Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3678~3
686
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
5
.
pp3678
-
36
86
3678
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
BER
analy
si
s
of
ampli
fy
-
and
-
for
ward rel
ay
in
g
FS
O
systems u
sing
AP
D
rece
i
ver
over
strong at
mospheri
c
turbu
lence
ch
annels
Huu Ai
Duon
g
1
, Va
n L
oi
N
guyen
2
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electronics a
nd
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ations,
Kore
a
Vie
t
nam
Friendship Inform
at
ion
Te
chno
log
y
Co
lle
ge,
Vi
et
n
am
2
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
I
nform
at
ion
T
ec
h
nolog
y
,
Kor
ea
V
ie
tn
am
Friendshi
p
Inform
at
ion
T
ec
hnolog
y
Coll
e
ge,
Vi
et
n
am
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
21
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
pr 11
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
21
, 201
9
In
thi
s
pape
r
,
we
the
ore
ti
c
a
l
l
y
ana
l
y
z
e
th
e
pe
rform
anc
e
of
a
m
pli
f
y
-
and
-
forward
(AF
)
seria
l
r
el
a
y
i
ng
fre
e
-
spac
e
op
ti
c
al
(FS
O)
sy
stems
using
ava
l
anc
he
phot
odiode
s
(AP
D)
and
subc
arr
i
er
quadr
at
ur
e
amplit
ud
e
m
odula
ti
on
(SC
-
QA
M)
over
strong
at
m
os
pher
ic
turbu
le
n
ce
cha
nn
el
s
m
odel
le
d
b
y
ga
m
m
a
-
gam
m
a
dist
ribut
ion.
More
spec
ifi
c
all
y
,
an
ave
rag
e
bi
t
err
or
rate
(BER)
of
sy
st
em
is
the
ore
ticall
y
d
eri
v
e
d
ta
lki
ng
in
to
account
AP
D
shot
noise,
the
r
m
al
noise
as
wel
l
a
s
the
impact
o
f
the
num
ber
of
AF
rel
a
y
in
g
stat
ions
and
tur
bule
nc
e.
The
n
um
eri
ca
l
resul
ts
show
tha
t
usin
g
AF
re
l
a
y
stat
ions
ca
n
e
xte
nd
the
tra
n
sm
ission
dista
n
ce
and
he
lp
t
o
improve
per
form
anc
e
of
FS
O
sy
st
em
signifi
c
ant
l
y
when
compare
d
with
the
direct
tra
nsm
ission.
Moreove
r,
the
sel
e
ct
ion
of
AP
D
gai
n
val
ue
is
indi
s
pensa
ble
to
the
s
y
s
te
m
per
f
orm
a
nce
.
The
p
roposed
s
y
st
em
coul
d
b
e
ac
hi
ev
ed
th
e
b
est
per
form
anc
e
b
y
select
ing
an
opti
m
al
AP
D
gai
n
val
ue
.
In
addi
ti
on
,
the
opt
imal
value
of
AP
D
gai
n
al
so
signif
icantly
d
epe
nds
on
var
ious
condi
ti
ons
,
such
as
the
num
ber
of
rela
y
st
at
ion
s
,
AP
D
rec
ei
v
er
noise
an
d
li
nk
dist
ance
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Am
plify
-
and
-
F
orward
APD
Atm
os
ph
eric t
urb
ulence
FSO
QAM
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ute of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Duo
ng Hu
u Ai,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and Telec
omm
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
,
Korea
Viet
nam
Fr
ie
nd
s
hip I
nfor
m
at
ion
Tec
hnol
og
y C
ollege
,
450 Tra
n Dai
Nghia
St.
, Dan
ang
, Vie
tnam
.
Em
a
il
: hu
uai1
1@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fr
ee
-
sp
ace
opti
cs
(F
S
O)
i
s
know
n
as
gr
ee
n
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gy
,
i
n
rece
nt
ye
ars
for
a
lot
of
app
li
cat
io
ns
be
cause
of
thei
r
abili
ty
to
un
li
m
it
ed
ban
dwid
th,
li
censin
g
-
free
requirem
ents,
hig
h
sec
ur
it
y
,
cost
-
eff
ect
ive
ness
and
sim
plici
t
y
of
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
syst
em
desig
n
an
d
dep
l
oym
ent
[1
-
2].
Alth
ough
F
S
O
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
are
m
any
ad
van
ta
ge
s
li
ke
that,
but
the
pe
r
f
or
m
ance
of
F
SO
syst
em
s
strongly
de
pends
on
at
m
os
pheric
tur
bule
nce
c
onditi
ons,
w
hic
h
is
ca
us
e
by
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
pr
e
ssure
i
nhom
og
eneit
y
of
the
atm
os
ph
e
re
[
3]
,
wh
e
n
a
n
opti
cal
bea
m
traver
si
ng
t
he
at
m
os
ph
ere.
It
will
neg
at
ively
eff
ect
s
of
sca
tt
ering
,
abs
o
r
ption an
d t
urb
ulence
res
ult i
n powe
r
lo
ss and t
he
li
nk
distance li
m
i
ted
ov
e
r
se
ve
ral
kilom
et
ers
[4
]
.
In
ad
diti
on,
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
lo
w
li
nk d
ist
ance
tran
sm
issi
on
over
the
tur
bule
nce
c
ha
nn
el
,
re
la
yi
ng
F
S
O
syst
e
m
s
hav
e
bee
n
pro
pos
ed
t
o
e
xten
d
the
lo
nger
tra
ns
m
issi
on
an
d
m
i
ti
gate
the
tur
bule
nce
inclu
de
d
fad
i
ng
[
5].
O
ut
age
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
m
ulti
ho
p
FSO
syst
em
s
ov
e
r
str
ong
tur
bu
le
nce
cha
nn
el
s
m
od
el
le
d
by
the
gam
m
a
-
g
am
ma
distrib
utio
n,
has
been
stu
died
in
[6
-
7].
