Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
5
,
Octo
be
r
2020
,
pp.
4
973
~
4
981
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
5
.
pp
4
973
-
4
981
4973
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
M
odellin
g
tu
rn away int
en
tion of
i
nform
ation
t
ec
hn
ology
professi
on
als in B
anglades
h
:
a
p
ar
t
ial least
squar
es approa
ch
Md. Sh
oh
el
A
rman
1
,
R
oz
ina
Ak
te
r
2
,
Imr
an
M
ah
mu
d
3
, T
. Ram
ayah
4
1
Depa
rtment of
Software
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Daffodi
l
I
nte
rna
ti
ona
l
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Banglad
esh
2
Depa
rtment of
Business Adm
in
istra
ti
on
,
D
aff
od
il
In
te
rna
ti
on
al
Univer
sit
y
,
Ban
gla
desh
3
Depa
rtment of I
nform
at
ion
T
ec
h
nolog
y
and
Man
age
m
ent
,
Daffod
il
In
te
rna
ti
on
al
Univer
sit
y
,
Ban
gla
desh
4
School
of
Man
a
gement, Unive
rs
it
i
Sa
ins Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
6
, 2019
Re
vised
Ma
r 9
,
2020
Accepte
d
Ma
r
21
, 202
0
Despite
,
B
angla
desh
produc
es
m
an
y
IT
gr
aduate
s
each
y
e
ar
b
ut
onl
y
one
te
nth
of
total
gra
duat
es
cont
r
ibute
in
IT
develop
m
ent
sec
tor.
In
orde
r
to
kee
p
the
cont
r
ibut
ion
to
ec
onom
y
th
rough
IT
deve
l
opm
ent
,
it
is
cr
uci
a
l
for
IT
industr
y
to
kno
w
the
fa
ct
ors
th
a
t
infl
u
ence
turn
awa
y
of
I
T
gra
d
uat
es.
In
th
is
pape
r,
bui
ldi
ng
upon
role
stress
the
or
y
,
we
de
vel
op
a
r
ese
ar
c
h
m
odel
t
o
expl
ore
the
inf
l
uenc
e
of
workp
la
c
e
exh
austi
on
and
threat
of
pr
ofe
ss
iona
l
obsolesce
nc
e
(T
PO
).
Data
were
gat
her
ed
from
185
IT
profe
ss
ion
al
s
from
15
diffe
ren
t
IT
companie
s
throug
h
s
urve
y
questi
onn
ai
re
.
Th
e
struct
u
ral
equ
at
io
n
m
odel
li
ng
te
chn
ique
was
used
t
o
te
st
the
pa
ths.
The
result
s
su
ggests
that
strong
infl
uen
ce
of
TPO
on
turn
-
awa
y
intent
ions.
Result
a
lso
suggests
signifi
c
ant
role
s
of
work
over
loa
d,
famil
y
-
ca
r
eer
conf
li
c
t
and
c
ontrol
over
c
a
r
e
e
r
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
u
r
n
a
w
a
y
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
to
the
bod
y
of
w
ork
dedi
cate
d
to
hel
ping
us
bet
ter
under
stand
the
turn
aw
a
y
beha
viour
from
the
workpl
ace
exha
ustion
an
d
TPO
per
spec
ti
ves.
From
the
v
ie
wpoint
of
pra
c
ti
c
e,
thi
s
re
sea
rch
sheds
li
g
ht
on
som
e
of
th
e
ch
al
l
enge
s
tha
t
th
e
IT
indu
str
y
m
ight
face
when
m
aki
ng
strat
eg
y
and
pol
icy
to
con
trol
turn
awa
y
from
I
T
profe
ss
ion
in Bangl
ad
esh.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
ng
la
desh
Inform
at
ion
technolo
gy
(I
T
)
IT pr
of
e
ssio
nals
So
ft
war
e
co
m
pan
ie
s
Thr
eat
of
prof
e
ssion
al
ob
s
olesce
nce
Turn
-
away i
ntentions
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Im
ran
Mahm
ud
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Inform
at
ion
Te
chnolo
gy
a
nd
Ma
nag
em
ent,
Daffodil
Inter
na
ti
on
al
Uni
ver
s
it
y,
Mi
rp
ur R
d,
D
ha
ka 120
7,
Ba
ngla
des
h
.
Em
a
il
: im
ran
m
ahm
ud
@
daffodil
var
sit
y.e
du.
bd
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
Ba
ng
la
desh,
the
pro
du
ct
business
as
of
now
util
iz
es
m
or
e
tha
n
7
00
.
000
i
n
m
or
e
than
2.
00
0
IT
orga
nizat
ion
s
.
Anothe
r
re
port
reco
m
m
end
ed
that
there
we
re
956
par
t
IT
organ
iz
at
io
ns
in
the
Ba
ng
la
des
h
associat
ion
of
so
ft
war
e
a
nd
inf
or
m
at
ion
ser
vices
(B
AS
I
S),
of
w
hich
382
asserte
d
that
a
su
m
of
$5
94.73
m
illi
on
w
or
t
h
of
IT
a
nd
IT
-
e
m
po
we
re
d
ad
m
inist
rati
on
s
(
ITES
)
it
e
m
s
wer
e
se
nt
out.
On
ce
m
or
e,
as
pe
r
the
Pr
im
e
Mi
ni
ste
r'
s
ICT
un
de
rtakin
gs
guide
,
Mr.
Saj
ib
W
a
zed
Jo
y,
Ba
ngla
des
h'
s
far
es
from
the
ICT
div
isi
on
are
worth $
700 m
il
l
ion
[1
]
.
In
s
pite
of
m
akin
g
qu
ic
k
c
omm
itm
ents
to
Ba
ngla
de
sh
'
s
eco
no
m
y,
a
sign
i
ficant
is
su
e
has
been
watche
d
dece
nt
ly
hab
it
ually
a
m
on
g
data
innov
at
io
n
(
IT
)
ex
per
ts
in
la
te
ye
ar'
s
viz.
dism
is
s.
Pr
em
ise
Pr
esi
den
t
Mustafa
Ja
bba
r
decla
red
tha
t
so
li
ta
ry
8
pe
rcen
t
of
ar
ound
10
.
000
al
um
ni
in
so
ftwa
re
en
gi
neer
in
g
an
d
desig
ning
(CS
E)
i
n
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
a
dd
to
progr
a
m
m
ing
a
dvan
ce
m
ent.
Th
e
product
orga
nizat
ion
s
of
Ba
ng
l
ades
h
rig
ht no
w
re
qu
ire crit
ic
al
qua
ntit
ie
s o
f IT
pr
of
essi
onal
s
[
1].
Dism
iss
i
m
pl
ies
the
IT
pro
fic
ie
nt
dese
rts
thi
s
re
gion
i
n
ord
er
to
posses
s
a
sit
uation
in
a
n
al
te
r
nate
te
rr
it
or
y,
ei
the
r
in
a
sim
i
la
r
orga
nizat
ion
or
in
a
no
t
her
,
oc
casi
on
al
ly
ex
pecti
ng
a
n
a
dm
inist
rati
ve
capaci
ty
,
now
an
d
agai
n
traveli
ng
to
a
no
t
her
c
ountry
fo
r
higher
e
xa
m
inati
on
s,
or
go
i
ng
in
for
edu
cat
in
g
or
pr
epar
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
4
973
-
4
981
4974
e
m
plo
ym
ents.
W
it
h
as
so
ci
at
ion
s
c
onfro
ntin
g
dif
f
ic
ulti
es
in
t
heir
e
ndeav
or
s
to
rec
ru
it
e
xtra
sta
ff,
IT
e
xp
e
rt
s
a
r
e
b
e
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
d
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
y
m
o
r
e
,
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
,
d
i
s
m
i
s
s
,
a
n
d
d
i
s
m
i
s
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
Pr
io
r,
sci
e
ntist
s
from
hu
m
an
asset
an
d
da
ta
fr
am
ewo
r
k
discipli
nes
fo
c
us
e
d
on
tu
r
no
ver
goal
s,
howe
ver
a
s
of
la
te
,
analy
sts
are
sta
rtin
g
t
o
m
ov
e
their
T
urn
a
way
inte
nt
ion
(T
AI).
As
a
fun
dam
ental
repor
t,
we
looke
d
th
r
ough
the
G
oo
gle
Schola
r
da
ta
base,
ho
wever
ne
glect
ed
to
disti
nguis
h
a
ny
sing
le
res
e
arch
in
Ba
ng
la
desh
th
at
con
ce
ntrate
d
on
di
sm
iss
ex
pectat
ion
s
.
