Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4120
~
4132
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4120
-
41
32
4120
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Phase
F
requ
ency
D
ete
ctor and
C
h
arge
P
u
mp
fo
r
L
ow
J
itt
er
PLL
A
p
pli
ca
ti
ons
Sun
g
Sik
Pa
r
k
,
J
u
S
ang
Le
e
,
S
ang
Da
e
Yu
School
of El
ec
tr
onic
s E
ng
ine
e
rin
g,
K
y
ungpook
N
at
ion
al
Univ
ersity
,
Repub
li
c
of
Korea
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
12
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
5
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
1
2
, 201
8
In
t
his
pap
er
a
n
ew
technique
is
pre
sente
d
to
imp
rove
the
jitte
r
pe
rform
anc
e
of
conve
nti
on
al
phase
fre
quen
c
y
d
et
e
ct
ors
b
y
complet
ely
re
m
ov
ing
the
unnec
essar
y
on
e
-
shot
pulse
.
T
h
is
technique
u
ses
a
var
ia
b
le
pulse
-
hei
gh
t
ci
rcu
it
to
cont
rol
the
unne
ce
ss
ar
y
one
-
shot
pu
lse
hei
ght
.
In
additi
on,
a
nove
l
cha
rge
-
pum
p
c
ir
cui
t
with
per
fe
ct
cur
ren
t
-
m
atchin
g
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
is
used
to
i
m
prove
the
out
put
ji
tter
per
for
m
anc
e
of
conventiona
l
ch
arg
e
p
um
ps.
Th
is
ci
rcu
it
is
compos
ed
of
a
pai
r
of
s
y
m
m
et
ric
a
l
pum
p
ci
rcu
it
s
to
o
bta
in
a
goo
d
cur
ren
t
m
at
ch
in
g
.
As
a
result,
t
he
proposed
charge
-
pum
p
ci
rcu
it
has
per
fec
t
cur
ren
t
-
m
atchin
g
cha
ra
ct
e
ristics
,
wide
output
ran
ge,
no
glitch
ou
t
put
cur
ren
t,
and
no
jump
output
voltage
.
In
orde
r
to
ver
i
f
y
such
oper
at
i
on,
c
ir
cuit
sim
ula
ti
on
is pe
r
form
ed
using 0.
1
8
μm
CMO
S pro
ce
ss
par
amete
rs.
Ke
yw
or
d:
C
harge
pu
m
p
Jit
te
r
reducti
on
P
hase
freq
ue
nc
y detec
tor
Ph
ase
-
loc
ked loop
V
oltage
-
c
on
tr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sang
Dae
Yu,
School
of Elec
tro
nics E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
Kyu
ngpook
Na
ti
on
al
Univ
ersi
ty
,
80 D
ae
ha
k
-
ro,
Buk
-
gu,
D
ae
gu
4156
6
,
Re
publ
ic
o
f
K
or
ea
.
Em
a
il
:
sd
yu
@
m
ai
l.kn
u.
a
c.
kr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ph
ase
-
loc
ked
loops
(P
L
Ls)
a
re
wi
dely
us
e
d
for
cl
ock
syn
chro
nizat
ion
i
n
m
ic
ro
proces
so
rs
,
dig
it
al
sign
al
proces
s
or
s
,
an
d
wirele
ss
com
m
un
ic
ation
syst
em
s
[1
]
.
An
increasi
ng
num
ber
of
P
LL
app
li
cat
ions
fo
r
high
-
s
pee
d
dat
a
transm
issi
on
are
dem
and
in
g
a
lowe
r
j
it
te
r
an
d
a
highe
r
op
e
rati
ng
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
to
im
p
rove
ov
e
rall
syst
em
perform
ance.
On
e
of
t
he
ess
entia
l
buil
ding
blo
c
ks
of
PL
L
is
the
phase
fr
e
quen
cy
det
ect
or
(P
F
D
)
.
T
his
m
on
it
or
s
the
phase
a
nd
freq
ue
ncy
dif
fe
ren
ce betwee
n
the
ref
e
re
nce
f
r
equ
e
ncy
(
Fr
e
f)
and
t
he
div
ide
d
volt
age
-
co
ntr
olled
os
ci
ll
at
or
(
VC
O)
outp
ut (
F
ba
ck).
T
her
e
f
or
e,
the PF
D
m
igh
t
ge
ner
at
e
a
n
up
si
gn
al
(UP)
i
f
the
F
ref
sig
na
l
le
ads
the
F
back
sig
nal
an
d
a
do
wn
sig
nal
(
D
O
WN
)
if
t
he
Fr
ef
sig
nal
la
gs
the
F
back
sign
al
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
a
n
unnecessa
ry
one
-
s
hot
pu
lse
associat
ed
with
the
delay
ti
m
e
of
the
res
et
path
is
ge
ne
rated
at
the
UP
a
nd
DOWN
outp
ut,
wh
ic
h
in
tur
n
create
s
a
current
m
is
m
at
ch
between
the
UP
an
d
D
O
W
N
curre
nt
path
of
the
charge
pu
m
p.
