Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al
of El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
, pp.
133
~
145
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
1
.
pp
133
-
145
133
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Param
eters estim
atio
n
of
BLDC m
otor bas
ed on
ph
ysical
approa
ch
and we
ighted
recursive l
east squ
are
algorith
m
Rania
M
ajdoubi
1
,
Lh
ou
ss
ai
ne
M
as
m
oudi
2
,
M
ohamme
d
Bakh
ti
3
,
Ab
derr
ahman
e
El
ha
ri
f
4
,
Bo
ua
z
z
a
Jabri
5
1
,2
,
4,5
LCS L
abor
a
tor
y
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
S
ci
ence, Moham
m
ed
V Unive
rsit
y
in
R
aba
t
,
Mor
occ
o
3
L2MC
La
bor
ator
y
,
ENSA
M
,
M
oulay
Ism
ai
l
Uni
ver
sit
y
in
M
ek
n
e
s
,
M
oroc
co
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
11, 202
0
Re
vised
Jun
2
0
, 2020
Accepte
d
Aug 4
, 2
020
Brushless
DC
m
otors
(BLD
C
M)
are
widely
used
when
hi
gh
pre
ci
sio
n
conve
rt
ers
are
req
uire
d
.
Model
base
d
torque
cont
rol
sche
m
es
rely
o
n
a
pre
ci
se
rep
r
ese
ntation
of
the
i
r
d
y
namics,
wh
ic
h
in
turn
exp
ec
t
re
li
ab
le
s
y
stem
par
ameters
esti
m
at
ion
.
In
thi
s
pap
er,
we
propose
two
pro
ce
dure
s
fo
r
BLDCM
par
amete
rs
id
ent
if
ication
used
in
an
agr
ic
u
lt
ure
m
ob
il
e
robot
’s
whee
l
.
Th
e
first
one
is
base
d
o
n
the
ph
y
s
ic
a
l
a
pproa
ch
or
equ
a
ti
ons
using
expe
riment
at
ion
dat
a
to
find
th
e
elec
tr
ical
and
m
ec
hani
c
al
p
ar
amete
rs
o
f
the
B
LDCM.
T
he
par
amete
rs
are
the
n
u
sed
t
o
elabora
t
e
the
m
odel
o
f
the
m
otor
esta
b
li
shed
in
Park’s
ref
ere
n
ce
fr
ame.
Th
e
sec
ond
proc
edur
e
is
an
onli
ne
id
e
nti
ficat
ion
base
d
on
rec
ursive
le
ast
square
al
gorit
hm
.
The
pro
ce
dur
e
is
implement
e
d
in
a
c
losed
-
loop
sche
m
e
t
o
guar
an
te
e
the
stab
il
i
t
y
o
f
the
s
y
s
te
m
,
and
it
provid
e
par
a
m
et
er
m
at
ri
ces
obta
in
ed
b
y
tra
nsform
ing
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
equa
t
ion
s
,
esta
b
li
shed
in
Parks
ref
ere
nc
e
fra
m
e,
an
d
m
ec
hani
c
al
equation
to
discr
et
e
-
t
ime
dom
ai
n.
Fro
m
the
se
m
at
ri
ces
,
and
using
well
form
ula
t
ed
int
ermedi
ate
va
ria
bl
es,
a
ll
d
esir
ed
par
amete
rs
a
re
dedu
ce
d
sim
ult
ane
ousl
y
.
The
ide
n
ti
fi
cation
proc
edur
es
are
bei
ng
ver
ifi
ed
usin
g
sim
ula
ti
on
und
er
Matlab
-
Sim
uli
n
k
software
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Brushle
ss
DC
m
oto
rs
On
li
ne
ide
ntific
at
ion
Param
et
e
r
s i
den
ti
ficat
ion
Par
k'
s r
efe
ren
c
e fr
am
e
P
hysic
al
ap
pro
ach
W
ei
ghte
d rec
ursive lea
st s
qua
re
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
nia
Ma
jdou
bi
,
LCS La
borato
r
y, Faculty
of
S
ci
ence,
Moh
am
m
e
d
V Un
i
ver
sit
y i
n
Ra
bat
,
4 Ibn Bat
outa
Road
, P.O
. Box
1014
,
Ra
bat
,
Mor
occo
.
Em
a
il
:
ran
ia
_m
ajd
ou
bi@
um5.ac.m
a
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Syst
e
m
s
identific
at
ion
is
a
m
ajor
pre
occupa
ti
on
in
the
m
ajo
rity
of
sci
e
ntific
disci
plines
.
It
ref
e
rs
to
bo
t
h
a
sci
entifi
c
app
r
oac
h
an
d
a
set
of
te
ch
niques
that
re
pro
du
ce
as
fai
thf
ully
as
po
ss
ible
the
beh
a
vi
or
of
a
ph
ysi
cal
syst
e
m
[1]
.
Param
et
er
identific
at
ion
is
us
e
d
to
obta
in
a
n
accu
ra
te
m
od
el
of
a
r
eal
syst
e
m
,
pr
ovide
s
an
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
platfo
rm
fo
r
f
ur
t
her
de
sig
n
dev
el
op
m
ents
and
/
or
the
st
udy
of
it
s
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies.
I
nd
ee
d,
the contr
ol
of industrial
proce
sses usuall
y re
qu
i
res
the
use
of r
el
ia
ble m
odel
s that are
clo
se to
physi
cal
re
al
it
y.
On
ce
the
m
od
el
of
a
syst
e
m
is
set
,
it
is
nece
ssary
to
a
pp
ly
identific
at
ion
m
et
ho
ds
in
ord
er
to
m
at
ch,
as
accuratel
y
as
po
ssi
ble,
the
beh
a
viour
of
the
m
od
el
and
that
of
the
ta
rg
et
ed
syst
em
.