Most
rece
ntly
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
r
el
ay
ing
FS
O
s
yst
e
m
s
ov
e
r
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
tur
bu
le
nce
channels
has
be
en
stu
died
f
oc
us
on
Am
ply
-
and
-
F
orward
(AF)
a
nd
Dec
od
e
-
an
d
-
Fo
r
wa
rd
(
DF)
rel
ay
ing
FS
O
syst
e
m
s.
The
a
i
m
of
this
stu
dy
,
we
t
he
or
et
ic
al
ly
analy
ze
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
F
S
O
schem
e
AF
se
r
ia
l
syst
e
m
.
In
the
A
F
relay
in
g
m
et
ho
d,
the
receiver
sig
nal
from
so
urce
a
t
each
node
wi
ll
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
BER
analysis
of
a
m
plif
y
-
and
-
f
or
war
d rel
ayin
g
F
SO syste
ms
us
in
g
A
PD
rec
ei
ver over…
(
Duo
ng Hu
u
A
i
)
3679
a
m
plifie
d
be
fore
ret
ran
sm
it
ted
to
ne
xt
relay
node
an
d
rep
e
at
ed
th
rou
gh
interm
ediat
e
nodes
to
the
desti
natio
n
node,
a
nd
AF r
el
ay
ing
m
et
ho
d
is a
potenti
al
so
luti
on t
o
inc
r
ease l
ink dista
nce tra
ns
m
issio
n.
Pr
e
vi
ous
wor
ks
,
FS
O
syst
e
m
s
hav
e
m
a
inly
bee
n
im
plem
ented
by
em
plo
yi
ng
OOK
or
PP
M
m
od
ulati
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
f
or
c
om
m
erce
because
of
t
he
sim
plici
t
y
and
lo
w
cost
f
or
OOK
and
s
up
e
rio
r
powe
r
eff
ic
ie
ncy
f
or
PPM
m
od
ulati
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r
OOK
m
od
ulat
ion
need
s
a
n
adap
ti
ve
t
hr
es
ho
l
d
that
is
diff
ic
ult
adjustm
ent
to
accom
plishin
the
pr
ese
nce
of
atm
os
ph
e
ric
t
urb
ulence,
al
s
o
PPM
m
odul
at
ion
te
ch
nical
has
a
poor
band
widt
h
eff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
req
ui
re
high
transcei
ver
syn
chro
nizat
ion
[
8
-
9].
To
over
c
om
e
the
lim
it
a
ti
on
s
of
OOK
an
d
PP
M,
su
bca
rr
ie
ri
ntensity
m
od
ul
at
ion
quad
ratur
e
am
plit
ud
e
m
od
ulati
on
(
SC
-
Q
AM)
has
be
e
n
recently
pro
posed.
T
he
perform
ances
of
FS
O
syst
em
us
ing
SC
-
Q
AM
over
l
ognorm
al
and
gam
m
a
-
ga
m
m
a
tur
bu
le
nce
cha
nn
el
s
ha
ve
be
en
f
ound
in
s
om
e
recent
stud
ie
s
[10
-
12]
.
Most
recently
,
AS
ER
perf
orm
ance
analy
sis
of
M
I
MO/FSO
syst
em
s
us
ing
SC
-
QA
M
si
gn
al
in
g
ove
r
at
m
os
ph
er
ic
tu
r
bu
le
nc
e
channels
have
bee
n
repor
te
d [13].
Othe
rs
te
chn
i
que
can
sig
nific
antly
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
perform
ance
of
FS
O
syst
e
m
in
receiver
path
is
us
e
avalanc
he
ph
ot
od
io
des
(A
P
Ds).
APD
are
w
idely
us
ed
because
they
pro
vid
e
hi
gh
e
r
values
ofre
spon
si
vity
com
par
ed
with
PIN
photodio
des.
The
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
A
PD
de
vices
a
nd
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
APD
-
base
d
receiver
s
ha
ve
been
st
ud
ie
d
extensi
vely
[1
4
-
16
]
.
T
he
us
e
of
APD
f
or
the
cases
of
F
SO
syst
e
m
s
us
in
g
QA
M
m
od
ulati
on
s
was
repor
te
d
i
n
[
17
]
.
F
ur
th
erm
or
e
APD
-
base
d
Am
plify
-
an
d
-
F
orwa
rd
Serial
Re
la
yi
ng
F
S
O
Syst
e
m
s
has
been
stu
died
in
[18].
The
re
ha
s
been,
howe
ve
r,
no
stu
dy
on
BER
analy
sis
of
A
F
relay
ing
F
S
O
syst
e
m
u
sing
APD r
ec
ei
ver.
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
we
the
re
f
ore
a
naly
ze
BER
of
AF
relay
ing
F
SO
/
SC
-
Q
AM
s
ys
tem
us
ing
A
PD
receive
r
ov
e
r
str
ong
at
m
os
ph
eric
tu
r
bu
le
nce
c
hann
el
.
More
over
we
obta
in
im
po
rta
nt
pe
rfor
m
ance
f
or
the
pract
ic
al
syst
e
m
design,
su
c
h
as
the
eff
ect
s
of
A
PD
gain,
t
ransm
it
te
d
po
we
r
and
li
nk
distance
on
the
BER
of
FSO
/SC
-
Q
AM
syst
e
m
s o
ve
r
s
tro
ng
at
m
os
pheric t
urb
ulence
ch
a
nn
el
.
2.
SY
STE
M DESC
RIPTIO
NS
2.1.
AF
rel
ay
in
g
F
SO syste
m usi
ng
QAM
sign
al
We
sta
rt
by
in
vestigat
in
g
a
ty
pical
serial
a
n
APD
-
base
d
AF
relay
in
g
F
SO
syst
em
,
in
wh
ic
h
sig
nal
from
the
so
urc
e
node
is
tra
nsm
it
te
d
to
the
de
sti
nation
t
hro
ugh
N
relay
in
g
nodes
serial
ly
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
g
ure
1
.
