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u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
ca
n
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
(
L
E
)
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
o
th
er
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
cl
u
d
in
g
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
,
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
,
an
d
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
ar
e
also
h
ig
h
l
y
ess
e
n
tial.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
esear
ch
in
g
f
o
r
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
,
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
o
t
h
er
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
lack
i
n
g
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
er
e
is
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
a
y
er
s
in
f
lat
d
u
al
-
r
em
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
FDR
P
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
co
n
ca
v
e
d
u
al
-
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
C
D
R
P
)
o
n
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
th
at
co
n
f
ir
m
s
FD
R
P
b
en
ef
it
s
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
o
p
ti
m
al
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
tr
i
p
le
-
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ar
e
also
s
tu
d
ied
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
SrB
aSiO4
:Eu
2+
p
ar
ticles
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
W
L
E
Ds
g
r
ee
n
li
g
h
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
ith
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
es
w
as
al
s
o
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
an
d
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eit
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
r
e
ce
iv
ed
ab
u
n
d
an
t
atte
n
tio
n
wh
ile
o
t
h
er
m
atter
s
s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
cts
o
f
la
y
er
s
d
is
tan
ce
i
n
tr
ip
le
-
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
n
o
t
h
er
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
b
ein
g
n
eg
lec
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
ap
p
lied
in
m
u
lti
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
th
e
r
es
u
lts
b
ei
n
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
tr
ateg
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
p
tical
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
t
w
o
r
e
m
o
te
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
(
C
R
I
)
,
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
,
a
n
d
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
,
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
I
n
th
e
d
u
a
l
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
y
e
llo
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
lo
w
er
,
u
p
p
er
is
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
r
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
[
1
6
-
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
tr
ip
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
,
y
el
lo
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
lo
w
e
r
,
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
u
p
p
er
,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
m
id
d
le.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
e
s
s
e
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
i
n
d
ec
id
in
g
t
h
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
o
ld
s
eq
u
al
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
th
e
m
o
r
e
li
g
h
t
i
s
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
r
e
-
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
W
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
lo
w
C
C
T
th
at
h
a
v
e
i
n
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
icien
c
y
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
An
o
b
v
io
u
s
s
o
l
u
tio
n
i
s
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
e
m
itted
li
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
h
ile
l
i
m
iti
n
g
d
a
m
a
g
e
to
e
x
tr
ac
ted
li
g
h
t
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
d
i
v
id
ed
to
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
: t
h
e
f
ir
s
t p
ar
t is th
e
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
el
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
ar
e
th
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
eq
u
at
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
an
d
th
e
t
h
ir
d
p
ar
t
is
th
e
ill
u
s
tr
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ca
lc
u
late
d
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
g
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
av
ai
lab
le,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
n
o
t
all
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
an
d
t
h
e
la
ck
o
f
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
ca
n
co
n
f
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
an
d
m
ak
e
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
.
He
n
ce
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
b
est
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
W
L
E
Ds
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
ar
e
s
p
ec
ialized
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
s
e
s
t
h
at
a
llo
w
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
o
n
e
t
h
at
ca
n
o
b
tain
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
eir
d
esir
ed
W
L
E
D
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
i
d
e
a
s
o
f
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
is
to
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
t
h
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
w
ith
S
r
B
a
Si
O
4
:
E
u
2+
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
em
it
t
e
d
g
r
e
en
l
ig
h
t
an
d
en
h
an
c
e
C
R
I
,
C
QS
b
y
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
W
L
E
Ds
w
i
th
m
o
r
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
f
o
r
r
e
d
l
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:
E
u
2+
,
Sm
2+
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
,
W
L
E
Ds
h
av
e
9
L
E
D
c
h
i
p
s
in
s
i
d
e
,
as
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
.
T
h
e
w
a
tt
ag
e
o
f
b
l
u
e
ch
i
p
is
1
.
1
6
W
a
t
t
h
e
p
e
a
k
w
av
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
4
5
3
n
m
f
o
r
ea
c
h
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
.