Th
us
,
the
s
pec
tral
purity
of
t
he
VC
O
outp
ut
is
deg
ra
de
d,
and
j
it
t
ers
are
gen
e
rated
i
n
th
e
PLL.
Var
i
ou
s
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
al
r
eady
bee
n
de
velo
ped
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
the
ji
tt
er
per
f
or
m
ance
of
co
nve
ntion
al
PFD
s
[
2]
-
[7
]
.
We
pro
pose
a
new
arc
hitec
tu
re
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
su
ch
j
it
te
r
pro
blem
.
In
this
a
rch
it
ect
ure,
a
va
riable
pu
lse
-
hei
gh
t
ci
rcu
it
is
a
dded
to
the
PF
D
out
pu
t
node
to
co
ntr
ol
the
unnec
essary
on
e
-
s
hot
pu
lse
hei
gh
t
du
e
t
o
the in
pu
t
sig
na
l.
The
cha
r
ge
pu
m
p
us
es
switch
es
to
co
ntr
ol
the
vo
lt
age
c
onnecti
on
to
the
capaci
tor.
A
s
a
resu
lt
,
the
charge
-
pum
p
t
un
e
s
the
con
t
r
ol
vo
lt
age
of
the
VCO
b
y
c
hargin
g
or
dis
chargin
g
the
loop
filt
er
cap
aci
tor
accor
ding
to
th
e
pu
lse
widt
h
of
t
he
U
P
or
D
O
WN
si
gn
al
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
t
he
m
ai
n
prob
le
m
s
of
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
charge
pum
ps
are
c
urren
t
m
is
m
at
ches,
glit
ch
outp
ut
c
urren
t
,
an
d
jum
p
outpu
t
volt
age
.
T
hey
al
so
de
g
ra
de
t
he
sp
ect
ral
purity
of
the
VCO
ou
t
pu
t
a
nd
ca
use
j
it
te
rs
in
th
e
PLL
[
8]
-
[
15
]
.
Acc
ordin
gly,
we
pro
pose
a
novel
charge
-
pum
p
ci
rcu
it
w
it
h al
m
os
t
perfect
curr
ent
-
m
at
ching
c
har
act
erist
ic
s t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e
su
c
h
pro
blem
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ph
as
e Fre
quen
cy Detect
or a
nd C
ha
r
ge Pu
m
p
fo
r L
ow Jit
te
r
…
(
Sung
Sik
Park)
4121
The
orga
nizat
ion
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
as
fo
ll
o
w
s.
The
pro
pose
d
ci
rcu
it
i
m
plem
entat
ion
is
descr
ibe
d
in
Sect
ion
2.
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
validat
in
g
the
pro
po
se
d
st
rategy
are
presen
te
d
an
d
discu
s
sed
in
Sect
io
n
3,
a
nd
Sect
ion
4 p
rese
nts the
conclus
ion
s
.
2.
P
HASE
-
LO
CKED L
OO
P
D
ESI
GN
2.1.
PF
D desi
gn
2.1.1.
S
tand
ard
PF
D
(
s
-
P
FD
)
Figure
1
(a
)
s
hows
the
sc
he
m
at
ic
of
the
s
-
PF
D
.
It
co
ns
i
sts
of
six
rese
t
paths
whose
delay
tim
es
gen
e
rate
an
unnecessa
ry
on
e
-
sh
ot
pu
lse
at
the
UP
a
nd
D
O
WN
ou
t
put
.
T
ypic
al
ly
this
reset
delay
tim
e
of
the
internal
node
a
ff
ect
s t
he
P
FD
sp
ee
d.
2.1.2.
Conv
e
nt
i
on
al
Prechar
ged P
FD (cp
-
PF
D)
A
schem
at
ic
of
a
cp
-
PF
D
ci
r
cuit
is
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
1
(
b)
.
The
reset
path
of
the
c
p
-
P
F
D
is
sh
ort
er
than
that
of
th
e
s
-
PF
D
beca
use
the
reset
process
of
the
cp
-
P
FD
is
com
po
s
ed
of
a
thr
ee
-
gate
fee
db
a
ck
path
.
This
m
eans
th
at
the
cp
-
PF
D
can
ov
e
rco
m
e
the
sp
eed
li
m
it
a
ti
on
of
th
e
s
-
PFD
a
nd
reduce
s
dea
d
zon
e
s.