The
s
ource
node,
relay
in
g
node
,
a
nd
des
ti
nation
node
schem
es
are
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
2.In
Fi
g
ure
2a,
wh
ic
h
syst
e
m
was
em
plo
ye
d
SC
-
QA
M
,
el
e
ct
rical
data
fr
om
the
sign
al
s
ource
is
firstly
up
-
c
onve
rte
d
to
an
interm
ediat
e
fr
equ
e
ncy
,
c
f
this
el
ect
rical
su
bca
rr
ie
r
QA
M
si
gnal
is
then
us
e
d
to
m
od
ulate
the
intensit
y
of
a
Laser.
Figure
1.
A
n
e
xam
ple o
f
a
se
rial
r
el
ay
ing
FS
O
c
o
m
m
un
ic
ation
syst
e
m
Figure
2
.
The
s
ource
node
, r
el
ay
ing
node
a
nd
d
est
inati
on
no
de of
FS
O
/QAM
syst
e
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
,
V
ol.
9
, No.
5
,
Octo
be
r 201
9
:
3678
-
3686
3680
The
el
ect
rical
SC
-
Q
AM si
gnal
at the
ou
t
pu
t
of QAM m
odulator
can
b
e
writ
te
n
as:
(
)
(
)
c
o
s
(2
)
-
(
)
s
i
n
(2
)
I
c
Q
c
e
t
s
t
f
t
s
t
f
t
pp
=
(1)
w
he
re
-
(
)
(
-
)
I
j
s
j
s
t
a
g
t
i
T
+¥
=¥
=
å
an
d
-
(
)
(
-
)
Q
j
s
j
s
t
b
g
t
j
T
¥
=¥
=
å
are
the
in
-
pha
se
an
d
t
he
quadr
at
ur
e
sig
na
ls,
resp
ect
ively
,
(
)
,
j
at
()
j
bt
are
res
pecti
vely
the
in
-
phase
a
nd
the
qu
a
drat
ur
e
c
om
po
ne
nt
inform
ation
am
pl
it
ud
e
s
of the
j
th
trans
m
itt
ed data
sym
bo
l,
()
gt
is t
he
sh
a
ping
pulse a
nd
S
T
denotes the
sym
bo
l i
nterv
al
.
The
Q
AM
signa
l
is
then
us
ed
to
m
od
ulate
th
e
intensit
y
of
an
el
ect
rical
-
to
-
op
ti
cal
(E/O
)
la
ser
be
fore
po
i
nting
la
ser
beam
thro
ug
h
a
te
le
scop
e
of
the
tran
sm
i
tt
er
to
the
relay
ing
node
,
the
tr
an
sm
it
te
d
sign
al
can
be
expresse
d
as
:
(
)
(
)
(
)
{
1
[
c
o
s
(
2
)
-
s
i
n
(
2
)
]
}
s
I
c
Q
c
s
t
P
s
t
f
t
s
t
f
t
k
p
p
=+
(2)
w
he
re
S
P
denotes
the
aver
a
ge
tr
ansm
itted
op
ti
cal
power
per
sy
m
bo
l
at
ea
ch
ho
p
an
d
k
is
the
m
od
ulati
on
ind
e
x,
01
k
<<
.
Du
e
t
o
the
eff
ect
s
of
li
nk
loss
1
a
and
1
()
Xt
-
the
rand
om
pr
ocess
f
or
the
sign
al
sci
ntil
la
ti
on
cause
d
by
at
m
os
phe
ric
tur
bule
nce
of
the
fir
st
hop,
t
he
rec
ei
ved
op
ti
cal
s
ign
al
at
the
fir
st
relay
node
c
an
be
expresse
d
as
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
1
1
(
t
)
{
1
[
c
o
s
(
2
)
-
s
i
n
(
2
)
]
}
s
I
c
Q
c
r
t
a
X
P
s
t
f
t
s
t
f
t
k
p
p
=+
(3)
At
each
relay
node
,
an
APD
recei
ver
is
us
e
d
f
or
am
plifyi
ng
sig
nal
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
2b.
The
receive
d
opti
cal
sign
al
is
firstly
co
nv
e
rte
d
int
o
el
ect
rica
l
sign
a
l
a
nd
t
he
n
am
plifie
d
by
the
APD,
a
fter
has
been
am
plifie
d
by
the
APD,
t
his
sig
nal
is
use
d
to
re
-
m
od
ul
at
e
intensit
y
of
la
ser
source
a
nd
r
el
ay
ed
to
the
ne
xt
relay
node.
D
ue
to
sl
ow
t
urb
ulence
c
ha
nges,
t
he
DC
com
po
ne
nt
11
()
S
a
X
t
P
ca
n
be
filt
ere
d
ou
t
by
a
band
pass
filt
er.
Ther
e
f
or
e
t
he
e
le
ct
rical
sign
al
ou
t
pu
t
of
AF
m
od
ule at t
he f
irs
t rela
y n
ode
will
b
e
(
)
1
1
1
1
a
(
t
)
(
)
(
)
s
e
t
g
X
P
e
t
n
t
k
=
Â
+
(4)
w
he
re
g
,
Â
,
1
()
nt
are
theaver
a
ge
APD
gain,
res
pons
i
vi
ty
of
phot
od
i
ode
an
d
r
ecei
ve
r
noise
at
the
f
irst
node,
resp
ect
ively
.T
he
total
receiv
er
noise
1
()
nt
at
the
first
node
c
on
sist
ing
of
A
PD
sh
ot
no
ise
,
th
erm
al
no
ise
an
d
can
be
m
od
el
le
d
as
a stat
iona
r
y ran
dom
G
aus
sia
n process
w
ho
s
e
var
ia
nce
i
s g
i
ven b
y[
19]
22
1
1
1
4
2
B
A
S
f
n
f
L
kT
q
g
F
P
a
X
F
R
sk
=
Â
D
+
D
(5)
w
he
re
,
,
,
,
,
,
B
L
n
A
k
T
R
F
q
f
F
represe
nt
the
Bolt
zm
ann
c
onsta
nt,
the
abs
olu
te
t
e
m
per
at
ure
of
receiver
,
the
APD'
s
load
resist
ance
,
the
am
plifie
r
no
ise
fig
ur
e
,
th
e
el
ect
ro
n
ch
a
rg
e
the
sym
bo
l’s
ef
f
ect
ive
no
ise
band
width
an
d
the
e
xceed
noise
fact
or.
