I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
,
p
p
.
4
8
2
6
~
4
8
3
5
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
9
i
6
.
p
p
4
8
2
6
-
4835
4826
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
M
o
deling
and si
m
ula
tion o
f
g
ra
phe
ne f
iel
d ef
fec
t
t
ra
nsis
tor
(GFET
)
N
a
nd
a
B.
S.
1
,
P
utt
a
s
w
a
m
y
P.
S.
2
1
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
P
E
S
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
in
g
,
I
n
d
ia
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
P
E
S
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
1
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
2
6
,
2
0
1
9
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
l5
,
2
0
1
9
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
b
a
se
d
to
p
-
g
a
ted
F
iel
d
e
ff
e
c
t
tran
sisto
r
(G
F
ET
)
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
sim
u
late
d
u
sin
g
th
e
d
e
v
ic
e
si
m
u
lato
r
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
d
e
sc
rib
e
s
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
v
ice
si
m
u
latio
n
a
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
th
e
G
F
ET
d
e
v
ice
.
Tw
o
d
e
v
ic
e
s
w
it
h
d
iffere
n
t
g
a
te
l
e
n
g
th
s
o
f
2
0
0
n
m
a
n
d
3
5
0
n
m
a
re
sim
u
late
d
.
De
v
ice
si
m
u
latio
n
s
a
re
c
a
rried
o
u
t
in
o
p
e
n
so
u
rc
e
T
C
A
D
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
a
d
e
p
letio
n
F
ET
ty
p
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
w
h
ich
ON
/OF
F
c
u
rre
n
t
ra
ti
o
o
f
2
.
2
5
is o
b
tain
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fab
r
icatio
n
GFET
MO
SF
E
T
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
9
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
N
an
d
a
B
.
S.
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
P
E
S C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
in
g
,
Ma
n
d
y
a,
Kar
n
a
tak
a,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
n
an
d
ap
es1
2
3
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Gr
ap
h
en
e
is
a
p
lan
ar
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
la
y
er
ed
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
al
lo
tr
o
p
e
o
f
C
ar
b
o
n
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
s
p
2
-
h
y
b
r
id
ized
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
x
te
n
d
ed
b
en
ze
n
e
r
in
g
s
.
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
is
k
n
o
w
n
to
e
x
h
ib
it
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
]
w
ith
ex
ce
p
tio
n
all
y
h
ig
h
e
lectr
o
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
also
e
x
h
ib
it
s
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
[
2
]
a
n
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
a
n
o
th
er
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
Gr
ap
h
en
e
is
th
at
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
o
n
l
y
p
lan
ar
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
i
m
ilar
to
o
n
ce
av
ailab
le/
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
C
MO
S in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
P
u
r
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
h
as
a
p
lan
ar
h
o
n
e
y
co
m
b
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
i
th
ze
r
o
b
an
d
g
ap
.
T
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
g
r
ap
h
en
e
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
v
alen
ce
b
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
co
n
ic
s
h
ap
es
a
n
d
i
n
ter
s
e
ctin
g
at
Dir
ac
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
th
e
Dir
ac
p
o
in
ts
b
eh
a
v
e
as
ze
r
o
m
as
s
p
ar
ticles
an
d
ca
n
t
u
n
n
el
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
ten
tial
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
As
s
u
c
h
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
i
n
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
d
o
n
o
t
d
i
s
p
la
y
lo
ca
liz
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
t
s
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
ar
e
ab
le
to
m
o
v
e
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
w
ith
o
u
t u
n
d
er
g
o
i
n
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
h
ig
h
v
al
u
es o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
4
]
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
i
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
[
5
]
li
k
e
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
e
x
f
o
liatio
n
,
ep
itax
y
,
ch
e
m
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
(
C
VD)
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
d
er
i
v
atio
n
.
Oth
er
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
y
n
t
h
es
is
ar
e
ch
e
m
ical
s
y
s
te
m
izatio
n
[
6
,
7
]
,
io
n
i
m
p
lan
ta
tio
n
[
6
]
,
u
n
zip
p
i
n
g
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
to
f
o
r
m
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
s
[
6
]
an
d
cr
y
s
tal
s
o
n
i
f
ic
atio
n
[
7
]
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
FET
w
as
in
v
e
n
ted
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
th
e
a
m
b
ip
o
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
[
8
,
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
o
p
in
g
is
i
n
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
ic
f
ield
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
a
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
Fer
m
i
en
er
g
y
.