Nonetheless
,
a
ccordin
g
t
o
in
pu
t
si
gn
al
s
Fre
f
an
d
Fb
ac
k,
two
t
ru
e
sin
gl
e
-
phase
cl
oc
ke
d
D
flip
-
fl
ops
ar
e
i
m
m
ediat
el
y re
set
thr
ou
gh
t
he
N
OR
gate w
he
n
the in
put si
gn
al
s
of
t
he
N
OR g
at
e are l
ogic
“low.” M
ea
nwhile
,
an
unneces
sary
on
e
-
shot
pu
ls
e
is
gen
erated
equ
i
valent
to
the
delay
tim
e
at
the
UP
and
DOWN
outp
ut
du
e
to
the
delay
tim
e
of
t
he
reset
pa
th.
T
he
pe
rio
d
of
the
reset
pu
lse
la
sts
fro
m
the
rising
e
dg
e
of
the
la
tt
er
in
put
sign
al
betw
een
the
Fr
ef
an
d
Fb
ac
k
to
the
f
al
li
ng
edg
e
of
the
reset
pu
lse
.
Thus,
the
wi
dth
an
d
hei
gh
t
of
the
unnecessa
ry
one
-
shot
pu
lse
ar
e also sim
il
ar t
o
th
os
e
of the
re
set
pulse
.
D
e
l
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
U
P
D
O
W
N
F
r
e
f
F
b
a
c
k
D
e
l
a
y
1
D
e
l
a
y
2
D
e
l
a
y
3
D
e
l
a
y
4
D
e
l
a
y
5
D
e
l
a
y
6
U
P
D
O
W
N
F
r
e
f
F
b
a
c
k
1
2
D
e
l
a
y
1
R
E
S
E
T
D
e
l
a
y
2
D
e
l
a
y
3
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (a
)
S
chem
at
ic
o
f
s
-
PFD
.
(b) Sche
m
at
ic
o
f
cp
-
PF
D
2.1.3.
Prop
os
ed
PF
D
To
s
olv
e t
he
c
p
-
PF
D prob
le
m
s,
an
im
pr
ove
d PFD
is
prop
ose
d
in
Fig
ur
e
2
(a)
.
Pf fee
dbac
k
tra
ns
ist
ors
are
inse
rted
to
preve
nt
a
ny
charge
l
os
s
du
e
to
le
a
kag
e
c
urren
ts
at
n
od
es
A
an
d
B.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
a
PFD
-
i
m
pr
oved
bl
oc
k,
w
hich
c
onsist
s
of
a
m
od
if
ie
d
in
ver
te
r
,
a
volt
age
-
div
i
de
r
resist
or
(
V
DR),
an
d
a
bu
ff
e
r,
is
config
ur
e
d
i
n
t
he
e
xisti
ng
UP
an
d
D
O
WN
node
s.
Fi
rst,
a
m
od
ifie
d
in
vert
er
is
inse
rted
betwee
n
n
odes
1
a
nd
3
and
betwee
n
n
od
e
s
2
an
d
4
t
o
re
du
ce
the
w
idth
an
d
hei
ght
of
the
unnec
essary
one
-
s
ho
t
pu
lse
.
Fig
ur
e
2
(a)
sh
ows
that
ide
ntica
l
PMOS
M2
an
d
M
2'
transisto
rs
are
c
onnected
in
s
er
ie
s.
Th
us
,
w
he
n
the
tran
sist
ors
are
on,
their
resist
anc
e
can
be
a
ppr
ox
im
at
ed
as
1
.
This
resist
a
nc
e
a
nd
V
DR
m
ake
up
a
vo
lt
age
div
id
er
f
or
adjustin
g
t
he
l
evel
of
a
sig
na
l.
Su
c
h
div
i
der
can
i
ncr
ease
the
rise
tim
e
and
m
ake
the
unnece
ssary
on
e
-
shot
pu
lse
w
hose
w
idth
is
a
ppr
ox
i
m
at
ely
two
ti
m
es
sh
ort
er
t
ha
n
that
of
the
r
eset
pulse
.
In
Figure
2
(b)
,
this
on
e
-
sh
o
t
pulse
doe
s
not
a
rr
ive
at
t
he
e
xisti
ng
pe
a
k
po
i
nt
becau
s
e
of
the
ef
fects
of
the
f
ollo
wing
phase
bu
ff
e
r,
a
nd
it
sta
rts
to
decre
ase
fr
om
the
10.3
-
ns
tim
e
po
int
al
ong
wit
h
the
reset
pu
l
se
that
has
al
read
y
reache
d
th
e
peak
po
i
nt.
As
a
res
ult,
the w
i
dth
a
nd
he
i
gh
t o
f
th
e
unnece
ssary o
ne
-
s
ho
t p
ulse are
re
duce
d
to
less
than
th
os
e o
f
th
e
reset p
ulse.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4120
-
4132
4122
Seco
nd,
V
DR1
and
V
DR2
c
onnecte
d
at
n
od
es
3
and
4
are
op
e
rated
by
inp
ut
sig
nals
Fr
e
f
an
d
Fb
ac
k,
resp
ect
ively
.