Where
2
/
2
l
o
g
(
)
b
f
R
M
with
b
R
is
th
e
bit
rate
of
t
he
syst
e
m
an
d
IQ
M
M
M
and
(
1
)
(
2
1
/
)
A
A
A
F
k
g
k
g
with
A
k
deno
ti
ng
the
io
nizat
i
on
facto
r.
W
it
h
AF
relay
ing
sc
hem
e,
relay
node
fir
st
norm
al
iz
es
th
e
r
ecei
ved
opti
cal
sig
nal
in
(
4
)
t
o
un
it
y
a
nd
then
is
o
ptica
ll
y
m
od
ulate
d
w
it
h
powe
r
S
P
in
orde
r
to
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
powe
r
pe
r
sym
bo
l
at
the
i
t
h
node
e
qual
with
transm
it
ted
powe
r
pe
r
sym
bo
l
at
the
so
ur
ce
a
nd
re
-
tra
ns
m
itted
to
the
nex
t
node
.
Th
e
transm
i
tt
ed
op
ti
cal
sign
al
at t
he fir
st n
od
e
t
her
e
f
ore ca
n be e
xpre
ssed
as
(
11
)
[
18]
(
)
1
11
1
()
{
1
(
)
(
)
}
s
S
nt
s
t
P
X
t
e
t
g
a
P
k
=
+
+
Â
(6)
Re
peati
ng
s
uc
h
ste
ps
a
bove
thr
ough
the
nu
m
ber
of
relay
sta
ti
on
s,
N
,
t
he
el
ect
rical
signa
l
in
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
APD
at
the d
e
sti
nation n
ode ca
n be
d
e
rive
d
as
f
ollow
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
BER
analysis
of
a
m
plif
y
-
and
-
f
or
war
d rel
ayin
g
F
SO syste
ms
us
in
g
A
PD
rec
ei
ver over…
(
Duo
ng Hu
u
A
i
)
3681
(
)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
N
i
N
j
N
ji
N
s
N
i
i
i
i
n
t
a
X
t
e
t
g
P
a
X
t
e
t
a
k
+
+
+
=+
+
+
=
=
=
Â
+
Õ
Õ
å
(7)
w
he
re
,
(
)
ii
a
X
t
are
the
path
los
s
an
d
atm
os
ph
e
ric
tu
rbulenc
e
of
th
e
connecti
on
betwee
n
the
(
1
)
i
t
h
an
d
i
t
h
node
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
W
her
eas
()
i
nt
is
the
receiver
no
ise
at
the
i
t
h
node.
Also
th
e
var
ia
nce
of
total
accum
ulate
d
re
cei
ver
noise
at
the d
e
sti
nation
node
is
g
i
ven by
2
1
1
1
1
22
1
1
1
4
(
2
(
)
)
N
Nj
i
ji
N
B
N
A
S
f
i
j
n
f
i
j
iL
aX
kT
q
g
F
P
a
X
F
aR
sk
+
+
=+
+
+
=
=
æö
ç÷
=
Â
D
+
D
ç÷
ç÷
ç÷
èø
Õ
Õ
å
(8)
Si
m
il
ar
to
(
7
)
and
(
8
)
,
the
ins
ta
ntaneous
el
e
ct
rical
SN
R
pe
r
sy
m
bo
l,
,
is
the
rando
m
var
ia
ble
at
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
APD,
as
a
fu
nc
ti
on
of
insta
ntaneous
fad
i
ng
value
,
X
with
syst
e
m
and
cha
nne
l
par
am
et
ers
can
be
e
xpresse
d
a
s foll
ow
s
(
)
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
22
11
()
()
N
N
sN
s
N
i
i
NN
g
P
a
X
g
P
a
X
t
k
k
g
ss
+
+
+
+
=
++
Â
Â
=
=
Õ
(9)
2.2.
Channel m
odel
Wh
e
n
an
opti
c
al
wav
e
beam
go
th
rou
gh
the
fr
ee
sp
ace
at
m
os
ph
ere,
it
exp
e
rienc
es
the
def
orm
at
ion
cause
d
va
rio
us
atm
os
ph
e
ric
c
onditi
on,
s
uc
h
as
scat
te
rin
g,
r
efr
act
io
n,
a
nd
abs
orption
bet
ween
the
te
rm
inals
of
FSO
li
nk.
In
this
st
ud
y,
we
c
onside
r
t
he
facto
rs
c
ha
racteri
zi
ng
a
n
F
SO
c
hann
el
inclu
ding
l
ink
l
os
s,
and
at
m
os
pher
ic
turbulence
.
T
he
li
nk
l
os
s
is cause
d
by b
ot
h
m
olecular
ab
s
orptio
n
an
d
ae
r
os
ol
scat
te
ri
ng
in
the
ai
r.
T
he
total
li
nk loss
of syste
m
can
be
ex
pre
ssed
as
()
2
ae
2
v
L
r
v
A
L
b
f
p
-
=
æö
ç÷
ç÷
èø
(10)
w
he
re
,
,
,
rv
A
L
B
denote
the
area
of
t
he
receiver
a
pe
rtu
re,th
e
opti
cal
bea
m
’s
div
e
rg
e
nce
an
gle
in
ra
dian,
t
he
li
nk
len
gthbet
ween t
he so
ur
c
e an
d desti
nation an
d
t
he
at
m
os
phe
ric exti
nc
ti
on
c
oeffici
ent
, r
es
pecti
vely
[20
]
.
