Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
44
96
~
4504
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
4496
-
45
04
4496
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Novel
Des
i
gn o
f Voltag
e Cont
rolled Os
cil
lator
b
y
U
sing
th
e
Meth
od of
Neg
ative R
esistanc
e
Ayoub
Ma
lki
1
, La
r
bi El
A
b
dell
ao
ui
2
,
Jam
al Z
bito
u
3
,
A.
Er
rkik
4
, A .T
aj
m
ouat
i
5
,
Mo
ha
med
La
tr
ac
h
6
1
,2,3,4,5
LMEE
T
L
abor
at
or
y
FS
T
o
f
Settat
H
assan
1
st Uni
ver
sit
y
,
M
oroc
co
6
Microwa
ve
g
ro
up
ESEO
Anger
s Franc
e
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
3
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
17
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
30
, 2
01
8
The
objecti
v
e
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
deve
lop
a
new
d
esign
of
a
volt
ag
e
cont
rol
le
d
m
ic
rowave
osci
l
la
tor
b
y
using
th
e
m
et
hod
of
neg
at
iv
e
resist
ance
in
orde
r
to
fab
ricate
VCO
with
ver
y
good
per
form
anc
e
i
n
te
rm
s
of
tuni
ng
ran
g,
phas
e
noise,
outpu
t
po
wer
and
stab
i
lit
y
.
Th
e
use
of
h
y
brid
m
ic
rowav
e
integra
te
d
ci
rcu
it
te
chno
lo
g
y
’s
(HM
IC)
o
ffe
rs
a
lot
of
a
dvant
ag
e
for
o
ur
struct
ur
e
conc
ern
ing
size,
cost,
produc
t
ivit
y
,
and
Q
factor
.
Thi
s
VCO
is
designe
d
at
[480MH
z;
1.
4GH
z]
fre
quency
for
appl
i
ca
t
ions
in
the
ph
ase
l
ocke
d
loo
p
(PLL)
for
signal
tra
cki
ng
,
FM
d
emodulat
ion
,
fre
quency
m
odula
tion,
m
obil
e
comm
unic
at
ion,
et
c
.
Th
e
diff
ere
nt
st
eps
of
studie
d
vol
ta
g
e
cont
ro
ll
e
d
oscil
lator’s
desi
gn
are
thorough
l
y
desc
r
ibe
d
.
Init
iall
y
designed
at
a
fixe
d
fre
quency
m
ea
n
while
the
use
of
a
var
actor
al
low
us
to
tune
the
fre
quency
of
the
sec
ond
des
ign.
It
has
be
en
opti
m
iz
ed
e
spec
iall
y
reg
ard
ing
tuni
ng
bandwidt
h,
pow
er,
phase
noise,
consum
pti
on
and
size
of
the
whole
ci
r
cui
t
.
The
ac
hi
eve
d
re
sults
and
propos
ed
amendm
ent
a
re
th
e
produc
t
of
the
or
e
tical
stud
y
and
pre
d
i
ct
iv
e
sim
ula
ti
on
s
with
adva
nce
d
design
sy
st
em
m
ic
rowave
design
software
.
A m
ic
ro
-
strip
V
CO wit
h
low
ph
ase
noise
base
d
on
high
gai
n
ult
ra
low
noise
RF
tra
nsistor
BF
P
740
has
bee
n
designe
d,
fab
r
ic
a
te
d,
and
cha
ra
cteri
z
ed.
T
he
VCO
del
ive
r
s
a
sinusoidal
signal
a
t
the
fre
quency
480
MH
z
with
tun
in
g
bandwidt
h
92
0
MH
z,
spe
ct
ru
m
power
of
12.
62
dBm
int
o
50
Ω
loa
d
and
phase
noise
of
-
108
dBc/
Hz
at
100
Hz
offset
.
Mea
surem
ent
result
s
and
sim
ula
ti
on
ar
e
in
g
ood
agr
e
ement.
Circ
uit
is
desig
ned
on
FR
4
su
bstrat
e
whi
ch i
ncl
udes
int
egr
ate
d
resona
tors
and passive
compon
ent
s.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Acti
ve device
Mi
cro
strip
Oscil
la
tor
Ph
ase
noise
Re
so
nat
or
Vo
lt
age
contr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ayo
ub Mal
ki,
Faculty
of S
ci
e
nces a
nd Tec
hniq
ues
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y Ha
s
san 1st
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y C
om
pl
ex
Ca
sablanca
ro
a
d, Km
3
.
5,
B
.P
:
577 S
et
ta
t, Moro
c
co
.
Em
a
il
:
ay
ou
b.m
al
ki8
8@gm
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
s
pectr
um
congesti
on
of
f
reque
ncies
in
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
fiel
d,
t
he
resea
rch
f
or
ne
w
ap
plica
ti
on
s
i
n
the
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
n
dom
ai
n
,
an
d
co
nst
raints
of
inte
gr
at
io
n
le
ad
currently
to
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
sy
stem
s.
In
reg
a
rd
t
o
these
syst
e
m
s,
os
ci
ll
at
or
s
(sim
ple
or
vo
lt
a
ge
co
ntr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
)
a
re
essenti
al
de
vices
an
d
their
de
sign
pr
e
sents
m
any
diff
ic
ulti
es
and
c
halle
ng
e
s
f
or
la
bor
at
or
ie
s
a
nd
res
earc
h
centers.
S
o
s
uc
h
syst
em
s
ca
n’
t
ben
e
fit
a
no
ti
ceable
de
ve
lop
m
ent
un
le
ss
their
pro
duct
ion
pr
ic
e
be
com
e
reasona
ble;
the
diff
ic
ulty
o
f
de
sign
i
ng
s
uch
ci
rcu
it
s
is
theref
ore
sti
ll
sp
read
in
g
due
to
the
seek
for
low
costs
.
The
s
olu
ti
on
i
s
to
de
sig
n
a
m
on
olit
hic
or
hybri
d
m
ic
ro
w
ave
inte
gr
at
e
d
ci
rcu
it
reali
zi
ng
f
ull
integra
ti
on
of
com
po
ne
nts in t
he
sam
e stru
ct
ur
e
. Th
is t
ec
hnology w
ou
l
d
al
low
the m
ass prod
uction of
t
he
se stru
ct
ur
es i
n
the
sam
e series o
f op
e
rati
ons
[1
]
-
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
Desig
n of V
oltag
e
C
on
tr
olled
Oscil
lator By
usi
ng
the Met
ho
d of
Ne
ga
ti
ve Resi
s
tan
ce
(
Ay
oub Malki
)
4497
Vo
lt
age
c
on
tr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
are
act
ually
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
a
nd
in
disp
e
ns
a
bl
e
m
od
ule
in
the
desig
n
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
e
m
pl
oying
in
m
ic
r
ow
a
ve
te
ch
no
l
og
y.
