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ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
R
ec
e
n
tl
y
,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
p
lit
ter
f
o
r
C
b
an
d
r
an
g
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
s
ev
en
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
III
-
n
itrid
e
s
lo
tted
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
s
ilico
n
[
1
8
]
.
III
-
n
itrid
es
ar
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
f
o
r
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
its
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tab
ili
t
y
an
d
it
s
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
,
w
h
ich
m
ak
e
s
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
s
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
9
]
.
Ga
lliu
m
n
itrid
e
w
it
h
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
n
itrid
e
(
A
I
N)
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
er
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
in
te
g
r
ate
o
n
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
w
it
h
s
m
al
l
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
I
I
I
-
n
i
tr
id
e
b
ased
o
n
Y
j
u
n
ctio
n
,
MM
I
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
s
p
litt
er
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
e
ed
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Desig
n
o
f
f
r
ee
s
tan
d
i
n
g
G
aN
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
es
h
a
s
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
2
3
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
a
p
h
o
to
n
ic
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
f
o
r
m
u
lti
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
d
e
v
ices
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
is
m
ater
ial
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
4
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
to
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
n
ic
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
u
s
i
n
g
I
I
I
-
Nitr
id
es
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
w
ater
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
n
o
t
y
et
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
a
1
×
4
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
s
p
litt
er
u
s
i
n
g
g
alli
u
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
o
n
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
d
er
w
ater
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
i
s
p
r
o
p
ag
atin
g
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
litt
er
b
ased
o
n
b
ea
m
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Nu
m
er
ical
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
s
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
s
ize
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
eg
u
id
es
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
mu
lti
m
o
d
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
MM
I
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
an
ef
ficie
n
t
s
p
litt
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
e
elec
tr
ic
(
T
E
)
m
o
d
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ev
ice,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
alit
y
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
GaN
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
g
r
o
w
n
b
y
Me
talo
r
g
an
ic
C
h
e
m
ica
l
Vap
o
r
Dep
o
s
itio
n
(
MO
C
VD)
o
n
(
0
0
0
1
)
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
is
also
r
ep
o
r
te
d
.
2.
G
a
N
M
AT
E
RIA
L
S M
I
CRO
ST
RUC
T
UR
E
T
h
e
I
I
I
-
n
itrid
es
cr
y
s
tallize
i
n
to
t
w
o
cr
y
s
tallo
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
:
t
h
e
c
u
b
ic
zin
c
-
b
le
n
d
e
an
d
th
e
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
w
u
r
tzite
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
e
w
u
r
tzite
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
tu
d
ied
s
i
n
ce
it
is
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
s
tab
le
u
n
d
er
a
m
b
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
I
I
I
-
n
itrid
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
r
ee
b
i
n
ar
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
n
i
tr
id
e
(
A
lN)
,
g
al
liu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
,
an
d
in
d
i
u
m
n
itrid
e
(
I
n
N)
;
th
r
ee
ter
n
ar
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
A
l
x
Ga1
-
x
N,
I
n
x
Ga1
-
x
N,
an
d
I
n
x
A
l1
-
x
N
;
an
d
th
e
q
u
a
ter
n
a
r
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
Alx
I
n
y
Ga1
-
x
-
y
N.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
Op
to
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
i
n
ce
it
s
b
an
d
g
ap
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
6
.
2
eV
f
o
r
A
l
N
to
1
eV
f
o
r
I
n
N,
w
h
ich
co
v
er
s
t
h
e
e
n
tire
v
i
s
ib
le,
n
ea
r
u
ltra
v
io
let
a
n
d
n
ea
r
-
i
n
f
r
ar
ed
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
w
a
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
GaN
m
ate
r
ials
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tical
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
d
esig
n
ar
e
g
r
o
w
n
b
y
Me
talo
r
g
an
i
c
C
h
e
m
ical
Vap
o
r
Dep
o
s
itio
n
(
MO
C
VD)
o
n
(
0
0
0
1
)
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
A
lN
/GaN
Sh
o
r
t
P
er
io
d
Su
p
er
lattice
(
SP
S).
T
r
im
et
h
y
lalu
m
i
n
u
m
a
n
d
T
r
im
eth
y
l
g
alli
u
m
u
s
ed
a
s
alk
y
l
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
a
m
m
o
n
ia
u
s
ed
a
s
a
h
y
d
r
id
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Af
ter
th
e
clea
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
at
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
a
th
i
n
Al
N
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
er
(
1
5
0
n
m
la
y
er
t
h
ic
k
n
es
s
)
,
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
L
T
)
A
lN
is
g
r
o
w
n
at
9
5
0
°C
.
