Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
, pp.
416
~
423
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
1
.
pp416
-
423
416
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
OFDM
PAPR r
ed
uction for im
age transm
i
ssion usi
ng impr
oved
tone res
ervati
on
Z
aina
b No
ori
Ghani
m, Bu
thaina
M. O
mra
n
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
troni
c
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
,
Baghda
d
Univ
ersi
t
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
30
, 201
9
Re
vised
Jun
16
, 20
20
Accepte
d Aug
10
, 20
20
High
pea
k
to
av
era
ge
power
ra
tion
(PA
PR
)
in
orthogona
l
fr
equenc
y
divi
sio
n
m
ult
ipl
exi
ng
(O
FD
M)
is
an
i
m
p
orta
nt
probl
em,
which
inc
re
ase
t
he
cost
an
d
complexi
t
y
of
hi
gh
power
amplifi
ers.
One
of
the
te
chni
qu
es
used
to
red
uc
e
the
PA
PR
in
OF
DM
sy
stem
is
th
e
tone
rese
rv
at
io
n
m
et
hod
(TR).
I
n
our
work
we
propose
a
m
odifi
ed
ton
e
res
erv
ation
m
et
hod
to
dec
r
ea
se
th
e
PA
PR
with
low
complexi
t
y
compare
d
with
the
conve
nti
on
al
TR
m
et
hod
b
y
proc
ess
the
high
and
lo
w
amplit
udes
at
the
sam
e
ti
m
e.
An
image
of
si
z
e
128×128
is
used
as
a
source
of
da
ta
that
tr
an
sm
it
te
d
using
O
FD
M
sy
stem.
T
he
proposed
m
et
hod
dec
re
ase
the
PA
PR
b
y
2d
B
compare
d
wit
h
conve
nt
iona
l
m
et
hod
with
kee
ping
the
p
e
rform
anc
e
unch
ange
d.
The
p
er
form
anc
e
of
th
e
proposed
m
et
hod
is
te
ste
d
with
seve
ral
num
ber
s
of
s
ubca
rr
i
ers;
we
found
tha
t
the
PA
PR
is r
ed
uce
d
as
th
e
num
ber
of
subca
rri
er
s de
creased.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
OFDM
PA
PR
TR
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zai
nab No
or
i
Gh
a
nim
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nic
and
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
E
ngineeri
ng,
Ba
ghda
d Un
i
ve
rsity
,
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q
.
Em
a
il
:
zai
nab
noori
70@ya
hoo.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Or
t
hogonal
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
div
isi
on
m
ulti
plexing
(
OFDM)
is
a
te
chn
iq
ue
us
e
d
to
tra
ns
m
it
a
high
s
pe
e
d
data.
The
c
oncept
of
OFD
M
is
the
sp
rea
ding
of
the
hi
gh
s
pee
d
trans
m
itted
data
over
a
la
rg
e
nu
m
ber
of
su
bc
ar
riers
[
1].
T
he
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
c
ov
e
r
s
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
en
t
s
f
or
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
im
a
ge
a
nd
v
i
de
o
c
om
m
un
ic
a
t
i
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
T
he
i
m
a
ge
ha
s
bi
g
s
i
z
e
a
nd
ne
e
ds
l
on
g
t
im
e
t
o
tr
a
ns
m
i
t
ov
e
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
ha
nn
e
l
i
n
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
d
im
a
ge
i
s
ne
e
de
d
t
o
be
c
o
de
d
by
t
w
o
t
y
pe
s
of
c
od
i
n
g,
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
i
s
t
he
s
ou
r
c
e
c
od
e
t
o
r
e
du
c
e
r
e
du
nd
a
nt
da
t
a
i
n
t
he
im
a
ge
,
de
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
he
im
a
ge
s
iz
e
a
nd
t
r
a
nsm
i
s
s
i
on
t
im
e
,
t
he
s
e
c
on
d
i
s
t
he
c
ha
nn
e
l
c
od
e
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
he
l
pf
u
l
f
or
e
r
r
or
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
a
nd
c
or
r
e
c
t
i
on
[
2
-
4
].
T
he
pe
a
k
t
o
a
v
e
r
a
ge
po
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
A
P
R
)
pr
o
vi
de
s
a
m
e
a
s
ur
e
f
or
t
he
va
r
i
a
t
i
on
r
a
n
ge
of
s
i
gn
a
l
po
w
e
r
.
The
P
AP
R
is
hi
gh
i
n
OF
DM
because
the
nat
ur
e
of
m
od
ulat
ion
,
w
her
e
m
ul
ti
ple
sub
car
rier
s
are
a
dded
t
og
et
her
to
f
or
m
the
tra
ns
m
itted
sign
a
l.
These
la
rg
e
peaks
inc
rease
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
of
le
a
ka
ge
e
nergy
to
the
ne
ighbor
channel,
wh
ic
h
le
ad
to
si
gnal
disto
rtion
in
the
outp
ut
of
powe
r
am
pl
ifie
r
and
degra
de
the
e
rror
rate
perform
ance
due
t
o
the
syst
e
m
con
strai
nt
to
a
li
m
it
ed
pea
k
powe
r
of
dyna
m
ic
ran
ge
in
tr
ansm
itter
am
pl
ifie
rs.
Th
us
,
a
la
r
ge
powe
r
am
plifie
r
has
nee
de
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
ncr
ea
sing
the
la
rg
e
powe
r
in
am
pli
fier
not
only
re
du
c
e
s
the po
wer ef
fici
ency b
ut also
incr
ease
the
am
plifie
r
c
os
t
si
gnific
antly
[
5
,
6
].
S
e
ve
r
a
l
a
pp
r
oa
c
he
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d t
o r
e
du
c
e
P
A
P
R
,
b
ut
,
t
he
s
e
m
e
t
ho
ds
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
e
xp
e
ns
e
o
f
t
r
a
nsm
it
t
e
d
s
i
gna
l
po
w
e
r
,
de
g
r
a
de
t
he
bi
t
e
r
r
or
r
a
t
e
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
c
om
pu
t
at
i
on
a
l
c
om
pl
e
xi
t
y
,
a
nd
l
e
a
d
t
o
l
os
s
of
da
t
a
r
a
t
e
,
s
o,
a
s
y
s
t
em
t
r
a
de
-
of
f
i
s
pr
e
di
c
t
e
d
[
7
]
.