In
this
way,
the
e
xp
l
or
at
i
on
an
nounce
d
here
con
ce
ntrate
d
on
the
el
em
ents
aff
ect
in
g
T
AI
and,
al
l
the
m
or
e
crit
ic
al
ly
,
the
eff
ect
of
the
dange
r
of
ex
pe
rt
out
of
date
qu
al
it
y.
Our
ex
plorat
ion
qu
e
sti
on,
in
this
way,
is:
"
Wh
at
are
the
va
riab
le
s
that
im
pact
dis
m
iss
aim
s
a
m
on
g
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
exp
erts
?
A
n
extr
a
co
m
m
i
t
m
ent
was
m
ade
by
est
i
m
at
ing
the
i
m
pact
of
the
risk
of
ex
pe
rt
ou
t
of
date qua
li
ty
o
n
T
AI
."
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
2.1.
Turn
-
awa
y
in
tent
i
on
s
In
[
2]
ex
plain
ed
t
hat
in
vestigat
ions
int
o
workpl
ace
e
xh
austio
n
m
ay
assist
HR
pro
f
essionals
in
identify
in
g
the
factors
relat
ed
to
tur
n
-
a
way
i
ntentio
ns
.
Ma
ny
see
it
as
the
init
ia
l
m
anifestat
ion
of
the
bu
rno
ut
process
[
3]
.
A
gain,
[
4]
co
ns
ider
it
m
or
e
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
to
view
cy
nicism
a
nd
c
ur
ta
il
ed
pe
rsonal
acco
m
plishm
ent
(the
othe
r
tw
o
di
m
ension
s
)
as
sy
m
pto
m
s,
a
nd
no
t
as
com
pone
nts
that
com
pr
ise
bu
r
no
ut.
As
an
e
xp
l
or
at
or
y
stud
y,
one t
hat
is cente
re
d on
m
itigati
ng
T
A
I
, w
e
foc
us
on the
dim
ension
of e
xh
a
us
ti
on.
IT
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
em
ph
asi
zed
how
ex
ha
ust
ion
causes
ou
tc
o
m
es
li
ke
turnov
e
r
(e.
g.
,
[
5,
6]
)
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
t
i
s
o
n
l
y
r
e
c
e
n
t
l
y
t
h
a
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
T
A
I
a
n
d
i
t
s
l
i
n
k
s
w
i
t
h
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
j
o
b
[
7
]
.
In
the
li
te
ratu
re
on
bu
rno
ut,
resear
che
rs
hav
e
sta
rted
t
o
rec
ognize
t
he
nee
d
to
e
xam
ine
wo
r
k
-
relat
ed
exp
e
riences
ac
ro
ss
a
n
in
div
i
du
al
’s
caree
r
[
8]
.
Ne
ver
th
el
ess,
the
li
nk
s
be
tween
e
xh
a
ust
ion
cause
d
by
on
e
’s
career
a
nd
TA
I
ha
ve
not
be
e
n
f
ully
exp
l
or
e
d
ye
t.
This
re
s
earch
ai
m
s
to
fin
d
out
how
an
IT
pro
fessi
on
al
’s
workplace
ex
pe
riences
m
ay
l
ead
to
ex
hau
st
ion
cau
se
d
by
IT
career
e
xp
e
rience
(i.e.
,
th
e
feeli
ng
that
on
e
is
bein
g
overe
xte
nd
e
d
by
on
e
’s
IT
w
ork
ex
pe
rience
or
IT
c
areer
)
an
d
TA
I.
W
e
a
dap
t
[
5]
turno
ver
int
entio
n
m
od
el
to
the c
on
te
xt of a
n IT
professio
nal’s
career.
2.2
.
IT career e
xper
ie
nce dem
ands
Perceive
d
wor
klo
a
d
(PW)
is
of
te
n
seen
as
pr
e
dicti
ng
e
xhau
sti
on
ca
us
e
d
by
w
ork
,
es
pecial
ly
in
the
case
of
IT
pr
ofessi
on
al
s
[9]
(Rigas
20
09)
.
P
W
is
of
pa
rtic
ular
intere
st
in
the
con
te
xt
of
ITCE
.
T
his
is
because
the
w
ork
pract
ic
es
i
n
an
IT
w
ork
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
o
ften
entai
l
lon
g
work
i
ng
hours,
after
-
ho
ur
m
e
et
ing
s,
la
te
n
igh
ts
, on
-
cal
l du
ty
, a
nd
of co
ntin
ually
b
ei
ng in
a stat
e
of rus
h or crisi
s .
Anothe
r
stress
or
that
ca
n
ca
us
e
ext
rem
e
e
xh
a
us
ti
on
is
w
ork
–
fam
ily
con
flic
t
(
WFC)
[
5]
.
I
n
thei
r
stud
y,
th
ey
loo
k
at
in
di
vi
dual
s’
tim
e
in
their
IT
caree
r
t
o
lo
ok
at
care
er
–
fam
i
ly
con
f
li
ct
(CFC).
Th
e
idea
delineat
es
the
i
m
pact
of
the
c
on
ti
nue
d
a
nd
oft
-
inc
om
patible
dem
and
s
t
hat
career
a
nd
fa
m
ily
li
fe
place
on
IT
e
m
plo
ye
es.
Wh
en
we
c
onsid
er
CFC
,
we
re
cognize
the
i
de
ntific
at
ion
m
echan
ism
s
pr
es
ent
he
re,
si
nce
people
def
i
ne
them
selv
es
by
their
diff
e
ren
t
r
esp
ons
ibil
it
ie
s
in
li
fe.
These
i
nclu
de
career,
fam
il
y,
com
m
un
it
y,
ci
vic
du
ti
es
an
d
s
o
on
[10]
.
But
w
e
deal
on
ly
wit
h
caree
r
an
d
fa
m
ily.
An
in
divi
du
al
’s
ca
reer
,
we
sta
te
,
does
have
a
certai
n
degre
e
of
sig
nifican
ce.
It
ca
n
c
on
s
ti
tute
a
m
ajo
r
segm
ent
of
his
/her
li
fe
res
pons
ibil
it
ie
s,
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
sit
uatio
ns
.
Wh
e
n
on
e
’
s
caree
r
ac
qu
i
r
es
f
ur
t
her
m
ea
ning,
t
his
si
gnific
ance
is
not
sp
eci
fic
to
t
he
job
;
it
dep
e
nds
on
the
IT
ca
reer
ex
per
ie
nces.
In
ad
diti
on,
m
any
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
IT
pro
fessio
n
a
r
e
see
n
neg
at
ively
(su
c
h
as
on
-
cal
l
sta
tus).
The
se
intr
insic
press
ur
es
can
a
ff
ect
t
he
balance
betwe
en
work
/c
a
reer
a
nd
fam
i
ly
[2]
.
Dovetai
li
ng
with
our
i
nter
views,
a
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
in
th
e
stu
dy
by
[
11
]
as
serted:
“The
pace
[
of
IT]
is
ver
y
fast
wh
ic
h
can
ca
us
e
prob
le
m
s
wh
en
t
ryi
ng
to
balan
ce
ho
m
e
and
work
li
fe
.”
Th
ese
char
act
e
risti
cs
are
fou
nd
th
rou
ghou
t
the
IT
pr
ofessi
on,
an
d,
so,
we
can
sta
te
t
hat
the
confli
ct
between
the
dem
and
s
im
po
sed
by
on
e
’s h
om
e li
f
e an
d
ca
reer
ca
n
a
pp
ea
r
ac
ros
s in
div
id
uals’
ITC
E and lea
d
t
o
e
xh
a
us
ti
on.
2.3.
IT career r
eso
urces
As
a
m
ajo
r
res
ource
in
an
em
plo
ye
e’s
I
TCE
,
fairn
es
s
acq
ui
res
sign
ific
a
nc
e
in
ou
r
c
on
te
xt.
If
an
IT
e
m
plo
ye
e
belie
ves
that
the
re
is
fairn
ess
in
his/he
r
prom
otion
s
a
nd
job
r
esp
on
si
bili
ti
es
ov
e
r
the
durati
on
of
his/her
car
eer
exp
erie
nce,
then
this
crit
er
ion
m
ay
be
c
onnected
to
t
he
pro
fessio
n,
no
t
j
ust
a
sp
eci
fic
orga
nizat
ion
al
con
te
xt.
