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o
lar
izatio
n
an
d
p
ath
len
g
t
h.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
tat
is
tical
c
h
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
s
f
o
r
lan
d
m
o
b
ile
s
a
tellite
(
L
MS)
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Ne
v
er
th
e
less
,
th
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ap
p
licab
le
to
HA
P
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
e
to
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
tr
ato
s
p
h
er
ic
an
d
s
ate
llit
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
ad
o
p
t
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
L
M
S
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
y
it
f
o
r
H
A
P
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
b
ea
r
in
g
in
m
i
n
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ato
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
c
h
a
n
n
el,
s
u
ch
as
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
le
ele
v
atio
n
a
n
g
le.
W
h
il
e
s
ev
er
al
ac
ti
v
e
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
b
e
en
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
elatin
g
to
H
A
P
s
ae
r
o
n
au
tical
f
ea
t
u
r
es
s
u
c
h
as
[6
]
,
[
7]
.
I
n
[8
]
,
[
9]
a
s
tatis
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
m
a
ll
er
s
ca
le
f
ad
i
n
g
f
o
r
HA
P
s
c
h
an
n
el
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
w
as
p
r
e
s
en
ted
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
ed
2
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
r
ai
n
atte
n
u
at
io
n
e
f
f
e
cts
w
er
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
i
n
ce
th
e
y
ar
e
n
e
g
li
g
ib
le
at
s
u
c
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
4
]
h
a
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
i
c
i
m
p
air
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
s
tr
ato
s
p
h
er
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
at
Ka
b
an
d
,
th
e
a
tte
n
u
atio
n
d
u
e
to
r
ain
w
as
m
o
d
eled
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
D
L
R
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
0
]
,
[
11]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
e
m
o
d
ell
in
g
o
f
r
ain
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
an
d
d
escr
ib
es
a
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
H
A
P
s
at
K
a
-
b
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
.
W
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
H
A
P
s
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ch
an
n
el
as
a
R
alei
g
h
a
n
d
R
ici
an
f
ad
i
n
g
c
h
an
n
el
t
h
at
ca
n
s
i
m
u
l
ate
a
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
i
n
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
a
s
tati
s
tic
al
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
R
a
y
le
ig
h
an
d
R
ician
f
ad
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
els
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
cl
u
d
es
m
u
lt
ip
le
p
ath
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
,
ti
m
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
an
d
Do
p
p
ler
s
h
i
f
ts
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
th
e
H
A
P
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
li
n
k
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sect
io
n
(
2
)
d
is
cu
s
s
es
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
at
Ka
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
ain
f
al
l
r
ate
an
d
r
ain
atte
n
u
at
io
n
C
C
DF
f
o
r
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
ased
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata.
S
ec
tio
n
(
3
)
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
t
h
e
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
elli
n
g
w
h
er
e
w
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
m
o
d
ell
in
g
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
H
A
P
s
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
c
h
an
n
el.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
Sec
t
io
n
(
4
)
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
w
e
co
n
clu
d
e
th
e
p
ap
er
in
Sectio
n
(
5
)
2.
R
AIN A
T
T
E
NUA
T
I
O
N
A
T
K
A
-
B
AND
R
ain
at
ten
u
atio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
id
en
ti
f
ied
as
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
atte
n
u
atio
n
i
n
la
n
d
m
o
b
ile
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ab
o
v
e
1
0
GHz
[
1
2
]
.
R
ain
f
ad
in
g
co
n
s
tit
u
te
s
s
ig
n
al
atte
n
u
a
ti
o
n
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
s
,
clo
u
d
s
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[
1
3
]
w
h
er
e
r
ain
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
f
ad
in
g
i
m
p
air
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
ca
u
s
e
s
p
o
r
ad
ic
s
ig
n
al
atte
n
u
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
H
A
P
s
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
lin
k
o
p
er
atin
g
a
t
Ka
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
r
ain
f
ad
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
a
l
lar
g
el
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
ain
r
ate,
s
u
ch
as
(
d
r
izzle
,
s
h
o
w
er
s
,
an
d
h
ea
v
y
r
ai
n
)
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
last
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
r
ain
r
ate
an
d
r
ain
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
is
d
esira
b
le
to
h
av
e
ad
eq
u
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ain
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
lan
a
r
eliab
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
at
s
u
ch
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
is
h
as
b
e
co
m
e
v
er
y
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
h
i
g
h
r
a
in
f
all
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
r
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
an
y
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
eg
io
n
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
less
th
an
1
%
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
y
e
ar
.
T
h
is
is
u
s
u
all
y
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
i
n
ce
it
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ain
f
all
t
h
at
ca
u
s
es
a
s
ev
er
e
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
a
l.
A
l
s
o
,
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
a
h
ea
v
y
r
ai
n
r
ate
u
s
u
all
y
o
cc
u
r
s
at
0
.
0
1
%
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
is
s
u
e
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
h
en
a
n
al
y
z
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
,
0
.
0
1
% o
f
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
ti
m
e
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
esp
ec
iall
y
a
t K
a
b
an
d
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
5
-
17]
h
a
v
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
r
ain
att
en
u
at
io
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
s
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
attr
ac
ted
g
lo
b
al
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
r
ain
atten
u
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
0
.
0
1
%
r
ain
r
ate
p
er
y
ea
r
[
1
8
]
,
[
19]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
w
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
te
m
p
er
ate
r
eg
io
n
s
a
n
d
y
et,
e
s
ti
m
ated
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
.