O
ne
c
a
n
di
vi
de
t
he
m
e
th
o
ds
us
e
d
t
o
r
e
du
c
e
t
he
P
A
P
R
of
a
n
O
F
D
M
s
i
gn
a
l
t
o
f
ou
r
c
a
t
e
go
r
i
e
s
:
i
)
si
gn
a
l
di
s
t
or
t
i
on
,
ii
)
c
od
i
ng
m
e
t
hods
,
i
i
i
)
pr
ob
a
bi
l
i
s
ti
c
(
s
c
r
am
bl
i
ng
)
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
a
n
d
i
v)
p
r
e
-
di
s
t
or
t
i
on
m
et
ho
ds
[
8
,
9
]
.
T
he
p
r
e
-
di
s
t
or
t
i
on
m
e
th
o
ds
a
t
t
em
pt
to
r
e
or
i
e
nt
or
s
pr
e
a
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
OFDM PA
PR
red
uction f
or
i
mage
tr
ansmis
sion usi
ng im
prove
d
to
ne
re
s
ervati
on
(
Za
i
nab N
oori
Gha
ni
m
)
417
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
of
d
a
t
a
sym
bo
l
.
T
he
pr
e
-
di
s
t
or
t
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
s
i
nc
l
ud
e
t
he
DF
T
s
pr
e
a
di
ng
,
p
ul
s
e
s
ha
pi
ng
or
p
r
e
-
c
od
i
n
g
a
nd
c
o
ns
t
e
l
l
a
ti
on
s
ha
pi
n
g.
T
h
e
t
on
e
r
e
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
(
T
R
)
i
s
on
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
of
c
on
s
t
e
ll
a
ti
on
s
ha
pi
ng
m
e
t
ho
ds
[
10
].
T
on
e
R
e
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
t
e
c
h
ni
qu
e
h
a
s
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
s
om
e
t
one
s
t
o r
e
du
c
e
P
A
P
R
.
T
he
P
A
P
R
re
du
c
t
i
o
n
am
ou
nt
de
pe
n
d
s
on
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
t
he
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
on
e
s
a
nd
t
h
e
i
r
po
s
i
t
i
on
.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
T
R
a
l
s
o
de
pe
nd
s
on
t
he
a
m
ou
nt
of
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
a
nd
r
e
s
e
r
ve
d
t
o
ne
s
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
hi
s
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
c
a
n
be
a
pp
l
i
e
d
t
o
e
ve
r
y
t
y
pe
of
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n
t
hi
s
m
e
t
ho
d,
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
si
on
of
s
i
de
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
i
s
no
t
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
t
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
[
1
1
].
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
a
n
im
a
ge
i
s
us
e
d
a
s
a
s
ou
r
c
e
o
f
da
t
a
,
go
o
d
q
ua
l
i
ty
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
im
a
ge
w
i
t
h
P
A
P
R
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
i
s
t
he
a
im
of
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
.
T
R
m
e
t
ho
d
i
s
us
e
d
f
or
P
A
P
R
r
e
d
uc
t
i
on
,
ne
w
p
r
o
po
s
a
l
i
s
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
c
l
i
pp
i
n
g
ba
s
e
d
T
R
m
e
t
ho
d,
by
c
l
i
pp
i
ng
t
he
hi
gh
a
m
pl
i
t
ud
e
s
a
nd
am
pl
i
f
yi
ng
t
he
l
ow
am
pl
i
t
ud
e
s
,
t
he
m
e
t
ho
d
a
im
s
t
o
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
w
i
t
h
p
a
r
a
m
et
e
r
s
c
ha
ng
e
a
bl
e
a
t
e
ac
h
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
.
M
a
ny
pa
pe
r
s
w
or
k o
n
T
R
m
et
ho
d
im
pr
ov
e
m
e
nt
,
w
he
r
e
Ho
r
va
t
h
a
nd
B
ot
l
i
k
m
a
de
op
t
im
iz
at
i
on
f
or
T
R
by
c
ha
ng
i
ng
c
l
i
pp
i
ng
r
a
t
i
o
i
n
e
a
c
h
i
t
e
r
at
i
on
to
m
a
ke
li
m
it
s
for
t
he
pe
a
k
va
l
ue
s
.
I
n
ou
r
w
o
r
k,
w
e
m
a
ke
cl
ip
pi
n
g
f
or
t
he
m
a
x
im
um
va
l
ue
s
a
nd
am
pl
i
f
ic
a
ti
on
f
or
m
i
ni
m
um
va
l
ue
s
,
t
he
P
A
P
R
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
i
n
t
hi
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
bu
t
i
n
o
ur
w
o
r
k
t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
of
nu
m
be
r
of
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
i
s
no
t
us
e
f
ul
[
1
2
]
.
A
l
i
e
t
al
.
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
of
T
R
t
e
c
hn
i
q
ue
.
T
he
P
A
P
R
r
e
d
uc
t
i
on
i
n
t
hi
s
w
or
k
i
s
l
e
s
s
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
i
n
ou
r
w
or
k
[
1
3
]
.
A
nt
o
no
v
e
t
al
.
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
T
R
c
om
pl
e
xi
t
y
,
by
r
a
nd
om
l
y
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on
s
of
m
a
ni
pu
l
a
t
i
on
s
ym
bo
l
s
,
wh
i
c
h l
e
a
d t
o t
he
a
dd
i
t
i
on
a
l
s
ub
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
,
e
qu
a
l
l
y
spa
c
e
d o
ve
r
t
he
s
i
gn
a
l
ba
nd
w
i
dt
h.
T
h
e
y
ne
e
d
on
e
h
un
dr
e
d
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
t
he
i
r
w
or
k,
b
ut
i
n
ou
r
w
or
k,
w
e
ne
e
d
t
hr
e
e
i
t
e
r
a
ti
on
s
[
1
4
].