T
he
obj
e
ct
ive’s
desig
n
is
to
get
ver
y
sta
ble
ou
t
pu
t
sig
nal
con
t
ro
ll
ed
in
f
r
equ
e
ncy
with
ver
y
low
ph
as
e
no
ise
,
po
wer
m
anag
em
ent
(cons
um
ption
,
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r)
,
pull
ing
,
m
at
ching
im
ped
a
nce
a
nd
th
e
rej
ect
io
n
of
unwa
nted
fr
e
qu
ency
ba
nds
.
T
he
ro
le
of
t
he
V
CO
is
to
pro
vid
e
a
pp
roxi
m
at
e
ly
ver
y
per
fect
si
gn
a
l
to
the
ante
nna
to
av
oid
the
us
e
of
ver
y
high
gai
n
am
plifi
er
a
nd
the
use
of
filt
ers
to
bl
oc
unde
sirable
fr
e
qu
e
nc
ie
s.
Als
o
the
no
ise
ge
ner
at
e
s
into
t
he
outp
ut
sig
nal
of
t
he
VCO
is
su
sce
ptible
s
tro
ng
ly
to
de
grade
the
s
ensiti
vity
of
t
he
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
yst
e
m
.
This
no
ise
cal
le
d
phas
e
no
ise
is
distribu
te
d
a
rou
nd
the
m
ai
n
fr
e
qu
e
ncy.
I
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd
,
in
ad
diti
on
to
the
dif
ficult
y
of
VC
O
desi
gn
s
,
the
te
chnolo
gical
te
nd
e
ncy,
the
requirem
ents
of
the
re
gula
ti
on
s
an
d
th
e
sp
eed
of
de
velo
pm
ent
of
the
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
ha
ve
inc
reasin
gly
fo
rc
ed
to
fabrica
te
vo
lt
age
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
osc
il
la
t
or
with
ver
y
pr
eci
s
e
perform
ances
i
n
te
rm
of
siz
e,
con
s
um
ption
,
ph
a
se
noise
,
sta
bili
ty
and
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer.
For
that
w
e
pr
ese
nt
in
this
wor
k,
the
stud
y
an
d
co
m
ple
te
de
sign
of
a
lo
w
phas
e
no
ise
vo
lt
ag
e
con
tr
olled
osc
il
la
tor,
opera
ti
ng
at
[48
0MHz;
1.4
GH
z]
on e
poxy
FR4
with
perform
ances m
or
e b
et
te
r
t
han f
ounde
d
in
the lit
eratur
e
.
We
beg
i
n
by
presenti
ng
t
he
osc
il
la
tor
theo
ry
inclu
ding
the
fun
dam
ental
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
co
ndit
ion
s
,
the
neg
at
ive
resist
ance
str
uctur
e
s
and
the
hybri
d
integ
rated
vo
lt
age
c
ontro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
.
T
he
cho
ic
e
of
the
topolo
gy
is
then
ar
gu
e
d.
T
he
la
st
p
art
of
this
work
relat
es
to
the
desi
gn
process
up
to
the
fabrica
ti
on
a
nd
te
sti
ng
of
our
VC
O.
T
he
i
m
po
rtance
of
the
la
yout
reali
zat
ion
ste
p
is
widely
dev
el
op
e
d.
It
al
lowed
to
pr
oo
s
e
a
n
optim
iz
ed
a
nd
ori
gi
nal
arc
hitec
tur
e.
T
he
pr
e
sent
at
ion
a
nd
a
nal
ysi
s
of
th
e
ob
ta
ined
resu
lt
s
with t
he
pub
li
s
hed res
ul
ts i
n
the li
te
rat
ur
e
posit
ively
end this
w
ork
[
3]
.
2.
FI
X
ED
F
REQ
UEN
CY OS
C
ILL
ATOR
D
ESIGN
In
this
pap
e
r,
befor
e
to
de
sign
vo
lt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
with
known
t
un
i
ng
ba
ndwidt
h
w
e
pro
po
se
firstly
to
de
sig
n
an
os
c
il
la
tor
at
fi
xed
f
reque
ncy
to
acq
uire
t
he
high
perform
ance
of
our
osc
il
la
tor.
Seco
nd
ly
we
r
eplace
the
res
onat
or
of
the
fixed
fr
e
quency
os
ci
ll
at
or
by
m
od
el
of
va
ra
ct
or
based
on
diode
to
al
low us
t
o
c
ontrol the
freq
ue
ncy of t
he vo
lt
age c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
An
os
ci
ll
at
or
consi
st
gen
e
ra
ll
y
of
fo
ur
in
dep
e
ndent
pa
r
ts:
m
a
tc
hin
g
netw
ork,
act
iv
e
el
e
m
ent
(am
plifie
r)
,
re
so
na
tor
a
nd
bias
networ
k
fe
edb
ac
k
el
em
e
nt.
D
ur
in
g
the
pr
oce
dure
de
sign,
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
char
act
e
risti
c
of
the
propose
d
m
od
el
each
com
po
nen
t
m
us
t
be
analy
ze
d
sepa
ratel
y
(ch
oice
of
tra
nsi
stor,
cho
ic
e
of
po
sit
ion
in
g
of
tu
ning
el
em
ent,
bias
desig
n
an
d
t
he
arc
hitec
ture
of
the
resonat
or).
Fi
nally
the
stud
y
of
the
i
nteract
ive
be
hav
i
or
s
betwee
n
the
di
ff
ere
nt
com
ponen
ts
of
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
duri
ng
t
he
proce
dure
desi
gn b
eca
us
e
this
step all
ow
us
t
o get ve
ry
pr
ec
ise
p
er
f
or
m
ance of
our
str
uctu
re [4
].
The
t
heory
of
os
ci
ll
at
or
s
ca
n
be
fi
rstly
ap
proac
hed
by
t
he
m
od
el
ing
of
a
c
ounter
-
re
act
ed
syst
em
wh
ic
h
is
none
oth
er
t
han
t
he
transm
issi
on
appro
ac
h
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1(
a
).
A
non
-
li
near
am
plifie
r
wit
h
trans
fer
functi
on
G
is
res
ponsi
ble
f
or
s
uppl
yi
ng
the
powe
r
to
t
he
loa
d,
i
t
is
then
ass
oci
at
ed
in
the
os
c
il
la
tor
loop
with
a
sel
ect
ive
transf
e
r
functi
on
filt
er
β
(f
)
.