E
ach
V
DR
co
nsi
sts
of
f
our
ide
ntica
l
NMOS
t
ran
sist
or
s
c
onn
ect
ed
in
series
.
W
he
n
a
VD
R
is
on
,
it
s
resist
ance
can
be
e
xpresse
d
as
2
.
Using
the
vo
lt
age
div
i
si
on
betwee
n
th
e
m
od
ifie
d
i
nverter
an
d
VDR
,
the volt
age
s
of
n
odes
3 an
d 4 i
s appro
xim
a
te
d
as
3
,
4
=
2
1
+
2
.
(1)
T
h
ese
vo
lt
age
s
al
so
re
du
ce
t
he
width
a
nd
he
igh
t
of
the
unne
cessary
one
-
s
ho
t
pu
lse
.
Th
us,
the
hei
gh
t
of
the
unneces
sary
one
-
s
hot
pu
lse
ca
n
be
r
edu
ce
d
to
a
point
belo
w
the
m
axi
m
u
m
low
input
vo
lt
age
that
is
interp
reted
by
the
first
inv
e
rter
of
the
f
ollo
wing
phase
bu
ff
e
r.
As
a
res
ul
t,
the
unnecess
ary
on
e
-
shot
pulse
has
no
e
ff
ect
on the
f
ollo
wing cha
rg
e
pu
m
p
bec
ause of
the buffer
act
io
n
. Fur
t
her, this tec
hn
i
qu
e is o
nly ap
pl
ie
d
to
unnecessa
ry
one
-
s
hot
pulse
s
and
does
not
hav
e
a
ny
ef
f
ect
on
the
outpu
t
data
sig
na
ls.
Wh
en
t
he
“h
ig
h”
gen
e
rated
outp
ut
data
are
eq
ui
valent
to
the
di
ff
ere
nce
betw
een
t
he
tw
o
ris
ing
e
dges
of
th
e
input
si
gn
al
s
from
n
odes
3
a
nd
4,
the
volt
age
-
divi
der
the
orem
is
al
so
ap
plied.
The
heig
ht
of
the
outp
ut
data
is
reduced
to
a
po
i
nt
above
the
m
inim
u
m
hig
h
in
put
volt
age
that
is
interpr
et
e
d
by
the
first
in
ve
rter
of
the
fo
l
lowing
ph
as
e
buff
e
r.
In ad
diti
on, th
e
outp
ut d
at
a
ar
e com
plete
ly
r
est
or
e
d by the
buff
e
r.
U
P
D
O
W
N
F
r
e
f
F
b
a
c
k
1
2
D
e
l
a
y
1
R
E
S
E
T
D
e
l
a
y
2
D
e
l
a
y
3
B
u
f
f
e
r
B
u
f
f
e
r
F
r
e
f
V
D
R
1
F
b
a
c
k
V
D
R
2
M
2
`
M
2
M
1
1
-
2
3
/
4
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
F
r
e
f
-
F
b
a
c
k
3
-
4
V
o
t
a
g
e
_
D
i
v
i
d
e
r
_
R
e
s
i
s
t
e
r
g
n
d
M
r
3
4
P
f
A
B
P
f
Figure
2
(a
)
.
Sc
hem
atic o
f
t
he pr
opos
e
d PF
D
Figure
2
(b)
.
Sim
ula
ti
on
r
e
su
lt
s of the
r
eset
pulse
a
nd un
nec
essary
on
e
-
s
hot pu
lse
f
or
the
pro
po
se
d PF
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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om
p
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g
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S
N: 20
88
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8708
Ph
as
e Fre
quen
cy Detect
or a
nd C
ha
r
ge Pu
m
p
fo
r L
ow Jit
te
r
…
(
Sung
Sik
Park)
4123
2.2.
C
h
arage
pu
mp desi
gn
2.2.1.
St
and
ard Ch
ar
ge
P
ump
Figure
3
(a
)
s
hows
the
basic
structu
re
of
a
conven
ti
onal
charge
pum
p
that
has
a
PMOS
an
d
an
NMOS
tra
ns
ist
or
at
the
to
p
and
bo
tt
om
,
resp
ect
ively
.
H
oweve
r,
the
us
e
of
s
uch
pu
m
pin
g
MO
S
as
a
current
so
urce
te
nds
to
pro
duce
glit
ches
w
he
nev
e
r
the
pu
m
pin
g
MOS
is
turned
on
or
off
.
The
se
glit
ches
are
du
e
to
the
cha
rg
e
i
nj
e
ct
ion
of
tra
ns
is
tor
c
hannel
ch
arg
e
a
nd
the
cl
ock
fee
dth
r
ough
bet
ween
t
he
gate
an
d
the
drai
n
.