A
bd
e
l
a
l
i
e
t
al
.
m
a
ke
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
T
R
m
e
th
o
d
a
nd
c
l
i
pp
i
ng
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
P
A
P
R
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
.
T
he
y
ne
e
d
hi
gh
nu
m
be
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
a
nd
t
he
bi
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
i
s
m
or
e
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
i
n
o
ur
w
or
k
[
1
5
]
.
S
hi
xi
a
n
L
u
e
t
al
.
s
u
gg
e
s
t
a
s
l
i
di
ng
w
i
nd
ow
,
t
on
e
r
e
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
P
A
P
R
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
T
he
y
ne
e
d
f
i
f
t
y
i
t
e
r
a
ti
on
s
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
o
go
od
r
e
s
ul
t
s
bu
t
w
e
ne
e
d
t
hr
e
e
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
he
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
To
ne
Re
ser
vation
m
et
ho
d
to
re
duce
P
APR
rati
o
with m
ulti
carrier non
-
ort
hogo
nal sig
nal is i
ntrod
uced in
[1
7
].
T
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
i
s
a
s
f
ol
l
ow
s
:
a
n
ov
e
r
vi
e
w
o
f
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
a
nd
P
A
P
R
de
f
i
ni
t
i
on
ha
s
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
2.
I
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
3
a
n
e
x
pl
a
na
t
i
on
f
o
r
t
o
n
e
r
e
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
m
e
t
ho
d
w
i
l
l
be
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d.
S
e
c
t
i
on
4
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
.
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
en
t
s
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
5.
I
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
6
t
he
s
im
ul
at
i
on
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
or
t
he
us
e
d
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
w
i
l
l
be
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
a
n
d
di
s
c
us
s
e
d.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
he
c
on
c
l
us
i
on
s
f
o
r
t
he
us
e
d
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
ha
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
7.
2.
OFD
M SIG
N
AL
MO
DEL
AND
PE
AK T
O AVER
AGE
POWE
R RAT
IO
(P
AP
R)
An
OFDM
sys
tem
s
us
e
ort
ho
gonal
a
nd
i
nd
e
pende
nt
subca
r
riers,
w
her
e
t
he
m
od
ulati
on
process
ca
n
be
easi
ly
i
m
p
l
e
m
ented
us
in
g
si
m
ple
N
-
po
i
nt
inv
er
se
fast
Fo
uri
er
trans
f
or
m
(I
FFT)
operati
on,
the
ou
t
pu
t
sign
al
is a
s
umm
at
ion
of m
odulate
d
c
om
plex
ha
rm
on
ic
s [1
2
]
that can
be
e
xpress
ed
as
[1
3
,
1
8
]:
(
)
=
1
∑
2
0
≤
≤
−
1
=
0
(
1)
w
he
re
is
the
da
ta
sy
m
bo
l
tra
ns
m
itted
on
th
e
ℎ
sub
ca
rr
ie
r
,
the
subca
rr
ie
r
ind
e
x
is
de
no
te
d
by
k
a
nd
is t
he
sym
bo
l d
ur
at
io
n.
OFDM
syst
em
s
intr
oduce
hi
gh
P
AP
R
due
to
t
he
us
e
of
a
la
r
ge
nu
m
be
r
of
subca
rr
ie
rs
[1
9
]
,
for
a
co
ntin
uous
t
i
m
e
baseb
a
nd
OFDM
s
i
gn
a
l,
the
def
i
niti
on
of
P
AP
R
of
a
ny
sig
nal
i
s
the
pro
portion
of
the
m
axi
m
u
m
instanta
neous
powe
r
of
t
he
sig
nal
to
it
s
m
ean
po
wer.
If
(
)
re
presents
a
base
ba
nd
tra
ns
m
it
ted
OFDM si
gnal
, t
hen
[
(
)
]
=
|
(
)
|
2
0
≤
≤
(2)
w
he
re,
is
the
ave
rag
e
po
w
er
of
(
)
w
hic
h
can
be
c
om
pute
d
in
f
reque
nc
y
do
m
ai
n
be
cause
IF
F
T
is
a unit
ary tra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
.
re
presents the
usef
ul du
rati
on of a
n OF
DM sym
bo
l [
8
].
The
c
om
ple
m
e
ntary
c
um
ulativ
e
distrib
utio
n
f
un
ct
io
n
(CCDF)
ha
s
us
ed
t
o
descr
i
be
a
di
stribu
ti
on
of
a
rand
om
var
ia
ble
[
1
1
]
.
The
di
stribu
ti
on
of
P
AP
R
m
ay
be
expresse
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
(CCDF
),
w
hich
is
repre
sents
the
prob
a
bili
ty
that
the
P
AP
R
of
a
n
OFDM
sy
m
bo
l
exceed
s
a
giv
en
th
res
hold
P
AP
R0
,
wh
ic
h
is
denoted
as
[1
,
20
]
.
(
0
)
=
(
>
0
)
=
1
−
(
0
)
(
3)
The
CC
DF
ha
s
al
so
us
ed
to
e
valuate
the
pe
r
form
ance
of
PA
PR
re
du
ct
io
n
in
OF
DM
syst
e
m
s
[1
,
20
].
To
ne
rese
rv
at
i
on
m
et
ho
d
is
on
e
of
t
he
m
a
ny
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
in
tro
du
ce
d
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
es
to
reduce
the
P
AP
R
of a
n OF
DM sig
na
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol. 11,
No.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021 :
416
-
423
418
3.
TONE
RESE
RVATIO
N M
ET
HOD
In
TR
sc
hem
e
s,
s
om
e
of
the
total
num
ber
of
to
nes
are
re
s
erv
e
d
as
a
pea
k
reserve
d
to
ne
s
(P
RT
s)
and
st
or
e
d
in
the
reserve
d
ton
es
vecto
r
=
{
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
−
1
}
,
wh
e
re
is
the
siz
e
of
the
PRT
set
.