It
is
theref
ore
a
po
sit
iv
e
feed
ba
ck
tha
t
reinj
ec
ts
par
t
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
sig
nal a
t t
he
in
pu
t
of t
he
am
plifie
r
to
bu
il
d t
he oscil
la
ti
on
[5
]
-
[
6
]
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
1
.
Oscil
la
tor
as
(a)
fee
db
ac
k
l
oop
(
b)
neg
at
ive
r
esi
st
ance.
A
su
sta
ine
d
osc
il
la
ti
on
in
ste
ady
sta
te
,
req
ui
res
that
tw
o
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
known
as
the
Ba
rk
ha
us
e
n
crit
erion,
be
si
m
ul
ta
neo
usl
y
sat
isfie
d.
S
uc
h
a
loope
d
syst
e
m
reaches
it
s
sta
ble
os
ci
ll
at
ion
sta
te
wh
e
n
the
cl
os
ed
l
oop
tra
ns
fe
r
f
unct
io
n
is
exactl
y
equ
a
l
to
1
[7
]
.
T
his
i
m
plies
that
the
total
ph
a
se
s
hift
on
a
l
oop
t
urn
is
zero. Ma
them
at
ic
al
ly
the Bark
ha
us
e
n
c
rite
rion can
b
e
writ
te
n
as
foll
ows:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
44
96
-
4504
4498
║β
(f
0
)*
G║=1
(1
)
Φ(β(f
0
)*
G)=0
(2
)
Althou
gh
the
m
od
el
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
1
(a)
can
be
us
e
d
to
analy
ze
and
de
te
rm
ine
the
necessary
an
d
su
f
fici
ent
co
nd
it
ion
s
f
or
os
ci
ll
at
ion
,
it
is
m
or
e
jud
ic
i
ou
s
i
n
the
case
of
t
he
desig
n
of
V
CO,
to
us
e
the
m
od
el
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
1
(
b)
w
hose
analy
sis
is
per
f
or
m
ed
us
in
g
the
co
ncep
t
of
neg
at
ive
resis
ta
nce.
T
his
co
ncep
t
exp
la
in
s
that
t
he
tu
ne
d
ci
rc
ui
t,
once
it
is
s
upplied
wit
h
volt
age,
will
os
ci
ll
at
e
con
ti
nuou
sly
if
there
is
act
ive
dev
ic
e
t
o
com
pen
sat
e
the r
esi
s
ta
nce
that
ab
sorb
e
ne
rg
y.
T
he
functi
on
of
the
am
plifie
r
theref
ore has
the role
of
pro
du
ci
ng
t
he
neg
at
ive r
esi
st
ance
nec
essary
to
m
a
intai
n
th
e
os
ci
ll
at
ion
,
e
ns
uri
ng
a q
ua
nt
it
y
of
energy
e
qu
al
to
that abs
orbe
d
[8
]
.
The
e
ne
rg
y
i
n
an
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
ine
vitably
dis
sipate
d
due
t
o
the
non
-
i
deali
ty
of
the
ci
rc
uit
el
e
m
ents.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
e
ne
rg
y
m
us
t
be
us
ed
to
m
a
intai
n
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
.
This
can
be
achiev
e
d
with
the
res
ulti
ng
ne
gative
resist
ance o
f
t
r
ansisto
r
create
d
by
t
he
tra
ns
c
onduct
ance g
of
tran
sist
or.
F
or
this
stu
dy,
a
n
ultra
-
l
ow
noise
SiGe
transisto
r
f
ro
m
Infine
on,
the BFP740, w
as
c
ho
s
en
.
I
nf
i
neon
BFP
740
is
a g
ene
ral
pu
rpos
e
transisto
r
tha
t
of
fe
r
s
excell
ent
pe
rfo
rm
ance
at
hig
h
fr
e
quency.
Th
e
BFP7
40
is
house
d
i
n
a
lo
w
cost
lo
w
par
as
it
ic
3
le
ad
F
59.
Thi
s
transisto
r
is
re
com
m
end
ed
by
In
fi
ne
on
t
o
fabrica
te
low
-
no
ise
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
osc
il
la
tors
or
am
plifie
rs
and
it
delivers
outst
and
i
ng
pe
rfor
m
ance
f
or
a
wi
de
range
of
wir
el
ess
app
li
cat
ion
up
to
fr
e
qu
encies
of
12
G
Hz.
Its
transiti
on fre
quency is
giv
e
n
a
t 150 G
Hz
a
nd
it
h
as a
ultra
-
l
ow
no
ise
f
ig
ure.
At
the
sta
rt
of
an
os
ci
ll
at
or
the
noise
existi
ng
insi
de
each
el
ect
rical
com
pone
nt
m
us
t
be
e
xcite
d
to
pro
du
ce
ou
t
pu
t
sign
al
.
T
his
excit
at
ion
is
the
resu
lt
of
th
e
neg
at
ive
e
nerg
y
create
d
by
the
transist
or.
Fo
r
t
he
transisto
r
deliv
er
a
suffici
ent
am
ou
nt
of
ne
gative
e
nergy,
it
m
us
t
be
suffici
ently
unst
able
w
he
n
t
he
powe
r
so
urce
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
s
yst
e
m
.
This
instabil
it
y
is
translat
ed
by
the
m
o
du
le
of
ret
urn
loss
great
er
th
an
th
e
un
it
i
n
the
in
put
port
(|S
11
|˃
)
a
nd
the
sta
bili
ty
facto
r
le
ss
tha
n
the
un
it
(|K|˂1).
It
’s
necessa
ry
that
bo
t
h
po
rts
of
the
a
m
plifie
r
are
unsta
ble
be
cause
both
si
de
s
of
the
am
plifie
r
serv
e
a
pa
rtic
ular
pur
po
se
in
the
bu
il
t
up
of
os
ci
ll
at
ion
.
=
−
|
|
−
|
|
+
|
−
|
|
|
Ba
sed
on
the
s
cat
te
ring
par
a
m
et
ers
of
BFP
740
at
com
m
on
base
giv
e
n
by
the
m
anu
fact
ur
e
r
I
nf
i
neon
at
1
GH
z
,
we
c
an
c
on
cl
ude
th
at
the
tra
ns
ist
or
op
e
rates
at
th
e
sta
ble
a
rea.
I
n
order
to
m
ake
it
unsta
ble
w
e
ha
ve
add
e
d
a
fee
db
a
ck
el
e
m
ent.
So
by
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
of
t
hese
fee
dback
el
em
ents
par
am
et
ers
and
the
adjustm
ents
of
po
la
rizat
ion
pa
ram
et
ers
the tr
ansisto
r
is
bec
o
m
ing
unstable
.
