54
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
4540
-
45
55
4548
T
he
(53)
is
undef
i
ned
A
a0
.
5
=
0
.
5
0
beca
us
e
div
isi
on
by
zero
is
un
de
fine
d.
T
he
c
on
cept
of
li
m
i
t
i
s
app
li
ed
to ha
ve
m
or
e idea
on
wh
at
act
ually
occ
urred as
D
→
0
.
5
.
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
A
a
=
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
1
−
D
1
−
2D
(
55
)
If
the
li
m
i
t
of
the
functi
on
ex
ist
s
at
0.
5,
th
e
n
it
s
two
on
e
-
s
ided
li
m
it
s
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
+
A
a
an
d
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
−
A
a
m
us
t
be
e
qual
el
se
the
li
m
i
t
do
e
s
no
t
exist.
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
+
A
a
is
t
he
li
m
i
t
from
the
rig
ht
as
D
→
0
.
5
wh
il
e
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
−
A
a
is
the lim
it
to
the
le
ft as
D
→
0
.
5
.
The
co
nce
pt
of
righ
t
-
side
d
li
m
it
(RSL)
and
le
ft
-
sided
li
m
i
t
(LSL)
ca
n
be
descr
i
bed
us
in
g
increa
sin
g
and
decr
easi
ng
D
in
tun
in
g.
Wh
e
n
a
D
set
po
i
nt
is
app
r
oa
ched
f
r
om
a
hig
he
r
D
su
c
h
as
bu
c
king
opera
ti
on
in
tradit
ion
al
BB
C,
it
is
RS
L
(
D
≳
0
.
5
suc
h
th
a
t
D
−
0
.
5
=
0
+
⇒
2D
≳
1
).
Wh
e
n
D
i
s
ap
proac
he
d
from
a
lowe
r
D
su
c
h
as
boos
ti
ng
op
e
rati
on
in
tr
aditi
on
al
BB
C,
it
is
an
LSL
l
i
m
i
t
(
D
≲
0
.
5
such
th
a
t
D
−
0
.
5
=
0
−
⇒
2D
≲
1
).
E
valuati
ng the RSL
and
LS
L yi
el
ds
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
+
A
a
=
+
∞
(
56
)
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
−
A
a
=
−
∞
(
57
)
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
+
A
a
≠
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
−
A
a
(
58
)
The
(58)
S
hows
that
t
he
one
-
si
ded
lim
its
are
no
t
i
de
ntica
l
therefo
r
e
the
li
m
it
do
es
not
exist
at
D
=
0
.
5
,
th
us
the
co
nverter
ca
nnot
be
ope
rated
at
D
=
0
.
5
.
I
t
show
s
t
hat
f
or
t
his
R
D
(0.35
to
0.65),
the
ga
in
is
disco
ntinuo
us
at
D
=
0
.
5
beca
us
e
it
’s
lim
it
li
m
D
→
0
.
5
A
a
do
e
s
no
t
e
xist.
Th
e
range
of
gain
f
or
cl
ass
A
(
R
Aa
)
corres
pondin
g t
o
R
Deff
with t
he
RSL a
nd LS
L inc
orporated
to
acc
ount
for t
he
disc
onti
nu
i
ty
is
R
Aa
e
f
f
=
[
2
.
1667
,
∞
)
(
−
∞
,
−
1
.
1667
]
(
59
)
This
disc
onti
nuit
y
resu
lt
s
in
hav
i
ng
t
wo
separ
at
e
gains
as
show
n
by
the
two
dott
ed
curves
of
Fi
gure
9(
b)
and
t
he
two
ra
ng
e
s
of
(
59).
T
hey
are
(i)
non
-
in
ver
ti
ng
gai
n
(upp
e
r
dott
ed
curve
of
Fig
ur
e
9(b))
with
range
(R
Aeff
)
=
[
2
.
1667
,
∞
)
an
d
(ii)
t
he
in
ve
rting
ga
in
cu
r
ve
(l
ower
do
tt
ed
cu
rve
of
Fi
gure
9(b))
wit
h
range
(R
Ae
ff
)
[
−
1
.