T
he
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
tur
bu
le
nce
ca
us
e
d
the
irrad
ia
nce
fl
uc
tuati
on
r
ep
re
sents
sig
nal
s
ci
ntil
la
ti
on
.
Ther
e
are
m
any
distrib
utio
n
m
od
el
s
to
des
cribe
t
he
at
m
os
ph
ere
-
in
du
ce
d
tur
bule
nce.
F
or
str
ong
t
urb
ulence
conditi
on
,
it
is
ge
ner
al
ly
a
ccepte
d
t
hat
()
Xt
is
a
ra
ndom
process
with
gam
m
a
-
ga
m
m
a
distribu
ti
on
.
The pr
obabili
ty
d
en
sit
y functi
on
(
pdf) of the
irra
diance
inte
ns
it
y i
n
the
str
ong
t
urb
ulent i
s g
i
ven b
y
[13]
.
1
2
2
2
2
ΓΓ
X
f
X
X
K
X
(11)
wh
e
re
.
Γ
is
the
Gam
m
a
fu
nction
an
d
.
K
denotes
the
m
od
ifie
d
Be
ssel
fun
ct
ion
of
the
seco
nd
kind
of
or
der
.
The
posit
ive
par
am
et
er
r
epr
ese
nts
the
eff
ect
ive
num
ber
of
la
r
ge
-
sc
al
e
cel
ls
of
the
s
cat
te
ring
pr
oce
ss,
an
d
the
posit
ive
para
m
et
er
rep
re
s
ents
the
eff
ect
i
ve
nu
m
ber
of
s
m
a
ll
-
scal
e
c
el
ls
of
t
he
scat
te
ring
proces
s
in
the
at
m
os
ph
e
ric.
It
ca
n
be
sh
ow
n
that
the
par
am
et
ers
and
are
directl
y
relat
ed
to
at
m
o
sp
he
ric
co
ndit
ion
s
t
hro
ugh
th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
ex
pr
essi
ons
w
he
r
e
S
is
the
sci
ntil
l
at
ion
in
dex,
an
d
is
def
i
ned at [
13
]
as
12
e
x
p
(
)
1
;
S
w
her
e
1
2
2
7
/
6
2
12
/
5
2
0.49
e
xp
1
1
0.
18
0.
56
d
(12)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
,
V
ol.
9
, No.
5
,
Octo
be
r 201
9
:
3678
-
3686
3682
1
5
/
6
2
12
/
5
22
2
12
/
5
2
0
.5
1
1
0
.6
9
e
x
p
1
1
0
.9
0
.6
2
d
(13)
In
t
hese
e
qu
a
ti
on
s,
2
/4
d
k
D
L
w
her
e
2/
k
is
the
opti
cal
wav
e
num
ber,
is
the
wav
el
e
ng
t
h,
L
is
the
li
nk
distan
ce,
and
D
is
the
rad
i
us
of
a
ci
rc
ular
receivi
ng
aper
t
ur
e,
a
nd
2
i
s
the
Ry
tov
var
ia
nce,
a
nd a
ssu
m
ing
s
ph
e
rical
w
ave
pr
op
a
gation,de
fine
d as:
2
2
7
/
6
1
1
/
6
2
0
.
4
9
2
n
C
k
L
s
=
(14)
In (14
),
2
n
C
is t
he r
efr
act
ive
-
in
dex stru
c
t
ur
e
p
a
ra
m
et
er,
w
hich
is
w
eat
he
r de
pended.
At
the
AF
syst
e
m
,
the
pro
ba
bi
li
t
y
distribu
ti
on
f
unct
ion
of
a
t
m
os
ph
e
ric
tu
r
bu
le
nce
th
ought
N
nodes
()
a
X
f
or
FS
O
syst
e
m
is give
n
in
(
15
)
[21].
1
2
2
2
2,
1
ΓΓ
N
X
f
X
X
K
X
N
(15)
3.
BE
R
A
N
ALY
SIS
In
this
sect
io
n,
we
will
analyze
the
BER
per
f
or
m
ance
of
the
AF
relay
in
g
FS
O/Q
AM
syst
e
m
us
ing
APD
receive
r
ov
e
r
stron
g
at
m
os
ph
eric
tur
bu
le
nce
cha
nnel
.
The
m
at
hem
at
ic
al
fo
rm
ul
a
to
per
f
or
m
bit
err
or
rate o
f QAM
m
od
ulati
on
ca
n be
fou
nd
at
:
0
()
i
n
s
t
X
B
E
R
B
E
R
f
x
d
x
¥
=
ò
(16)
In
wh
ic
h
i
n
s
t
BER
instanta
ne
ous
bit
error
rate
of
syst
e
m
in
destinat
ion
no
de,
for
the
IQ
MM
rectan
gu
la
r
Q
AM m
od
ulati
on, t
he
in
sta
ntan
eous BER
is
gi
ven as
(
)
2
2
l
o
g
(
)
l
o
g
(
)
11
2
1
(
)
(
l
)
l
o
g
(
)
Q
I
IQ
M
M
inst
M
M
kl
IQ
B
E
R
P
k
P
MM
==
=+
åå
(17)
w
he
re
()
I
M
Pk
an
d
()
Q
M
Pl
are
res
pecti
vely
de
no
te
d
t
he
BE
R
occ
urrin
g
on
the
k
t
h
bit
of
I
M
a
r
y
P
AM
and
t
he
l
th
bit
of
Q
M
a
r
y
P
AM.
Using
the
de
rivati
on
of
the
pro
ba
bili
t
y
that
the
k
t
h
bit
in
erro
r
f
or
th
e
I
a
r
y
PA
M,
i
M
P
and
q
M
P
can
be respecti
ve
ly
g
iven
b
y
(
)
1
2
.
1
(
1
2
)
1
1
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
(
)
{
1
(
2
.
)
2
3
(
2
1
)
}.