The
stu
dy
of
th
e
act
ive
de
vice
sta
bili
ty
in
the
com
m
on
base co
nfi
gurati
on
c
an
be
disc
us
se
d
us
i
ng
the
ADS
si
m
ulati
on
sp
eci
al
ly
the
too
l
Stabfact
to
get
the
sta
bi
li
t
y
factor
k.
This
m
e
tho
d
c
on
sist
to
cha
nge
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ar
ound
t
he
f
reque
ncy
of
osc
il
la
t
ion
sit
ti
ng
in
t
he
S
-
pa
ram
et
e
rs
com
pone
nt
(start=0
.4
G
H
z
an
d
stop
=
1.4
GH
z
).
The
r
esulti
ng
k
fact
or
ve
rs
us
fr
e
que
ncy
is
sh
own
in
T
a
bl
e.1
.
Th
e
act
ive
dev
ic
e
in
a
com
m
on
base c
onfig
urat
ion
with t
he fe
edb
ac
k
el
em
ent are po
te
ntial
l
y un
sta
ble at
[48
0M
Hz;
1.4GHz]
[9
].
Table
1
.
K Fac
tor f
or T
t
e
Acti
ve Device
Frequ
en
cy
Sab
f
act:K
4
0
0
MHz
-
0
.81
7
0
0
M
Hz
-
0
.82
9
0
0
MHz
-
0
.84
1
.1GHz
-
0
.82
1
.4GHz
-
0
.79
The
bias o
f
the
transisto
r
is
prov
i
ded
b
y
a
res
ist
or
bri
dge
R
1
,
R
2
and
a
colle
ct
or
s
upply
vo
l
ta
ge
of
5v.
A
ve
ry
detai
le
d
stu
dy
is
br
ough
t
t
o
see
the
diff
e
re
nt
bias
pa
ram
et
ers
becau
se
it
play
s
a
ve
ry
i
m
po
rta
nt
r
ole
to
achieve
t
he
pe
r
form
ances
of
our
os
ci
ll
at
or
in
te
rm
of
power,
eff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
ph
a
se
noise
.
In
this
stud
y
we
trie
d
to
ha
ve
a
sta
ble
tra
ns
ist
or
operati
on
po
int
an
d
t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
powe
r
c
onsu
m
m
at
ion
beca
use
the
char
act
e
risti
cs o
f
our t
ra
ns
ist
or
dep
e
nd
direct
ly
o
n
it
s
pola
ri
zat
ion
[10
]
.
An
im
po
rtant
issue
in
the
de
sign
of
a
high
per
f
orm
ance
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
the
desig
n
of
a
high
qual
it
y
resonato
r.
As
we
ha
ve
in
dicat
ed,
the
qual
it
y
factor
has
a
sign
ific
a
nt
i
m
pact
on
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
ph
a
se
no
ise
.
It
is
the
refor
e
im
po
rtant
to
ch
oose
t
he
hi
gh
qual
it
y
resonato
r
i
n
order
to
m
eet
the
best
sp
eci
ficat
ions
.
The
ch
os
e
n
re
so
na
tor
is
a
m
ic
r
o
strip
res
onat
or
of
le
ngt
h
λ/
2.
T
he
ci
r
cuit
being
in
hy
br
id
te
ch
nolo
gy,
the
su
r
face
str
ess
is
m
uch
le
ss
t
han
with
an
i
nteg
rated
ci
rc
uit.
T
he
use
of
this
ty
pe
of
res
on
at
or
im
pro
ves
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
Desig
n of V
oltag
e
C
on
tr
olled
Oscil
lator By
usi
ng
the Met
ho
d of
Ne
ga
ti
ve Resi
s
tan
ce
(
Ay
oub Malki
)
4499
os
ci
ll
at
or
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
bette
r
than
LC
resonato
r
in
te
rm
s
of
si
ze
a
nd
noise
.
The
ai
m
is
to
ha
ve
in
du
c
ta
nc
e
and
capaci
ta
nc
e
w
her
e
one
ca
n
sto
re
e
nergy
without
los
s
a
nd
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
the
abili
t
y
to
integ
rate
with
a
var
act
or
.
T
he q
ualit
y fact
or of
this m
ic
ro
stri
p resonat
or ca
n be
de
fine
d
as
f
ollows
:
Q
=
w
0
∆
w
(4)
Q
=
2π
En
e
rg
ie
stok
ée
En
e
rg
ie
libe
rée
par
c
y
c
le
(5
)
At
fr
e
quencies
near
of
res
onance
f
reque
nc
y,
the
m
ic
ro
str
ip
li
ne
can
be
rep
la
ce
d
by
an
RLC
series
ci
rcu
it
whose val
ues
c
an be esti
m
at
e
d usin
g
t
he
f
ollow
i
ng r
el
at
io
nship
:
L
s
=
Q
R
s
w
0
(6
)
C
s
=
1
Q
R
s
w
0
(7)
R
S
the
series
resist
ance
deter
m
ined
by
the
act
ual
par
t
of
the
input
i
m
ped
ance
of
the
r
eso
nator
at
resona
nce,
W
0
is
the
pulsa
ti
on
at
res
onance
,
Ls
in
duct
anc
e
com
po
ne
nt
of
the
resonato
r
and
C
S
ca
paci
ta
nce
com
po
ne
nt
of
the
resonato
r.
To
re
du
ce
t
he
series
res
ist
anc
e
of
the
res
ona
tor
we
trie
d
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
po
ssible
to r
e
duce the
wi
dth
of m
ic
ro
strip
li
nes
. So a
m
ini
m
u
m
ch
aracte
risti
c i
m
ped
ance
chose
n
i
s 25.
The
la
st
ste
p
i
n
this
w
ork
is
to
desig
n
m
at
ching
im
ped
a
nce.
Im
ped
ance
m
at
ching
is
a
te
ch
nique
us
ed
in
el
ect
rici
ty
t
o
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
trans
fer
of
el
ect
rical
powe
r
betwee
n
a
tra
ns
m
itter
(sou
r
ce)
a
nd
an
el
ect
rical
receiver
(loa
d)
1
and
op
ti
m
ize
the
transm
iss
ion
of
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
sign
al
s
.the
the
ory
of
m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r
determ
ines
that
the
i
m
ped
anc
e
of
t
he
loa
d
m
us
t
be
t
he
co
nj
ug
at
e
c
om
plex
of
t
he
im
ped
ance
of
the
ge
ne
rator;
Now
the
whol
e
ci
rcu
it
inclu
di
ng
the
act
ive
dev
ic
e
with
it
s
po
la
rizat
io
n,
r
eso
nator
a
nd
m
at
c
hin
g
im
ped
ance
is
as in
F
ig
ur
e
2
.