1667
,
−
∞
)
descr
i
bed
a
s
non
-
in
ver
ti
ng
boos
t
with
gai
n
from
2
.
1667
to
∞
and
in
ver
ti
ng
boos
t
with
gai
n from
−
∞
to
−
1
.
1667
.
The
the
oret
ic
al
gain
f
or
this
cl
ass
is
bipol
ar
with
m
agn
i
tud
e
>
1
th
rou
g
ho
ut
the
R
Deff
hen
ce
it
functi
ons
only
as
boos
t
co
nv
e
rter
but
la
cks
buck
ca
pab
il
it
y
at
this
R
D
.
Sp
eci
al
pr
ecauti
on
s
hav
e
to
be
ta
ken
to
avo
i
d op
e
rati
on
within t
he ne
ighbou
rho
od of
D
=
0
.
5
beca
us
e
of th
e inf
i
nite gain
.
App
li
ca
bili
ty
:
Fo
r
the
posit
iv
e
boost
ra
nge
of
(
59),
R
Aa
=
[
2
.
1667
,
∞
)
at
R
D
=
[
0
.
35
,
0
.
5
)
.
T
his
high
boos
t
on
ly
capa
bili
ty
m
akes
the
topolo
gies
in
this
cl
ass
su
it
able
fo
r
a
pp
li
cat
ions
wh
er
e
volt
age
boos
ti
ng
is
req
ui
red
li
ke
f
uel
cel
ls.
If
the
m
axi
m
u
m
inp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
is
le
ss
t
han
half
the
require
d
ou
tpu
t
(
|
V
S
|
<
0
.
5
|
V
O
|
),
the
c
onve
rter
c
an
be
ope
rated
withi
n
[
0.35,
0.5)
with
a
n
id
eal
gai
n
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
10V
S
at
D
=
0
.
4737
,
el
se
it
sh
oul
d
be
ope
rated
withi
n
(
0.5,
0.6
5]
duty
rati
o
to
get
an
inv
e
rted
boos
t
operati
on.
By
e
m
plo
yi
ng
act
ive
switc
hes
(M
O
SFET
)
an
d
the
ir
anti
-
pa
rall
el
dio
des
,
they
are
capa
ble
of
pr
ovidi
ng
bidi
recti
on
al
curr
ent
and
bid
irect
io
nal
volt
age
[21]
.
Su
it
able
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
base
d
on
it
s
the
or
et
ic
al
gain
i
nclu
de
hybri
d
ene
rgy
stora
ge
syst
e
m
(H
ES
S)
wh
e
re
ene
rg
y
m
ay
be
transf
e
rr
e
d
from
batter
y
to
su
pe
r
-
c
apacit
or
(
SC)
and
vice
ver
s
a
[48]
,
un
i
nterrup
ti
ble
powe
r
sup
ply
(U
P
S)
[49]
an
d
f
uel
cel
l
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
[9]
where
hi
gh
gain
i
s
nee
ded
et
c.
Howe
ver,
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d
f
r
om
the
veri
ficat
ion
sect
io
n
raises
do
ub
t
ov
e
r
the
hi
gh
boos
t
ca
pab
il
it
y.
See
the
disc
us
si
on
sect
ion
for
m
ore detai
ls.
2.
Clas
s
B
Applyi
ng
the boun
dar
y
a
nd
m
idpoint Ds
of
R
Def
f
to
the
gai
n
e
qu
at
io
n
of
c
la
ss
A
in (17
),
the
res
ulti
ng
gains
are
A
b0
.
35
=
1
−
2
(
0
.
5
)
1
−
(
0
.
5
)
=
0
.
4615
(
60
)
A
b0
.
5
=
1
−
2
(
0
.
5
)
1
−
(
0
.
5
)
=
0
(
61
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ext
end
e
d
f
am
il
y o
f
DC
-
DC
quas
i
-
Z
-
s
ou
rc
e
c
on
ve
rte
rs
(
Mu
ham
mad
A
do
)
4549
A
b0
.
65
=
1
−
2
(
0
.
35
)
1
−
0
.
65
=
−
0
.
8571
(
62
)
The
gain
f
or
t
his
cl
ass
is
c
onti
nuous,
it
ex
ist
s
at
D
=
0
.