W
it
h
TR
m
et
ho
ds,
the
OFD
M
k
th
data
bloc
k
config
ur
e
d
from
two
par
ts
,
the
peak
rese
r
ved
t
ones
that
are
store
d
in
the
P
RTs an
d de
no
t
ed by
and the
unrese
rv
e
d
t
ones
, i.e.,
[1
3
,
2
1
].
=
+
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…
,
−
1
(4)
Ther
e
are
dif
fe
ren
t m
et
ho
ds f
or
t
on
e
r
ese
r
va
ti
on
tech
nique,
k
er
nel
base
d
a
nd cli
pp
i
ng b
as
ed
TR m
et
ho
ds ha
ve
exp
la
ine
d bel
ow.
3.1.
Kernel
b
as
ed
(TR
-
K
) me
thod
T
his
m
et
ho
d
create
s
a
ref
e
r
ence
kernel
ve
ct
or
,
wh
ic
h
is
an
im
pu
lse
functi
on
has
FFT
siz
e
,
in
the
kernel
vecto
r
the
rese
rv
e
d
to
nes
pos
it
ion
s
will
set
to
one,
a
nd
al
l
oth
e
r
val
ues
are
up
dated
t
o
zero.
The
kernel
will
update
with
a
sing
le
pea
k
and
al
l
the
othe
r
sam
ples
would
be
ze
ro,
but
this
is
im
pr
act
ic
al
because
of
the
lim
it
ed
band
width
.
I
n
ev
e
ry
it
erati
on
the
m
a
xim
u
m
a
m
pl
itu
de
of
O
FD
M
sign
al
and
it
s
po
sit
io
n
has
to
be
fou
nd.
Th
e
po
sit
io
n
of
th
e
m
axi
m
al
a
mp
li
tud
e
of
th
e
kernel
vect
or
i
s
ci
rcu
la
rly
sh
i
ftin
g
to
the
posit
io
n
,
the
a
dd
i
ng
of
kernel
ve
ct
or
to
t
he
ori
gin
al
in
p
ut
re
du
ce
s
the
pea
k
to
a
pr
e
viou
sl
y
determ
ined
wa
nted
cl
ip
pi
ng level. T
he foll
owin
g
e
qu
at
io
ns wil
l ex
plain t
he
m
e
tho
d:
+
1
=
−
(
)
(5)
=
(
)
(
−
)
(6)
w
he
re
is
the
cl
ipp
in
g
am
pli
tud
e
a
nd
(
)
is
th
e
ci
rcu
la
rly
s
hi
fted
ke
r
nel,
th
en
the
P
AP
R
value
is
cal
culat
ed
[12
, 2
2
].
3.2.
Clippi
n
g based
(
T
R
-
C)
meth
od
T
his
m
et
ho
d
is
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
1.
I
n
cl
ip
ping
m
et
ho
d,
a
ge
ner
at
e
d
si
gn
al
is
s
ubtra
ct
ed
f
r
om
the origi
nal OF
DM sym
bo
l
:
=
−
(7)
w
he
re
=
{
,
|
|
<
∅
(
)
,
|
|
≥
(8)
is
the
cl
ipp
ed
sign
al
a
nd
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
cl
ip
ped
sig
nal
is
,
∅
(
)
is
the
phase
of
.
I
n
the
fr
e
qu
ency
do
m
ai
n:
=
(
)
(9)
′
=
{
,
∈
0
,
∉
(10)
w
he
re
is
the
m
at
rix
of
t
he
po
sit
io
ns
of
cl
ipp
e
d
sig
nals
(
≠
0
).
′
is
the
sam
e
as
m
at
rix
i
n
the cli
pped
sig
nal posit
io
n
a
nd
will
b
e ze
ro in th
e
o
t
her p
osi
ti
on
s.
′
=
IFFT
(
′
)
(11)
+
1
=
+
µ
′
(
12)
The
cl
ip
ped
si
gn
al
′
is
add
e
d
to
the
ori
gin
a
l
OF
DM
sig
na
l
with
weig
ht
par
am
et
er
µ
and
t
his
op
e
rati
on
is
re
peated
f
or
se
ve
ral
it
erati
ons
un
ti
l
m
ini
m
um
PA
PR
is
obta
ined
for
t
he
res
ulti
ng
si
gnal
,
the sym
bo
l
de
note
s fo
r
eac
h
it
erati
on [1
2
, 2
2
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
OFDM PA
PR
red
uction f
or
i
mage
tr
ansmis
sion usi
ng im
prove
d
to
ne
re
s
ervati
on
(
Za
i
nab N
oori
Gha
ni
m
)
419
Figure
1.
Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
o
f
T
R
-
C o
rigin
al
m
et
hod
4.
PROP
OSE
D ALGO
RITH
M
The
pro
po
se
d
work
does
not
need
any
proce
ssing
at
the
rec
ei
ver
as
the
or
i
gin
al
TR,
but
we
im
pr
ove
the
TR
_C
m
eth
od
by
cl
ip
ping
t
he
m
axim
u
m
peak
s
of
or
i
gin
al
sig
nal
w
hich
exc
eed
a
lim
i
te
d
le
vel
a
nd
a
m
plify t
he
lo
west
values o
f or
i
gin
al
sig
nal
wh
ic
h
a
re lowe
r
tha
n
a
lim
it
ed
level
, s
ee Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
pro
posed
TR
-
C
=
{
,
<
<
∝
,
<
,
>
(
13)
Wh
e
re
α
is
a
factor
m
or
e
than
one
m
ulti
pli
ed
with
the
or
i
gin
al
sig
nal
to
a
m
plify
the
low
le
vels,
ꞵ
is
a
factor
le
ss
than
1
m
ulti
plied
with
the
or
igi
nal
sign
al
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
high
le
vels
of
sig
nal,
by
this
m
et
ho
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
i
s
m
ini
m
iz
ed
w
it
h
kee
ping
t
he
ave
rag
e
va
lue o
f
the overall
m
essages
cl
ose
to
t
he
or
i
gin
al
v
al
ue
and
m
ini
m
iz
ing
PAPR
,
se
e
(
2).