T
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ele
v
a
ted
to
1
0
4
0
°C
an
d
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
1
5
0
n
m
th
i
ck
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
HT
)
g
r
o
w
n
o
n
p
lan
e
AlN.
F
in
al
l
y
,
a
n
i
n
ter
la
y
er
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
1
0
ti
m
es
GaN
/
A
l
N
la
y
er
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
to
tal
th
ic
k
n
es
s
o
f
2
0
0
n
m
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
HT
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
GaN
h
a
s
g
r
o
w
n
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
in
ter
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
m
ai
n
l
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
t
h
e
cr
y
s
tall
in
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
la
y
er
s
,
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eit
y
,
an
d
d
is
l
o
ca
tio
n
d
en
s
it
y
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
d
e
f
ec
ts
e
x
i
s
tin
g
i
n
t
h
e
la
y
er
s
,
T
E
M
an
al
y
s
is
(
T
ec
n
ai
G2
-
2
0
)
co
n
d
u
cted
at
UM
E
T
-
C
N
R
S
(
Un
ité
Ma
tér
iau
x
et
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
)
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
w
ea
k
-
b
ea
m
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
la
y
er
s
,
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
A
lN/Ga
N
SP
S
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
er
,
an
d
GaN
to
p
lay
er
.
T
h
e
im
a
g
e
s
w
er
e
tak
e
n
alo
n
g
g
=
0
0
0
2
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
.
Fe
w
th
r
ea
d
in
g
d
is
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
GaN
la
y
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
386
6
–
3
8
7
4
3868
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
E
M
im
ag
e
o
f
Ga
N
o
n
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
it
h
A
l
N/GaN
SP
S a
s
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
e
r
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
DE
SI
G
N
AN
D
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
ASPE
CT
O
F
G
AN
-
B
ASE
D
O
P
T
I
CA
L
P
O
WE
R
SPLI
T
T
E
R
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
1
×
4
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
s
p
litt
er
u
s
in
g
r
ib
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e,
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
MM
I
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
an
d
f
o
u
r
tap
er
w
av
eg
u
id
e
s
.
T
h
e
MM
I
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
a
s
ch
o
s
e
n
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ex
ce
llen
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
ea
s
y
to
f
ab
r
icate
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tap
er
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
p
litt
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
co
n
fig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
lit
ter
.
ar
e
th
e
len
g
t
h
an
d
th
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
MM
I
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
th
e
h
ei
g
h
t
(
o
f
all
th
e
s
tr
u
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atic
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atic
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atic
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ca
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[
2
6
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:
(
1
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ased
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n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
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.
Fo
r
T
E
m
o
d
e
[
2
6
]
:
⁄
(
(
4
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T
o
d
escr
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s
elf
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m
ag
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id
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s
.
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h
is
m
e
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n
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u
s
ed
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n
a
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n
ax
iall
y
v
ar
y
in
g
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
es
[
2
5
]
,
[2
6
].
T
o
s
o
lv
e
Ma
x
w
ell
's
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
w
e
u
s
ed
f
i
n
ite
d
if
f
er
en
ce
B
P
M,
in
p
lace
o
f
p
a
r
tial
d
er
iv
ati
v
es.
I
t
is
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
all
y
i
n
te
n
s
i
v
e.
B
esid
es,
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
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asi
s
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
d
esig
n
,
B
P
M
is
al
s
o
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
in
t
h
e
m
u
lt
i
m
o
d
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Op
tiB
P
M
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
a
s
lo
w
l
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
en
v
elo
p
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tio
n
)
co
m
b
in
ed
w
i
th
Ma
tlab
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
f
ield
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ca
l
cu
latio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
i
n
ite
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
ea
m
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
(
FD
-
B
P
M)
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ch
o
s
en
s
in
ce
i
t
ca
n
au
to
m
ati
ca
ll
y
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
o
f
all
th
e
g
u
id
ed
an
d
n
o
n
-
g
u
id
ed
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
w
a
ter
o
p
tical
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
T
E
m
o
d
e
an
d
co
n
fi
n
e
th
e
li
g
h
t
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
GaN
la
y
er
,
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
co
n
d
u
cted
in
s
tag
e
s
.