[5]
ind
ic
at
ed
th
e
im
po
rtance
of
lookin
g
beyo
nd
the
job
at
the
pro
fessi
on
since
it
con
ce
r
ns
the
t
op
ic
of
fair
ne
ss:
“pay
an
d
rew
a
rd
eq
uity
was
im
po
rta
nt
to
the
R
Ws
[roa
d
wa
rr
i
ors]
we
intervie
wed,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
as
they
com
par
e
d
their
job
an
d
ca
reer
pat
h
to
th
os
e
at
headq
uar
te
r
s”
(p.
3)
.
In
c
on
s
onance
with
Ahu
j
a
et
al
.,
we
antic
ip
at
e
that
colle
ctive
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
fair
ness
a
cro
ss
a
n
in
div
i
du
al
’s
ITCE
m
ay
negat
ively
i
m
pact
EITCE.
P
rev
i
ou
s
qual
it
at
ive
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
f
ound
that
ther
e
are
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
ineq
uiti
es
and
the
co
nce
pt
of
fairn
e
ss
in
t
he
IT
pr
of
essi
on
i
n
co
nnect
io
n
wi
th
pay,
p
rom
ot
ion
,
a
nd
w
orkloa
d
.
In
[
12]
f
ound
that
fairn
ess
a
s
reg
ar
ds
pa
y
was
an
im
po
rtant
pr
e
dictor
of
career
sat
isfa
ct
ion
.
I
n
co
nso
nan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
t
ur
n aw
ay
inte
ntio
n of info
rm
atio
n
te
ch
nolo
gy
profe
ssio
nals i
n
…
(
Md.
Shohel
Arma
n
)
4975
with
these
stu
dies,
se
ver
al
pe
op
le
in
our
f
oc
us
gro
up
inte
rv
ie
ws
rem
arked
on
ine
qu
it
ie
s
acro
ss
t
he
IT
fiel
d.
They
them
sel
v
es
ackno
wled
ge
d
that
there
ar
e
inequ
it
ie
s
in
pay
and
prom
otion
.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
one
pa
rtic
ipant
asserted t
hat “
pay/
prom
otion
ineq
uiti
es b
ase
d on
race/ge
nd
er ex
ist
(alt
hough ha
rd to se
pa
rate),”
w
hile ano
t
her
sta
te
d
that “t
he
re ar
e
d
e
finite
ly
so
m
e [s
al
ary]
inequi
ti
es.”
At
the
le
vel
of
the
job,
[
13]
ind
ic
at
e
that
the
im
pact
of
stress
on
a
w
orker’s
healt
h
dep
e
nds
on
the
de
gr
ee
of
con
t
ro
l
he/sh
e
is
able
to
exer
t
wh
il
e
c
arr
yi
ng
out
hi
s/her
j
ob
du
ti
es
(i.e.,
a
ut
onom
y).
Wh
il
e
lo
okin
g
across
on
e
’s
ITCE,
pe
rce
ptions
of
c
on
trol
ove
r
a
n
ind
ivi
du
al
’s
c
areer
m
ay
increase
the
capa
ci
ty
to
ada
pt
one
’s
be
hav
i
or
f
or
res
pondin
g
to
ne
w
c
halle
nges.
This
is
beca
use
it
giv
es
in
div
id
ual
s
opport
un
it
ie
s
to
sel
ect
po
sit
io
ns
that
ena
ble
them
to
dev
el
op
their
sk
il
ls
and
a
bili
ti
es.
“Car
eer
co
ntr
ol
r
eflect
s
the
exte
nt
to
wh
ic
h
in
div
i
dual
s
belie
ve
th
ey
can
predict
and
infl
uen
c
e
the
directi
on
of
t
heir
car
eer
s”
[14
]
.
A
res
pondent
in
a
pr
e
vious
r
esearch
stu
dy
sh
are
d,
“I
’
ve
r
ei
nv
e
nted
m
y
career
f
our
ti
m
es
at
this
c
om
pan
y,
without
eve
r
le
avin
g
I
T
a
nd
it
’s
bee
n
a
great
opport
un
it
y
that
I
don’
t
see
i
n
ot
her
in
dustri
es”
[2]
.
Co
ntr
ol
ov
er
on
e
’s
caree
r
al
so
giv
es
in
div
i
du
al
s
op
portu
ni
ti
es
to
ad
just
t
heir
w
ork
i
n
ac
corda
nce
with
their
needs,
a
bi
li
ti
es,
and
sit
uations.
This
m
igh
t
be
par
ti
cula
rly
va
li
d
for
prof
es
sion
al
s,
w
ho
a
re
oft
en
e
xpect
ed
to
i
nv
est
m
os
t
of
their
tim
e
and
energy
in
w
ork
[15]
.
I
nd
i
vidu
al
s
who
feel
th
ey
are
in
co
ntr
ol
of
t
heir
care
ers
can
decide
whe
n
and
ho
w
to
de
dicat
e
tim
e
to
their
ca
reers.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
stu
dies
hav
e
dete
ct
ed
a
ne
gative
relat
ionshi
p
be
tween
con
t
ro
l
a
nd
e
xhau
sti
on
at
th
e
le
vel
of
t
he
prof
e
ssio
n
federal
ci
vil
ser
va
nts
[
14]
;
nurs
es
.
We
propos
e
that
ind
ivi
du
al
s
in
t
he
IT
pro
fessi
on
w
ho
per
cei
ve
they
hav
e
hi
gh
e
r
le
vels
of
con
t
ro
l
over
th
ei
r
careers
will
rep
ort
lowe
r
le
vels
of
EI
TCE
.
2.4.
Thre
at of
prof
ession
al obso
l
escence
N
ex
pectedly
,
inf
or
m
at
ion
t
echnolo
gy
professi
on
al
s
(ITP
s)
-
i
nd
i
viduals
who
act
ualiz
e
crea
ti
ve
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
ch
a
ng
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
-
a
r
e
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
l
y
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
s
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
s
u
c
h
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
S
u
c
h
w
e
a
k
n
e
s
s
i
s
evide
nt
in
the
ou
t
of
date
qua
li
ty
of
their
ex
per
t
abili
ti
es
[16].
Su
c
h
out
of
date
qu
al
it
y
de
m
on
strat
es
th
e
ro
t
or
decr
ease
in
t
he
est
i
m
at
ion
of
exp
e
rt
abili
ti
es.
It
em
erg
es
w
hen
the
officeh
old
e
r'
s
capaci
ti
es,
pri
or
a
dequ
at
e
for
the
prere
quisi
te
s
of
the
cal
li
ng,
pr
ese
ntly
do
n'
t
coo
r
din
at
e
t
he
cu
rrent
wor
k
re
quest
s
an
d
exp
e
rtise
neces
sit
ie
s
because
of
ch
ang
e
s
in
the
i
n
f
or
m
at
ion
are
a.
A
gainst
am
assing
a
fter
s
om
e
tim
e,
ITP
abili
ty
is
ceas
el
essly
disinteg
rated
with
the
"capa
bili
ty
ann
ihil
at
ing
"
natu
re
of
IT.
S
ub
se
que
ntly
,
the
dr
ea
d
of
fall
in
g
behi
nd
i
n
the
in
novative
race
an
d
t
he
con
ti
nu
ous
str
ai
n
to
rem
ai
n
refreshe
d
thr
o
ugh
pro
gressi
ng
le
ar
ning
are
ext
r
a
stresso
rs
far
be
yond
ti
ght
cu
toff
tim
es
and
an
i
ntense
ou
tst
and
in
g
ta
s
k
at
hand
[
17
]
.
Desp
it
e
t
he
fa
ct
tha
t
prof
ic
ie
nt
outd
at
ed
natu
re
is
viewed
as
a
pivotal
issue
in
IT
exam
ine
,
hard
ly
any
exa
m
in
at
ion
s
ha
ve
dis
sect
e
d
su
c
h
a
ris
k
a
nd
it
s
ou
tc
ome
s.
I
n
a
ny
case,
the
rate
of
innov
at
i
ve
c
hange
a
nd
out
of
date
qu
al
i
ty
can
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
.
A
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
[
1
8
]
,
o
u
t
o
f
d
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
n
'
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
b
y
a
l
l
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
o
l
d
n
e
s
s
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
e
d
,
t
r
i
e
s
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
m
p
l
a
t
e
o
u
t
o
f
d
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
h
o
w
i
t
s
h
i
f
t
s
a
m
o
n
g
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
3.