Id
e
ntifyi
ng
a
s
yst
e
m
consi
sts
of
a
de
scriptio
n
of
its
beh
a
vior
bas
ed
on
the
exp
e
rim
ental
data
a
nd
a
ny
apr
io
ri
av
ai
la
ble
know
le
dge
us
e
d
to
buil
d
a
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cal
m
od
el
with
ide
ntica
l
dynam
ic
be
ha
vio
r
[
2,
3]
.
In
a
uto
m
at
ic
co
ntr
ol,
t
he
sy
stem
identific
at
ion
i
s
on
e
of
the
fund
am
ental
and
essenti
al
ste
ps
pr
io
r
to
syst
em
analy
sis
achieved
by
co
nd
ucted
si
m
ulati
on
or
con
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
s
synth
e
sis.
It
ca
n
be
groupe
d
int
o
t
w
o
m
ai
n
fam
ili
es:
N
on
-
pa
ra
m
et
ric
identific
at
ion
and
par
am
et
ric
ide
ntific
at
ion
as
de
scribe
d
by
I.
Z.
Ma
t
in
[
4]
.
T
he
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
pro
blem
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
13
3
-
145
134
fou
nd
i
n
m
ec
hatr
on
ic
syst
e
m
is
that
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
brus
hless
d
c
m
oto
rs
(B
LDCMs)
a
re
of
te
n
not
avail
able
since
the
en
gin
e
m
a
nufactu
rer
doe
sn
’t
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
add
it
io
nal
detai
ls
about
t
he
product.
A
no
t
her
pro
blem
is
tha
t
the
BLDCM
s
need
to
be
cal
ibrated
du
ring
pr
e
ve
ntive
insp
ect
io
n
to
perform
any
c
on
t
rol
op
e
rati
on c
orre
ct
ly
[5]
.
In
this
pa
per
,
we
f
ocus
on
pa
ram
et
ric
identific
at
ion
becau
s
e
the
m
od
el
is
base
d
on
the
physi
cs
la
ws
.
We,
t
her
e
f
or
e,
ha
ve
a
set
of
ph
ysi
cal
para
m
et
ers
to
be
identifie
d,
m
akin
g
non
-
pa
r
a
m
et
ric
identif
ic
at
ion
us
el
ess.
Fortu
natel
y,
the
pa
ram
et
er
est
i
m
at
ion
of
m
echatronic
syst
em
s
has
bee
n
a
n
i
m
po
rta
nt
to
pic
in
li
te
ratur
e,
am
on
g
them
the
t
rad
it
io
nal
theo
ry
wh
ic
h
is
de
velo
ped
in
th
e
pap
e
rs
[6
-
9].
Ma
ny
author
s
us
e
diff
e
re
nt
sens
or
le
ss
te
ch
niques
[
10]
to
est
i
m
at
e
m
oto
r
par
am
et
ers.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
sensorless
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
m
entioned
in
the
li
te
ratu
re
a
r
e
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
c
ounter
-
el
ect
ro
m
otive
f
or
ce
,
in
duct
ion
va
r
ia
ti
on
,
obser
ve
rs
a
nd
intel
li
gen
t
m
eth
ods
a
s
detai
le
d
in
[
11,
12
]
.
I
n
par
ti
cular
,
va
rio
us
m
et
ho
ds
hav
e
bee
n
a
ppli
ed
to
t
he
brus
hless
DC
m
oto
r
f
or
t
he
ide
nt
ific
at
io
n
of
m
oto
r
pa
r
a
m
et
ers.
Seve
r
al
stud
ie
s
us
e
the
al
ge
brai
c
id
entifi
cat
ion
m
et
hod
as
detai
le
d
by
G.
Ma
m
ani
and
al
l
in
pa
pe
rs
[
13,
14]
.
K
rn
et
a
a
nd
al
l
in
[
15]
,
Ye
hia
and
al
l
in
[16]
us
e
the
rec
ur
si
ve
le
ast
sq
ua
res
al
gorithm
m
e
thod.
Ri
j
a
d
a
nd
al
l
in
[17]
pro
po
se
a
ne
w
ap
pro
ach
to
li
nea
r
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
s
in
cl
os
ed
lo
op
to
id
entify
m
oto
r
pa
ram
et
ers.
Som
e
m
et
ho
ds
i
den
ti
fy
m
oto
r
par
am
et
ers
by
us
in
g
par
ti
cula
r
signa
ls
or
unde
r
ce
rtai
n
load
c
ondi
ti
on
s
as
detai
le
d
in
the
pa
pe
r
[18]
,
bu
t
this
te
chn
iq
ue
is
ha
rd
to
be
achie
ved
be
cause
it
is
diff
i
cult
to
both
;
id
entify
the
m
ot
or
par
am
et
ers
unde
r
m
oto
r
con
t
ro
l
a
nd
to
r
esp
ond
to
ch
an
ges
i
n
these
par
am
et
e
rs.
Othe
r
m
et
ho
ds
are
us
ed
t
o
on
li
ne
ide
ntify
m
oto
r
par
a
m
et
ers
as
deta
il
ed
i
n
pap
e
rs
[
19]
an
d
[
20
]
,
In
on
e
m
et
hod
[
19]
,
the
accu
racy
of
the
identifie
d
par
am
et
ers
depends
on
the
ac
cur
acy
of
the
est
im
a
tio
n,
beca
us
e
r
ot
or
posit
ion
a
nd
sp
ee
d
are
use
d
to
identify
the
m
oto
r
pa
ra
m
et
ers,
and
A
no
t
her
m
et
ho
d
[
20]
,
the
sta
tor
resis
ta
nce
and
bac
k
EMF
co
ns
ta
nt
are
identifi
ed,
but
the
in
du
ct
a
nces
can
no
t
be
identifie
d.