This
process
pro
du
ces
a
hi
gh
e
r
c
urre
nt
t
han
inte
nd
e
d
wh
e
n
t
he
pu
m
pin
g
MOS
is
init
ia
ll
y
opened.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
i
n
m
os
t
charge
pu
m
ps
,
the
ci
r
cuits
are
desig
ned
to
respo
nd
to
the
UP
a
nd
DOWN
outp
ut
of
t
he
PFD,
w
hic
h
in
tur
n
a
re
di
rectl
y
connecte
d
t
o
the
outp
ut
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
the
PMOS
a
nd
N
MOS
s
witc
hes
.
Th
us,
these
switc
hes
cause
the
m
is
m
at
ches
betwe
en
the
cu
rr
e
nt
so
urc
ing
an
d
c
urren
t
sin
king
,
and
the
n
ge
ne
rate
a
disco
rd
a
nt
switc
hing
tim
e.
The
design
of
the
char
ge
pu
m
p
sh
oul
d
enab
le
the
sourc
i
ng
an
d
sink
i
ng
c
urre
nts
to
hav
e
the
sam
e
am
ou
nt
of
c
urre
nt
f
or
the
s
a
m
e
le
ng
th
of
UP
a
nd
DOW
N
f
r
om
the
PF
D.
T
he
phase
offset
cause
d by a c
urre
nt m
is
m
at
ch
eve
ntu
al
ly
inc
reases t
he ou
t
put t
i
m
ing
j
it
te
r.
2.2.2.
Prop
os
ed
Cha
rge P
ump
To
so
l
ve
the
glit
ch
pro
blem
s,
a
novel
cha
rg
e
-
pum
p
ci
rcu
it
with
near
l
y
per
fect
curr
ent
-
m
at
ching
char
act
e
risti
cs,
no
glit
ch
out
pu
t
c
urre
nt,
a
nd
no
jum
p
outp
ut
volt
age
is
pro
po
s
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
3
(
b)
,
w
hich
include
s
a
sym
m
et
rical
pair
of
pum
p
-
up
an
d
pu
m
p
-
do
wn
c
ircuit
s.
Th
is
c
ha
rg
e
p
um
p
can
hav
e
th
ree
ty
pe
s
of
input
sta
tus
de
pendin
g
on
U
P
or
DOWN
of
the
PF
D.
Fir
st,
w
hen
U
P
is
“hig
h”
a
nd
D
O
WN
is
“l
ow,
”
M12
tur
ns
off
,
w
hich
cause
s
M8
a
nd
M
9
to
sto
p
op
e
rati
ng.
When
M1
tu
rn
s
on
,
Am
plifie
r_A
tur
ns
int
o
a
casc
o
de
a
m
plifie
r
that
enab
le
s
M
3
t
o
op
e
rate
as
a
current
s
ource
,
and
it
s
cu
rr
e
nt
flows
t
hro
ugh
the
casco
de
c
urren
t
m
irro
r
to
the
ou
t
pu
t
no
de.
S
uch
casc
od
i
ng
m
ini
m
iz
es
the
glit
ch
a
nd
hi
gh
out
pu
t
resi
sta
nce
pro
vid
e
s
go
od
current
sourci
ng.
The
volt
age
gain o
f
the
UP
casco
de
a
m
plifie
r
can
b
e
a
pp
r
ox
im
at
ed
as
|
|
=
1
(
2
+
2
)
3
1
+
2
+
2
.
(2)
Seco
nd,
w
hen
UP
an
d
D
O
W
N
are
both
“l
ow,”
M1
an
d
M
12
tu
r
n
off
,
w
hich
cau
ses
M5
an
d
M8
to
stop
ope
rati
ng.
As
a
resu
lt
,
th
e
con
tr
ol
volt
age
Vc
on
t
ro
l
no
de
m
a
intai
ns
a
const
ant
volt
ag
e
and
ente
rs
a
high
-
i
m
ped
ance
sta
t
us
.
Finall
y,
w
he
n
U
P
is
“l
ow
”
an
d
D
O
WN
is
“hig
h,
”
M
1
tur
ns
off
,
w
hich
ca
us
es
M4
a
nd
M
5
to
stop
op
e
rati
ng.
Wh
en
M
12
tur
ns
on
,
A
m
pl
ifie
r_
B
tur
ns
into
a
casc
od
e
am
plifie
r
that
al
lows
M10
t
o
fu
nctio
n
as a cu
r
ren
t s
ource
. a
nd
it
s
cu
rr
e
nt
flo
ws
t
hro
ugh
the casco
de
cu
r
ren
t m
irro
r
to the output n
od
e
. S
uc
h
casco
ding
al
so
m
ini
m
iz
es
the
glit
ch
and
high
outp
ut
resist
ance
pro
vid
e
s
good
cu
rr
e
nt
sink
in
g.
T
he
vo
lt
age
gain o
f
the
DO
WN casc
od
e
a
m
pl
ifie
r
can
be
appr
oxim
a
te
d
as
|
|
=
12
(
11
+
11
)
10
1
+
11
+
11
.