MO
DEL DE
V
EL
OPMENT
We
sta
rted
f
rom
the
research
of
[2
]
,
w
ho
util
iz
ed
inform
at
io
n
syst
e
m
c
areer
-
relat
ed
dem
and
s
an
d
resou
rces as
pr
edict
or
s
of T
A
I.
3.1.
IT career
dem
an
ds
and e
xha
ust
io
n
In
[
2]
ad
opte
d
the
var
ia
bles
c
al
le
d
work
ove
rloa
d
(
WO)
an
d
caree
r
–
fam
ily
con
flic
t
(CF
C)
from
th
e
tur
nover
m
od
e
l
of
[
5]
.
Accor
ding
to
[
5]
Ahuj
a
et
al
.
,
w
ork
ov
e
rloa
d
is
the
per
ce
ptio
n
that
assig
ne
d
wor
k
exceed
s
an
i
ndividu
al
’s
ca
pabi
li
t
y
or
s
kill
lev
el
an
d
work
–
ho
m
e
confli
ct
is
the
pe
rceive
d
confli
ct
betwe
en
th
e
dem
and
s
of
w
ork
a
nd
fam
i
ly.
T
he
researc
h
of
[
2]
f
ound
a
sign
ific
a
nt
rela
t
ion
s
hip
betwe
en
WO
a
nd
C
FC
on
workplace
e
xh
austio
n
(
EX
).
Ba
sed on t
hat e
vid
e
nce, o
ur hy
po
the
ses a
re:
H1:
WO
is
pos
it
ively
asso
ci
at
ed wit
h
E
X of
IT pr
of
e
ssio
nals.
H2:
CFC
is
posit
ively
asso
ci
at
ed
with
E
X of IT
pro
fessio
na
ls.
3.2.
IT career r
eso
urces
an
d
ex
h
au
s
tion
The
resea
rch
of
[2]
al
so
in
ve
sti
gated
the
in
flue
nce
of
IT
career
res
ourc
es
(f
ai
r
ness
an
d
co
ntr
ol
of
career
)
on
E
X
and
ob
ta
ine
d
s
ign
ific
a
nt
resu
l
ts.
In
[
19
]
m
en
ti
on
ed
fai
rn
e
ss
(F
RN)
li
ke
pa
y
scal
e,
pr
om
otion
,
or
ot
her
re
ward
e
qu
it
y
is
a
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
f
act
or
f
or
IT
pr
of
essi
onal
s.
C
on
t
ro
l
over
on
e’s
ca
reer
(C
O
C)
al
so
pro
vid
es
in
divi
du
al
s
with
op
portu
niti
es
to
adjust
t
heir
w
ork
i
n
acc
orda
nce
with
t
heir
nee
ds
,
a
bili
ti
e
s,
a
nd
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces.
W
it
hin
the
IS
prof
e
ssio
n,
we
propose
t
hat
hi
gh
e
r
le
vels
of
fa
irne
ss
an
d
in
div
id
uals’
pe
rc
ei
ved
con
t
ro
l
of their
career
leads
to
low
e
r
le
vel of
EX. The
refo
re,
the
hypothese
s ar
e:
H3:
FRN
is
po
sit
ively
asso
ci
at
ed
with
E
X of IT
pro
fessio
na
ls.
H4:
C
OC
is
po
sit
ively
asso
ci
at
ed
with
E
X of IT
pro
fessio
na
ls.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
4
973
-
4
981
4976
3.3.
IT career
e
xhaus
tion a
nd tu
rn a
w
ay inte
n
tion
E
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
o
n
(
E
X
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
f
o
r
T
A
I
b
y
[
2
]
.
I
f
a
n
y
I
T
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
per
cei
ves
ex
ha
us
ti
on,
the
n
th
e
on
ly
so
luti
on
m
ay
be
to
chan
ge
prof
e
ssio
ns
or
s
witc
hing
to
ano
t
her
p
r
ofessi
on.
To
c
onfir
m
these r
el
at
ionshi
ps wit
hi
n our c
onte
xt, we
hypo
thesiz
e:
H5:
EX
is
posi
ti
vely
asso
ci
at
ed wit
h
T
AI of
I
T professi
on
al
s
.
3.4.
Thre
at of
prof
ession
al obso
l
escence
an
d
turn
-
awa
y
in
te
nt
ion
s
Pr
ofessi
on
al
obso
le
sce
nce
is
con
si
der
e
d
a
cru
ci
al
issue
[20]
.
The
na
ture
of
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
-
rel
at
ed
w
ork
an
d
prof
e
ssio
n
are
ra
pid
ly
c
hangin
g.
A
s
a
res
ult,
fea
r
of
fall
in
g
be
hind
i
n
the
te
ch
no
l
ogy
race
e
xer
ts
pr
essure
on
pro
f
essionals
to
ke
ep
them
sel
ves
in
li
ne
by
le
ar
ni
ng
ne
w
s
kill
s,
w
hich
pu
ts
e
xtra
pre
ssu
re
.
A
sig
ni
ficant
ne
gativ
e
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
TP
O
and
care
er
c
omm
itm
ent
[2
1]
was
identifie
d.
Fail
ur
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
and
up
date
one’s
sk
il
ls
can
qu
ic
kly
m
ake
a
pro
fessio
nal
obso
le
te
.
T
he
refor
e
,
we bel
ie
ve
a
h
i
gh
e
r
le
vel of T
PO
will
lead to
a h
i
gh
e
r
le
vel
of TAI.
He
nce:
H6:
TPO
is
posit
ively
asso
ci
at
ed
with
T
AI
of IT
prof
es
sio
na
ls.
Our
m
od
el
se
e
Fig
ur
e
1
il
lu
strat
es
the
co
nc
epts
of
ex
ha
ust
ion
,
pr
of
essi
on
al
obs
olesce
nce,
an
d
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
d
o
m
a
i
n
o
f
a
n
I
T
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
’
s
c
a
r
e
e
r
b
y
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
s
e
t
o
f
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
ro
m
[2,
21]
.
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
re
searc
h m
od
el
4.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
4.1
.
Stud
y
de
s
ign
This
ex
plorat
ion
is
a
piece
of
a
6
m
on
ths
s
tud
y.
We
reac
hed
a
fe
w
pro
gr
am
m
ing
fir
m
s
in
Dh
a
ka
,
the
capit
al
of
Ba
ng
la
desh.
T
his
exam
inati
on
put
forth
a
con
ce
ntrate
d
effor
t
re
gu
la
te
d
su
r
vey
in
gat
her
i
ng
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
Me
m
ber
s
f
or
the
pr
in
ci
ple
stud
y
wer
e
p
eo
ple
w
orkin
g
in
tho
se
pro
du
ct
firm
s.
A
su
m
of
30
0
su
r
veys
(
pr
i
nt
ed)
wer
e
ci
rcul
at
ed
a
m
on
g
t
he
m
e
m
ber
s.
An
a
ggre
gate
o
f
185
po
ll
s
wer
e
c
om
e
back
with
a reacti
on
pace
of
61.6
%
.
4.2
.
Me
asure
s
The
po
ll
co
m
pr
ise
s
of
t
wo
segm
ents.
The
m
ai
n
area
ev
oked
the
se
gm
ent
inf
or
m
at
ion
;
the
subseq
ue
nt
segm
ent
was
c
entere
d
arou
nd
thing
s
to
gaug
e
the
bu
il
ds
of
our
ex
plorat
io
n
m
od
el
.
The
su
r
ve
y
things
were
ad
j
ust
ed
f
ro
m
app
r
oved
inst
ru
m
ents.
All
thin
gs
wer
e
est
im
ated
on
a
five
-
point
Like
rt
ty
pe
scal
e.
All
thin
gs
for
WO,
C
FC,
CO
C,
FRN
an
d
E
X
wer
e
ad
justed
from
the
ex
pl
or
at
io
n
of
[
2].
Thi
ng
s
of
T
A
I
a
nd
TPO
we
re a
djust
ed
f
r
om
[
2,
21]
sep
a
ratel
y.
4.3
.