A
nd
reev
a
nd
al
l
in
[21]
pro
pose
an
al
gorithm
wh
ic
h
is
bas
ed
on
t
he
a
naly
sis
of
a
cu
rr
e
nt
tub
e
of
el
ect
ric
m
oto
r
ph
a
ses
to
ide
ntify
m
oto
r
pa
ra
m
et
ers.
Frolo
v
an
d
al
l
in
[
22]
us
e
op
e
rati
on
al
m
od
e
t
o
ide
ntify
m
oto
r
par
am
eter
s.
Anothe
r
t
echn
i
qu
e
t
o
id
entify
m
oto
r
pa
ram
et
ers
is
elab
orat
ed
by
K
at
arzyna
in
[23]
that
us
es t
he geneti
c algori
thm
.
Ba
sed
on
the
m
et
ho
ds
m
entio
ne
d
ab
ove,
w
e
fo
rm
the
ob
je
ct
ive
wh
ic
h
will
be
the
el
e
ct
rical
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
pa
ram
et
er
est
i
m
a
ti
on
of
a
B
L
D
C
m
oto
r
to
c
ontr
ol
the
tor
qu
e
ada
pted
to
th
e
w
heels
of
a
m
ob
il
e
agr
ic
ultur
al
robo
t
i
n
s
of
t
s
oil
[
24,
25
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
in
this
pa
per
tw
o
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
been
ch
ose
n
f
or
the
est
i
m
at
ion
of
t
hese
par
a
m
et
ers
on
w
hich
ones
le
a
ds
to
the
oth
e
r:
the
fi
rst
one
c
on
ce
r
ns
the
physi
cal
appr
oach
th
r
ough
m
oto
r
e
qu
at
ion
s
in
c
onti
nuou
s
-
ti
m
e
with
t
he
hel
p
of
ex
pe
rim
ental
data,
and
the o
the
r
on
e
is
us
in
g
the
wei
ghte
d
recursive
le
ast
sq
ua
re
a
lgorit
hm
thro
ugh
m
od
el
in
g
a
nd
re
gu
la
ti
ng
t
he
BL
DC
m
ot
or
t
o
ens
ur
e
the
sta
bili
ty
of
the
s
yst
e
m
.
Hen
ce,
this
est
i
m
at
io
n
is
done
in
di
screte
-
tim
e
of
the
inv
erse
m
od
el
s
est
ablished
in Par
ks
fram
e u
sing
m
et
ho
ds o
f
the inp
ut erro
r
ty
pe
m
ini
m
iz
i
ng the
dif
fer
e
nc
e b
et
wee
n
t
he
actual
input
an
d
t
he
i
nput
est
im
at
ed
by
the
in
ver
se
m
od
el
.
This
t
echn
i
qu
e
pr
ov
i
des
al
s
o
a
se
nsorless
e
stim
at
i
on
of
the ang
ular vel
ocity
an
d t
he
torq
ue gene
rate
d by the m
oto
r
.
The
rem
ai
nin
g
of
this
pa
per
is
or
ga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
In
sect
ion
2,
we
present
th
e
Param
et
er
identific
at
ion
m
et
ho
ds
t
hat
include
the
physi
cal
appr
oa
ch
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
the
onli
ne
est
i
m
ation
m
e
thod.
S
ect
ion
3
is
a
bout
t
he
res
ult
of
these
m
et
ho
ds.
Hen
ce
,
in
th
e
physi
cal
ap
proach,
we
will
identify
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
and
m
echan
ic
a
l
par
am
et
ers
us
ing
e
xp
e
rim
ent
at
ion
set
-
up
i
n
the
case
of
t
he
m
oto
r
without
ta
kin
g
i
nto
acc
ount
the
com
m
utatio
n.
On
ce
t
he
physi
cal
identifi
cat
ion
is
ac
hieved,
the
f
ound
par
am
et
ers
are
ap
plied
to
t
he
on
li
ne
est
i
m
ation
ap
proac
h
base
d
on
the
weigh
te
d
r
ecur
si
ve
le
ast
sq
ua
re
al
gorith
m
wh
ic
h
is
validat
ed
unde
r
Ma
tl
ab
-
Si
m
ulink
s
of
t
w
are. Fi
nally
, s
e
ct
ion
4
c
on
cl
udes t
he pape
r
a
nd for
m
ulate
so
m
e su
ggest
io
ns
for fut
ur
e
work.
2.
PARA
METE
RS
I
DE
NTIFI
CA
TI
ON ME
THOD
S
2.1.
Ph
ys
ic
al
ap
pr
oach
met
ho
d
2.1.1.
BL
DC
Mot
or
m
od
el
ing
In
the case wh
ere co
m
m
utati
on
is not ta
ken
into
acco
un
t, t
he
m
a
the
m
at
ical
m
od
el
ing
o
f t
he
BLD
C
M
is
si
m
plifie
d
by
the elect
rical
an
d t
he
m
echa
nical
equati
ons
.
Ele
ct
rical
equ
at
ion
is
pr
e
sent
ed
in
(1)
.
=
+
+
(1)
e
=
The
m
echan
ic
a
l equ
at
io
n
is
pr
esented
in (
2
).
−
=
+
(
2
)
=
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Parameters
est
imatio
n of BL
DC moto
r
ba
se
d on
…
(
R
ania
Majd
oubi
)
135
Wh
e
re
:
V
is
t
he
m
oto
r
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
ag
e,
is
the
windin
g
current,
e
is
the
bac
k
-
EM
F
of
the
m
oto
r
,
p
is
the
nu
m
ber
of
pole
pairs
of
the
m
oto
r,
R
i
s
the
te
rm
inal
resist
ance,
is
the
m
axi
m
u
m
flu
x
pro
du
ce
d
by
the
ro
t
or
in
a
s
ta
tor
windin
g,
J
is
the
ine
rtia
of
the
ro
t
or,
is
the
m
oto
r
to
rque
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
sta
to
r,
is
the
loa
d
resist
ance
t
orque
a
nd
is
the
vis
cous
fr
ic
ti
on
c
oeffici
ent.