2
(
(
1
)
(
1
)
)
k
i
k
M
I
I
I
k
M
k
M
i
II
IQ
P
k
i
MM
e
rfc
i
MM
g
z
êú
-
êú
êú
-
êú
ëû
-
--
-
=
êú
êú
=
-
-
+
êú
ëû
æö
ç÷
´-
ç÷
ç÷
-
+
-
èø
å
(
18)
(
)
1
2
.
1
(
1
2
)
1
1
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
(
l
)
{
1
(
2
j
.
)
2
3
(
2
1
)
}
2
(
(
1
)
(
1
)
)
l
j
l
M
Q
Q
Q
l
M
l
M
j
QQ
IQ
P
MM
e
rfc
j
MM
g
z
êú
-
êú
-
êú
êú
ëû
-
--
-
=
êú
êú
=
-
-
+
êú
ëû
æö
ç÷
´-
ç÷
ç÷
-
+
-
èø
å
(
19)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
BER
analysis
of
a
m
plif
y
-
and
-
f
or
war
d rel
ayin
g
F
SO syste
ms
us
in
g
A
PD
rec
ei
ver over…
(
Duo
ng Hu
u
A
i
)
3683
In
the
(
18
)
,
(
19
)
and
are
th
e
instanta
neous
e
le
ct
rical
SN
R
per
sym
bo
l
and
the
qu
a
drat
ur
e
to
in
-
ph
a
se
decisi
on
distance
rati
o
with
/.
QI
dd
Re
place
(
18
)
,
(
19)
with
the
pa
ram
et
er
SN
R
cal
culat
ed
in
(
9
)
into
(
17
)
,
we
hav
e
t
he
insta
ntane
ous
BER
f
or
recta
ngula
r
Q
AM/FS
O
s
yst
e
m
fo
r
A
F
relay
ing
us
in
g
APD
receiver
.
A
nd
then
BER
ca
n
cal
culat
e
by
(
16
)
with
()
X
fX
f
or
the
gam
m
a
-
gam
m
a
chan
nel
giv
e
n
i
n
(
15
)
.
Def
i
ne
I
P
an
d
Q
P
as
2
l
o
g
1
0
(
)
f
(
)
I
I
M
I
M
X
k
P
P
k
x
d
x
¥
=
=
ò
å
(20)
2
l
o
g
1
0
(
l
)
f
(
)
Q
Q
M
Q
M
X
l
P
P
x
d
x
¥
=
=
ò
å
(21)
The
BER
of F
SO
syst
em
can
be w
ritt
en
as
2
1
E
R
(
)
l
og
(
)
IQ
IQ
B
P
P
MM
=+
(20)
4.
NUMER
IC
A
L RES
ULTS
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
us
in
g
pr
e
viou
s
de
rive
d
e
xpr
ession,
we
pre
sent
num
erical
res
ults
for
BE
R
analy
sis
of
AF
re
la
yi
ng
FSO
/
QA
M
syst
e
m
us
ing
A
PD
receive
r
ov
e
r
stron
g
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
tur
bu
le
nce
m
od
el
ed
by
the
gam
m
a
-
gam
m
a
distribu
ti
on.
I
n
our
ana
ly
sis,
for
fai
r
com
par
ison,
B
ER
i
s
cal
culat
ed
as
t
he
func
ti
on
of
the
tra
ns
m
ittedp
owe
r
per
bit
P
b
=
P
t
/l
og
2
(M)
with
P
t
is
tot
al
tra
ns
m
it
te
d
powe
r
per
sym
bo
l
at
so
urce
an
d
N
nodes
.
Also
th
e
denotes
the
aver
a
ge
tra
nsm
itted
op
ti
cal
powe
r
per
sy
m
bo
l
at
each
node
P
s
=
P
t
/(
N+
1
)
so
the
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
P
b
and
P
s
can
be
wr
it
te
n
as
P
s
=
P
b
Lo
g
2
(
M
)/(
N
+1)
.
T
he
pe
r
form
ance
analy
sis
is
carried
ou
t
un
de
r
the
in
flue
nc
e
of
dif
fer
e
nt
operati
ng
c
onditi
on
,
w
hich
is
i
nclu
de
the
a
ve
rag
e
APD’
s
ga
in
an
d
therm
al
,
the
num
ber
of
relay
node
,
li
nk
dis
ta
nce.
Re
le
va
nt
par
am
et
er
co
ns
ide
r
in
our
a
naly
sis
are
pro
vid
e
d
in Ta
ble 1.
Table
1
.
Syst
em
p
ara
m
et
ers
and co
n
sta
nts
Para
m
eters
Sy
m
b
o
l
Valu
e
Op
eration
al wavel
en
g
th
1
5
5
0
nm
Ph
o
to
d
io
d
e r
esp
o
n
siv
ity
Â
1
APD’s
resistan
ce
R
L
1000Ω
Ion
izatio
n
f
acto
r
k
A
0
.7
A
m
p
lif
ier
n
o
ise f
ig
u
re
F
N
2
Bo
ltz
m
an
n
con
stan
t
k
B
1
.38
×1
0
-
23
Mod
u
latio
n
ind
ex
κ
1
Electr
o
n
charge
q
1
.6×1
0
-
23
C
Ind
ex
of
r
ef
raction
stru
ctu
re
2
9
.10
-
14
m
-
2
/3
Link
dis
tan
ce
L
1
÷8
k
m
Ap
erture
d
ia
m
ete
r
D
0
.08
m
At
m
o
sp
h
eric
ex
tin
ctio
n
coef
f
icien
t
βv
0
.1
d
B/km
Bea
m
’s
div
ergen
ce a
n
g
le
ø
5
m
rad
Decisio
n
dis
tan
ce ratio
1
Figure
3
s
how
the
syst
em
B
ER
versus
ave
rag
e
APD
gai
n
ḡ
with
di
rect
transm
issi
on
and
dif
fere
nt
relay
sta
ti
on
s,
the
nu
m
b
er
rel
ay
sta
ti
on
s
N
=
1,2
,3
a
nd
4
ar
e
us
ed
in
anal
ysi
s,
the
trans
m
itted
power
per
bit
P
b
=
12
dBm
lin
k
distance
L
=
6000
m
,
bit
rate
R
b
=
2Gb
ps,
T
=
300k
a
nd
us
i
ng
8×
4Q
AM
sch
em
e.