D
ata an
al
ys
is s
trate
gy
As
rec
omm
end
ed
by
[
22
,
23]
,
we
ori
gina
ll
y
trie
d
the
ordina
rine
ss
of
the
in
f
or
m
ation
util
iz
ing
by
su
r
veyi
ng
un
iva
riat
e
and
m
ulti
var
ia
te
sk
ewness
and
kurtosis
u
ti
li
zi
ng
the
pr
od
uct
acce
ssible
at
:
https:/
/webpo
wer.
ps
yc
hst
at
.o
r
g/m
od
el
s/kurtosis/
res
ults.p
hp
?
url
=
f
b9771a
d650
87
c
96
bd
c
6a
313929
f
a338
.
The
ou
tc
om
es
dem
on
strat
ed
t
hat
the
in
form
at
ion
pa
sses
d
a
ll
the
un
iva
riat
e
ordina
riness
te
st
as
the
est
im
at
ion
of
sk
e
w
ness
a
nd
kurtosis
were
inside
t
he
±
1.
Fu
rthe
r
to
t
ha
t
the
m
ulti
var
ia
te
ordinar
i
ne
ss
w
hich
is
ge
ner
al
ly
by
ta
ki
ng
a
ga
nd
e
r
at
the
M
ard
ia
'
s
m
ulti
va
riat
e
sk
e
w
ness
(β
=
6.2
83,
p<
0.0
1)
a
nd
Ma
rd
ia
'
s
m
ult
i
var
ia
te
kurtosis
(β=
66.
608,
p<
0.0
1),
in
this
wa
y
we
co
ntinu
e
d
to
util
iz
e
Sm
artPLS
w
hich
is
a
no
n
-
pa
r
a
m
et
ric
inv
est
igati
on
pro
gr
am
m
ing
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
t
ur
n aw
ay
inte
ntio
n of info
rm
atio
n
te
ch
nolo
gy
profe
ssio
nals i
n
…
(
Md.
Shohel
Arma
n
)
4977
To
exam
ine
the
exam
inati
on
m
od
el
we
util
i
zed
the
pa
rtia
l
le
ast
sq
uar
es
(
PLS)
in
vestiga
ti
on
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
S
m
a
r
t
P
L
S
3
.
0
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
[
2
4
,
25
].
F
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
w
o
-
p
h
a
s
e
e
x
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
we
trie
d
the
est
i
m
ation
m
od
el
(legit
im
acy
and
unwav
e
rin
g
qual
it
y
of
the
m
e
asur
e
s)
trai
le
d
by
an
assessm
ent
of
the
ba
sic
m
od
el
ie
;
te
sti
ng
th
e
theo
rized
relat
ion
s
hip
[
26
,
27]
.
To
te
st
t
he
i
m
po
rtance
of
the
way
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
and the l
oad
i
ngs a
bo
otstrap
pi
ng
tec
hn
i
que (
5000
r
esam
ple
s) was
util
iz
ed [2
8].
4.4
.
De
mo
gr
aphi
c inf
orm
at
i
on
Table
1
s
hows
that
out
of
185
pe
ople
,
128
(
69.
19%)
w
ere
m
al
e
and
57
(
30.81%
)
wer
e
fem
al
e.
As
far
as
a
ge
e
xten
d,
a
la
r
ge
portio
n
of
the re
sponde
nts
(
34
.05%)
we
re
m
at
ur
e
d
betwee
n
25
-
30
ye
ars,
27.
56
%
wer
e
bet
wee
n
25
-
30,
24.32%
wer
e
m
a
tured
betwee
n
36
-
40
and
26%
we
re
m
at
ur
ed
ov
e
r
40.
A
n
aggre
ga
te
of
134
(
66.
35%)
wer
e
m
at
ur
ed
bet
ween
18
-
21
ye
ars
a
nd
63
(29.0
3%)
wer
e
betwee
n
22
-
25
ye
ars
,
w
hile
the
rem
ai
nin
g10
(
4.6%)
wer
e
ov
e
r
25
ye
ars
.
W
it
h
res
pect
to,
167
(
76.
95%)
we
re
m
al
e
and
50
(
23.05
%)
we
re
fem
al
es.
Then
,
4.14%
ha
d
under
sta
nd
i
ng
of
perusin
g
on
th
e
web
pa
pers
f
or
s
hort
of
w
ha
t
on
e
ye
ar
,
53%
ha
d
unde
rstan
ding
of
one
to
tw
o
ye
ars,
33.
17%
ha
d
un
der
s
ta
nd
in
g
of
t
hree
to
f
our
ye
ars,
a
nd
9.6
7%
ha
d
unde
rsta
ndin
g of o
ver f
our
ye
ars.
Table
1.
Dem
og
ra
phic
info
rm
at
ion
Categ
o
ry
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
Gen
d
er
Male
128
6
9
.19
Fe
m
ale
57
3
0
.81
Ag
e Gr
o
u
p
25
-
30
51
2
7
.56
31
-
35
63
3
4
.05
36
-
40
45
2
4
.32
40+
26
1
4
.05
5.
RESU
LT
A
N
D
FI
N
DINGS
5.1
.
Me
asure
ment
m
odel
In
Ta
ble
2,
a
ve
rag
e
va
riance
extracte
d
(AV
E)
a
nd
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ty
(CR)
ha
ve
bee
n
acc
ounte
d
for
t
he
est
im
a
t
ion
will
be
a
de
qu
at
e
if
the
A
VE
f
or
eac
h
buil
d
is
m
or
e
no
te
w
or
t
hy
than
0.
50
a
nd
CR
is
m
or
e
no
te
worthy
t
ha
n
0.80
[
28
,
29]
.
For
this
sit
ua
ti
on
,
al
l
thi
ngs
are
sta
c
ked
e
xcep
ti
onal
ly
on
thei
r
ow
n
in
act
ive
var
ia
ble and
he
nce all
esti
m
a
tio
ns h
ave
p
al
at
able d
e
grees
of d
e
penda
bili
ty
.
Table
2.
Mea
s
ur
em
ent
m
od
el
Co
n
stru
ct
Ite
m
Load
in
g
s
CR
AVE
Career
Fa
m
ily
Co
n
f
lict
CFC
1
0
.61
0
0
.82
5
0
.54
4
CFC
2
0
.75
4
CFC
3
0
.80
6
CFC
4
0
.76
4
Co
n
trol Ov
er
Care
er
COC
2
0
.77
0
0
.80
8
0
.51
7
COC
3
0
.83
3
COC
4
0
.65
1
COC
6
0
.59
9
W
o
rkp
lace
Exh
au
stio
n
EX1
0
.74
8
0
.82
8
0
.55
0
EX2
0
.76
6
EX3
0
.83
5
EX4
0
.59
8
Fairnes
s an
d
Co
n
trol o
f
Caree
r
FRN2
0
.86
0
0
.77
2
0
.53
6
FRN3
0
.72
6
FRN5
0
.58
5
Tir
n
Aw
ay
I
n
ten
ti
o
n
TA1
0
.59
7
0
.80
9
0
.51
7
TA2
0
.67
9
TA3
0
.82
2
TA4
0
.75
8
Threat of
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al Obs
o
lescen
ce
TPO1
0
.62
7
0
.79
9
0
.50
1
TPO3
0
.79
6
TPO4
0
.76
9
TPO5
0
.62
2
W
o
rk Ov
erload
W
O1
0
.78
2
0
.75
6
0
.51
1
W
O2
0
.73
3
W
O4
0
.61
9
No
te:
COC
1
,
COC
5
,
FRN1
,
FRN4
an
d
W
O3
w
ere
d
el
et
ed
du
e to lo
w load
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
4
973
-
4
981
4978
We
te
ste
d
the
discrim
inant
validit
y
us
ing
the
heter
otrait
-
m
on
otrait
rati
o
of
co
rr
el
at
io
ns
.
I
n
[
30]
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
th
e
res
ults
are
s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
3.
I
f
the H
TMT
v
al
ue
is g
reater
than
1
[
31
]
the
n
the
re
is
a p
r
oble
m
of
d
isc
rim
inant
validit
y.
As
al
l
the
values
le
s
s
than
1
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
a
ble
3
i
nd
ic
at
in
g
that discrim
inant
va
li
dit
y
has bee
n
asce
rtai
ned
.
Table
3
.
Discri
m
inant
v
al
idit
y (HTM
T
rati
o
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
.
Caree
r
Fa
m
il
y
C
o
n
f
lict
2
.
Co
n
trol Ov
er
Ca
reer
0
.23
8
3
.
W
o
rkp
lace
Exh
au
stio
n
0
.58
6
0
.22
4
4
.
Fairnes
s an
d
Co
n
trol o
f
Caree
r
0
.29
5
0
.22
3
0
.24
9
5
.