In
this
te
ch
nique
an
d
a
re
cha
nged
in
ea
ch
it
erati
on,
th
ei
r
values
are
rati
o
of
the
la
rg
e
st
sig
nal
,
wh
ic
h
is
cal
le
d
.
T
he
va
l
ues
of
α
a
nd
ꞵ
are
al
so
ch
an
ged
in
ea
c
h
it
erati
on
. Fo
ur
cases can
b
e
obtai
ned b
y
c
ha
ng
i
ng
,
, α and
ꞵ:
1)
Ca
se1:
decr
ea
sing
α
by
(
1
+
0
.
1
−
0
.
1
)
with
inc
reasi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
1
)
)
,
in
the
ot
her
side
decr
easi
ng ꞵ
by
(
1
−
0
.
1
)
with
i
ncr
easi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
5
+
0
.
1
)
)
.
2)
Ca
se2:
i
ncr
ea
sing
α
by
(
1
+
0
.
1
)
with
dec
reasi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
5
−
0
.
1
)
)
,
in
the
ot
her
si
de
decr
easi
ng ꞵ
by
(
1
−
0
.
1
)
with i
ncr
easi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
5
+
0
.
1
)
)
.
3)
Ca
se3:
decr
ea
sing
α
by
(
1
+
0
.
1
−
0
.
1
)
with
inc
reasi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
1
)
)
,
in
the
ot
her
side
increasin
g ꞵ
by
(
0
.
5
+
0
.
1
)
with
d
ec
reasi
ng
by
(
(
1
−
0
.
1
)
)
.
4)
Ca
se4:
inc
rea
sing
α
by
(
1
+
0
.
1
)
with
decr
easi
ng
by
(
(
0
.
5
−
0
.
1
)
)
,
in
the
oth
e
r
si
de
increasin
g ꞵ
by
(
0
.
5
+
0
.
1
)
with
d
ec
reasi
ng
by
(
(
1
−
0
.
1
)
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol. 11,
No.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021 :
416
-
423
420
Wh
e
re
t
he
m
a
xim
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
it
erati
ons
is
and
is
the
it
erati
on
num
ber
(
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
)
.
At
eac
h
it
erati
on
the
outp
ut
is
ob
ta
i
ned
as
i
n
(
14),
it
is
saved
in
ta
ble
wi
th
it
s
PA
PR
value,
t
hen
t
he
outp
ut
with
m
ini
m
u
m
v
al
ue
of P
AP
R i
s t
aken in t
his tec
hn
i
qu
e
.
=
+
µ
′
(14)
5.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
ME
ASU
REME
NTS
The
tra
ns
m
it
ted
data
in
this
pap
e
r
is
im
age.
Me
asu
rem
ent
s
for
c
hec
king
the
recei
ved
i
m
age
qual
it
y
has
oft
en
us
ed
,
peak
si
gn
al
t
o
noise
rati
o
(
PSN
R
)
an
d
m
ean
square
d
er
ror
(MSE
)
of
the
dec
oded
re
cei
ve
d
i
m
age ar
e m
ea
su
re
d wit
h res
pe
ct
to
the
trans
m
itted one as
foll
ows:
MSE
=
1
MN
∑
∑
|
X
1
(
i
,
j
)
−
X
2
(
i
,
j
)
|
2
N
j
=
1
M
i
=
1
(15)
w
he
re
M
an
d
N
a
re
the
im
age
ve
rtic
al
an
d
horizo
ntal
dim
ensio
ns
,
1
an
d
2
are
the
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
an
d
receiv
e
d
i
m
ages r
espect
ively
, MSE is a
m
et
ric u
sed
to m
easur
e the
a
m
ou
nt
of
e
rro
rs
in the rece
iv
ed
im
age w
it
h
resp
ec
t
to the t
ran
sm
it
t
ed on
e
. PSNR
m
easur
es t
he p
recisi
on of im
a
ge deco
ding,
bet
te
r
i
m
age qu
al
it
y PSNR is
gr
eat
er
than
20dB
[
23
-
25
].
PSNR
=
10
log
10
(
2
55
2
MS
E
)
(16)
6.
SIMULATI
O
N AND
RES
U
LT
S
In
t
his
w
ork
c
olored
im
age
of
Len
na
with
s
iz
e
128×
128
is
us
e
d,
the
im
a
ge
is
co
de
d
us
ing
H
uffm
an
so
urce
co
de
a
nd
BC
H
cha
nne
l
cod
e,
a
nd
tra
ns
m
itted
ov
e
r
OFDM
syst
e
m
with
par
am
et
ers
sho
wn
in
Ta
ble
1,
unde
r
a
dd
it
ive
wh
it
e
Gaussi
an
noise (
A
WGN
)
c
hannel
. Mat
-
la
b
20
18
a
is
use
d
in
the
sim
ul
at
ion
.
Table
1.
Param
et
ers
use
d i
n
si
m
ula
ti
on
Na
m
e
of
Par
a
m
ete
rs
Valu
e
Sy
ste
m
OFDM
Mod
u
latio
n
1
6
QAM
Nu
m
.
o
f
su
b
carr
ie
r
s
6
4
to 1
0
2
4
Ban
d
width
2
0
MHz
Nu
m
.
o
f
sy
m
b
o
ls
4
9
1
5
2
Valu
e of
µ
-
1
CC
DF
is
c
om
pu
te
d
f
or
t
he
tra
ns
m
itted
OFD
M
sign
al
with
ou
t
a
ny
P
AP
R
reducti
on
a
nd
is
com
par
e
d
with
CC
DF
of
OFDM
sign
al
with
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
TR
te
chn
iq
ue
an
d
the
CC
DF
of
sig
nal
w
it
h
the
four
cas
es
of
pro
po
se
d
TR
te
chn
i
qu
e
(F
F
T
siz
e
=256),
se
e
Figure
3,
f
rom
this
figu
re
t
he
P
AP
R
is
re
du
ce
d
a
bout
2dB
f
or
pro
po
se
d
TR
with
res
pect
to
the
P
AP
R
of
FFT
si
gn
al
without
any
P
AP
R
re
duct
ion,
the
PAPR
is
si
m
i
la
r
a
m
on
g
t
he
f
our
cases
of
pro
pose
d
TR,
it
is
cl
ear
that
the
pro
po
se
d
TR
PA
PR
with
M
i
=3
re
du
ce
t
he
PA
P
R
m
or
e than
fo
r
c
onve
ntion
al
T
R wit
h
M
i
=
10
.