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
all
y
n
ee
d
a
n
y
d
o
p
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
el
f
-
d
o
p
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
T
h
r
ee
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
FET
s
ar
e
n
o
r
m
all
y
u
s
ed
(
a)
to
p
g
ate
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
(
b
)
d
u
al
g
ate
[
1
2
]
an
d
(
c)
b
ac
k
g
ate
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
to
p
g
ate
GFET
d
ev
ic
e.
T
h
e
to
p
g
ate
d
e
v
ice
ca
n
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
b
y
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
ep
ita
x
i
al
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
o
n
S
iO2
la
y
er
s
.
O
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
la
y
er
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
la
y
er
is
d
ep
o
s
ited
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
g
ate
co
n
tact
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
(
GF
E
T)
(
N
a
n
d
a
B
.
S
.
)
4827
Gr
ap
h
en
e
FET
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
d
etail
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
Gr
ap
h
en
e
a
s
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
li
b
r
ar
y
m
ater
ial
i
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ic
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
p
ac
k
a
g
es
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
to
e
m
p
lo
y
an
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
r
ed
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
n
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
tin
g
m
a
ter
ial
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
ice
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
k
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
u
s
e
p
o
l
y
s
ilico
n
as
t
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
in
g
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
p
o
l
y
s
i
lico
n
m
ater
ial
ar
e
r
ed
ef
in
ed
to
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
Gr
ap
h
en
e
m
ater
ial.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
GFET
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fab
r
icate
d
GFET
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
GFET
s
t
ar
ts
w
ith
a
p
t
y
p
e
<1
0
0
>
s
ilico
n
w
a
f
er
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
it
h
a
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
N
A
=1
0
15
cm
-
3
.
T
h
e
s
ilico
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
e
n
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
a
t
h
er
m
a
l
o
x
id
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
d
ep
o
s
it
SiO
2
o
f
3
0
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
th
at
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
ca
r
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
i
s
d
ep
o
s
ited
.
T
h
is
la
y
er
i
s
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
G
r
ap
h
en
e.
I
n
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
,
h
o
wev
er
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
a
s
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
lib
r
ar
y
m
ater
ial,
p
o
ly
s
ilico
n
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
l
a
y
er
.
Do
p
ed
p
o
ly
s
ilico
n
la
y
e
r
o
f
5
n
m
t
h
ic
k
i
s
d
ep
o
s
ited
,
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
ein
g
n
t
y
p
e
N
A
=1
0
17
cm
-
3
.
A
t
h
in
la
y
er
o
f
S
iO
2
i
s
th
e
n
d
ep
o
s
ited
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
g
ate
o
x
id
e.
T
h
e
o
x
id
e
la
y
er
i
s
p
atter
n
ed
to
m
a
k
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
f
o
r
g
a
te,
d
r
ain
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
elec
tr
o
d
e.
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
i
s
th
e
n
d
ep
o
s
ited
an
d
p
atter
n
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
th
r
e
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
2.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
i
m
u
late
d
as
p
er
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
etails
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
T
ab
le
2
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
ch
a
n
n
el
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
d
r
ain
j
u
n
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Me
s
h
i
n
g
i
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
in
t
h
e
d
ev
i
ce
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
m
es
h
d
en
s
it
y
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
n
o
d
es
an
d
h
en
ce
t
h
e
f
id
elit
y
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
n
o
d
es
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
m
p
ac
ts
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ti
m
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lo
ad
.
Fin
e
m
es
h
in
g
i
s
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
s
n
ea
r
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
w
h
ile
co
ar
s
e
m
e
s
h
i
n
g
is
u
s
ed
in
o
t
h
er
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
h
el
p
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
lo
ad
b
u
t
s
till
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
etails
at
cr
itical
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
m
e
s
h
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
av
ailab
il
it
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
as
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
lib
r
ar
y
m
a
t
er
ial
in
d
e
v
ice
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
ca
ll
s
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
i
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
to
b
e
f
o
r
c
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
ac
k
ag
e.