Turn
Aw
ay
I
n
te
n
tio
n
0
.57
8
0
.19
7
0
.68
9
0
.38
1
6
.
Threat
of
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al Obs
o
lescenc
e
0
.57
0
0
.26
3
0
.40
6
0
.39
1
0
.74
2
7
.
W
o
rk
Ov
erload
0
.48
3
0
.25
6
0
.73
2
0
.47
6
0
.59
1
0
.33
4
5.2
.
Str
uct
ur
al
m
od
el
To
te
st
t
he
hypo
t
heses,
the
basic
m
od
el
w
as
assesse
d.
T
he
m
od
el
rec
om
m
end
ed
t
hat
CFC
,
WO,
FRN
an
d
CO
C
cl
arifies
32
.
9%
flu
ct
uatio
n
on
E
X.
E
X
and
our
ne
w
fa
ct
or
TP
O
cl
ari
fy
40.9
%
c
ha
nge
on
the
trustwo
rth
y
var
ia
ble
of
TAI.
If
t
her
e
sh
oul
d
arise
an
oc
c
urre
nce
of
the
or
y
te
st
resu
lt
see
T
able
4
,
in
num
ber
pro
of
was
disc
ov
e
red
t
hat
sp
ec
ul
at
ion
H1
(
WO
-
>
E
X)
,
H
2
(C
FC
-
>
E
X
)
an
d
H
4
(COC
-
>
E
X
)
wer
e
bolst
ere
d
an
d
was
uneq
uivocal
ly
huge
with
β
=
0.3
69
(p
<
0.01),
β
=
0.3
31
(p
<
0.01)
a
nd
β
=
-
0.111
(p
<
0.0
5)
ind
i
viduall
y.
The
connecti
on
bet
ween
asset
s
w
hich
im
plies
H
3
(F
R
N
-
>
E
X)
isn'
t
hu
ge.
M
ov
i
ng
furthe
r
up
to
our
m
od
el
,
as
t
o
I
T
e
xp
e
rts
di
s
m
iss
go
al
,
H
5
(
EX
-
>
T
A
I)
a
nd
H6
(T
P
O
-
>
T
AI)
bo
th
ar
e
firm
l
y
no
te
w
ort
hy
wit
h
β=
0.3
76
(
p
<
0.0
1)
a
nd
β
=
0.4
20
(
p
<
0.0
1)
.
T
her
e
wer
e
no
iss
ues
of
m
ul
ti
colli
near
it
y
as
the
VI
F
est
ee
m
s
wer
e
al
l
un
derneat
h
5
(H
ai
r
et
al
.,
2017)
.
The
f
2
values
w
hich
gauges
the
s
ub
sta
ntive
essenti
al
ness
dem
on
strat
ed
that
H
1,
H
5
a
nd
H5
with
m
e
diu
m
i
m
pact
and
H
2
a
nd
H4
with
li
ttle im
pacts.
Tabl
e
4
.
Hyp
ot
hesis test
in
g
re
su
lt
Hy
p
o
th
esis
Std
.
Beta
Std
.
Er
ror
t
-
v
alu
e
p
-
v
alu
e
f
2
VIF
LL
UL
H1
W
O
-
>
EX
0
.36
9
0
.05
9
6
.30
1
p
< .
0
0
1
0
.17
4
1
.16
6
0
.28
7
0
.47
4
H2
CFC
-
>
EX
0
.33
1
0
.06
2
5
.34
6
p
< .
0
0
1
0
.14
4
1
.13
6
0
.22
1
0
.42
6
H3
FRN
-
>
E
X
0
.00
7
0
.05
2
0
.14
0
0
.44
4
0
.00
0
1
.08
4
0
.00
0
0
.01
1
H4
COC
-
>
EX
-
0
.11
1
0
.05
8
1
.90
6
P<0
.05
0
.02
1
1
.04
0
-
0
.17
5
-
0
.00
5
H5
EX
-
> T
A
0
.37
6
0
.05
7
6
.62
2
p
< .
0
0
1
0
.22
0
1
.08
9
0
.26
8
0
.46
1
H6
TPO
-
>
TA
0
.42
0
0
.06
2
6
.78
0
p
< .
0
0
1
0
.27
4
1
.08
9
0
.32
1
0
.52
5
6.
DISCU
SSI
ON
The
exam
inatio
n
obj
ect
ive
of
this
exam
ina
ti
on
was
to
ex
plore
the
job
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
co
m
po
nen
ts
t
o
gauge
IT
ex
pe
rts'
dis
m
iss
go
al
s.
The
e
xp
l
orat
ion
m
od
el
we
ha
ve
c
reated
co
nten
de
d
that
separ
at
e
d
from
decen
cy
a
nd
com
m
and
over
pro
fessio
n,
diff
e
re
nt
f
act
or
s
a
re
s
ol
i
d
ind
ic
at
ors
for
dism
iss
go
al
s.
The
c
onse
qu
e
nc
es
of
t
he
c
urr
ent
e
xam
inati
o
n
pro
po
se
that
the
acc
om
pany
ing
th
eo
ries
H1,
H2,
H5,
a
nd
H
6
are
upheld
. H3
and
H4 are
no
t bo
lst
ere
d.
On
acc
ount
of
the
connecti
on
between
IT
vocat
ion
reques
ts,
our
theo
ries
H1
an
d
H
2
ar
e
bo
lst
e
re
d.
These
outc
om
es
are
ste
ady
with
the
exam
ina
ti
on
of
[2
]
.
Cl
early
IT
exp
e
rts
req
ui
re
so
li
d
m
ental
end
eav
or
s
t
o
li
ve
up
t
o
their
ou
tst
an
ding
ta
sk
at
ha
nd
desi
res.
I
na
bili
ty
to
giv
e
that
ex
ert
ion
im
plies
the
dism
iss
aim
w
il
l
be
high.
The
boa
r
d
s
houl
d
pr
e
pa
re
work
e
rs
re
ga
rd
i
ng
com
pelli
ng
ti
m
e
the
ex
ecuti
ves
m
et
hodo
l
og
ie
s
to
m
anag
e
these
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces.
As
re
s
pects
vocat
io
n
fam
i
ly
strife,
our
in
form
at
i
on
pro
poses
that
CFC
is
a
so
li
d
ind
ic
at
or.
We
reco
m
m
end
th
at
to
dim
inish
the
da
nger
of
wor
k
en
vir
on
m
ent
fati
gu
e
,
associat
ions
ought
to
giv
e im
po
rta
nt
le
ave to
t
he ur
ban exe
rcises
of IT
e
xp
e
rts.
W
it
h
resp
ect
to
I
T
vo
cat
ion
a
ssets,
our
sp
ec
ulati
ons
H
3
a
nd
H
4
wer
e
not
no
te
worthy
.
These
ou
tc
ome
s
are
not
reli
able
with
the
a
f
te
ref
fects
of
[2]
.
Bl
end
ed
rea
ct
ion
s
we
re
f
ound
a
bout
thes
e
two
dev
el
ops.
We
acce
pt
that
rea
so
na
ble
ness
is
avail
able
in
the
prese
nt
IT
sh
owcase
i
n
Ba
ng
la
des
h.
I
f
ther
e
sh
oul
d
arise
an
occ
urren
ce
of
COC,
we
exp
ect
that
th
e
ongo
i
ng
ex
pansi
on
of
ou
tsourci
ng
w
orks
le
ad
the
m
e
m
ber
s
to
deal
with
the
ir
p
r
of
es
sio
ns
.
Inde
pende
nt
w
ork
has
e
xp
a
nded
in
Ba
ng
la
des
h,
w
hich
propose
d
that B
an
glades
h
is
posit
ion
e
d seve
nth
am
ong 1
86 n
at
io
ns w
her
e
onli
ne occ
up
at
io
ns are
re
distr
ib
uted.
Pr
oo
f
in
reg
a
rd
s
t
o
H5
-
w
hich
was
the
connecti
on
a
m
on
g
EX
a
nd
TA
I
-
a
re
r
el
ia
ble
wi
t
h
the
exp
l
or
at
io
n
of
[
2]
and
[
5].
This
m
a
y
de
m
on
st
rate
that
w
hen
a
n
in
div
id
ual
is
dep
le
te
d
from
an
IT
vo
c
at
ion
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
t
ur
n aw
ay
inte
ntio
n of info
rm
atio
n
te
ch
nolo
gy
profe
ssio
nals i
n
…
(
Md.