In
the
oth
er
si
de
the
CC
DF
and
bit
err
or
a
re
com
pu
te
d
a
nd
c
om
par
ed
f
or
the
sig
nal
with
dif
fer
e
nt
su
bc
ar
riers
num
ber
,
the
first
case
of
pro
po
sed
TR
is
com
pu
ti
ng
with
M
i=
3
.
T
he
CC
D
F
of
t
he
sig
nal
with
diff
e
re
nt
num
ber
of
subc
a
rr
ie
rs
is
show
n
in
Figure
4,
f
rom
this
figu
re
we
fin
d
that
t
he
P
AP
R
re
duced
as
the
num
ber
of
su
b
ca
rr
ie
rs
in
creased
.
T
he
bi
t
err
or
f
or
the
m
is
sh
own
in
Figure
5,
f
rom
this
figu
re
we
f
i
nd
that t
he
la
r
ge
r nu
m
ber
of s
ubcarriers
h
a
s the
less BER
at th
e sam
e
sign
al
to no
ise
r
at
io
(SNR).
The
CC
DF
of
the
OFDM
si
gn
al
with
pro
p
ose
d
TR
fi
rst
case
a
nd
FF
T
siz
e
=2
56
ar
e
sho
wn
a
nd
com
par
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
6
for
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
m
axi
m
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
it
erati
ons
,
f
or
Mi
=
3
a
nd
Mi
=5,
f
ro
m
th
e
fig
ur
e
we
ca
n
see
t
hat
the
P
AP
R re
duct
io
n
with
Mi
=5
is
m
or
e
tha
n
the
P
AP
R re
du
ct
io
n
with Mi
=3
by
a sm
a
ll
value,
at
the
sam
e
t
i
m
e
the
BER
=1.
0173e
-
05
at
S
NR=1
0dB
f
or
Mi
=3,
but
the
BER
=3.051
8e
-
05
at
SN
R=
10dB
f
or
Mi
=5,
the
BE
R for
Mi
=5
is
worse t
han that
for
Mi
=
3 by a
sm
a
ll
v
al
ue.
The
propose
d
TR
(f
irst
case
and
Mi
=
3)
is
us
e
d
to
reduc
e
the
PAPR
f
or
Le
nna
im
a
ge
w
hich
i
s
transm
itted
wit
h
OFDM.
T
he
or
i
gin
al
a
nd
th
e
receive
d
im
a
ge
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7
for
diff
e
re
nt
num
ber
s
of
su
bc
ar
riers
with
S
NR=1
0dB.
The
receive
d
i
m
age
with
FF
T
siz
e=2
56,
but
f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
values
of
S
N
R
are
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
8.
From
Figu
re
7,
we
fou
nd
t
hat
im
age
transm
itted
with
hi
gh
e
r
num
ber
of
sub
car
rier
s
ha
s
the
bette
r
pea
k
sign
al
to
no
is
e
rati
o
(P
S
NR)
,
and
f
r
om
Fig
ur
e
8
we
show
that
the
i
m
age
at
s
m
al
le
st
SN
R
has
the sm
al
le
st PS
NR.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
OFDM PA
PR
red
uction f
or
i
mage
tr
ansmis
sion usi
ng im
prove
d
to
ne
re
s
ervati
on
(
Za
i
nab N
oori
Gha
ni
m
)
421
Figure
3. CC
D
F of
P
AP
R
for
OFDM si
gnal
with
four cases
of
pro
posed
TR P
AP
R
reducti
on
,
or
i
gin
al
OFD
M si
gn
al
with
out P
AP
R
reduc
ti
o
n
and w
it
h o
rigi
na
l TR
-
C m
et
ho
d
Figure
4. CC
D
F of
P
AP
R
for
OFDM si
gnal
with
pro
po
se
d TR
f
i
rst case a
nd
dif
fer
e
nt num
ber
of subca
rr
ie
rs
Figure
5. BER
of the
OFDM s
ign
al
with
pro
pose
d
TR f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
n
um
ber
of car
riers
Figure
6. CC
D
F of
P
AP
R
for
OFDM si
gnal
with
pro
po
se
d TR
for t
w
o diff
e
rent
m
axi
m
u
m
n
um
ber
of it
erati
on
s
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7. Len
na
i
m
age: o
ri
gina
l and recei
ved i
m
age w
it
h dif
fer
e
nt FFT si
ze
, (
a
)
Or
i
gin
al
i
m
age
,
(b)
S
NR=1
0 d
B, FFT
size=
64, PS
NR=4
6
, (
c
)
S
NR
=1
0 dB
, F
FT
size=
12
8. PS
NR=7
1.5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol. 11,
No.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021 :
416
-
423
422
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
8. The
re
cei
ved
Len
na im
age w
it
h dif
fer
e
nt S
NR
, (
a
)
SN
R=
10 d
B
, FFT si
ze=
256,
PSN
R=
71.5
,
(
b
)
S
NR=8
dB
,
FF
T
siz
e=2
56,
PSNR=
20.
7147
, (
c
)
S
NR=6
dB
, F
FT
size=
256, P
SN
R=
13.
5189
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults,
on
e
can
c
on
cl
ud
e
s
that
cl
ip
pi
ng
t
he
high
a
m
pl
it
ud
es
a
nd
am
plifyi
ng
the
lo
w
am
plitu
de
s
le
ad
t
o
re
du
ce
the
num
ber
of
it
erati
ons
com
par
ed
wit
h
the
co
nventi
on
al
TR
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
enh
a
nce
t
he
overall
syst
em
perform
ance.