The
n,
the
el
ect
ric
al
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
can
b
e e
stim
at
ed
exp
e
rim
ental
l
y usin
g
t
hese e
quat
ions.
2.1.2.
Es
tima
ti
on
of ele
ct
ri
c
al
a
nd
mech
an
i
cal p
arameter
s
a)
Re
sist
ance es
ti
m
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
The
resist
ance
R
can
be
dire
ct
ly
m
easur
ed
by
m
eans
of
a
n
oh
m
m
et
er.
The
value
i
nd
ic
at
ed
by
t
his
instru
m
ent
m
us
t
be
a
da
pted
t
o
the
sta
tor
c
ouplin
g:
T
rian
gl
e
(∆)
or
Star
(
Y)
.
F
or
this
re
aso
n,
t
he
c
oeff
ic
ie
nt
m
us
t
be
cal
culat
ed
to
determ
ine
the
ty
pe
of
co
nnect
io
n.
Hen
ce
,
we
cal
culat
e
the
repor
t
as
m
entioned
a
s
fo
ll
ows:
=
2
1
(3)
w
he
re:
1
is t
he
m
easur
e
d resist
ance
be
tween
phases
,
2
is t
he resi
sta
nc
e m
easur
ed bet
ween t
w
o ph
a
s
es an
d
t
he
thi
rd one.
If
=0
.75, t
he
c
oup
li
ng is
Star
and the
resist
a
nce R is
1
2
If
=0
.5, the
coup
li
ng is
Tr
ia
ngle
and t
he resi
sta
nce R is
1
b)
Ind
uctance esti
m
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
A
sig
nal
or
f
un
ct
ion
ge
ne
rato
r
was
use
d
for
t
he
est
im
a
ti
on
.
Th
us
,
we
ap
plied
a
kn
own
am
plit
ud
e
a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
v
oltage
bet
ween
t
wo
m
oto
r
ph
as
es
and
m
easure
the
curre
nt
flow
i
ng
t
hroug
h
t
he
windin
gs
us
in
g
a
n
a
m
per
m
et
er
the m
od
ule of sta
tor
im
ped
ance
is ex
pr
e
ssed
in
the
(4).
|
|
=
√
2
+
(
)
2
=
2
(4)
=
2
w
he
re:
R i
s the
value
of the
resist
anc
e pr
evi
ou
sly
es
tim
a
te
d,
V
is t
he
am
plitu
de
of t
he vo
lt
age a
pp
li
e
d between
tw
o ph
a
s
es,
is t
he
c
urre
nt
m
easur
ed
whil
e ap
plyi
ng
t
he vo
lt
age
V,
is t
he p
ulsati
on
of the
volt
ag
e ap
plied t
o
the
phases
of the
m
oto
r,
is t
he fre
quenc
y of t
he v
oltag
e ap
plied
bet
w
een tw
o p
hases
.
c)
Ma
xim
u
m
m
agn
et
ic
f
lu
x
est
i
m
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
Accor
ding
t
o
(1),
to
est
im
ate
the
c
onsta
nt
,
a
ste
ady
vo
lt
age
is
ap
plied
t
o
the
m
oto
r.
T
hen,
the curre
nt
bec
om
es stea
dy
(
=
0
),
h
e
nce th
e
in
du
ct
ion
term
can be
delet
ed
a
nd
the (1)
b
ec
om
es:
=
+
(5)
d)
Visco
us
f
r
i
c
t
i
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
e
st
im
a
ti
on
m
e
t
ho
d
At
a
gi
ven
cu
rr
e
nt
a
c
on
sta
nt
an
gula
r
velocit
y
is
achiev
ed.
T
he
n,
we
get
=
0
.
From
the
(
2
)
,
we get
the
(
6
).
=
+
(6)
e)
Mom
ent o
f
ine
rtia
estim
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
Wh
e
n
the
m
ot
or
is
powe
red
for
a
per
io
d
of
tim
e
and
then
cut
off,
the
an
gu
la
r
velocit
y
char
act
e
risti
c
as a fu
nction o
f
ti
m
e is def
ine
d
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
And
acc
ordi
ng to
the
(
2
)
, we
get the
f
ollow
i
ng equati
on:
=
−
+
(
7
)
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p
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g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
13
3
-
145
136
Our
m
easur
em
ent
can
not
be
done
durin
g
tr
ansient
ph
a
se
,
because
the
ti
m
e
is
ver
y
sho
rt
(im
po
ssibl
e
for
m
easur
em
e
nt),
sim
il
ar
pu
rpose
as
in
t
he
ste
ady
sta
te
becau
se
=
0
.
Hen
c
e
the
m
easur
em
ent
is
do
ne
durin
g
t
he
c
oas
ti
ng
ph
a
se
wh
il
e seve
ral resist
ive to
rques
a
re
app
li
ed
.
Figure
1
.
P
has
es of the
ω
c
ha
racteri
sti
c as a
functi
on
of
ti
m
e
2.2.
O
nli
ne e
stima
tion a
pp
roa
c
h
2.2.1.