Figure
2.
The
s
chem
at
ic
o
f
th
e n
e
gative
resi
sta
nce m
ic
ro
w
ave
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
Fo
r
the
sim
ulati
ng
of
the
obt
ai
ned
os
ci
ll
at
or
we
ca
n
us
e
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
ba
la
nce
us
e
d
for
no
nlinear
structu
re
w
hich
is
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
dom
ai
n
analy
sis
too
l.
The
f
r
equ
e
ncy
s
pectr
um
,
the
ste
ady
sta
te
a
nd
the
ph
a
se
no
ise
r
es
ults ar
e shown
su
cce
ssively
in
F
i
gure
3
(a
),
F
ig
ur
e
3
(
b)
a
nd
F
i
gure
3(
c
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
44
96
-
4504
4500
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
3. Sim
ulate
d
res
ult o
f f
ixed oscil
la
tor
in (
a
)
ti
m
e d
om
ai
ne
(b) fre
quency
dom
ai
ne
(c) p
hase
nois
e.
It
is
seen
from
Figure
3
(
a)
t
hat
the
wav
e
f
orm
of
the
ou
t
put
sig
nal
is
pu
rely
sinu
s
oid
al
at
1
G
Hz.
The ou
t
pu
t
power
at the
f
undam
ental
f
reque
ncy is 1
4.909 d
B
m
as sh
own
i
n
Fig
ure 3 (b). We can
also
obser
ve
that
the
power
of
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
is
ver
y
neg
li
gib
le
com
par
e
d
to
the
fun
da
m
ental
we
can
al
so
obser
ve
th
at
the
powe
r
of
t
he
har
m
on
ic
s
is
ve
ry
ne
gligible
com
par
ed
t
o
t
he
fun
dam
enta
l
on
e
.
Wh
ic
h
f
ur
t
her
im
pr
ove
s
the
distor
ti
on
of
th
e
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
I
n
the
auth
or
hand
the
phase
noi
se
pr
e
dicti
on
of
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
os
c
il
la
tor
is
117.6
dBc/Hz.
The
pro
po
s
ed
vo
lt
age
co
ntr
ol
le
d
osc
il
la
tor
pe
rfor
m
ances
w
ere
c
om
par
ed
t
o
s
om
e
existi
ng
works
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
in
te
rm
s
of
ph
ase
no
ise
, output
p
owe
r
an
d
di
st
or
ti
on
,
t
he
com
par
is
on
r
es
ults
cond
ucts
to
the
best
resu
lt
s. Ge
ner
a
ll
y, in
the li
te
ra
ture,
t
he best r
esults are a
bout
-
110dBc
/hz
fr
om
1
00 H
z
of t
he
car
rier i
n
te
r
m
o
f
ph
a
se
noise
an
d
7dBm
in
te
r
m
of
outp
ut
power.
If
we
com
par
e
the
ses
val
ues
with
reach
ed
val
ues
in
ou
r
w
or
k
(phase
noise
:
-
117.6
dBc
at
100
Hz
from
ca
rr
ie
r;
outp
ut
p
ow
e
r:
14.90
9
dBm
and
the
ha
rm
on
ic
about
-
8.42
dBm
),
we
ca
n con
cl
ud
e
that t
he pr
opos
e
d V
CO has e
xcell
ent p
e
rfo
rm
ances co
m
par
ed
to
t
he rep
or
te
d work
s
.
3.
VOLTA
GE
C
ONTROL
LE
D
O
SC
ILL
AT
OR DESI
GN
In
t
he
fo
ll
owi
ng
sect
io
n
the
desi
gn
of
vo
lt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
gi
ven
.
T
his
de
sign
exam
ple
will
u
se the
sa
m
e stru
ct
ure u
s
ed
in
the
fixe
d fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ver
s
ion
but we t
ry to r
e
place t
he
r
e
so
na
tor
b
y
varac
tor
.
The
ob
j
ect
ive
of
this
ste
p
is
the
fr
e
quen
cy
va
riat
ion
of
the
fixe
d
fr
e
quenc
y
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
This
is
al
lo
wed
wh
e
n
the
res
onat
or
pa
ram
et
ers
can
be
m
od
ifie
d,
nam
el
y
i
ts
indu
ct
ance
an
d
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce.
T
here
are
m
any
m
e
thods
,
each
has
thei
r a
dv
a
ntage
s a
nd d
isa
dva
ntages
.
An inte
gr
at
io
n of va
ricap
bas
ed on
di
od
e is
ver
y a
dequate t
o our
structu
re.
The
var
act
or
diode,
a
lso
cal
le
d
va
ricap
diode,
re
ver
se
pola
rize
d
will
hav
e
a
var
ia
ble
capaci
ta
nce
betwee
n
the
se
two
te
rm
inals.
In
orde
r
t
o
c
hoose
a
su
it
able
va
racto
r
for
t
he
desig
n,
we
hav
e
to
deci
de
on
t
he
tu
ning
ba
ndwi
dth
.
This
pa
rtic
ular
requirem
ent
is
for
a
tu
ning
ba
ndwidt
h
45
MHz/
V
ove
r
the
tu
ning
ra
ng
e
of
1
to
20V
.
To
giv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
Desig
n of V
oltag
e
C
on
tr
olled
Oscil
lator By
usi
ng
the Met
ho
d of
Ne
ga
ti
ve Resi
s
tan
ce
(
Ay
oub Malki
)
4501
us
s
om
e
m
arg
in
to
c
over
the
exter
nal
pa
ras
it
e
eff
ect
s
we
choose
a
ba
nd
width
of
50
M
Hz/V.
The
va
r
act
or
sh
oul
d
ha
ve
a
m
ini
m
u
m
of
par
asi
ti
s
m
,
so
w
e
op
t
f
or
a
SM
T
dev
ic
e
.
The
si
m
ulati
on
of
t
he
com
plete
cir
cu
it
with
the
va
ract
or
was
r
un
a
nd
re
-
r
un
f
or
eac
h
val
ue
of
the
vo
lt
age
from
1V
to
20
V.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
va
riat
ion
vo
lt
age
v
e
rs
us
fr
e
qu
e
ncy a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
a
re
giv
e
n
in
T
a
bl
e
2.
Table
2.