T
h
e
t
e
ch
n
i
c
al
p
a
r
am
et
e
r
s
d
e
t
ai
ls
o
f
L
E
D
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
s
e
en
f
r
o
m
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
es
s
in
g
l
e
-
l
ay
e
r
r
em
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
Y
)
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
w
ith
y
e
ll
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YA
G
:C
e
3+
as
th
e
o
n
ly
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
p
l
a
ce
d
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
L
E
D
s
ch
i
p
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
es
th
e
Y
G
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
w
ith
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
S
r
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:
E
u
2+
,
Sm
2+
a
b
o
v
e
y
e
ll
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YA
G
:C
e
3+
w
h
il
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
e
)
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
es
Y
G
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
th
a
t
h
as
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
e
r
S
r
B
a
S
iO
4
:
E
u
2+
an
d
y
e
ll
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
s
t
e
a
d
.
T
h
e
tr
i
p
l
e
-
l
ay
e
r
r
em
o
t
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
h
as
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
e
r
S
r
B
a
S
iO
4
:
E
u
2
+
w
h
i
ch
is
b
e
tw
ee
n
2
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
e
r
s
i
l
lu
s
t
r
at
e
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
f
)
.
T
h
is
r
em
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
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ct
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3
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3.
RE
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D
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SI
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Fig
u
r
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4
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R
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ig
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at
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ct
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n
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e
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ch
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n
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h
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r
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ter
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t
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e
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er
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r
m
th
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s
.
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h
e
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ct
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r
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n
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en
e
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e
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e
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th
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p
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o
r
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Sr
w
F
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u
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m
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e
g
ar
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e
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h
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e
YR
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at
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o
n
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ctu
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s
at
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.
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if
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e
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a
s
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icato
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ate
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3
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m
e
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ts
:
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v
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n
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r
d
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ate.
W
ith
t
h
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th
r
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QS
h
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e
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m
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as d
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it
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m
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6
?
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ir
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if
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as
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y
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r
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v
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e
6
,
th
e
Y
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tr
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ct
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r
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e
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r
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e
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r
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n
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elp
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e
t
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e
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h
t c
o
m
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n
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n
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tr
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m
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th
e
w
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g
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n
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f
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m
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m
.
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d
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e
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ai
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e
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G
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ct
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r
e
r
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ce
s
th
e
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o
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n
t
o
f
s
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tter
ed
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h
t
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t
er
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A
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e
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n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
e
cr
ea
s
es.
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lu
e
lig
h
t
r
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s
f
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m
L
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D
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ip
s
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ily
tr
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n
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itted
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t
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e
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r
o
u
g
h
o
t
h
er
la
y
er
s
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
elp
s
b
lu
e
li
g
h
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
to
co
n
v
er
t
ef
f
icien
tl
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
YR
G
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
te
n
s
it
y
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
in
t
h
e
w
h
i
te
lig
h
t
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
r
an
g
e.
An
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
also
th
e
h
i
g
h
est.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
in
clu
d
i
n
g
C
QS
an
d
L
E
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ig
n
o
r
e
co
lo
r
co
p
p
e
r
w
h
en
it
co
m
e
s
to
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
.
Th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
p
p
er
co
lo
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
ar
ticles
s
u
c
h
as
SiO
2
,
C
a
C
O
3
,
.
.
.
o
r
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
,
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
ca
n
b
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
i
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
SrB
aSiO
4
:Eu
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
r
ed
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:E
u
2+
,
S
m
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
as
b
o
th
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
u
t
also
ad
d
ed
a
g
r
ee
n
o
r
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
s
id
e
W
L
E
Ds,
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
w
h
i
te
li
g
h
t.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
e
m
i
tted
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
ef
lectio
n
s
b
ac
k
to
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
u
itab
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
tr
an
s
f
e
r
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
la
w
'
s
la
w
i
n
E
x
p
r
ess
io
n
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
co
lo
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
m
al
ler
th
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
i
t
y
.
Her
e,
it
is
ea
s
y
to
s
ee
th
at
th
e
co
lo
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
YR
G
is
th
e
s
m
al
lest
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
w
h
ite
li
g
h
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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N:
2088
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mp
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vin
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h
e
m
o
r
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
th
e
r
e
ar
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
e
v
en
ts
.