(3)
M2
an
d
M1
1
a
dju
st
c
on
tr
ol
volt
age
Vc
ontr
ol
to
the
desir
ed
le
vel
us
in
g
V
bias1
a
nd
V
bia
s2
,
wh
e
reas
M13
an
d
M
14
con
t
ro
l t
he
ti
m
ing
of the
UP i
nput to
con
for
m
to that of t
he
DO
WN
i
nput.
R
C
1
C
2
I
p
V
c
(
t
)
L
o
o
p
F
i
l
l
t
e
r
U
P
D
O
W
N
I
p
I
p
F
(
s
)
I
p
(
U
P
)
I
p
(
D
O
W
N
)
Figure
3
(a
)
.
S
tr
uctu
re
of
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
cha
rg
e
pum
p
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4120
-
4132
4124
V
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
V
b
i
a
s
1
U
P
D
O
W
N
V
b
i
a
s
2
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
9
M
1
0
M
1
1
M
1
2
M
8
M
7
M
6
M
5
M
4
M
1
3
M
1
4
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
_
A
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
_
B
I
p
(
U
P
)
I
p
(
D
O
W
N
)
Figure
3
(b)
.
Sc
hem
atic o
f
t
he pr
opos
e
d
c
ha
rge p
um
p
2.3.
Loo
p
f
il
ter
, V
CO, and
freq
uency di
vider
The
in
put
volt
age
of
t
he
VC
O
is
co
ntr
olled
in
t
he
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
accor
di
ng
t
o
the
am
ount
of
t
he
so
urci
ng
or
si
nk
i
ng
c
urre
nt
of
the
c
ha
rg
e
pu
m
p
an
d
the
values
of
R
and
C
of
the
loop
filt
er
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
4 (a)
.
C
h
a
r
g
e
P
u
m
p
C
1
C
2
V
C
O
I
p
V
c
(
t
)
L
o
o
p
F
i
l
t
e
r
R
z
C
r
o
s
s
-
o
v
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
h
a
s
e
M
a
r
g
i
n
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
(a
)
T
he
sec
ond
-
orde
r
lo
op f
il
te
r
.
(b)
T
he
c
ro
s
s
-
over fre
qu
e
ncy
a
nd phase
m
ar
gin
Using
t
he
c
ross
-
ove
r
fr
e
que
ncy
,
the
el
e
m
ent
values
,
1
,
an
d
2
of
t
he
l
oop
filt
er
ca
n
be
expresse
d
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ph
as
e Fre
quen
cy Detect
or a
nd C
ha
r
ge Pu
m
p
fo
r L
ow Jit
te
r
…
(
Sung
Sik
Park)
4125
=
,
1
=
1
,
2
=
1
(4
)
w
he
re
N
is
the
value
of
f
reque
ncy
div
ide
r,
is
the
cu
rr
e
nt
gai
n
of
c
harge
pu
m
p
,
is
t
he
gai
n
of
t
he
VCO
,
is
the
ze
ro
f
re
qu
e
ncy,
a
nd
is
the
po
le
fr
e
qu
ency.
An
integ
rated
-
ci
rcu
it
V
CO
is
im
ple
m
e
nted
a
s
the
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
5
(a)
.
Ty
pical
ly
the
VCO
ou
tpu
ts
a
sign
al
with
a
fr
e
quen
cy
pr
op
or
ti
ona
l
to
the
con
t
ro
l
volt
age
.
Fig
ure
5
(
b)
s
hows
a
del
ay
cell
u
sed
in
t
he oscil
la
tor.
V
C
O
+
V
C
O
-
f
o
u
t
V
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
+
1
Figure
5
(a
)
.
V
CO s
tr
uctu
re
usi
ng the
dual
-
outp
ut r
i
ng o
sci
l
la
tor wit
h diff
e
ren
ti
al
d
el
ay
ce
ll
s
M
4
M
5
M
2
M
1
M
3
M
6
M
7
V
o
u
t
m
V
o
u
t
p
V
i
n
p
V
i
n
m
V
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
Figure
5
(b)
.
S
c
hem
atic o
f
a
di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
d
el
ay
cell
The
f
reque
ncy
d
ivide
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
synch
ronous
4/
5
fr
e
qu
ency
div
ide
r
th
at
req
uire
s
high
fr
e
quenc
y
op
e
rati
on
an
d
an
asy
nc
hro
nous
16/3
2
f
re
qu
e
ncy
di
vid
e
r
that
operate
s
at
low
f
requen
cy
.
It
is
operate
d
accor
ding
t
o
t
he
val
ue
of
Mo
de
a
nd
S
W,
an
d
is
s
el
ect
ed
as
÷
N
or
÷
N
+
1
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
sel
ect
ed
va
lue
of
Mod
e
. Acco
rd
i
ng to
t
he
sel
ect
ion
sig
nal of S
W,
t
he value
of ÷ N
to N is
a
dju
ste
d
to
64 o
r 128.