P
o
l
y
s
ilico
n
la
y
er
o
f
5
n
m
d
ep
o
s
ited
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
ac
t
iv
e
la
y
er
,
is
later
r
ed
ef
in
ed
as
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
b
y
alt
er
in
g
th
e
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
as g
iv
en
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ed
ef
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
m
ater
ial
is
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
#
ma
teri
a
l g
r
a
p
h
en
e
d
efin
itio
n
Ma
teri
a
l m
a
teri
a
l=p
o
lysi
l
ico
n
eg
3
0
0
=
0
mu
n
=1
0
0
0
0
mu
p
=1
0
0
0
0
p
ermitt
ivity=2
5
T
ab
le
1.
GFE
T
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tep
s
S
t
e
p
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
0
S
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
-
t
y
p
e
su
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
,
<
1
0
0
>
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
D
e
p
o
si
t
t
h
i
n
o
x
i
d
e
l
a
y
e
r
2
D
e
p
o
si
t
p
o
l
y
si
l
i
c
o
n
l
a
y
e
r
3
D
e
p
o
si
t
g
a
t
e
o
x
i
d
e
l
a
y
e
r
4
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
g
a
t
e
o
x
i
d
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
w
i
n
d
o
w
s.
5
D
e
p
o
si
t
me
t
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
s fo
r
so
u
r
c
e
d
r
a
i
n
a
n
d
g
a
t
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
8
2
6
-
48
35
4828
T
ab
le
2.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
S
t
e
p
P
r
o
c
e
ss p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
B
o
r
o
n
d
o
p
e
d
1
x
1
0
15
cm
-
3
<
1
0
0
>
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
D
e
p
o
si
t
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
S
i
O
2
u
s
i
n
g
d
r
y
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
i
me
=
5
3
0
s,
t
e
mp
=
1
0
0
0
d
e
g
C
2
D
e
p
o
si
t
p
o
l
y
si
l
i
c
o
n
l
a
y
e
r
5
n
m t
h
i
c
k
a
r
se
n
i
c
d
o
p
e
d
1
x
1
0
20
cm
-
3
3
D
e
p
o
si
t
G
a
t
e
o
x
i
d
e
5
n
m
t
h
i
c
k
d
r
y
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
=
3
0
s,
t
e
mp
=
8
0
0
d
e
g
C
4
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
G
a
t
e
o
x
i
d
e
t
o
o
p
e
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
s fo
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
d
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
5
D
e
p
o
si
t
A
l
u
mi
n
u
m
6
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
A
l
u
mi
n
u
m a
n
d
d
e
p
o
si
t
o
x
i
d
e
0
.
1
u
m
t
h
i
c
k
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
GFET
d
ev
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
GFET
d
ev
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
ch
an
n
el
r
e
g
io
n
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
(
GF
E
T)
(
N
a
n
d
a
B
.
S
.
)
4829
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
GFET
d
ev
ice
m
es
h
e
d
m
o
d
el
T
ab
le
3
.
Gr
a
p
h
en
e
m
a
ter
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
P
r
o
c
e
ss
M
o
d
e
l
Eg
a
t
3
0
0
K
0
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
)
1
0
0
0
0
c
m
2
/
V
-
s
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
p
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
)
1
0
0
0
0
c
m
2
/
V
-
s
P
e
r
mi
t
t
i
v
i
t
y
25
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
a
n
n
el
len
g
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
a
r
ag
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
T
h
e
I
d
-
Vg
s
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
f
o
r
a
c
h
an
n
el
len
g
th
o
f
2
0
0
n
m
an
d
3
5
0
n
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
d
-
V
g
s
p
lo
t a
t V
d
=1
V
(
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
8
2
6
-
48
35
4830
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
d
-
V
gs
cu
r
v
e
at
Vd
=1
V
f
o
r
L
=2
0
0
n
m
(
Gr
ee
n
)
an
d
3
5
0
n
m
(
R
ed
)
T
h
e
I
d
-
V
gs
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
d
ev
ices
s
h
o
w
a
d
ep
letio
n
MO
S
FET
lik
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
is
ex
p
ec
ted
w
it
h
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
ch
a
n
n
el
b
ein
g
al
r
ea
d
y
p
r
ese
n
t
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
th
e
g
ate.