As
th
e
fig
ur
e
cl
ea
rly
sh
ow,
BER
pa
ram
et
er
i
m
pr
ov
e
s
sig
nifica
ntly
with
i
ncrea
sing
the
nu
m
ber
of
relay
sta
ti
on
,
and
bette
r
tha
n
direct
t
ransm
i
ssion.
F
or
m
ore
im
po
rtantl
y,
it
is
al
so
see
n
that
the
sel
ect
ion
of
APD’
s
ga
in
ḡ
has
a
si
gn
i
ficant
im
pact
on
th
e
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance.
More
cl
early
,
to
reac
h
the
l
ow
e
st
BER
value
,
the o
ptim
al
gain
va
l
ue
ḡ
f
r
om
6
to
12
with
dif
fer
e
nt
relay
sta
t
ion
s.
Also
the
BER
value
will
decr
eas
e
wh
e
n
the
av
erag
e
APD
gain pass
over
the
optim
al
g
ai
n val
ue.
Figure
4
il
lust
rates
the
BER
perf
or
m
ance
of
syst
em
s
as
a
functi
on
of
the
a
ver
a
ge
APD
gain,
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
value
s
o
f
li
nk
distan
ce
L
=
4000
m
,
6000
m
,
8000m
.
The
nu
m
ber
relay
sta
ti
on
s
N
=
3,
P
b
=
8
dBm
,
T
=
300
K,
R
b
=
2
Gbps
are
use
d
in this an
al
ysi
s.
As
you
ca
n
see, incre
asi
ng
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
nk
d
ist
a
nce i
m
pact
to
syst
e
m
per
f
or
m
ance.
Mor
e
cl
early
,
an
increase
i
n
L
f
ro
m
40
00
m
t
o
60
00
m
and
8000
m
resu
lt
s
in
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
,
V
ol.
9
, No.
5
,
Octo
be
r 201
9
:
3678
-
3686
3684
sign
ific
a
nt b
it
error
pe
rfor
m
ance d
eg
ra
datio
n.
For
e
xam
ple,
the b
est
BER
v
al
ue
reac
hed
appr
ox
im
at
ely
10
-
9
at
L
=
40
00
m
with
opti
m
a
l
gain
ḡ
=
6
a
nd
re
ached
f
ro
m
8×
10
3
to
10
-
2
at
6000
m
and
80
00
m
with
ḡ
=
6
a
nd
ḡ
=
10
resp
ect
i
vely
. T
he op
ti
m
al
g
ai
n
va
ries
b
et
wee
n 6 a
nd
10.
Figure
3. BER
ver
s
us
ave
rag
e
A
P
D gain
ḡ
w
it
h
diff
e
re
nt r
el
ay
sta
ti
on
s,
t
ran
s
m
itted power
pe
r bit
P
b
= 12
dBm
,
L
=
60
00 m
,
R
b
= 2Gb
ps
,
T
=
300 K
,
and 8
×
4 Q
AM
schem
e w
it
h
N
= 1,
2,
3
a
nd
4
Figure
4. BER
ver
s
us
A
ver
a
ge
A
P
D for
valu
es of
L
us
in
g 8×
4 QAM
,
N =
3
,
P
b
=
8dBm
,
T
=
300
K
,
R
b
=
2
Gbps
In
F
i
gure
5,
w
e
fu
rt
her
a
naly
sis
the
eff
ect
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
no
ise
on
t
he
syst
e
m
per
fo
r
m
ance
wit
h
transm
itted
po
wer
p
e
r
bit
P
b
=
3
dBm
,
R
b
=
3
Gb
ps
,
L
= 20
00
m
,
N
=
1.
A
s
the f
ig
ur
e
cl
e
arly
il
lustrate
s,
w
he
n
the
degree
of
r
ecei
ver
i
ncr
ea
s
es
le
ad
to
i
ncr
e
ase
the
therm
al
noise
,
t
her
e
f
ore
BER
of
syst
em
will
be
incre
ased
too
.
BER
val
ue
reach
to
10
-
11
at
T
=
30
0
K
a
nd
decr
eas
e
to
2×10
-
8
at
T
=
1100
K
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
it
is
sh
own
the
i
m
pact
of
temperat
ur
es
no
ise
on
the
sel
ect
ion
of
op
ti
m
al
gain.
It
is
seen
that
the
op
ti
m
al
gain
cha
ng
e
s
m
ore
sign
ific
a
ntly
wh
e
n
t
he
re
ce
iver
te
m
per
at
ure
va
ries.
The
optim
al
gain
al
so
va
ries
fro
m
6
to
10
w
he
n
the
receiver
tem
per
at
ur
e
inc
rease
s b
et
ween 3
00
K
a
nd 11
00K.
Figure
6
sho
w
n
the
syst
e
m
B
ER
ver
s
us
tran
sm
it
te
d
po
wer
per
bit
P
b
at
the
li
nk
distance
L
=
6000
m
and
opti
m
al
g
ai
n
ḡ
=
6
is
s
el
ect
ed.
T
he
figure
il
lustrate
s
,
w
he
n
the
di
r
ect
ly
transm
iss
ion
from
so
ur
ce
to
destinat
io
n
node,
t
he
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
powe
r
per
bit
re
qu
ir
e
to
reach
BER
=
10
-
8
ab
out
19
dBm
.