T
able 1.
Divid
i
ng r
at
io
acco
r
di
ng
t
o
the
val
ue
of SW
a
nd
M
od
e
SW
Mod
e
Fo
u
t
0
0
1
0
1
0
VCO/1
2
8
VCO/1
2
9
VCO/6
4
1
1
VCO/6
5
Figure
7
(a)
sh
ows
a
tr
ue
sin
gle
phase
cl
ipp
i
ng
(T
S
PC)
D
flip
-
flop
str
uctu
re
us
e
d
in
the
asy
nchron
ous
16
/
32
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
div
ider
op
e
rati
ng
at
low
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
.
Fig
ur
e
7
(b)
sho
ws
a
com
ple
m
entary
cl
ock
in
g
D
(C
CD)
flip
-
flo
p
s
tructu
re
us
e
d
i
n
the
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
div
ide
r
.
T
he
M4
a
nd
M8
ar
e
ad
ded
to
pre
ven
t
t
he
current
dr
i
ving
capab
il
it
y
fro
m
decr
eases
w
hen
node
A
a
nd
no
de
B
are
c
onduct
ing
at
hi
gh
sp
ee
d
in
TS
PC
D
flip
flo
p
str
uct
ur
e
.
It
is
a
pp
li
e
d
to
a
sync
hro
nous
4/
5
fr
e
quency
div
ide
r
w
hich
re
qu
i
res
s
ta
ble
an
d
high
-
sp
ee
d
op
e
rati
on at
hig
h f
reque
ncy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4120
-
4132
4126
D
C
L
K
C
L
K
_
B
a
r
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
D
C
L
K
C
L
K
_
B
a
r
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
D
C
L
K
C
L
K
_
B
a
r
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
V
C
O
+
V
C
O
-
D
i
v
i
d
e
B
y
4
/
5
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
D
i
v
i
d
e
r
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
C
D
D
C
L
K
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
T
S
P
C
D
C
L
K
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
T
S
P
C
D
C
L
K
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
T
S
P
C
D
C
L
K
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
T
S
P
C
D
C
L
K
Q
Q
_
B
a
r
T
S
P
C
f
o
u
t
S
W
M
o
d
e
D
i
v
i
d
e
B
y
1
6
/
3
2
A
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
D
i
v
i
d
e
r
D
i
v
i
d
e
B
y
4
o
r
5
Figure
6.
Str
uc
ture of
d
i
vid
e
-
by
-
64
/
65
/
128/
129 d
ual
-
m
od
ul
us
pr
escal
er
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
M
5
M
6
M
7
M
8
M
9
M
1
0
M
1
1
A
B
D
C
L
K
Q
_
B
a
r
Q
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
5
M
6
M
7
M
9
M
1
0
M
1
1
M
1
2
D
C
L
K
Q
_
B
a
r
Q
M
4
M
8
C
L
K
_
B
a
r
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
(a
)
S
chem
at
ic
o
f
TS
PC D fli
p
-
flo
p
.
(
b) Sc
hem
at
ic
of c
om
ple
m
en
ta
ry clocki
ng
D
fli
p
-
flo
p
3.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
3.1.
P
roposed
PF
D
simul
at
i
on
resul
ts
Figure
8
(a
)
s
hows
the
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
of
the
s
-
P
FD.
Wh
e
n
the
in
pu
t
sign
al
s
wer
e
in
ph
a
se,
the
width
of
the
unnece
ssary
on
e
-
shot
pu
lse
w
as
456.8
7
ps
at
0.9
V,
a
nd
the
m
axi
m
u
m
heig
ht
wa
s
1.
81
V
.
Figure
8
(b)
s
hows
the
sim
ula
ti
on
resu
lt
s
of
the
cp
-
PF
D.
Wh
en
the
i
nput
s
ign
al
s
wer
e
in
ph
a
se,
t
he
wi
dt
h
of
the
un
necessa
r
y
on
e
-
s
ho
t
pulse
was
223.1
9
ps
at
0.9
V,
a
nd
the
m
axi
m
um
heigh
t
was
1.8
3
V
.
Me
a
nwhile
,
Figure
8
(c)
s
hows
t
he
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
the
pro
pose
d
PF
D.
When
the
in
put
sig
nal
s
we
re
in
phas
e,
the
width
of
t
he
unnece
ssary
on
e
-
shot
pu
lse
w
as
13.
5
ps
at
0.98
µV
,
a
nd
the
m
axi
m
u
m
heig
ht
wa
s
1.9
6
µ
V,
wh
ic
h
w
ould
preve
nt
an
UP
a
nd
D
O
WN
cu
r
ren
t
m
is
m
at
ch
in
the
cha
rg
e
-
pum
p
ci
rcu
it
.