5
a
nd
is
zero
as
sho
wn
in
(
61).
The
gain
range
is
R
A
beff
=
[
0
.
4615
,
−
0
.
8571
]
an
d
is
bipolar
with
m
agn
it
ud
e
<
1
he
nce
it
funct
ion
s
only
as
bi
po
la
r
bu
c
k
c
onve
rter
and lack
bo
os
t
capa
bili
ty
w
it
hin
t
his R
Deff
of
0.35 to
0.6
5.
Pr
eca
ution
s
ha
ve
to
be
ta
ke
n
to
ha
nd
le
the
change
in
pola
rity
that
occu
r
s
at
the
neig
hbour
hood
of
D
=
0
.
5
beca
us
e
of the
eff
ect
on
pow
er f
l
ow.
App
li
ca
bili
ty
:
Po
te
ntial
ap
plica
ti
on
co
uld
b
e
in
a
gr
id
-
co
nn
ect
ed
inv
e
rter
s
yst
e
m
wh
ere
th
e
ESS
is
charg
ed
by
a
higher
vo
lt
ag
e
so
urce
a
nd
th
e
ESS
la
te
r
po
wer
s
a
n
in
ver
t
er
(loa
d)
at
a
l
ow
e
r
volt
age
.
An
oth
e
r
ap
plic
at
ion
is
in
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
(EV)
w
he
r
e
ESS
packs
ar
e
desig
ne
d
in
hi
gh
e
r
volt
ages
e.g
.
48
V
tha
n
aux
il
ia
ry
loa
ds
su
c
h
as li
gh
ti
ng a
nd
rad
i
o
syst
em
s
wh
ic
h
a
re
op
e
r
at
ed
at
lo
wer v
oltages
of 12
or
24 V
[
50
]
.
3.
C
lass
C
Applyi
ng
bo
unda
ry
a
nd
m
id
po
i
nt
D
of
R
D
eff
to
the
gain
equ
at
io
n
of
cl
ass
C
in
(
51),
the
res
ulti
ng
gains
are
A
c0
.
35
=
−
0
.
35
1
−
0
.
35
=
−
0
.
5385
(
63
)
A
c0
.
5
=
−
0
.
5
1
−
0
.
5
=
−
1
(
64
)
A
c0
.
65
=
−
0
.
65
1
−
0
.
65
=
−
1
.
8571
(
65
)
Fo
r
m
e
m
ber
s
of
t
his
cl
ass,
t
he
gai
n
is
co
nt
inu
ous
a
nd
unit
y
(=
1)
at
D
=
0
.
5
as
show
n
in
(
64),
R
Ae
f
f
=
[
−
0
.
5385
,
−
1
.
8571
]
.
Their
gain
is un
i
po
la
r
an
d
in
ver
ti
ng
a
nd
ca
n
be
≶
|
1
|
thu
s h
as BB
capab
il
it
y
at
this
R
D
.
The
ga
in
is
con
ti
nuous
an
d
opera
bl
e
throu
ghout
the
R
D
hen
ce
r
equ
i
rin
g
no
preca
utionary
m
easur
e
.
Con
tra
ry to
class A
and B,
the
y are
no
t ca
pa
bl
e o
f
b
i
directi
onal
ope
rati
on by
v
aryi
ng
D
[21,
45]
.
App
li
ca
bili
ty
:
They
f
unct
ion
as
in
ver
te
d
B
BC
s
by
sup
plyi
ng
a
n
ideal
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
that
is
53.
85
%
of
the
input
volt
age
in
buc
k
m
od
e
an
d
up
to
185.7
1
%
of
the
input
vo
lt
a
ge
in
bo
os
t
m
od
e.
A
m
ajo
r
ad
va
nt
age
of
this cl
ass is tha
t t
hey pose
no
con
t
ro
l l
im
i
ta
tio
n wit
hi
n
the
duty
r
at
io
range
.