The
propose
d
m
et
ho
d
is
a
ppli
ed
in
t
his
pap
e
r
on
t
he
i
m
age
transm
issi
on
; t
his m
et
ho
d
ca
n al
so
a
ppli
ed o
n
a
no
t
her data
su
c
h
as s
peec
h or vi
deo tran
s
m
iss
ion
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
H.
Ait
-
Saadi
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
PA
P
R
Reduc
ti
on
for
OFDM
Signal
s
Based
on
Se
lf
-
Adapti
v
e
Multi
popul
at
ion
D
E
al
gorit
hm
,
”
In
ter
nati
onal
Journ
al
of
Elec
tri
cal
and
Computer
E
ngine
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol.
7,
no
.
5,
pp.
2651
-
266
0
,
Oct
2017.
[2]
M
.
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
,
et
a
l.
,
“
I
m
a
g
e
T
r
a
n
sm
i
ss
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
gh
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
C
h
a
n
n
el:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
E
E
E
1
s
t
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
D
e
l
h
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2016
.
[3]
N.
F.
Solim
an
,
et
al.,
“
Robust
Im
age
Tra
nsm
iss
ion
with
OF
DM
over
an
AW
G
N
Channe
l
,
”
28t
h
Nati
onal
Radio
Sci
en
ce Conf
ere
nce
,
Eg
y
p
t,
pp.
1
-
8,
2011
.
[4]
T.
W
eni
sch,
et
al
.
,
“
Com
bine
d
Err
or
Corre
c
ti
n
g
and
Com
pre
ss
ing
Codes,
”
IE
EE
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Symposium
on
Information
The
ory
,
W
ashingt
on
DC,
US
A,
2001
.
[5]
M.
D.
Roz
ai
ni
,
e
t
al.,
“
Media
n
co
deword
shift
(M
CS
)
te
chni
qu
e
fo
r
PA
PR
red
uct
io
n
with
low
complexi
t
y
in
OF
DM
s
y
stem,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
El
ectric
al
an
d
Computer
En
gine
ering
(
IJE
C
E)
,
vol.
9,
no.
6,
pp.
4882
-
4888,
2019.
[6]
M.
I.
Yous
sef,
et a
l.,
“
Im
age
m
ult
ipl
exi
ng
using r
e
sidue
num
ber
s
y
stem c
oding
ove
r
MIM
O
-
O
FD
M
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stem,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
El
ectric
al
an
d
Computer
En
gine
ering
(
IJE
C
E)
,
v
ol.
9,
no.
6,
pp.
4815
-
4825,
2019.
[7]
M
.
M
.
M
o
w
l
a
an
d
S
.
M
.
M
.
H
as
a
n
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
rm
a
nc
e
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
AP
R
R
e
d
uc
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
O
F
DM
S
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
L
T
E
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
&
M
o
bi
l
e
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8]
Y
.
S
.
C
h
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
IM
O
O
FD
M
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
M
a
t
l
a
b
,
”
J
o
h
n
W
i
l
e
y
&
S
o
ns
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9]
C
.
C
h
o
u
d
h
a
r
y
a
n
d
V
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
“
A
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
S
c
h
e
m
es
f
o
r
M
u
l
t
i
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
ss
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
, v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
0
-
5
4
,
2013.
[10]
K
.
K
.
S
e
n
a
n
d
V
.
s
a
h
u
,
“
P
AP
R
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
U
si
n
g
P
T
S
w
i
t
h
D
C
T
S
L
M
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
N
e
t
w
or
k
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[11]
K.
Mhatre
and
U.
P
.
Khot,
“
Eff
ic
i
ent
Select
ive
Mapping
PA
PR
Reduc
ti
on
Tech
nique
,
”
Proce
d
i
a
compute
r
science
,
vol.
45
,
pp
.
620
-
527,
2015
.
[12]
B
.
H
o
r
v
a
t
h
a
n
d
B
.
B
o
t
l
i
k
,
“
Op
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
o
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
-
B
a
s
e
d
PA
PR
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
O
FD
M
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
R
A
D
I
O
E
N
G
I
N
EER
I
N
G
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
791
-
797,
2017.
[13]
M
.
A
l
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
AP
R
a
n
d
B
E
R
P
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
of
O
FD
M
S
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
N
o
v
e
l
To
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
O
v
e
r
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
N
o
n
-
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
a
d
i
n
g
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[14]
E
.
O
.
A
n
t
o
n
o
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
d
u
c
e
d
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
T
o
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
P
eak
-
to
-
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
Po
w
e
r
R
a
t
i
o
R
e
du
c
t
i
o
n
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
f
o
r
S
E
F
DM
S
i
gn
a
l
s
,
”
39
Inte
rnational
Confe
re
nce
on
Tele
com
municat
ions
and
Signal
Pro
ce
ss
ing
(TSP)
,
Vienna
,
Aus
tri
a,
pp
.
445
-
448,
2016
.
[15]
H.
Abdela
li,
et
a
l.
,
“
N
e
w
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
C
om
b
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
T
o
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
ati
o
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
w
i
th
C
l
i
p
p
i
n
g
T
e
c
hn
i
q
u
e
t
o
R
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
P
e
a
k
-
to
-
A
v
er
a
g
e
P
o
w
e
r
R
a
t
io
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
om
pu
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
5
-
5
2
2
6
,
2018.
[16]
S
.
L
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
l
i
d
i
n
g
W
i
n
d
ow
T
o
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
e
a
k
-
to
-
A
ve
r
a
g
e
P
o
w
e
r
R
a
t
i
o
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
F
B
MC
-
OQ
AM
S
i
g
n
a
l
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
C
o
mm
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
L
e
t
t
e
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
-
2
7
1
,
2012.
[
1
7]
D
.
C
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f T
o
n
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
P
e
a
k
-
to
-
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
P
ow
e
r
R
a
t
i
o
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
E
F
DM
S
i
g
n
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
E
n
v
e
l
o
p
e
s
,
”
2019
I
E
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
h
o
t
o
n
i
c
s
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
-
168,
2019.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
OFDM PA
PR
red
uction f
or
i
mage
tr
ansmis
sion usi
ng im
prove
d
to
ne
re
s
ervati
on
(
Za
i
nab N
oori
Gha
ni
m
)
423
[18]
A.