El
ectric
al and
mech
ani
cal BL
D
C
motor
mo
deli
ng
The
direct
m
od
el
of
the
BLDC
m
oto
r
was
de
velo
pe
d
us
in
g
MAT
LAB
Sim
ulin
k
software
as
descr
i
bed
in
F
igure
2,
but
th
ei
r
in
ver
se
m
od
el
that
will
be
us
e
d
in
our
work
is
obta
in
ed
from
the
m
otor
m
od
el
ing
in
th
e Par
k'
s r
efe
re
nce
fr
am
e
: El
e
ct
rical
eq
uatio
ns
a
nd
m
echani
cal
eq
uatio
n
a
s d
esc
ribe
d
in
[
26
-
29]
.
Figure
2
.
Sim
ulati
on
of BL
D
C m
oto
r
with c
lose
lo
op
re
gula
ti
on
Tw
o
eq
uatio
ns
will
be
us
ef
ul
for
the
ide
ntif
ic
at
ion
of
the
el
ect
rical
par
a
m
et
ers
,
these
e
qu
at
io
ns
a
re
pr
ese
nted
as
fol
lows
:
=
1
(
−
+
+
)
(
8
)
=
1
(
−
+
−
+
)
(9
)
a
nd
to i
den
ti
fy
the m
echan
ic
al
p
a
ram
et
ers
, we u
se
the e
quat
ion
a
s
s
how
n
i
n (
10
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Parameters
est
imatio
n of BL
DC moto
r
ba
se
d on
…
(
R
ania
Majd
oubi
)
137
=
1
(
−
)
(1
0
)
Wh
e
re
:
and
a
re
the
volt
ages
pro
j
ect
ed
in
pa
rk’s
re
fer
e
nce
fr
am
e,
and
a
re
the
curre
nts
pro
j
ect
ed
i
n
park’s re
fer
e
nc
e fr
am
e,
an
d
a
re th
e
d
ire
ct
in
du
ct
a
nce a
nd
quad
rati
c in
du
ct
an
ce
.
I
n o
ur case
,
we
suppose
that
t
he
m
oto
r
is
without sal
ie
nce
, t
hu
s:
=
=
The param
et
ers
to
be
i
den
ti
fi
ed
a
re th
e
elec
tric
al
p
ar
am
et
er
s [
R,
,
,
Φ
]
and m
ec
han
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
[
,J]
.
2.2.2.
El
ectric
al and
mech
ani
cal BL
D
C
motor
mo
dell
ing
a)
Param
et
er
m
at
r
ix esti
m
a
ti
on
The
est
im
a
ti
on
m
et
ho
d
ide
ntifie
s
the
unkn
own
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
for
the
m
otor
by
m
eans
of
a
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
us
in
g
know
n
values
s
uch
as
vo
lt
a
ge
s,
cu
rrents,
el
ect
ro
m
otive
tor
qu
e
an
d
angular
v
el
ocity
as
sho
wn
i
n
(
8
),
(
9
)
a
nd
(
1
0
)
.
I
n
t
his
case
,
the
weig
hted
recursive
le
ast
sq
ua
res
m
et
hod
was
chosen
.
By
tra
ns
f
or
m
ing
(
8
),
(
9
)
a
nd (1
0
)
i
nto
discrete t
im
e.
The
stat
e eq
ua
ti
on
s
bec
om
e:
[
i
d
(
n
+
1
)
i
q
(
n
+
1
)
ω
(
n
+
1
)
]
=
A
[
i
d
(
n
)
i
d
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
]
+
B
[
V
d
(
n
)
V
q
(
n
)
C
em
(
n
)
]
+
C
f
(
i
d
(
n
)
,
i
q
(
n
)
,
ω
(
n
)
)
(1
1
)
w
he
re:
A
=
(
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
)
as
{
a
11
=
1
−
R
L
d
∆
T
a
22
=
1
−
R
L
q
∆
T
a
23
=
p
Φ
m
L
q
∆
T
a
3
3
=
1
−
f
v
J
∆
T
a
12
=
a
21
=
a
13
=
a
31
=
a
32
=
0
,
B
=
(
b
11
b
12
b
13
b
21
b
22
b
23
b
31
b
32
b
33
)
as:
{
b
11
=
1
L
d
∆
T
b
22
=
1
L
q
∆
T
b
33
=
1
J
∆
T
b
12
=
b
13
=
b
21
=
b
23
=
b
31
=
b
32
=
0
,
=
(
)
as:
{
c
11
=
p
L
q
L
d
∆
T
c
22
=
−
p
L
d
L
q
∆
T
c
12
=
c
13
=
c
21
=
c
23
=
c
31
=
c
32
=
c
33
=
0
,
f
(
i
d
(
n
)
,
i
q
(
n
)
,
ω
(
n
)
)
=
(
i
q
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
i
d
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
2
)
The
(
11
)
is t
ra
ns
f
or
m
ed
as
f
ol
lows
:
=
(
12
)
w
he
re:
=
[
(
+
1
)
(
+
1
)
(
+
1
)
]
Z
p
=
[
i
d
(
n
)
i
q
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
V
d
(
n
)
V
q
(
n
)
C
em
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
i
q
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
i
d
(
n
)
ω
(
n
)
2
]
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
13
3
-
145
138
=
(
11
12
13
11
12
13
11
12
13
21
22
23
21
22
23
21
22
23
31
32
33
31
32
33
31
32
33
)
is
the
unkn
own
m
at
rix
an
d
def
i
ned
as
a
par
am
et
er
m
atr
ix,
w
hich
incl
ud
e
s
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
and
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
of
the
m
oto
r
.
The
vect
or
s
et
are
known
.
Where
is
the
re
gr
ess
or,
a
nd
i
s
the m
easur
em
e
nt v
ect
or.
b)
Motor pa
ram
eter
s esti
m
ation
In
order
t
o
de
te
rm
ine
the
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
pa
ra
m
et
ers,
the
interm
ediat
e
par
am
et
ers
ar
e
form
ulate
d
f
rom
par
am
e
te
r
m
at
rix
as
de
fined
in
par
a
gr
aph
a
bove.