First,
w
e
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
w
id
t
h
(
)
an
d
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
(
o
f
MM
I
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
o
b
tain
f
o
u
r
s
ep
ar
ate
m
o
d
e
s
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e.
T
h
en
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
tap
er
b
r
an
ch
es
a
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
MM
I
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
s
p
litt
er
.
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
Af
ter
co
m
p
u
ter
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
3
D
B
P
M
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
w
id
t
h
an
d
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
ib
w
av
eg
u
id
e,
MM
I
an
d
tap
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
d
esi
g
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
b
r
an
c
h
p
o
w
er
s
p
li
tter
at
th
e
x
-
y
p
la
n
e.
T
h
e
in
flu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
wid
th
is
al
s
o
an
al
y
ze
d
.
T
h
e
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
4
µ
m
ch
o
s
e
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
T
E
m
o
d
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
in
th
e
d
ev
i
ce
.
Fro
m
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
it
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
est
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
t
w
o
ad
j
ac
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
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u
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is
6
µ
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.
T
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
n
ee
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ed
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ig
n
i
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ca
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p
li
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g
b
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w
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n
t
h
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u
tp
u
t
w
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e
g
u
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I
t
ca
n
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e
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icate
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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8
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I
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5
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1
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y
Fig
u
r
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5
p
r
esen
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t
h
e
m
ap
o
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o
p
tical
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ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
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n
g
t
h
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ct
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r
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R
ed
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lo
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h
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le
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el
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tical
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ield
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I
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s
h
o
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s
t
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at
a
s
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g
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n
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en
t
(
r
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also
s
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h
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th
e
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tical
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s
p
lit
al
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t
eq
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=
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a
n
d
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r
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6
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3
D
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ield
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Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
p
tical
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n
ten
s
it
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f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
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n
at
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
p
lit
ter
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
ac
h
iev
e
s
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al
m
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t p
er
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atio
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d
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.
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r
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in
Fi
g
u
r
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7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Op
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f
ield
s
p
r
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ile
at
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e
o
u
tp
u
t p
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r
ts
f
o
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s
w
id
t
h
(
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b
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d
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c)
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it
h
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le
n
g
t
h
o
f
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.
(
a
)
(b)
(c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
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N:
2
0
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u
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7
s
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ield
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ter
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en
o
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r
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r
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ce
d
o
n
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at
ce
r
tain
p
er
i
o
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ic
in
ter
v
al
o
f
o
p
tical
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ie
ld
s
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r
o
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ag
atio
n
in
M
MI
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
I
n
o
r
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er
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o
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e
b
es
t
d
es
ig
n
,
GaN
t
h
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n
e
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s
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n
al
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ze
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.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
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e
o
p
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ield
s
p
r
o
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ile
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h
e
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t
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io
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s
GaN
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h
ic
k
n
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s
s
.
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n
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e
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in
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s
r
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o
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p
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h
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p
r
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p
o
s
ed
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tr
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ct
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r
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s
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p
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u
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m
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h
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t
b
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n
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e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
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t
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ic
k
n
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s
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N
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s
.
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b
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n
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f
r
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m
Fig
u
r
e
9
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
p
tic
al
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
r
elativ
el
y
s
tab
le
f
o
r
GaN
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ic
k
n
ess
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
.
5
u
p
to
4
µm
.
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h
er
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o
r
e
th
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f
er
ed
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ic
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n
e
s
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o
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h
as
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s
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s
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e
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s
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it
ted
o
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w
er
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s
0
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9
9
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Op
tical
m
o
d
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p
r
o
f
ile
at
th
e
o
u
tp
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t p
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r
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f
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r
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io
u
s
GaN
la
y
er
th
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s
: 1
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m
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1
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b
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2
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(
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2
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(
d
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e)
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f
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(
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e
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f
u
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n
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f
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n
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tan
ce
of
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h
e
p
r
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s
ed
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p
litt
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=
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.
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is
p
la
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ed
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Fi
g
u
r
e
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.
R
ed
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t
h
e
v
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e
o
f
r
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v
e
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g
p
r
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.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
R
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p
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o
u
tp
u
t p
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w
er
f
o
r
v
ar
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u
s
GaN
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e
r
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Fig
u
r
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10
.
T
h
e
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p
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g
th
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p
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s
p
litt
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at
=
0
.
4
5
µm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
386
6
–
3
8
7
4
3872
Fig
u
r
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1
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at
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o
f
0
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9
9
7
at
th
e
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tp
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t
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ts
.