T
unin
g
F
re
qu
e
ncy
of V
CO
in
Funct
ion
of
Vo
lt
age
Vo
ltag
e
Frequ
en
cy
0
.5V
5
0
0
MHz
5V
7
0
0
M
Hz
10V
9
0
0
MHz
15V
1
.1GHz
20V
1
.4GHz
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS A
ND
D
IS
CUSSIO
N
Goo
d
isolat
io
n
betwee
n
com
pone
nts
as
wel
l
as
sat
isfact
ory
decoup
li
ng
betwee
n
the
D
C
ports
an
d
the
RF
li
ne
s
a
re
crit
ic
al
co
nsi
der
at
io
ns
f
or
achie
ving
a
n
RF
or
m
ic
ro
w
ave
desig
n.
T
o
a
vo
i
d
i
ntrod
ucin
g
asym
m
e
try
int
o
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
wav
e
f
or
m
s
and
to
in
du
c
e
add
i
ti
onal
phase
noise
on
the
ou
tp
ut
sign
al
,
par
ti
cula
r
at
te
nt
ion
m
us
t
be
gi
ven
t
o
the
sy
m
m
e
try
of
the
com
plete
la
yo
ut.
T
he
vo
lt
ag
e
co
ntro
ll
ed
osc
il
la
tor
was
fa
br
ic
at
ed
on
the
e
poxy
su
bst
rate
with
the
diele
ct
ric
con
sta
nt
of
4.4,
the
m
et
al
thickne
ss
of
0.0
35
m
m
,
and
heig
ht
is
1.60
m
m
;
as
h
ybrid
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
integ
rated
c
ircuit
struct
ur
e
.
All
the
ci
rcu
i
t
com
po
nen
ts
are
i
n
SMD
(Sur
face
Mou
nt
De
vic
e)
pac
kag
e
.
Figure
4
il
lustra
te
s
the
ph
ot
og
raph
of
the
com
plete
d
fab
ri
cat
ed
vo
lt
age
c
ontro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
It
occupies
a
su
r
face
of
28
*30mm
2
integrati
ng
the
pads
of
po
wer
s
upplies
.
Be
fore
the
real
iz
at
ion
of
the
c
ircuit
,
the
el
ect
rical
diagr
am
e
xtracted
f
r
om
t
he
final
la
yout,
was
si
m
ulate
d
for
the
la
st
ti
m
e
t
akin
g
i
nto
acc
ount
t
he
giv
e
n
m
ini
m
u
m
a
nd
m
axi
m
u
m
values
of
t
he
crit
ic
a
l
com
po
nent
s
(in
du
ct
a
nce, va
ractor, ca
pacit
ances)
.
Figure
4
.
P
ho
t
ogra
ph of the
fa
br
ic
at
ed
volt
age c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
osci
ll
at
or
The
fa
br
i
qu
at
e
d
volt
age
co
ntr
olled
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
char
act
erize
d
su
cce
velly
in
tim
e
do
m
ai
ne,
fr
eq
ue
ncy
do
m
ai
n
an
d
phase
no
ise
us
i
ng
Te
ktronix
DPO
7245
digi
ta
l
ph
osp
hor
os
ci
ll
os
co
pe
,
Ag
il
ent
E4
440A
P
SA
sp
ect
r
um
analy
zer
an
d
A
gilent
55
05A.
F
ig
ure
5
(b)
s
ho
ws
th
at
The
VCO
delive
rs
12.
62dbm
at
1
GH
z
,
F
ig
ure
5(
c
)
s
hows
that
phase
noise
le
vels
of
outp
ut
sig
na
l
is
-
1
0
8
dB
c/
Hz
at
100
Hz
at
an
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
1
G
Hz
a
nd
f
rom
F
ig
ur
e
5
(a
)
The
outp
ut
volt
age
has
ideal
sin
us
oi
dal
s
ha
pe
with
pe
ak
to
pea
k
vo
lt
age
s
wing
of 2.6
V.
The
m
easur
ed
and
sim
ulate
d
par
am
et
ers
of
our
vo
lt
age
co
ntr
olled
osc
il
la
tor
pr
ese
nt
a
pproxim
at
e
ly
the
sam
e
resu
lt
s
i
n
te
r
m
of
tun
in
g
ba
ndwidt
h,
fr
e
quency
and
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
an
d
s
om
e
offset
in
ph
as
e
no
ise
(9dBc)
.
T
his
offset
betwee
n
m
easur
ed
a
nd
sim
ulate
d
ph
a
se
no
ise
is
norm
al
du
e
to
t
he
fa
bri
cat
ion,
appr
ox
im
at
ion
s
ta
ken
by
A
D
S
especial
ly
phase
no
ise
,
the
qual
it
y
of
c
om
p
on
ents
a
nd
the
integ
rati
on
of
the
var
ic
a
p.
If
we
c
om
par
ed
the
obta
ine
d
res
ults
of
this
w
ork
(phase
no
ise
-
108
dB
c/
hz
,
t
un
i
ng
ba
ndwith
92
0
MHz)
with
the
publishe
d
res
ul
ts
of
s
om
e
scien
ti
fic
re
ports
on
m
ic
ro
wav
e
os
ci
ll
at
or
desig
ns
[
11
]
-
[
17]
,
w
e
ca
n
con
cl
ud
e
that
t
his
volt
age
c
on
trolle
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
h
as good r
es
ults
in
te
rm
of
tun
in
g
ba
ndwith,
phase
noise
,
good
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
a
ccur
acy
.
T
hese
resu
lt
s
we
re
the
pro
duct
of
deep
st
ud
y
of
each
pa
ram
et
er
of
the
vo
lt
age
contr
ol
le
d
osc
il
la
tor
a
nd es
pecial
ly
t
he
inte
racti
on
betwee
n
the
se
par
am
et
res.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
44
96
-
4504
4502
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
5
.
Mea
s
ur
em
ent r
es
ult of VC
O
in
(
a
)
t
i
m
e d
om
ai
ne
(b
)
freq
ue
ncy dom
ai
ne
(c)
pha
se noise.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
As
a
co
nclusi
on,
we
can
de
du
ce
th
at
we
hav
e
de
vel
oped
a
novel
str
uctu
re
ne
gativ
e
resist
ance
vo
lt
age
co
ntr
olled
os
ci
ll
at
or
a
t
480
M
Hz
with
tu
ning
ba
nd
with
92
0
MHz
.
The
fabrica
te
d
volt
age
c
ontroll
e
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
produces
sin
usoida
l
sign
al
in
fr
e
quency
range
[4
80MH
z;
1.
4GH
z
]
with
sta
rt
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
480
M
H
z
,
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
at
1GHz
e
qu
al
to
12.
62
dBm
,
phase
noise
o
f
the
outp
ut
sign
al
a
rou
nd
-
108
dBc/Hz
at
100
Hz.