S
ev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
0
-
23]
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
h
ig
h
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
el
w
h
en
ap
p
lied
to
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
m
o
d
el
is
o
n
l
y
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
r
ain
at
ten
u
atio
n
at
lo
w
er
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
tr
o
p
ical
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
P
ar
tic
u
lar
l
y
,
w
h
en
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
I
T
U
-
R
m
o
d
el
at
Ka
-
b
an
d
,
an
d
at
h
i
g
h
er
r
ai
n
r
ate,
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
m
o
d
el
w
as
n
o
t
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
r
ai
n
att
en
u
at
io
n
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies.
W
e
ad
o
p
ted
a
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
i
n
[
2
4
]
b
ased
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t r
e
s
u
lt
s
.
A
p
at
h
len
g
th
o
f
5
.
8
3
k
m
li
n
k
w
as
s
et
u
p
in
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
tter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
w
er
e
o
p
er
atin
g
a
t
1
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
A
t
ev
er
y
m
in
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n
t
h
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ter
r
estrial
m
o
b
ile
u
s
er
an
d
th
e
p
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o
r
m
,
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
4)
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
o
as
to
t
ak
e
co
n
s
id
er
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n
o
f
Do
p
p
l
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s
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f
ts
.
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e
t
th
e
r
ef
lecte
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ith
r
a
y
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
r
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ei
v
er
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elativ
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to
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d
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tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
g
le
i
.
T
h
e
Do
p
p
ler
s
h
i
f
t
w
it
h
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g
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lar
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r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
()
c
o
s
c
p
u
d
i
i
vv
c
(
5
)
p
v
d
en
o
te
th
e
H
A
P
s
s
p
ee
d
,
u
v
is
th
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s
p
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o
f
th
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ile
ter
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estrial
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s
er
,
c
is
th
e
s
p
ee
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o
f
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
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s
ig
n
a
l is
m
o
d
i
f
ie
d
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
1
(
)
c
o
s
(
)
n
i
c
d
i
i
i
s
t
a
t
(
6)
No
te
th
at
th
e
ter
r
estrial
-
to
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H
A
P
lin
k
h
as
li
ttle
d
ela
y
s
p
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ea
d
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h
en
ce
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in
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
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t
t
i
m
e
-
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ased
d
is
p
er
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io
n
,
th
at
is
s
elec
ti
v
e
in
w
id
eb
an
d
s
ig
n
al
s
[
2
8
]
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
as
a
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lt
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f
Do
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p
ler
s
p
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tr
u
m
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s
u
s
u
all
y
cr
it
ical
th
an
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d
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h
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n
els,
d
u
e
to
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e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
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o
th
t
h
e
H
A
P
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ter
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estrial
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s
er
.
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n
a
R
a
y
le
ig
h
f
ad
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
e
n
s
it
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
P
DF)
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
r
ec
eiv
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is
g
i
v
en
b
y
2
22
(
)
e
x
p
2
rr
fr
,
f
o
r
0
r
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tan
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ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
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d
r
d
en
o
tes th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
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g
n
al
e
n
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elo
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e.
3
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2
.
Rice
F
a
din
g
Cha
nn
el
R
ice
f
ad
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n
g
ar
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s
es
w
h
en
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co
m
p
o
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t
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s
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et
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er
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h
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ltip
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at
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m
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n
e
n
ts
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et
w
ee
n
t
h
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tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
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H
A
P
S,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
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g
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al
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n
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y
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s
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s
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n
i
c
d
i
i
d
c
d
i
s
t
a
t
t
k
t
(
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)
W
h
er
e
d
k
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
L
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s
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g
n
al.
Ot
h
er
f
ac
to
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s
r
e
m
ai
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s
ta
n
t
a
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
R
a
y
lei
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h
f
ad
in
g
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
P
DF
f
o
r
a
R
icia
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
s
ex
p
r
es
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ed
as
22
2
2
2
(
)
e
x
p
2
dd
o
r
k
r
k
r
f
r
I
,
f
o
r
0
r
(
9)
W
h
er
e
0
I
r
ep
r
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ts
t
h
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ze
r
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r
d
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B
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2
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k
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l
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m
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d
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ter
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estrial
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,
(
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I
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elix
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4.
RE
SU
L
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S
A
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ased
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r
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ased
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h
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g
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s
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les
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1
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u
r
e
4
s
h
o
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t
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ile
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ize
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g
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m
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g
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i
m
u
lated
Sig
n
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d
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R
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S
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m
u
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Sig
n
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Var
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s
Fig
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m
u
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g
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u
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s
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o
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t
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g
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
r
ai
n
atte
n
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n
d
s
tati
s
tical
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
H
A
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s
p
r
o
p
ag
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n
c
h
an
n
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f
o
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w
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s
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s
s
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a
tr
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p
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io
n
ar
e
p
r
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.
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h
e
atten
u
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n
d
u
e
to
r
ain
at
h
i
g
h
er
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p
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g
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en
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at
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air
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en
t
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s
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ased
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e
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er
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m
u
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lts
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t
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.
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.
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.
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ies,
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ail,
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.
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n
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d
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.
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,
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.
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o
,
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O.
A
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d
S.
K.
Sar
k
ar
,
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.
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.
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n
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o
d
els
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t
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s
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n
tr
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r
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fr
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limeter,
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d
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]
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n
,
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.
T
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ar
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,
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M.
R
.
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s
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ain
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.
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.
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,
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.
[
2
7
]
D.
W
.
Ma
to
lak
an
d
J
.
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li
k
,
"
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s
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-
th
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:
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o
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g
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l.
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,
p
p
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,
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1
.
[
2
8
]
A
.
A
r
ag
ó
n
‐
Z
a
v
ala,
J
.
L
.
C
u
e
v
as
‐
R
u
íz,
an
d
J
.
A
.
Delg
ad
o
‐
P
en
ín
,
F
r
o
n
t
Ma
tter
:
W
ile
y
On
li
n
e
L
ib
r
ar
y
,
2008.
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