La
hc
en,
et
al
.,
“
L
o
w
C
om
p
u
tat
i
o
n
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
P
T
S
S
c
h
e
m
e
fo
r
PA
PR
R
e
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
M
IM
O
-
OF
DM
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
10
th
Int
ernati
ona
l
Conf
ere
nce i
n
t
erdisci
pli
nari
ty i
n
engi
n
ee
ring
(
INTER
-
ENG
201
6
)
,
vol.
181
,
pp
.
876
-
883,
2017
.
[19]
P.
P.
Ann
and
R.
Jos
e
,
“
Com
p
ari
son
of
PA
PR
Reduc
t
ion
Tec
hnique
s
in
OF
DM
sy
st
ems
,
”
20
16
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
C
omm
unic
ati
on
a
nd
Elec
troni
cs
S
yste
ms
(
ICCES)
,
pp.
1
-
5,
2016.
[20]
M.
H.
Aghdam
and
A.
A.
Sha
rifi
,
“
PA
PR
red
uct
ion
in
OF
DM
sy
st
ems
:
An
eff
icient
PTS
a
pproa
ch
base
d
on
par
ticle sw
arm opt
imiza
t
ion,
”
IC
T E
xpre
ss
,
vo
l. 5
,
pp
.
178
-
181
,
2
019.
[21]
S.
Vanga
la
and
A.
Sundru,
“
Ove
rla
pped
Sca
li
ng
Tone
Reser
va
ti
o
n
m
et
hod
for
P
A
PR
Reduc
ti
on
in
OF
D
M/OQ
A
M
S
y
stems
,
”
6th
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
On
Ad
vanc
es
In
Comp
uti
ng
&
Comm
u
nic
ati
ons
,
ICAC
C
2016
,
Cochi
n
,
India,
Proce
d
ia compute
r
sci
ence
,
vo
l.
93,
pp.
63
2
-
638,
2016
.
[22]
M.
Mrou´
e,
et
a
l.
,
“
Perform
anc
e
and
Im
ple
m
e.
n
t
at
ion
Eva
lu
at
io
n
of
TR
PA
PR
Reduc
t
ionMet
hod
s
for
DV
B
-
T2,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Dig
it
al
Mult
imedi
a
Bro
adcasti
ng
,
vol
.
2
010,
pp
.
1
-
10
,
2
010.
[23]
I.
Deve
l
ia
and
Y.
Kaba
l
ci
,
“
Propos
al
of
an
ex
per
imental
data
and
image
tr
a
nsm
ission
sy
ste
m
and
it
spos
sible
appl
i
ca
t
ion
for
r
emote
m
onit
orin
g
sm
art
grids,
”
J
ournal
of
App
li
e
d
Re
search
and
Technol
ogy
,
vol
.
15,
pp
.
303
-
31
0
,
2017.
[24]
Uzm
a,
e
t
a
l.,
“
A
MIM
O
-
O
FDM
Based
Secur
e
and
Robust
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
S
y
stem
for
IOT
D
rive
n
He
al
th
ca
r
e
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Re
ce
nt
Technol
ogy
and
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJ
RTE)
,
vol. 7, no. 6,
pp.
1208
-
122
1,
2019
.
[25]
R.
Muthi
y
a
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Ps
eudor
a
ndom
Noise
Sequenc
e
of
Digital
W
at
ermarki
n
g
Algorit
him
base
d
on
Discre
t
e
W
ave
le
t
e
Tra
nsf
orm
Us
ing
Medic
al
Im
age
,
”
The
Inte
rnat
ional
A
rab
Journal
of
I
nformation
Tech
nology
,
vol
.
15
,
no.
4
,
pp
.
769
-
7
76,
2018
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Z
aina
b
Noori
G
han
im
was
born
in
Baghd
ad,
Ira
q,
on
Jul
y
16,
19
70.
She
r
ecei
ved
the
B.
Sc.
and
M.Sc.
degr
e
es
in
el
ectroni
cs
and
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Baghda
d
in
1992
and
1999,
respe
ctively
.
From
1992
to
1999
she
worked
as
an
engi
ne
er
in
e
le
c
troni
cs
an
d
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
ne
eri
ng
d
ep
art
m
ent
in
th
e
Univer
sit
y
of
B
aghda
d.
From
1999
to
2011
she
worked
as
an
assistant
lectur
e
r
and
from
2011
she
worked
as
le
ct
ur
er
in
el
e
ct
roni
cs
an
d
comm
unic
at
ion engi
ne
eri
ng
d
ep
art
m
ent
in the
U
nive
rsit
y
of
B
ag
hdad.
Bu
thain
a
Mosa
Omr
an
was
born
in
Baghda
d,
Ira
q,
on
Octobe
r
12,
1974.
She
rec
ei
ved
the
B.
Sc.
and
Ph.D.
in
el
ec
troni
cs
and
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
nee
ring
from
Univer
sity
of
Baghda
d
in
1996
and
2007,
respe
ct
ive
ly
,
and
rec
ei
ved
the
M.Sc.
degr
ee
in
Modern
comm
unic
at
ion
from
the
Nahra
i
n
Univer
sity
in
2000.
She
worked
in
the
fie
ld
of
Sate
ll
it
e
Com
m
unic
at
ion
in
Al
-
Bat
ta
ni
Com
pany
/Mini
stry
of
Scie
nce
s
and
Te
chnol
ogy
from
(2001
-
2003),
and
worked
in
the
fie
ld
of
Optic
al
Com
m
unic
at
ions
in
Al
-
Raz
i
Com
pany
/
Ministry
of
Industry
from
(2001
-
20
03).
Since
2000
she
works
as
le
ct
ure
r
in
el
ec
troni
cs
and
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
nee
ring
depa
rtment
in
the
unive
rsity
of
Bahghda
d.
From
2018
ti
ll
now,
she
is
the
hea
d
of
the
el
ec
troni
cs
and
comm
unic
at
ion
engi
nee
ring
depa
rtment
in
the
unive
rsity
of
Baghda
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.