W
it
h
the
N
relay
sta
ti
on
s,
we
ca
n
ob
ta
in
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
im
pr
ove
m
ents
of
4dB
,
6dB
,
7dB
for
N
=
1,
2
a
nd
3
in
com
par
iso
n
with
direct
tra
ns
m
is
sion.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e
,
w
e
ca
n
see
that, with
the
sam
e
trans
m
itt
ed
powe
r
per
bi
t
requirem
ent,
w
hile
increasin
g
t
he
relay
sta
ti
on
(
N
=
4,
5
)
,
the
syst
e
m
per
f
or
m
ance
did
not
increasi
ng
sig
nificantl
y.
S
o
i
n
this
case,
at
the
li
nk
distance
L
=
6000
m
we
s
hould
us
e
m
axi
m
um
N
=
3
rela
y
nodes
to
reac
h
the
best
BER
value
and re
duce sy
s
tem
an
d dep
l
oym
ent co
st.
Figure
5. BER
ver
s
us
ave
rag
e
A
P
D gain
for
8×4
QA
M
with
dif
f
eren
t t
em
per
at
ur
es
noise a
nd
transm
itted
po
wer pe
r bit
P
b
=
3 dBm
,
R
b
=
2
G
bps
N =
1
, L
=
2000 m
Figure
6. BER
ver
s
us
t
he
tra
nsm
it
te
d
power
per bit
P
b
with
diff
e
re
nt
r
el
ay
stat
ion
s,
N =
1, 2,
3,
4 and 5
,
op
ti
m
al
g
ai
n
ḡ
= 6
,
L =
60
00
m
, T
= 3
00
k,
Rb =
2Gb
ps
a
nd
8×4 Q
AM sc
hem
e
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
P
D
G
a
i
n
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
A
F
F
S
O
:
N
=
1
A
F
F
S
O
:
N
=
2
A
F
F
S
O
:
N
=
3
A
F
F
S
O
:
N
=
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
P
D
G
a
i
n
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
L
=
4
0
0
0
m
L
=
6
0
0
0
m
L
=
8
0
0
0
m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
A
P
D
G
a
i
n
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
T
=
3
0
0
K
T
=
5
0
0
K
T
=
7
0
0
K
T
=
9
0
0
K
T
=
1
1
0
0
K
-
1
0
-5
0
5
10
15
20
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
T
o
t
a
l
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
P
e
r
B
i
t
(
d
B
m
)
B
i
t
E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e
D
i
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
BER
analysis
of
a
m
plif
y
-
and
-
f
or
war
d rel
ayin
g
F
SO syste
ms
us
in
g
A
PD
rec
ei
ver over…
(
Duo
ng Hu
u
A
i
)
3685
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
we
hav
e
a
naly
sis
the
bit
er
r
or
rate
of
am
plify
-
an
d
-
forw
a
r
d
relay
ing
for
F
S
O/SC
-
QA
M
schem
e
us
ing
AP
D
receive
r
over
gam
m
a
-
gam
m
a
a
t
m
os
phe
ric
tur
bule
nce
cha
nn
el
.
W
e
ha
ve
de
rive
d
theo
reti
cal
expressio
ns
f
or
A
F
FSO
/
SC
-
Q
A
M
syst
e
m
con
s
iderin
g
with
di
f
fe
ren
t
relay
sta
ti
on
s,
li
nk
dis
ta
nce,
the
a
ver
a
ge
A
PD
’
s
gain
an
d
therm
al
.
W
e
cl
early
seen
a
sign
ific
a
ntly
im
pr
ov
em
ent
wh
e
n
de
plo
yi
ng
relay
te
chn
iq
ue
in
c
om
par
ison
with
direct
transm
issi
on.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
the
num
eri
cal
resu
lt
s
sho
wed
t
hat
us
in
g
APD
with
pro
p
er
se
le
ct
ion
of
op
ti
m
al
gain
cou
ld
i
m
pr
ove
the
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance
gr
eat
ly
,
and
in
this
wor
k,
the
optim
al
gain
to
reac
h
t
he
be
st
BER
of
AF
F
SO
/
Q
AM
syst
e
m
cou
l
d
va
ry
f
rom
6
to
10
f
or
ty
pical
APD r
ec
ei
ver.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
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W
.
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,
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spac
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g
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f
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layi
ng
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ms
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QAM
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the
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
,
V
ol.
9
, No.
5
,
Octo
be
r 201
9
:
3678
-
3686
3686
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Huu
Ai
Du
ong
,
recei
v
ed
BS
de
gre
e
in
R
adi
o
an
d
Telec
om
m
unicati
ons
from
Hue
Univer
sit
y
of
Scie
nc
es,
Vie
tnam
,
in
2003,
and
M.E
degr
e
e
of
E
le
c
troni
c
en
gin
e
eri
ng
from
Dana
ng
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chnol
og
y
,
Viet
nam,
in
20
11,
and
PhD
of
El
ectroni
c
and
Te
lecom
m
unic
at
ions
in
Hanoi
Univer
sit
y
of
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Vie
t
nam,
in
2018.
C
urre
ntly
,
he
is
a
le
c
ture
r
at
th
e
Korea
Viet
n
am
frie
ndship
Infor
m
at
ion
Te
chno
l
og
y
Coll
ege,
Dana
ng,
Vie
tna
m
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
ere
sts
inc
lud
e
opti
c
al
wir
eless
comm
unic
at
ions
,
rad
io
ov
er
f
ibe
r
,
and
broa
db
and net
works
.
Van
Loi
Ngu
y
en,
he
rec
e
ive
d
his
Master
of
Engi
nee
ring
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
nce
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Da
nang,
Viet
n
am
in
2010,
a
Ph.
D.
degr
ee
from
Soo
ngsil
Univer
sit
y
in
2017.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
l
ec
t
ure
r
at
Kore
a
-
Viet
nam
Frie
ndship
Inform
at
ion
Te
chno
log
y
Coll
ege.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
s inc
lud
e
m
ult
im
edi
a
,
informati
o
n
ret
r
ie
v
al
,
art
i
ficial i
nt
el
l
ige
nc
e,
and
da
ta
b
ase
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.