An
d
th
e
r
esu
l
t
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Of
co
u
r
s
e,
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
t
s
,
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
n
eg
li
g
ib
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ac
h
iev
e
s
th
e
b
est
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
i
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
t
h
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
all
AC
C
T
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
A
C
C
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ev
iatio
n
(
D
-
C
C
T
)
o
f
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
AC
C
T
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
o
p
tic
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
Y,
Y
G,
YR
an
d
Y
R
G
in
t
h
e
f
i
v
e
AC
C
T
s
.
Gr
ee
n
SrB
aSiO
4
:Eu
2
+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
r
ed
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
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2+
,
S
m
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
w
er
e
v
er
i
f
ied
b
y
t
h
e
Mie
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
la
w
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
ad
d
i
n
g
g
r
ee
n
SrB
aSiO
4
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2
+
p
h
o
s
p
h
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r
ad
d
s
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
co
p
p
er
co
lo
r
an
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
YG
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ac
h
iev
e
s
b
etter
o
p
tical
f
lu
x
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
t
h
a
n
th
e
YR
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
h
en
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
ed
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:Eu
2+
,
S
m
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
Y
R
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
i
g
h
er
C
R
I
a
n
d
C
QS
th
a
n
Y
G.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
co
lo
r
s
y
ello
w
,
g
r
ee
n
an
d
r
ed
.
T
h
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
h
ich
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
3
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
ea
c
h
w
it
h
a
d
is
tin
ct
s
h
ad
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
co
lo
r
s
,
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
co
lo
r
s
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
o
u
t
o
f
all
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
o
f
YR
G
h
elp
s
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
t
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
is
th
at
t
h
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
t
h
e
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
also
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
o
th
er
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
C
R
I
i
n
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
s
li
g
h
tl
y
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
m
p
en
s
ate
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
er
C
QS,
w
h
ic
h
is
m
o
r
e
v
al
u
ab
le
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
icato
r
.
T
o
g
eth
er
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
ch
r
o
m
atic
s
tab
ilit
y
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ev
iatio
n
(
D
-
C
C
T
)
,
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
c
er
tain
l
y
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
w
i
th
b
est
o
p
tical
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
w
id
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
v
ie
w
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
ea
c
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
n
W
L
E
Ds
f
i
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
v
alu
ab
l
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
r
e
f
er
en
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
a
ctu
r
er
s
to
ap
p
l
y
i
n
W
L
E
D
s
q
u
ali
t
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
an
d
ca
n
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
as r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
X
.
L
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
Dista
n
c
e
Be
tw
e
e
n
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
L
a
y
e
r
s
o
n
O
p
ti
c
a
l
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
T
rip
le
-
L
a
y
e
r
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
8
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
T
.
T
.
T
ra
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
t
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
ED
s
w
it
h
f
lat
d
u
a
l
-
lay
e
r
re
m
o
te
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
7
-
2
5
3
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
W
.
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
lo
r
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
L
EDs
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts f
o
r
u
lt
ra
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
i
ti
o
n
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
i
a
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
7,
issu
e
9
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
5
-
3
0
7
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
Q.
R.
Ya
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
ri
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
w
it
h
d
u
a
l
-
b
l
u
e
a
c
ti
v
e
la
y
e
rs an
d
n
-
ty
p
e
A
l
Ga
N l
a
y
e
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
6
-
1
5
5
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
S
.
Jo
st,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
CIE
2
0
1
7
c
o
lo
r
f
id
e
li
ty
in
d
e
x
R
f
:
a
b
e
tt
e
r
in
d
e
x
to
p
re
d
ict
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
c
o
lo
r
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
?
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
A
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
issu
e
4
,
p
p
.
B2
0
2
-
B
2
1
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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b
e
r
2
0
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:
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[6
]
S
.
P
.
Yi
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
l
o
r
d
e
sig
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
i
n
d
e
x
w
h
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
L
ED
m
o
d
u
le,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
issu
e
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
4
5
-
4
0
5
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
]
L
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
rich
in
g
re
d
e
m
issio
n
o
f
Y
3
Al
5
O
12
:
Ce
3+
b
y
c
o
d
o
p
i
n
g
P
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3+
a
n
d
Cr
3+
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
in
g
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
o
f
w
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
issu
e
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
7
7
-
2
5
1
8
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
A
.