Shohel
Arma
n
)
4979
S
/
H
e
m
ay
m
u
l
l
ov
e
r
with
dr
a
wal
from
the
well
sp
ri
ng
of
the
fati
gue.
Super
visors
ough
t
to
disti
nguis
h
a
nd
exp
el
t
he po
te
nt
ia
l fact
or
s t
hat i
m
pact EX
t
o decrease
the
T
AI
of
qu
al
ifie
d specia
li
sts.
Our
la
st
sp
ec
ul
at
ion
-
H6
-
in
fers
the
so
li
d
c
on
necti
on
am
on
g
TPO
a
nd
TA
I
.
A
m
or
e
sig
nificant
le
vel
of
T
PO
will
prom
pt
a
m
or
e
sign
ific
a
nt
le
ve
l
of
T
AI.
T
his
outc
om
e
is
pr
edict
able
with
the
past
a
fter
eff
ect
of
[
21
]
.
Chiefs
can
giv
e
a
ppr
opriat
e
pr
e
par
i
ng
to
t
heir
IT
exp
e
rts
to
sta
y
awar
e
of
the
pace
of
pro
gr
e
ss
in
aptit
ud
es
and i
nnovat
ion.
Keep
i
ng
up
a
certi
fied
a
nd
sta
ble
gro
up
of
IT
sta
ff
ha
s
bee
n
p
os
it
io
ne
d
on
e
of
the
m
os
t
basic
el
e
m
ents
fo
r
eff
ect
ive
worki
ng
of
any
as
so
ci
at
ion.
W
e
acce
pt
that
our
exam
inatio
n
giv
es
no
te
worth
y
hypotheti
cal
com
m
itm
ents
by
incorporati
ng
TP
O
with
th
e
m
od
el
of
[
2].
This
ex
plorat
ion
giv
es
a
fe
w
viable
ram
ific
ation
s
to
super
visors.
In
ag
gregate,
we
acce
pt
su
c
h
a
su
per
i
or
co
m
pr
ehen
sio
n
w
ould
help
m
a
nag
e
rs
in
arr
a
ng
i
ng b
et
te
r
te
ch
niques t
o i
ncr
em
ent g
oo
d resu
lt
s.
7.
IMPLI
CA
TI
ONS
Ther
e
a
re
tw
o
m
ajo
r
c
on
t
rib
ut
ion
s
by
this
st
ud
y
to
r
esearc
h
as
well
as
pract
ic
e.
Firstl
y,
it
extend
s
a
sig
nificant
const
ru
ct
at
the
j
ob
le
vel
t
o
the
process
of
tu
r
nover
a
m
on
g
IT
pro
fessio
nals,
viz
.
w
ork
exh
a
us
ti
on,
to
their
care
ers
(
EICTE)
.
T
he
s
tud
y
delineat
es
the
si
gn
ific
a
nc
e
of
E
ICTE
by
e
m
pirical
ly
t
est
ing
the
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
bet
ween
E
I
CTE
and
T
AI
and
a
li
m
it
ed
set
of
antece
de
nts
for
EICT
E.
This
stu
dy
aim
s
to
inn
ov
at
ively
e
xp
l
or
e the
dom
ai
ns
of EI
CTE
and
T
A
I,
and i
nten
ds
to
s
how
that it
is w
or
th
ap
plyi
ng the idea of
exh
a
us
ti
on at t
he job le
vel to
an IT
prof
e
ssio
nals’
ca
reer
.
Wh
e
n
we
exa
m
ine
an
IT
pr
of
essi
onal
’s
IT
CE,
a
career
pe
rsp
ect
ive
is
ne
cessary,
one
t
hat
co
n
side
rs
the
em
plo
ye
e
beyo
nd
his/her
present
sit
uation.
Si
nce
t
hes
e
facto
rs
are
im
po
rtant
f
or
I
T
resea
rc
h
relat
ed
t
o
j
obs
,
rese
arc
h
in
f
uture
s
houl
d
exam
ine
ho
w
these
fact
ors
can
be
a
ppli
ed
a
nd
tra
ns
la
te
d
into
ex
pe
rience
s
relat
ed
to
one’
s
career.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
our
stud
y,
fairn
e
ss,
as
per
cei
ve
d,
and
it
s
sign
i
ficance
f
or
in
div
i
dual
s
,
su
r
pass
a
ny
spe
ci
fic
j
ob
an
d
sp
rea
ds
acr
os
s
the
IT
pro
fess
ion
al
’s
ITCE.
This
fin
ding
is
especial
ly
rel
evan
t
since
HR
m
an
ager
s
hav
e
the
ir
lim
it
ation
s
-
t
hey
can
only
con
t
ro
l
jo
b
an
d/or
orga
nizat
ion
al
fact
or
s
.
Wh
il
e
gen
e
ral
m
oto
rs
has
em
plo
ye
d
an
ad
diti
on
al
1,500
IS
pr
of
e
ssion
al
s
in
20
13
–
2014
[
32
]
a
nd
a
gain
1,0
00
m
or
e
IT
pr
of
essi
on
a
ls
in
2014
–
20
15
[33]
,
per
ce
ptions
nee
d
to
be
ta
ke
n
into
account
f
or
t
ho
s
e
w
ho
ha
ve
new
l
y
e
m
plo
ye
d
as
well
as
the
e
xi
sti
ng
I
T
em
plo
ye
es.
T
raini
ng
pro
gr
am
s
within
t
he
fi
rm
sh
ould
e
ncour
a
ge
a
nd
al
low
m
anag
er
s
to
m
or
e
car
efu
ll
y
prepa
re
proce
dures
a
nd
outc
om
es
that
are
pe
rceived
a
s
fair.
S
uch
a
n
appr
oach m
ay
resu
lt
in
b
e
ne
fits when
a stead
y pool
of poten
ti
al
q
ualifi
ed
i
ndivid
uals is
f
orm
ed.
On
t
he
off
c
ha
nce
that
pr
iz
es
are
ap
porti
on
e
d
reasona
bl
y,
they
are
pr
ob
a
bly
goin
g
t
o
be
viable
.
It
is
the
obli
gat
ion
of
HR
di
re
ct
or
s
t
o
e
nsur
e
that
I
TPs
see
t
hat
they
a
re
re
aso
nab
ly
c
om
pen
sat
ed
.
T
hey
ought
to
vie
w
t
hem
s
el
ves
as
capa
bl
e,
sig
nificant,
and
com
m
endable
in
div
i
du
al
s
f
ro
m
the
fi
r
m
.
The
adm
inist
rator
s
sh
oul
d
m
ake
this
a
n
ordina
r
y
par
t
of
co
rre
sp
on
de
nce.
Al
so
,
IT
Ps
need
to
cease
le
ssly
c
on
t
rib
ute
thei
r
ti
m
e
,
vital
it
y,
and
ot
her
ra
re
asset
s
to
re
fr
es
h
th
ei
r
insig
ht
an
d
aptit
ud
es
t
o
gu
a
ra
ntee
they
don'
t
li
ng
er
be
hind
innov
at
ive
ad
va
nces.
S
ub
se
qu
ently
,
super
vis
or
s
sho
uld
know
how
ITPs
se
e
the
dange
r
of
outdate
d
nat
ure
an
d
wh
at
ste
ps
the
y
sh
o
uld
ta
ke
to
ta
ckle
the
is
su
e.
IT
firm
s
sh
ould
giv
e
IT
Ps
cha
nces
to
add
t
o
the
ta
r
ge
ts
of
associat
ion
w
hi
le
at
the
sa
m
e
tim
e
helping
t
hem
m
eet
their
obj
ect
ives
in
t
heir
sepa
rate
vocat
ions.
T
hu
s
,
it
i
s
essenti
al
to
co
ntribute
asset
s
to
help
dovetai
l
hierar
c
h
ic
al
destinat
io
ns
an
d
vocat
io
n
pre
requisi
te
s
of
pe
op
le
.
Thir
d,
w
hile
se
le
ct
ing
qu
al
ifie
d
a
pp
li
ca
nts,
pro
fici
ent
sel
f
-
vi
abili
ty
ou
ght
t
o
be
a
r
ule
for
enroll
m
ent
of
I
TPs.
This
is
on
the
gro
unds
that
ITPs
with
a
hig
h
le
vel
of
fea
rlessness
in
th
e
cal
li
ng
a
re
pro
ba
bly
goin
g
to
ac
t
natu
rall
y
per
s
ua
ded.