H
ence,
we
obta
in
the
fo
ll
owi
ng
equ
at
io
ns
:
a
=
a
11
+
a
22
=
2
−
R
(
L
d
+
L
q
)
L
d
L
q
∆
T
b
=
b
11
+
b
22
=
L
d
+
L
q
L
d
L
q
∆
T
c
=
a
22
−
a
11
=
−
R
(
L
d
−
L
q
)
L
d
L
q
∆
T
d
=
c
11
−
c
22
=
p
(
L
d
2
+
L
q
2
L
d
L
q
)
∆
T
f
=
a
33
=
1
−
f
v
∆
T
J
g
=
b
33
=
∆
T
J
e
=
a
23
=
p
Φ
m
L
q
∆
T
Using
these
int
erm
ediat
e
var
ia
bles:
a,
b,
c
,
d,
e,
f,
a
n
d
g,
th
e
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
pa
ram
et
ers
of
the m
oto
r
ar
e
de
du
ce
d
a
s
pr
es
ented
a
s foll
ow
s
:
R
̂
=
2
−
a
b
(1
3
)
L
d
̂
=
2
(
2
−
a
)
b
(
2
−
a
−
c
)
∆
T
(
14
)
L
q
̂
=
2
(
2
−
a
)
b
(
2
−
a
+
c
)
∆
T
(
15
)
Φ
m
̂
=
1
p
2e
(
2
−
a
)
b
(
2
−
a
+
c
)
(
16
)
J
̂
=
∆
T
g
(
17
)
f
v
̂
=
1
−
f
g
(
18
)
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
D
I
NTERP
RE
TATION
3.1.
P
hy
sic
al
ap
pr
oach re
su
lt
3.1.1.
E
xp
eri
ment
al setup
Fo
r
the
est
im
a
ti
on
of
the
BLDCM
par
am
eter
s,
an
e
xp
e
ri
m
ental
set
up
is
descr
i
bed
as
pr
ese
nted
in
Figure
3
.
This
protoc
ol is m
ade
up of se
ve
ra
l equ
i
pm
ent li
s
te
d
bel
ow:
The br
ushle
ss
DC m
oto
r wh
e
el
+ it
s contr
oller;
A DC ge
ne
rato
r
to
sup
ply t
he m
oto
r;
A
sig
nal
or
f
un
ct
ion
gen
e
rato
r
to s
upply t
he
m
oto
r
phases;
An
o
sci
ll
os
c
op
e to m
easur
e
volt
age;
A
m
ultim
et
er to
m
easur
e the
re
sist
ance
/
volt
age
betwee
n p
hases;
A
c
urren
t
sens
or to m
easur
e c
urren
t;
A
r
otary e
nc
oder to m
easur
e a
ngular
v
el
ocity
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Parameters
est
imatio
n of BL
DC moto
r
ba
se
d on
…
(
R
ania
Majd
oubi
)
139
An acq
uisit
ion
bo
a
r
d
that al
lo
ws
c
ollec
ti
ng
t
he data
r
ecei
ve
d from
sen
sors
for
it
s m
anipu
l
at
ion
[30]
;
A
c
om
pu
te
r
th
at
en
ables
the
vi
su
al
iz
at
ion o
f data
;
Weig
hts that al
low
c
ha
ng
i
ng the
resist
i
ve
to
r
qu
e
appli
ed
t
o t
he
w
heel;
The
dia
gr
am
above
s
hows
the
ex
per
im
ental
pr
ot
oco
l
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
of t
he
m
oto
r.
Figure
2
.
Expe
rim
ental
set
up
to esti
m
a
te
BLDC m
oto
r para
m
et
ers
3.1.2.
Resul
t o
f
p
ar
amet
ri
c e
stima
tion
Fo
r
this
m
oto
r
an
d
wh
il
e
app
ly
in
g
the
m
et
ho
d
m
entione
d
i
n
the
s
ect
ion
2,
the
couplin
g
is
sta
r
-
c
onnected
because
t
he
rati
o
is
a
bout:
=
2
1
=
0
.
75
1
=
0
.
75
.
Hen
ce
,
t
he
val
ue
of
the
sta
to
r
resist
anc
e
is
=
1
2
=
0
.
5
Ω
.
From
the (
4
)
, we
ob
ta
in
the
e
xpressi
on of th
e inducta
nc
e L
as sho
wn as
fo
l
lows
:
L
=
√
V
2
−
4
(
iR
)
2
2i
ω
(
19
)
Hen
ce
,
the
va
lue
of
the
inducta
nce
L
i
s
ab
ou
t
=
0
.
68
.
T
o
fin
d
the
m
a
xim
u
m
m
agn
e
ti
c
flux
accor
ding
t
o
t
he
res
ult
obta
in
ed
in
e
xp
e
rim
e
ntal
set
up
c
onf
igured
in
Fig
ure
3,
the
f
ollo
wing
ch
aracte
rist
ic
(ω
/i
, V/i
)
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
as
sho
wn in F
ig
ur
e
4
.
Th
is
cha
racteri
sti
c
is
fitt
ing
by
a
te
nd
e
ncy
li
ne
to
est
im
at
e
.
Th
us
,
w
hile
the
(
5
)
is
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
regressio
n
li
ne
(
/
=
0,0
502
/
+
0,7
056),
we
get
=
5
.
02
10
−
2
p
,
The
n
=
5
.
02
10
−
2
(
p=
4
in
the
case
of
our
BL
DC
m
oto
r
)
.
T
he
sam
e
proce
dure
as
,
an
d
acc
ord
ing
t
o
the
e
xperim
ental
setu
p
config
ur
e
d
in
Fig
ure
3
,
th
e
f
ollo
wing
c
har
act
erist
ic
(
,
1
=
)
is
obta
ined
in
Fi
gure
5
.