Applic
at
ion
s
a
re
sim
i
la
r
to
BB
C
app
li
cat
ion
s
with
ad
de
d
a
dv
a
ntage
s
of
dea
d
a
nd
overla
p
-
ti
m
e
el
i
m
inati
on
tha
t
per
m
it
s
hig
he
r
f
reque
ncy
ap
plica
ti
on
a
nd
e
nab
le
s
us
a
ge
of
sm
al
le
r
reactiv
e
c
om
po
ne
nts
t
hus
reducin
g
siz
e,
weig
ht and c
ost
[16]
.
b)
Co
m
plete
du
t
y
r
at
i
o
r
ange
(R
dgen
)
Op
e
rati
ons
of
the
three
cl
asses
are
a
naly
sed
beyo
nd
t
he
R
Def
f
to
i
de
ntify
oth
e
r
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s
of
the
co
nverter
s
at
al
l
per
m
issib
le
D
at
the
c
os
t
of
reduce
d
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
Fi
gure
9(
a
)
s
hows
a
plo
t
of
the
gains
against
D for R
Dgen
.
1.
Clas
s
A
Converte
rs
in
this
cl
ass
are
bette
r
analy
sed
by
con
si
der
i
ng
their
disco
ntin
uous
gai
n
as
two
se
par
at
e
curves as
sho
w
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9(a
).
T
he first (
up
per
dott
ed) cu
r
ve
c
ov
e
rs
R
D
0
≤
D
<
0
.
5
, i
t’s R
A
is
1
≤
A
a
<
∞
.
The
c
onve
rter
la
cks
buc
k
ca
pa
bili
ty
.
It
funct
ion
s
a
s
a
non
-
inv
e
rtin
g
boos
t
co
nv
e
rter
a
nd
is
su
it
able
for
high
boos
t
operati
on.
For
t
he
sec
ond
c
urve
,
it
c
ov
e
rs
t
he
R
D
0
.
5
<
D
≤
1
and
ha
s
R
A
as
−
∞
<
A
a
≤
0
w
hic
h
i
m
plies un
ip
ol
ar inv
erte
d
BB
gain. I
n ge
ner
a
l, this cl
ass
has
a b
i
po
la
r boos
t and u
nipolar
BB
capab
il
it
y.
App
li
ca
bili
ty
:
Re
fer
e
nce
[21
]
fo
und
that
m
e
m
ber
s
of
cl
ass
A
and
B
are
capab
le
of
bi
-
directi
onal
ener
gy
trans
fer
f
ro
m
s
ource
to
load
a
nd
vice
ver
sa
t
hu
s
per
m
it
t
ing
fo
ur
qua
dr
a
nt
op
e
rati
on
by
usi
ng
act
ive
swi
tc
hes
(MOSFETs a
nd their a
ntipara
ll
el
d
iod
e) as
S
1
and
S
2
by o
nl
y varying
D
wi
thout using a
ddit
ion
al
co
m
ponen
ts
.
Sp
eci
al
co
ntr
ol
pr
eca
utions
sh
oul
d
be
ta
ke
n
to
a
void
operati
on
in
th
e
disco
ntin
uous
reg
i
ons.
P
ot
entia
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
a
r
e
m
ultim
od
e
ci
rcu
it
s
in
volvi
ng
batte
ry,
SC
or/
an
d
HES
S
)
su
c
h
as
[50
-
53]
or
e
ve
n
in
si
m
pl
e
batte
ry
-
inv
erte
r,
un
i
nterru
ptib
le
power
sup
ply
(U
P
S)
a
nd
ot
her
l
oad
le
velli
ng
syst
em
s
wh
ere
the
batte
ry
m
ay
be
c
hargin
g, di
schargin
g o
r o
n
sta
ndby
[
21, 54
-
56]
.
Anothe
r
ap
plica
ti
on
is
in
PV
distrib
uted
ge
ne
rati
on
(
D
G)
s
yst
e
m
[57]
or
in
sta
nd
al
on
e
PV
syst
em
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
10
w
he
re
to
po
l
og
y
I
I
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2(b
)
is
m
od
ifie
d
by
us
in
g
P
V
ou
t
pu
t
as
s
uppl
y
with
rev
e
r
se
blo
c
king
diode, a
b
at
te
ry as loa
d
a
nd
rep
la
ci
ng
S
2
wi
th an in
ver
te
r b
rid
ge.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.