T
h
e
ON/O
FF
cu
r
r
en
t
r
atio
is
n
ea
r
l
y
2
.
2
5
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
ev
ice
s
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
d
r
ain
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
s
li
g
h
tl
y
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
L
=2
0
0
n
m
d
ev
ice
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
ev
ices
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
V
as
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
lo
ts
.
T
h
e
I
d
-
V
ds
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
e
s
o
f
Gate
v
o
ltag
e
s
f
r
o
m
V
gs
=0
to
-
1
0
V.
T
h
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
w
s
s
at
u
r
atio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
e
y
o
n
d
V
ds
=2
V.
Si
m
i
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
f
o
r
d
ev
ic
e
w
it
h
3
5
0
n
m
g
ate
l
en
g
t
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
itie
s
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
la
y
er
ar
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
f
o
r
2
0
0
n
m
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
f
o
r
3
5
0
n
m
d
ev
ice
a
t
V
ds
=1
V
an
d
V
gs
=5
V.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
V
gs
=
-
5
V
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
T
h
e
p
lo
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
w
ea
k
er
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
at
V
gs
=5
V
as
ag
ain
s
t
V
gs
=
-
5
V
as
is
also
d
ep
icted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
d
-
V
gs
p
lo
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
ar
am
etr
ic
I
d
-
Vd
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t V
gs
(
L
=2
0
0
n
m
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
(
GF
E
T)
(
N
a
n
d
a
B
.
S
.
)
4831
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
ar
am
etr
ic
I
d
-
Vd
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t V
gs
(
L
=3
5
0
n
m
)
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
C
u
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
in
g
r
ap
h
en
e
la
y
er
(
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
: 5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
C
u
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
in
g
r
ap
h
en
e
la
y
er
(
L
: 3
5
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
: 5
V)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
8
2
6
-
48
35
4832
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
C
u
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
in
g
r
ap
h
en
e
la
y
er
(
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
13.
C
u
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
in
g
r
ap
h
en
e
la
y
er
(
L
: 3
5
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
E
lectr
ic
Fie
ld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
2
0
0
n
m
an
d
3
5
0
n
m
ch
an
n
el
len
g
t
h
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
d
r
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
i
n
als
wer
e
o
p
en
an
d
Gate
Vo
ltag
e
w
a
s
-
5
V.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
i
n
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
r
e
g
io
n
b
elo
w
th
e
g
at
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
d
ep
ict
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
t
w
o
d
e
v
i
ce
s
at
t
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
ias
v
o
l
tag
es.
T
h
ese
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
d
ep
ict
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
elo
w
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
r
eg
io
n
f
r
o
m
d
r
ain
to
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
h
en
ce
t
h
e
d
r
ain
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
Gate
-
S
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
p
lo
t
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
f
o
r
t
w
o
d
ev
ices
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ch
a
n
n
el
le
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
at
1
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
c
u
r
v
e
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
h
o
s
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
o
r
a
MO
S
FET
,
h
en
ce
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
g
at
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
n
th
e
d
ev
ice
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
(
GF
E
T)
(
N
a
n
d
a
B
.
S
.
)
4833
Fig
u
r
e
1
4.
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
la
y
er
,
(
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: o
p
en
,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
la
y
er
,
E
m
ax
=
8
.
4
4
e+
0
5
V/c
m
(
L
: 3
5
0
n
m
,
Vd
: o
p
en
,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
E
lectr
o
n
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
in
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l (
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
8
2
6
-
48
35
4834
Fig
u
r
e
17
.
E
lectr
o
n
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
in
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l (
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 1
V,
Vg
:
-
5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
L
o
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
C
gs
p
lo
t (
L
: 2
0
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 5
V)
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
L
o
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
C
gs
p
lo
t (
L
: 3
5
0
n
m
,
Vd
: 5
V)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
(
GF
E
T)
(
N
a
n
d
a
B
.
S
.
)
4835
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
th
e
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
G
FET
d
ev
ices
u
s
in
g
d
ev
ice
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
A
T
HE
NA
a
n
d
A
T
L
A
S.