This
wor
k
has
been desig
ned and
a
dju
ste
d b
y
us
in
g
a
the
oret
ic
al
ste
p
an
d
op
ti
m
iz
ation
to
ols
a
pp
li
ed
o
n ac
ti
ve
dev
ic
e,
Bi
as
ne
tworks
,
m
a
tc
hing
i
m
ped
a
nc
e
and
re
sonat
or
with
it
s
var
ic
ap,
.
T
he
com
par
at
ive
stu
dy
of
this
vo
lt
age
c
ontr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
desig
n
with
s
om
e
su
m
m
ary
of
s
om
e
sci
e
ntific
repo
rts
on
volt
age
co
ntr
olled
m
ic
ro
wa
ve osc
il
la
tor
desi
gn
s
sh
ows
that
we go
t
bette
r res
ults.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.M
El
sherbini
,
M.F
El
kord
y
,
a
nd
A.M
Go
m
aa
,
"
Design
and
Si
m
ula
ti
on
for
UH
F
O
scil
la
tor
u
sing
SAWR
wit
h
Diffe
ren
t
Sche
m
at
ic
s
,
"
Indon
esian
Journal
o
f
Elec
tric
al
and
Computer
Sc
ience
.
Vol
.
1
,
No.
2,
pp
.
294
–
29
9,
Februa
r
y
2016
.
[2]
Kengo
Kawasak
i,
T
akay
u
k
i
T
an
aka
,
and
Masa
yoshi
Aikawa
,
"
Ku
band
Secon
d
Harm
onic
N
-
Couple
d
Pus
h
-
Pus
h
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
A
rra
y
using
Microstri
p
Resonat
or,
"
2010
Pro
ce
edi
ng
s
of
the
IEE
E
MTT
-
S
on
Mic
rowave
Symposium
Digest,
Anah
ei
m,
2010,
pp.
1182
-
1
185
[3]
T.
Ohira
,
"
Rigor
ous
Q
-
fac
tor
form
ula
ti
on
for
one
-
and
two
-
port
passive
li
near
net
works
from
an
osci
ll
at
or
noise
spec
trum
vie
wpoint,
"
2005
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Circui
ts
and
Syste
ms
II:
Ex
press
Brie
fs
,
vol.
5
2
,
no.
1
2,
pp.
846
-
850
,
2017
.
[4]
D.M Poza
r,
"
Mi
cro
wave
engi
n
eering,
"
John
Wile
y
.
1989
.
[5]
Bhan
u
Shrestha
,
N.
Kim
,
"
Low
phase
noise
m
ic
rowave
osci
ll
a
t
or
using
m
ea
nder
spurline
r
esona
tor
for
X
ban
d
appl
i
ca
t
ion,
"
Ind
ian
journal
of en
gine
ering
materi
als sc
ie
n
ce
s
,
Vol
.
18
,
pp
.
381
–
38
4,
Octob
er
2011
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
Desig
n of V
oltag
e
C
on
tr
olled
Oscil
lator By
usi
ng
the Met
ho
d of
Ne
ga
ti
ve Resi
s
tan
ce
(
Ay
oub Malki
)
4503
[6]
Bhava
na
b
ena
k
a
p
rasa
d,
Sal
ah
shara
bi
,
K.
E
lga
id
,
"
RF
and
Microwa
ve
oscillat
or
design
using
p
-
HEMT
tra
nsisto
r
,
"
Inte
rnational
jou
rnal
of
sc
ie
nt
if
i
c and re
search
pu
bli
cation
,
Vol.
0
4,
No
8
,
pp
.
1
–
7
,
Augus
t
2014
.
[7]
A.
Haji
m
iri, T.
H
.
Lee,
"
The
desig
n
of
low
noise
o
scil
lator,
"
Norw
e
ll
.
1999.
[8]
K.
C
hang,
I
.
Ba
hl,
V.
Nair
.
Ed
itors
,
"
RF
and
m
ic
rowave
c
irc
u
it
and
compon
ent
design
for
wire
l
e
ss
sy
stems
,
"
Wiley
.
2002.
[9]
Achm
ad
Munir,
Endon
Bhara
t
a,
"
Self
o
scil
lating
m
ixe
r
with
die
l
ec
tr
ic
resona
tor
for
low
noise
bloc
k
appl
i
ca
t
ion,
"
TEL
KOMNIKA
te
lecomm
unic
ation c
omputing
e
l
ec
troni
c
s
and
co
ntrol
,
Vol
.
09
,
No 2, pp. 351
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[10]
Khair
un
Nisa’
Minhad,
Zaina
b
Kaz
emi,
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un
Bin
Ibne
Reaz,
Juba
y
er
Jalil,
Noorfaz
il
a
Ka
m
al
,
"
Design
of
a
Curre
nt
Starve
d
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
Based
VCO
f
or
Phase
-
Loc
ke
d
Loop
,
"
Indone
sian
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
Engi
ne
ering
,
Vol.
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9,
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67
–
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e
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ber
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[11]
R.
A.
Puce
l,
R.
Bera,
D.
Mass
e
,
"
Expe
rimen
ts
on
integra
te
d
gal
l
iu
m
-
arse
ni
de
FET
oscillators
at
X
b
and,
"
El
e
ct
ronics
le
t
ter
s
.
vol.
11
,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
2
19
-
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,
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975
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[12]
O.
Ishi
har
a
,
T
.
S
awa
no,
M.
Naka
ta
ni
,
"
Highl
y
sta
bil
ized
GaAs
FE
T
oscillat
or
usin
g
a
di
el
e
ct
ri
c
res
onat
or
fe
edback
ci
rcu
it
in
9
-
14
GH
z,
"
IE
EE t
rans
act
ion
on
mi
cro
wave
the
ory
and
technique
s
.
vol
.
28,
no
.
08
,
pp
.
8
17
-
824
,
1980
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[13]
S.
Chen,
S.
T
a
da
y
on
,
T
.
Ho
,
K.
Pande,
P.
R
i
a,
J.
Ada
ir,
M.
Ghahre
nani,
"
U
-
band
MM
IC
H
BT
DRO
.
IEEE
m
ic
rowave
and guide
d
wav
e le
t
t
ers
,
"
vol
.
04
,
no
.
02
,
pp.
50
-
52
,
1
994
.
[14]
H.Jac
obss
on,
S.
Gevorgi
an
,
M.
Mokhtari
,
C
.
H
ede
nas
,
B
.
Hans
son
,
T
.
Le
win
,
H.
Berg
,
W
.
Ra
be
,
A.
Schupp
e
n,
"
Low
phase
noi
se
low
power
IC
VCO
for
5
-
8
GH
z
wirle
ss
appl
icati
on
,
"
IE
EE
MTT
-
S
int
e
gration
microwave
sympos
ium
.
vol.