T
hey
wil
l
try
to
sta
y
side
by
si
de
of
current
t
urns
of
eve
nts
a
nd
c
apab
le
.
I
n
par
t
ic
ular,
prof
ic
ie
nt
sel
f
-
adequacy
ca
n
al
le
viate
the
in
j
uri
ous
im
pacts
of
the
ris
k
of
e
xp
e
rt
ol
dn
e
s
s.
W
it
h
a
high
le
vel
of
sel
f
-
viab
il
it
y,
the
wor
ker
w
ou
l
d
have
the
op
ti
on
to
s
upport
his/
her
ex
per
t
vo
cat
ion
reg
a
r
dless
of
the app
ro
ac
hing
risk o
f
e
xp
e
rt outdated
n
at
ure.
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ov
e
rall
,
this
stud
y
em
ph
asi
ze
s
that
tho
se
in
the
IT
pr
of
essi
on
s
houl
d
ha
ve
reali
sti
c
career
previe
ws
.
If
one
unde
rstands
the
pec
ul
ia
riti
es
of
t
he
prof
e
ssio
n,
on
e
can
pote
ntial
ly
help
c
ur
ta
il
EITCE.
U
niv
e
rsiti
es,
prof
e
ssio
nal
associat
ion
s
,
an
d
or
ga
nizat
io
ns
sh
oul
d
ta
lk
to
po
te
ntial
IT
prof
essi
onal
s
in
su
c
h
a
m
ann
er
as
to
m
ake
it
cl
ear
wh
at
the
I
T
pr
of
ess
i
on
holds f
or
them
as
far
as
resour
ces (
e.g
.
,
fair
ness
)
are
co
ncerne
d
and
w
hat
they
can
e
xpec
t from
it
inso
fa
r
as
dem
and
s a
re c
on
ce
rn
e
d (
e.g
.
, wo
r
klo
a
d).
REFERE
NCE
S
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]
Av
ai
la
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htt
p://ww
w.da
ily
-
sun.c
om
/a
rcp
r
in
t/
detail
s/207124
/
%E2%
80%98Onl
y
-
8p
c
-
of
-
CS
E
-
gra
duates
-
cont
ri
bute
-
to
-
software
dev%
E
2%80%99
-
/2017
-
02
-
21
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IS
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N
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g
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n
d
a
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n
b
u
r
n
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u
t
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n
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:
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l
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n
c
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n
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a
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l
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c
t
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j
o
b
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
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a
n
d
w
o
r
k
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v
e
r
l
o
a
d
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
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n
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,
”
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i
s
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u
a
r
t
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r
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jo
b
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d
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IT
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How
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enga
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,
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e
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m
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le
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p
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y
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T
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How
do
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m
pti
on
Value
s
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nc
e
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Purcha
se
Inte
nt
i
on
amo
ng
School
L
ea
ver
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia?
,
”
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sile
ira d
e
Ges
tã
o
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egócios,
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Mahm
ud,
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,
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To us
e
or
not
to
use
:
Modelling
end us
er
grum
bli
ng
a
s user
resista
nc
e in
pre
-
implementat
ion
stag
e
of
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er
prise
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ce
p
la
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wan,
N
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,
“
Ext
endi
ng
the
t
heor
y
of
pla
nn
e
d
beha
vior
(TPB)
to
expl
ai
n
onl
ine
game
play
i
ng
among
M
al
a
y
si
an
und
erg
r
a
duat
e
studen
ts,”
Tele
matic
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d
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J.
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M.,
and
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e
,
C.
M.,
“
W
hen
to
use
and
how
t
o
rep
ort
the
resu
lt
s
of
PLS
-
SEM,
”
European
Busin
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Re
v
ie
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ahmud,
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y
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,
and
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y
ap
al,
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“
To
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ad
or
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to
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d
:
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ng
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e
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pape
r
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ea
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ti
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Im
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ac
t
on
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s
i
t
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nte
nti
on
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ord
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Mo
delli
ng
t
ur
n aw
ay
inte
ntio
n of info
rm
atio
n
te
ch
nolo
gy
profe
ssio
nals i
n
…
(
Md.
Shohel
Arma
n
)
4981
[32]
Bom
e
y
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Na
tha
n
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ant
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ch
Expe
rts,
”
USA
Today
,
Oct.
2012.
[On
li
ne]
.
Avai
la
ble:
htt
p://ww
w.usat
oda
y
.
com/stor
y
/
m
one
y
/busine
ss
/
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-
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[33]
R
o
s
e
n
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e
r
g
,
D
.
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
m
o
t
o
r
s
o
p
e
n
s
f
o
u
r
t
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
e
n
t
e
r
t
o
d
a
y
,
”
G
M
A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
la
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
g
m
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
.
c
o
m
/
b
l
o
g
/
2
0
1
4
/
0
8
/
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
-
m
o
t
o
r
s
-
o
p
e
n
s
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
-
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
-
t
o
d
a
y
/
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Md.
Sh
ohel
Ar
man
is
a
L
ec
tur
er
and
Alum
ni
of
Depa
rtment
of
Software
En
gine
er
ing
under
Facul
t
y
of
Sci
e
nce
&
Inform
ation
Technol
og
y
in
Daffodi
l
In
t
ern
ational
Univ
ersity
,
Dhak
a,
Bangl
ad
esh.
He
is
an
ene
rge
t
ic
a
nd
foc
used
m
an
since
his
student
li
fe.
Curre
n
tly
he
is
foc
using
o
n
his
int
ere
sted
rese
arc
h
ar
ea.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
re
sts
are
Mac
hine
le
arn
ing,
da
ta
m
ini
ng,
Inte
rn
e
t
of
thi
ngs (IO
T),
C
y
ber
sec
ur
ity
a
nd
m
ana
gement
informati
on
s
y
st
em (MIS
).
Ms.
Ro
z
ina
Akte
r
is
an
As
sist
ant
Profess
or
and
rese
arc
h
coo
rdina
tor
a
t
the
Dep
art
m
ent
of
Business
Ad
m
ini
strat
ion
in
Daff
odil
Inte
rn
at
ion
a
l
Univer
sit
y
,
Ba
ngla
desh.
She
is
an
expe
rt
in
the
fi
el
d
of
Ban
king
and
Insur
a
nce
.
Ms
.
Rozi
n
a
has
seve
r
al
pu
bli
c
at
ions
in
ind
exe
d
journa
ls.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
sts a
r
e
B
anking,
fin
ance, i
nsu
ran
ce,
ec
onom
ics
,
Banki
ng
m
ode
l
&
m
et
hods.
Dr.
Imran
Ma
hmu
d
is
the
hea
d
of
the
d
epa
rt
m
ent
of
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
Inform
at
ion
Technol
og
y
a
n
d
Mana
g
ement.
Previousl
y
,
h
e
worked
as
a
se
nior
lectur
er
a
t
Gradua
te
School
of
Business
in
Univer
siti
Sa
ins
Malay
sia
.
He
c
om
ple
te
d
his
Ph
D
in
technolog
y
m
ana
gement
fr
om
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
sia
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
are
h
um
an
-
computer
int
er
ac
t
ion,
us
abi
li
t
y
t
esti
ng,
software
eng
ineeri
ng
m
ea
surem
ent
/models
and
m
ana
gement
inf
orm
at
ion
s
y
st
ems
.
Dr.
Im
ran
has
seve
ral
r
ese
ar
ch
pape
rs
on
Ente
rprise
Resourc
e
Planni
ng
and
in
form
at
ion
s
y
st
e
m
publi
shed
in
Sage
and
IE
EE.
T.
Ramay
ah,
i
s
cur
ren
tly
a
Profess
or
of
Te
chnol
og
y
Man
agem
ent
,
School
of
Mana
gement
,
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
s
ia,
Visiti
ng
Profess
or
Ki
ng
Saud
Univer
s
ity
(Kingdom
of
Saudi
Arabi
a),
Minji
ang
Unive
r
sit
y
(Ch
ina
)
,
Uni
ver
siti
Mal
a
y
sia
Sara
wak
(UN
IMA
S)
and
Adjunct
Profess
or
at
Sunw
a
y
Unive
rsit
y
,
Multi
m
e
di
a
Univer
sit
y
(MM
U)
and
Univer
si
t
i
Te
n
aga
Nasion
al
(UN
ITE
N)
,
Malay
s
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.