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h
e
in
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n
ce
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f
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e
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lt i
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s
h
o
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n
Fig
u
r
e
11.
Ho
w
e
v
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s
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n
ce
laser
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n
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u
t
h
a
s
a
s
p
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m
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h
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n
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eter
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e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
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n
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er
tak
en
f
o
r
=
0
.
4
–
0
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5
µm
.
T
h
e
n
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r
m
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tr
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s
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itted
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9
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7
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9
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m
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tr
u
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s
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as
s
h
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Fi
g
u
r
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11.
I
t
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f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
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d
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g
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r
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v
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en
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e
m
a
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m
u
m
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v
e
o
u
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u
t
p
o
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tain
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at
=
0
.
4
5
µm
.
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h
is
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n
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is
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u
s
ed
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ter
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[1
]
H
.
Ka
u
sh
a
l
a
n
d
G
.
K
a
d
d
o
u
m
,
“
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
Op
ti
c
a
l
W
irele
ss
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
”
,
IEE
EA
c
e
ss
M
u
lt
id
isip
li
n
a
ry
,
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
8
-
1
5
4
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
M
.
Biag
i,
.
e
t
a
l
.,
“
On
Re
th
in
k
in
g
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
A
c
c
e
ss
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o
r
Un
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e
rw
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t
e
r
A
c
o
u
stic
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
s
”
,
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Oc
e
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g
,
v
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l.
4
1
,
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o
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4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
Y
.
Y
.
A
l
-
A
b
o
o
si,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Diu
r
n
a
l
V
a
riab
il
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y
o
f
Un
d
e
r
w
a
ter
Ac
o
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No
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Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
in
S
h
a
ll
o
w
W
a
t
e
r
”
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
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o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
,
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mp
u
ti
n
g
,
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e
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tro
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n
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,
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1
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
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2
1
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0
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.
[4
]
Ra
y
m
o
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d
C.
S
m
it
h
a
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d
Ka
re
n
S
.
Ba
k
e
r
,
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m
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s
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
-
1
8
4
,
1
9
8
1
.
[5
]
Y
.
C.
Ch
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
4
5
0
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n
m
G
a
N
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s
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p
s
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OFDM
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2
3
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0
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5
.
[6
]
H
.
M
.
Ou
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t
a
l
.,
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4
.
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.
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.
[7
]
P
.
T
ian
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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N
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5
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
3
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1
2
0
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
2
6
m
/5
.
5
G
b
p
s
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ir
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w
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ter
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ti
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l
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m
m
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F
DM
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u
late
d
520
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n
m
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a
s
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e
”
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c
s E
x
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re
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l.
2
5
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n
o
.
1
3
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p
p
.
1
4
7
6
0
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1
4
7
6
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Di
ff
e
re
n
t
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
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e
s
f
o
r
F
re
e
-
S
p
a
c
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
”
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l)
,
v
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l
.
1
3
,
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o.
3,
p
p
.
8
8
0
-
8
8
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
D
.
L
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
ti
m
u
late
d
E
m
issi
o
n
i
n
G
a
N
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b
a
se
d
L
a
s
e
r
Dio
d
e
s
fa
r
b
e
lo
w
th
e
T
h
re
sh
o
ld
Re
g
io
n
”
,
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
6
-
2
5
4
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
R
.
H
.
Ho
rn
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
Ga
N
-
b
a
se
d
F
li
p
-
c
h
i
p
L
EDs
w
it
h
d
iff
e
re
n
t
El
e
c
tro
d
e
P
a
tt
e
rn
s
”
,
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
S
3
,
p
p
.
A
9
4
1
-
A
9
4
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
R.
V
e
laz
q
u
e
z
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sin
g
le
C
ry
sta
ll
in
e
G
a
N
f
o
r
H
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
d
e
e
p
UV
P
h
o
t
o
d
e
tec
to
rs
”
,
A
I
P
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s 6
,
0
8
5
1
1
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
B.
B.
B.
Zak
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
An
8
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
W
a
v
e
len
g
th
M
M
I
D
e
m
u
lt
ip
lex
e
r
in
slo
t
W
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
S
tru
c
tu
re
s
”
,
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
11
,
p.
8
8
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
D.