More
over,
t
he
po
wer
consum
ed
at
100
MHz
wa
s
77.
36
µ
W
with
a
1.8
-
V
s
upply
volt
age.
Fig
ur
e
9
(a
-
e)
sho
w
s
the
f
ull
sim
u
la
ti
on
resu
lt
s
of the
pro
posed
PFD.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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om
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-
8708
Ph
as
e Fre
quen
cy Detect
or a
nd C
ha
r
ge Pu
m
p
fo
r L
ow Jit
te
r
…
(
Sung
Sik
Park)
4127
(
U
n
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
P
u
l
s
e
)
(
a)
s
-
P
FD
(
U
n
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
P
u
l
s
e
)
(b)
cp
-
PFD
(
c
)
Pro
po
se
d P
FD
Figure
8
.
Sim
ulati
on
r
es
ults
of the
outp
ut sig
nals
wh
e
n
t
he
i
nput si
gn
al
s a
r
e in
ph
a
se
Figure
9
(a
)
.
Fre
f
a
nd F
back h
ave th
e
sam
e p
hase a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Figure
9
(b)
.
W
hen F
ref
is
a
phase
faster t
ha
n
F
bac
k
for
the
sam
e
frequ
e
ncy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4120
-
4132
4128
Figure
9
(c
)
.
W
hen F
back is a
ph
a
se f
a
ste
r
th
an
F
ref
for
the
sam
e
frequ
e
ncy
Figure
9
(d)
.
Fbac
k fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is hig
her tha
n Fref
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Figure
9
(e
)
.
Fre
f
f
re
qu
e
ncy is
h
ig
he
r
tha
n Fb
ack
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
3.2.
Prop
os
ed
ch
ar
ge
p
ump
sim
ulat
i
on
res
ults
Figure 10
sho
ws
the sim
ulati
on
r
e
su
lt
s of the
sta
nd
ar
d
cha
r
ge
pum
p.
Figure 1
1
s
hows
th
e w
avefo
rm
s
of
s
ource
cu
rrent
Ip
(up)
a
nd
sin
king
cu
rrent
Ip
(do
wn)
of
the
pr
opose
d
cha
rg
e
pum
p
wh
en
a
10
0
-
M
Hz
sq
ua
re
wav
e
is
us
ed
,
al
ong
wi
th
the
co
ntr
ol
vo
lt
age
Vc
on
t
r
ol
up/d
own
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
form
gen
e
rated
by
I
p
(
up)
and
Ip
(
dow
n).
As
show
n,
s
ource
c
urren
t
I
p
(up)
is
+1
00
µA
,
w
herea
s
sin
king
cu
rr
e
nt
Ip
(down)
is
-
100
µA
.
Figure
12
sho
ws
the
res
ulti
ng
wa
vefor
m
of
cur
re
nt
I
p
an
d
con
tr
ol
volt
ag
e
Vcontr
ol
of
t
he
cha
rg
e
pu
m
p
w
hen
the
up
an
d
do
wn
in
pu
t
sig
na
ls
wer
e
bot
h
“l
ow.”
In
this
ca
se,
wh
e
n
Vc
ontrol
was
fixe
d
at
0.9
V,
cu
rr
e
nt
I
p
was
0
A,
causi
ng
it
to
st
op
operati
ng.
Fig
ur
e
13
s
hows
tha
t
the
ou
t
pu
t
w
aveform
s
of
f
ul
l
Vcontr
ol
(
up
)
a
nd
fu
ll
V
co
ntr
ol
(
dow
n)
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
volt
age
Vcontr
ol
are
pe
rf
ect
ly
sym
metri
cal
at
0.9
V
.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e,
it
can
be
see
n
t
hat th
ere ar
e
no
glit
ch
in
the c
urre
nt
w
a
vefor
m
an
d n
o ju
m
p
phe
nom
eno
n
i
n
th
e
vo
lt
age
w
a
ve
form
.
Figure
10.
O
utp
ut c
urre
nt Ip
(
up) wa
vefor
m
o
f
the sta
nd
a
r
d cha
r
ge
pum
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ph
as
e Fre
quen
cy Detect
or a
nd C
ha
r
ge Pu
m
p
fo
r L
ow Jit
te
r
…
(
Sung
Sik
Park)
4129
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
11.
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of the
pro
pose
d
c
harge
pum
p.
(
a
)
S
ource
curre
nt outp
ut
wa
vefor
m
. (b)
I
p and
Vcontr
ol
ou
t
put wav
e
f
or
m
w
he
n UP
a
nd
DOWN are
zer
o.
(
c) S
i
nk
i
ng curr
ent outp
ut
waveform
Figure
12
.
O
utp
ut
volt
age a
nd c
urren
t
wa
ve
form
s w
he
n
th
e up a
nd do
wn
input sig
nals a
r
e
“
low
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.