48,
no
.
12
,
pp
.
7
23
-
726
,
2
000
.
[15]
H
un
-
W
ah
Fan,
K.
-
K.
M.
Cheng,
"
New
m
et
hod
in
cha
racte
ri
zi
n
g
the
nonli
ne
ar
cur
ren
t
m
odel
o
f
MESF
E
T
usin
g
single
-
ton
e
ex
cit
at
ion
,
"
IE
EE MTT
-
S
Inte
rnationa
l
on
M
ic
rowav
e Symposium Diges
t
.
pp.
449
-
452
,
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[16]
D.Ku
y
l
ensti
en
a,
S
.
la
i,
M.B
ao,
H.
Zi
rat
h
,
"
Design
of
low
phas
e
noise
oscil
l
at
o
rs
and
wideba
nd
W
ard
VCOs
i
n
InGap
HBT
t
echnolog
y
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Mic
rowav
e
Theory
and
Te
ch
nique
s
.
vo
l.
60
,
no.
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,
pp.
34
20
-
3430
,
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[17]
Mad
ure
ira,
N.De
lt
imple
,
E.
Kerh
e
rve
,
"
Design
and
m
ea
surem
en
t
of
cl
ass E
F2
powe
r
oscil
la
to
r,
"
Ele
ct
ronics
Lett
ers
.
vol.
51
,
no
.
10
,
p
p.
05
-
14
,
2015
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
A
y
oub
Malki
w
as
born
in
Sett
at,
Morocc
o,
In
j
a
nuar
y
1988
.
He
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
m
aste
r
degr
e
e
in
ae
rona
u
ti
c
and
t
el
e
comm
unic
at
i
ons
from
Air
ro
y
a
l
scool
,
Unive
rsit
y
of
kadi
Aa
y
ad
Marr
ake
ch
,
Morocc
o.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
workin
g
towar
d
the
Ph.
D.
degr
ee
in
ph
y
sics
and
eng
ineeri
ng
scie
n
ce
s
at
Facult
y
of
Scie
n
ce
s
and
T
echnologie
s,
Set
tat,
Morocc
o
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
e
sts
inc
lude
th
e
ana
l
y
sis
and
d
esi
gn
of
h
y
brid
,
m
o
noli
thic
ac
t
ive and pa
ss
ive
m
i
cro
wave
e
lectr
oni
c ci
rcu
it
s.
La
rbi
E
l
Abdellaoui
was
born
in
Ti
flet
,
Moroc
co,
in
1961.
He
rec
ei
v
ed
the
P
h.
D.
degr
e
e
in
el
e
ct
roni
cs
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Metz
,
in
199
4,
Franc
e
.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
an
associate
Profess
or
of
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
in
Facul
t
y
of
sci
en
ce
s
and
techniqu
es,
Univer
si
t
y
Hass
an
1st,
Set
ta
t
,
Morocc
o.
H
e
is i
nvolv
e
d
in
th
e
design
of
h
y
br
i
d,
m
onoli
th
ic a
c
t
ive
and
p
assive m
ic
rowave
el
e
ctronic ci
r
cui
ts.
Jam
al
Zbi
tou
was
born
in
Fes,
Morocc
o,
in
June
1976.
He
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
Ph.D.
degr
ee
i
n
el
e
ct
roni
cs
from
Pol
y
t
ec
h
of
Na
nte
s,
the
Univ
er
sit
y
of
Nant
es,
Nante
s,
Franc
e,
in
2005.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
an
associate
Profess
or
of
El
ec
t
ronic
s
i
n
FS
T,
Univer
sit
y
Hass
an
1st,
Settat,
Mo
roc
co
and
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
Com
puti
ng
Net
works
and
t
el
e
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
i
n
LMEET
L
abo
rat
or
y
in
FS
TS.
He
is
invol
ved
in
the
design
of
h
y
brid
,
m
onolithic
a
ct
iv
e
and
passive
m
ic
rowave
e
le
c
troni
c
ci
rcu
it
s.
Ahm
ed
Err
kik
w
as
born
in
Jul
y
1
960
in
Moroc
co.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
the
Ph.D.
d
egr
e
e
in
ph
y
si
cs
from
the
Univer
si
t
y
of
Technol
og
y
Com
pie
`gne
(U
TC),
Com
pie
`g
ne,
Fran
ce.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
an
associa
t
e
Profess
or
of
ph
y
sics
in
FS
T
Univer
sit
y
Hass
an
1st,
Settat,
Moroc
co.
He
is
invol
v
ed
i
n
the
d
esign
of
h
ybrid,
m
onolithic
ac
t
ive
and
p
assive
m
ic
rowav
e elect
ron
ic
ci
r
cui
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
44
96
-
4504
4504
Abdela
l
i
T
aj
m
ouat
i
was
born
i
n,
Moroc
co,
in
1962.
He
recei
v
ed
th
e
Ph.D.
de
gre
e
in
sc
ie
nc
e
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Perp
igna
n
,
Franc
e
,
in
199
2.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
an
associa
t
e
Profess
or
of
El
ec
tron
ic
s,
the
rm
al
tr
ansfe
r
and
the
rm
od
y
n
amic
in
Facu
lty
of
scie
nc
es
an
d
te
chn
ique
s
Univ
ersity
Hass
an
1
st,
Set
ta
t
,
Moro
cc
o.
He
is
invo
lve
d
in
th
e
d
esign
of
h
y
brid
,
m
onoli
thi
c
activ
e
and
passive
m
ic
rowave
elec
tro
nic
ci
r
cu
it
s.
Moham
ed
La
trach
(IE
E
E
m
ember)
recei
v
ed
the
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
in
el
e
ct
roni
cs
from
the
Univer
si
t
y
of
Li
m
oges,
L
imoges,
Franc
e,
in
1990.
He
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
Profess
or
of
m
ic
rowave
en
gine
er
ing
with
the
Ec
o
le
Supéri
eur
e
d’Elec
tronique
de
l’Oue
st
(ESEO),
Angers,
Franc
e,
wher
e
he
is
hea
d
of
the
Radi
o
-
Freque
n
c
y
&
Microwa
v
e
rese
arc
h
group.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
include
:
d
esign
of
h
y
brid
&
m
onoli
thic
a
ct
iv
e
and
passiv
e
m
ic
rowav
e
c
i
rcu
it
s,
m
et
amat
e
ria
ls,
LH
m
ateri
al
s,
antenna
s,
rec
t
enna
s
and
th
ei
r
app
li
c
at
ions
in
wire
l
ess
com
m
unic
at
ions,
an
d
wire
le
ss
power
tra
nsm
ission
(W
PT).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.