Thi
s
char
act
e
risti
c
is
inter
po
la
te
d
by
a
te
nd
e
ncy
li
ne
(y1
=
1
.
6
10
−
3
+
0,0
005)
a
nd
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
(
6
)
.
He
nce,
the
val
ue of
th
e fr
ic
ti
on c
oeff
ic
ie
nt
is
ab
out
=
1
.
6
10
−
3
−
1
−
1
.
Figure
4
.
(
ω/i
, V/i
)
c
har
act
eri
sti
c o
btaine
d d
ur
i
ng
the expe
rim
ent
al
setup
Figure
5
.
(
ω
, y
1=
)
)
cha
racteri
s
ti
c o
btaine
d
durin
g
t
he
e
xperim
ental
setup
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
13
3
-
145
140
To
fin
d
the
value
of
J,
t
he
m
easur
em
ent
is
done
du
rin
g
the
coasti
ng
phas
e
(
becau
se
the
durati
on
of
the
transiti
on
ph
a
se
is
ver
y
sh
or
t
).
A
nd
wh
e
n
seve
ral
resist
ive
tor
ques
are
app
li
ed
(sev
eral
wei
ghts
to
the
8
-
inc
h
w
he
el
),
acc
ordin
g
to
th
e
m
easurem
ents
obta
in
ed
from
the
ex
pe
rim
ental
set
up
see
in
Fig
ur
e
3
,
the
an
gula
r
vel
ocity
of
the
w
he
el
is
quic
kly
de
creased
w
hile
increasi
ng
the
resist
ive
to
rqu
e.
He
nce,
we
obta
in
the ang
ular
acc
el
erati
on
s
duri
ng 1
s
as
de
fine
d
in
Ta
ble 1 as
fo
ll
ows
:
Table
1
.
A
ngul
ar
velocit
y wit
h diff
e
re
nt r
esi
sti
ve
tor
que a
ppli
ed
to
the
wh
eel
W
ei
g
h
t
(
g
)
T
o
r
q
u
e
(Nm
)
A
n
g
u
l
a
r
v
e
l
o
c
it
y
(
ra
d
/
s
)
a
t
T
i
m
e=
1
s
A
n
g
u
l
a
r
d
e
c
el
er
a
t
io
n
(r
a
d
/
s
2
)
0
0
30
-
0
.
5
100g
0
.
2
18
-
0
.
7
200g
0
.
4
10
-
1
300g
0
.
6
4
-
1
.
1
Hen
ce
th
e
c
ha
racter
ist
ic
(
,
y2
=
)
is
giv
e
n
a
s
f
ollo
ws
in
the
Fig
ure
6
.
T
his
c
ha
r
act
erist
ic
is
fitt
ed
by
a
regressio
n
li
ne
to
est
i
m
a
te
J
,
b
y
identify
ing
(
7
)
wit
h
the
te
nd
e
ncy
li
ne
(y2
=
0,064
4
/
+
0,077
9),
we
obta
in
=
0
.
0644
2
.
The
ph
ys
ic
al
app
r
oac
h
is
par
ti
cula
rly
accurate
f
or
the estim
ation
of
th
e
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers
of
the
m
oto
r,
it
sh
ows
c
om
patible
with
th
e
value
giv
e
n
at
the
bib
li
ogra
phy.
Hen
ce
,
the
se
va
lues
are
use
d
to
est
im
a
t
e
al
l
par
am
et
ers
us
i
ng
wei
gh
te
d
re
cur
si
ve
le
ast
s
qu
a
re
al
gorithm
.
Figure
3
.
(
,
2
)
chara
ct
erist
ic
o
btai
ned du
rin
g
the
exp
e
rim
ental
setu
p
3.2.
Onli
ne es
tim
at
i
on
ap
p
ro
ac
h
3.2.1. P
rel
im
in
ar
y
pr
ocess
I
n
t
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
,
w
e
a
pp
l
y
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
t
o
t
he
m
otor
m
od
e
l
i
ng
w
hi
l
e
c
on
t
r
ol
l
i
ng
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
t
he
a
ng
ul
a
r
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
us
i
ng
P
a
r
k'
s
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
s
im
pl
i
f
y
r
e
gu
l
a
t
i
on
a
s
f
ou
nd
i
n
[31
-
3
4]
.
T
he
r
e
a
l
va
l
ue
s
of
t
he
s
e
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
r
e
t
a
ke
n
f
r
om
t
he
ph
y
s
i
c
al
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
f
o
un
d
pr
e
vi
o
us
l
y
.
S
im
ul
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
on
t
r
ol
m
od
e
l
in
g
a
r
e
do
ne
us
i
ng
t
he
M
a
t
l
a
b
S
im
ul
i
nk
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
The
i
den
ti
ficat
ion
is
perform
ed
bo
t
h
on
-
li
ne
an
d
in
cl
os
e
d
lo
op
to
m
ai
ntain
t
he
sta
bili
ty
of
the
m
oto
r'
s
beh
avi
or
,
a
s
well
as
it
s
dynam
ic
s
in
transient
sta
te
s.
The
ide
ntific
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
use
d
to
i
de
ntify
par
am
et
ers
is
known
as
the
i
nput
error m
et
ho
d
a
nd
il
lus
trat
ed
in
the
sc
hem
ati
c d
ia
gram
as sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7
.