M
a
lk
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
1
×
4
S
il
ico
n
-
a
lu
m
in
a
W
a
v
e
len
g
th
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m
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lt
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lex
e
r
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a
se
d
o
n
M
u
l
ti
m
o
d
e
I
n
terf
e
re
n
c
e
in
S
l
o
t
W
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
S
tru
c
tu
re
s
”
,
J
.
Op
t.
1
7
,
1
2
5
7
0
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
S
a
k
ti
o
to
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
S
im
p
li
f
ied
L
in
e
a
r
Co
n
f
ig
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ra
ti
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n
M
o
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o
f
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le M
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r
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ra
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g
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3
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p
.
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4
3
,
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0
1
5
[1
6
]
K.
S
.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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m
p
a
c
t
S
il
i
c
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l
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v
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ters
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ti
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se
d
on
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o
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e
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ra
n
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a
n
d
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u
lt
im
o
d
e
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terf
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re
n
c
e
”
,
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
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o
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l
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l.
6
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o
.
9
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4
5
0
2
9
1
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
N.
P
e
n
d
a
m
a
n
d
C.
P
.
V
a
rd
h
a
n
i,
“
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sig
n
,
S
im
u
latio
n
&
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p
ti
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iza
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l
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p
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latf
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rm
”
,
IEE
E
In
ter
n
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ti
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a
l
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fer
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n
c
e
o
n
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e
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tria
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lec
tro
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ics
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a
n
d
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ti
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h
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q
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e
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h
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n
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i,
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n
d
i
a
,
3
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5
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a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
O.
Ka
tz
a
n
d
D.
M
a
lk
a
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
N
o
v
e
l
S
OI
1
×
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p
ti
c
a
l
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n
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rizo
n
tally
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lo
tt
e
d
W
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v
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g
u
id
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s
”
,
Ph
o
to
n
ics
a
n
d
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n
o
stru
c
tu
re
s
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u
n
d
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me
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t
a
ls
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n
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ti
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n
s
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v
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l
.
2
5
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
S
.
C.
Ja
in
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
I
II
–
N
it
rid
e
s:
G
ro
w
th
,
C
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
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r
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p
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rti
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s
”
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o
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rn
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l
o
f
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p
p
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si
c
s
,
8
7
,
p
p
.
9
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5
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
0
]
A.
S
to
lz,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
W
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v
e
g
u
id
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L
o
ss
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in
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iz
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in
to
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ll
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se
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tal
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rg
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ic
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p
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se
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p
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p
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sic
s L
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r
,
9
8
,
1
6
1
9
0
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
R.
W.
P
u
rn
a
m
a
n
in
g
si
h
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
G
a
N
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b
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s
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o
w
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ss
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h
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p
li
tt
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r”
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k
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ra
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o
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rn
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l
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o
.
3
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p
.
1
0
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1
0
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
A
.
A
r
v
iza
a
n
d
R.
W
.
P
u
r
n
a
m
a
n
in
g
sih
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
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-
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n
d
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-
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n
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h
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r
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p
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it
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t
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re
”
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2
0
1
4
Pro
c
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d
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g
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ter
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l
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n
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p
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4
.
[2
3
]
T
.
S
e
k
i
y
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
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De
sig
n
,
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
Op
t
ica
l
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
F
re
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sta
n
d
in
g
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a
N
Wav
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g
u
id
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s
o
n
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il
ico
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u
b
stra
te
”
,
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
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f
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a
c
u
u
m
S
c
ien
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&
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e
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h
n
o
lo
g
y
B,
N
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n
o
tec
h
n
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l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
icr
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tro
n
ics
:
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a
ter
ia
ls,
Pro
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ss
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g
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M
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a
su
re
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3
1
2
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,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
X
.
G
a
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
n
o
li
t
h
ic
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-
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In
teg
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rd
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u
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2
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p
.
4
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6
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2
0
1
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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[2
5
]
L
.
B.
S
o
ld
a
n
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
lan
a
r
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u
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terf
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ff
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ts”
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o
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rn
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ig
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.
[2
6
]
R.
Ulrich
,
a
n
d
G
.
A
d
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le,
G
.
,
“
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f
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v
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p
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s
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p
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.
[2
7
]
L.
B
S
o
ld
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n
o
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n
d
E.
C.
M
.
P
e
n
n
i
n
g
s,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
u
lt
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d
e
In
terf
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s
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n
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e
lf
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:
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ri
n
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ip
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n
d
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p
p
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ti
o
n
s”
,
J
.
L
ig
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T
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