T
w
o
GFET
d
ev
ices
wer
e
m
o
d
eled
an
d
s
i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
g
ate
len
g
th
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
d
e
v
ice
s
s
h
o
w
ed
MO
SF
E
T
lik
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
s
w
i
th
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
es,
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
etc.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ON/O
FF
r
atio
s
f
o
r
th
e
G
FET
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
to
b
e
ar
o
u
n
d
2
.
2
5
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
an
d
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
ch
an
n
el
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
elo
w
t
h
e
g
ate
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
b
asic
GFET
d
ev
ice
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
d
ev
ice
s
h
o
w
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
cir
cu
it i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Bo
lo
ti
n
,
Kiril
l
I.
,
e
t
a
l.
"
Ultrah
ig
h
e
lec
tro
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
in
su
sp
e
n
d
e
d
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
.
"
S
o
li
d
S
tate
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
1
4
6
.
9
(2
0
0
8
):
3
5
1
-
3
5
5
.
[2
]
L
e
e
,
Ch
a
n
g
g
u
,
e
t
a
l.
"
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
l
a
stic
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
a
n
d
in
tri
n
sic
stre
n
g
th
o
f
m
o
n
o
lay
e
r
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
.
"
S
c
ien
c
e
3
2
1
.
5
8
8
7
(
2
0
0
8
):
3
8
5
-
3
8
8
.
[3
]
M
ise
w
ich
,
J.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
"
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
ly
in
d
u
c
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
e
m
issio
n
f
ro
m
a
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
F
ET
.
"
S
c
ien
c
e
3
0
0
.
5
6
2
0
(2
0
0
3
):
7
8
3
-
7
8
6
.
[4
]
No
v
o
se
lo
v
,
K.
S
.
,
A
.
K.
G
e
i
m
,
S
.
V
.
M
o
r
o
z
o
v
,
D.
Jia
n
g
,
Y.Z
h
a
n
g
,
S
.
V
.
Du
b
o
n
o
s,
I.
V
.
G
re
g
o
riev
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
F
irso
v
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
F
ield
Ef
f
e
c
t
in
Ato
m
ica
ll
y
T
h
in
Ca
rb
o
n
F
i
lm
s,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
0
6
,
6
6
6
-
6
6
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
V
a
z
iri
,
S
a
m
.
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ield
E
ff
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
rs.
Diss
.
KT
H,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
A
n
tero
in
e
n
J.
S
tru
c
t
u
re
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ield
Eff
e
c
t
T
ra
n
si
sto
rs,
A
a
lt
o
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
1
1
[7
]
G
e
i
m
A
.
K.
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
S
tatu
s
P
r
o
sp
e
c
ts,
2
0
1
0
[8
]
A
n
d
re
Ge
i
m
,
K.N.,
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
–
th
e
p
e
rf
e
c
t
a
to
m
ic l
a
tt
ice
,
p
u
b
li
c
T
h
e
No
b
e
l
P
rize
i
n
P
h
y
sic
s 2
0
1
0
[9
]
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
Clas
s
f
o
r
P
h
y
sic
s o
f
th
e
Ro
y
a
l
S
w
e
d
ish
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
0
(
h
tt
p
:/
/
k
v
a
.
se
)
[1
0
]
W
a
n
g
H.
a
n
d
A
n
to
n
iad
is
D.
A
.
Co
m
p
a
c
t
V
irt
u
a
l
-
S
o
u
rc
e
Cu
rre
n
t
-
Vo
lt
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
T
o
p
-
a
n
d
Ba
c
k
-
Ga
ted
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ield
-
Ef
fe
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
r
s,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s v
o
l.
5
8
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
1
1
5
2
3
-
1
5
3
2
[1
1
]
In
a
n
c
M
e
ric,
e
t
a
l,
Cu
rre
n
t
S
a
tu
ra
ti
o
n
in
Zero
-
Ba
n
d
g
a
p
,
T
o
p
-
g
a
ted
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ield
-
Eff
e
c
t
T
r
a
n
sisto
rs.
Na
tu
re
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
0
8
[1
2
]
S
c
h
w
ierz
,
F
.
,
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
T
ra
n
sisto
rs.
Na
tu
re
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
2
0
1
0
.
5
:
p
.
4
8
7
-
4
9
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.