Da
v
id
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
h
it
e
h
e
a
d
L
.
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
IES
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
c
o
l
o
r
re
n
d
it
i
o
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
issu
e
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
8
8
-
1
5
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
H.
K.
Lee
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
lo
r
-
tu
n
a
b
le o
rg
a
n
ic l
ig
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
w
it
h
v
e
rti
c
a
ll
y
sta
c
k
e
d
b
lu
e
,
g
re
e
n
,
a
n
d
re
d
c
o
lo
rs f
o
r
li
g
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
p
lay
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
s
s
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
issu
e
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
5
1
-
1
8
3
6
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
m
e
n
ts
o
n
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
W
h
it
e
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
Eff
ic
a
c
y
o
f
Ra
d
iatio
n
V
e
rsu
s
Co
l
o
r
Re
n
d
e
rin
g
In
d
e
x
a
n
d
Co
l
o
r
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
:
Ex
a
c
t
R
e
su
lt
s
a
n
d
a
Us
e
f
u
l
A
n
a
l
y
ti
c
Ex
p
re
ss
io
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Disp
l
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
8
5
9
-
8
6
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
Y.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
c
o
lo
r
-
re
n
d
e
rin
g
in
d
e
x
o
f
a
tan
d
e
m
w
a
r
m
w
h
it
e
o
rg
a
n
ic
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
e
v
ice
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
si
m
p
le fab
rica
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
9
3
1
-
9
3
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
P
.
Zh
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(L
ED)
c
lu
ste
r
c
o
n
sistin
g
o
f
d
irec
t
-
e
m
issio
n
b
lu
e
a
n
d
re
d
L
EDs
a
n
d
a
d
ip
h
o
sp
h
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
L
ED,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
issu
e
5
5
,
p
p
.
A
6
8
4
-
A
6
9
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
C.
F
.
L
a
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
a
v
in
g
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
b
y
1
5
0
%
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
Hig
h
Co
lo
r
-
Re
n
d
e
ri
n
g
In
d
e
x
Ca
n
d
lelig
h
t
L
EDs
Co
n
tain
in
g
Co
m
p
o
site
P
h
o
to
n
ic
Cr
y
sta
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
0
-
1
9
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
K.
A
.
G
.
S
m
e
t
a
n
d
P
.
Ha
n
se
lae
r,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
ro
ss
-
re
g
io
n
a
l
d
if
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
o
n
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
it
i
o
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
issu
e
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
1
6
-
3
0
2
2
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
J.
H.
Oh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
t
c
o
l
o
r
re
n
d
e
ri
n
g
in
d
e
x
e
s
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
w
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
Op
ti
c
s
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
20
,
issu
e
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
2
7
6
-
2
0
2
8
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
T
.
T
.
T
ra
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
it
y
o
f
d
u
a
l
-
la
y
e
r
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
sc
tru
c
t
u
re
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
4
3
-
2
6
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
L
.
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
ro
m
a
ti
c
it
y
tailo
ra
b
le
g
las
s
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
i
n
d
e
x
,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
23
,
iss
u
e
15
,
p
p
.
A
1
0
2
4
-
A
1
0
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
L
.
L
.
A
.
P
rice
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
tr
o
p
y
,
c
o
lo
r,
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
A
me
ric
a
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
issu
e
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
7
-
2
5
6
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
J.
M
.
Qu
in
tero
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
m
a
p
:
a
g
r
a
p
h
ica
l
m
e
tri
c
fo
r
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
issu
e
5
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
9
-
4
9
5
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
J.
M
.
M
.
L
in
h
a
re
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
lo
r
re
n
d
e
ri
n
g
o
f
a
rt
p
a
i
n
ti
n
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
CIE
il
lu
m
in
a
n
t
s
f
o
r
n
o
rm
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
d
e
f
icie
n
t
o
b
se
rv
e
rs,”
J
o
u
rn
a
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R.
M
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W
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.
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