A
s
t
he
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
s
no
i
s
e
du
r
i
ng
r
un
ni
ng
,
i
t
i
s
im
por
t
a
nt
t
o
f
i
l
t
e
r
t
he
m
ea
s
ur
e
d
da
t
a
be
f
or
e
t
he
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
at
io
n
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
ol
e
of
pr
e
-
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
ng
i
s
t
w
o
-
f
ol
d
:
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
on
e
i
s
t
o
e
s
t
im
a
t
e
t
he
pa
r
am
et
e
r
s
of
t
he
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
m
at
rix
withi
n
the
fr
e
quen
cy
bandw
i
dth
of
i
nterest,
a
nd
t
he
sec
ond
on
e
is
to
de
crease
the
va
riance
of
the
est
im
at
or
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
a
non
-
cau
sal
low
-
pa
ss
filt
er
ty
pe
Butt
er
w
or
t
h
wa
s
ch
ose
n
f
or
filt
ering
th
e
m
easur
e
d
in
puts
and
outp
uts.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
in
order
t
o
kee
p
inf
or
m
at
ion
on
the
syst
e
m
dyna
m
ic
s,
we
ta
ke
the
c
utoff
pulsa
ti
on
of
this
filt
er
su
c
h
as
=
4
et
=4
.
Wh
ere
the
se
pa
ram
et
ers
ar
e
def
i
ned as
fo
ll
ow
s:
is t
he
c
uto
f
f p
ul
sat
ion
of
t
he fil
te
r
relat
ed
t
o
t
he
el
ect
rical
m
easur
em
ents,
is t
he
c
utoff
pulsat
ion o
f
th
e
filt
er r
el
at
ed
t
o t
he
m
echan
ic
a
l
m
easur
em
ents,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Parameters
est
imatio
n of BL
DC moto
r
ba
se
d on
…
(
R
ania
Majd
oubi
)
141
is t
he p
ulsati
on
of the c
urre
nt contr
oller,
is t
he p
ulsati
on
of t
he
a
ngula
r veloci
ty
contr
oller.
The
n
the
m
eas
ur
ed
,
,
,
,
a
nd
,
are
obta
ined
fro
m
these
f
il
te
red
data.
Figure
4
.
Par
a
m
et
ric identific
at
ion
base
d on
input er
ror
3.2.2.
Resul
t o
f appr
oac
h
To
i
den
ti
fy
t
he
pa
ram
et
er
m
atr
ix
giv
e
n
in
(
12)
(t
he
in
de
x
p
de
note
s
the
el
ect
rical
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
par
am
et
ers)
,
a
weig
hted
rec
ursive
le
ast
s
qu
a
re
al
gorithm
is
us
e
d
[35
-
38]
.
λ
is
de
fine
d
as
the
f
orgett
ing
f
act
or,
whose r
ole is t
o delet
e p
ast
da
ta
.
sta
rt
-
up:
L
e
t'
s
w
a
i
t
un
t
i
l
we
ha
ve
e
no
ug
h
da
t
a
t
o
m
a
ke
R
(
n=
M
)
r
e
ve
r
s
i
bl
e
.
a
nd
s
e
t
w
i
t
h:
{
(
)
=
−
1
(
)
(
)
̂
=
(
)
(
)
}
(
13
)
I
ni
t
i
a
li
z
e
w
i
t
h
:
{
(
0
)
=
0
0
>
0
̂
(
)
=
0
}
(
14
)
Ca
lc
ulate
the c
orrecti
on g
ai
n:
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
λ
+
P
(
n
)
Z
(15)
Update P:
(
+
1
)
=
1
(
(
)
−
(
+
1
)
(
)
)
(16)
Ou
t
pu
t
Pr
e
dicti
on
:
̂
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
̂
(17)
Updati
ng
par
a
m
et
ers:
(
+
1
)
=
̂
(
)
̂
+
(
+
1
)
(
(
+
1
)
−
̂
(
+
1
)
)
(18)
Deduce
t
he
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
al
par
a
m
et
ers
with
th
e
help
of
the
interm
ediat
e
var
ia
bles
ob
ta
in
e
d
from
the
com
po
ne
nts
of the
pa
ram
et
er’
s m
a
t
rix
us
i
ng the
(
13), (
14), (
15), (
16),
(
17)
a
nd
(18).
S
im
ulati
on
un
de
r
Sim
ulink
giv
es
u
s
;
Mot
or p
a
ram
eter
s a
re
descr
i
be
d
in
T
a
ble
2
a
s foll
ow
s:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
13
3
-
145
142
Table
2
.
M
otor
p
a
ram
et
ers
est
i
m
ation
us
in
g r
ecur
si
ve
le
ast
s
qu
a
re al
gorith
m
R
L
d
L
q
ϕ
m
J
f
v
0
.45
0
.69
8
1
0
.70
1
.3
1
.06
9
1
.79
The
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
se
ns
orl
ess
e
st
i
m
ation
of
th
e
direct
c
urren
t
,
qua
dr
at
ic
cu
r
ren
ts
a
nd
an
gu
la
r
velocit
y
are
sho
wn
i
n
F
igures
8
,
9
an
d
10
. In
th
is
pa
pe
r
we
giv
e
a
sa
m
pl
ing
per
io
d
∆
T
=
2
10
−
3
s
an
d
λ=
0.99.
W
e
no
ti
ce
that
bo
t
h
the
c
urren
t
a
nd
an
gula
r
velocit
y
m
easur
e
d
a
nd
est
i
m
at
ed
cur
ve
s
co
nve
rg
e p
r
od
ucin
g
a
sm
al
l
e
rror
as
sh
ow
n
in
the
F
igures
1
1
-
1
3.
Figure
5
.
Qua
drat
ic
cu
r
re
nt m
easur
e
d
a
nd est
i
m
at
ed
as a fu
nc
ti
on
of tim
e
Figure
6
.
D
irec
t current m
easur
e
d
a
nd esti
m
at
ed
as a
fun
ct
i
on
of ti
m
e
Figure
10
. A
ngular vel
ocity
m
easur
e
d
a
nd est
i
m
at
ed
as a fu
nc
ti
on
of tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.