Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 2
,
A
p
r
il
201
6, p
p
.
56
0
~
56
6
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
,
D
O
I
:
10.115
91
/ij
ece.v6
i
2.9
010
5
60
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
New El
ectrom
agnetic Forc
e-Displacement Sensor
A
m
in
e Bena
bd
ella
h
*
,
Za
kary
a Ab
ba
s
s
i
*,
A
b
d
e
lrha
n
i
Na
k
h
e
li**
*Department of Ph
y
s
ics,
F.S, Laborator
y
LASMAR
,
Moulay
Isma
il Unive
r
sity
,
Me
kne
s,
Morocco
**Department of
Electr
i
cal
Engin
eer
ing
,
EST BP
3103 Toulal, Mo
ulay
Ismail Univ
ersity
Mekn
es M
o
rocco
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Sep 11, 2015
Rev
i
sed
No
v
22
, 20
15
Accepted Dec 16, 2015
A new electrom
a
gnet
i
c forc
e-dis
p
lac
e
m
e
nt
sensor is presented. Its operating
principle is b
a
sed on the fund
amental
laws of electroma
gnet
i
s
m
(F
arada
y
-
Lenz
law) and
t
h
e m
echani
c
a
l
p
r
operti
e
s
of a s
p
ring. Th
e a
c
tiv
e
elem
ents
ar
e
two coils mad
e
b
y
a wir
e
of
60 µm
in diam
eter
. Us
ing diff
erent
wire
diameters or dif
f
e
rent number of
wire tu
rns in th
e
coil m
odif
y
th
e i
n
tensit
y of
the magnetic field and
the sen
s
or res
ponse. The aver
age
accu
racy
of th
e
sensor is about
∆
d=1µm, and as a force sensor is about
∆
F = 1µN. This
sensor could be
successfully
used fo
r the manuf
actur
e of several measuring
instrume
nts.
Keyword:
Accuracy
Co
il
Displacem
ent sens
or
Electrom
a
gnetic f
o
rce
M
easuri
n
g
i
n
st
rum
e
nt
s
Spri
ng
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Am
in
e Ben
a
bdellah
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of Phy
s
i
c
s,
Moulay Ism
a
il Uni
v
ersity,
Laboratory Las
m
ar, F.S, Me
knes, Morocc
o.
Em
a
il: a
m
in
e-b
e
n
a
bd
ellah
@
l
i
v
e
.fr
1.
INTRODUCTION
A m
a
g
n
e
tic se
n
s
or is a tran
sd
u
c
er th
at conv
erts
a m
a
gnetic field into a corre
spondi
ng electrical
si
gnal
.
In
ge
ne
ral
,
t
h
e
pri
n
ci
p
l
es used i
n
m
a
gnet
i
c
se
nso
r
s
are n
u
m
e
rous;
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns ar
e al
so ve
ry
di
f
f
e
rent
,
n
o
t
on
ly in
term
s o
f
co
st
b
u
t
also
in
term
s o
f
th
ei
r m
easurement range a
n
d re
sol
u
tio
n [1-3
]. Tho
s
e i
n
du
ctive
sen
s
o
r
s wh
ich
u
s
e th
e ind
u
c
ti
v
e
effect
were
first used fo
r
h
i
sto
r
ical reasons, bu
t are still in
teresting
b
ecau
s
e
o
f
their
accuracy and robustne
ss;
thus, i
n
ductive sensors
are
generally use
d
for detection
of position, pressure or
flaw i
n
m
echanical struct
ure
s
.
There
are
m
a
ny
hi
st
ori
cal
e
x
am
pl
es of
t
h
e
renai
ssa
nce
of
va
ri
o
u
s c
o
i
l
s
e
ns
ors.
F
o
r
ex
am
pl
e, t
h
e
C
h
at
t
o
ck
–R
o
g
o
ws
ki
c
o
i
l
was
fi
rst
desc
ri
be
d
i
n
1
8
8
7
[4
, 5]
. To
day
,
t
h
i
s
s
e
ns
or
has
been
re-
d
i
s
co
vere
d
as an
excel
l
e
nt
cur
r
e
n
t
t
r
ans
d
u
cer [
6
]
and se
ns
or
use
d
i
n
m
easurem
ent
of
m
a
gnet
i
c
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s of s
o
ft
m
a
gnet
i
c
m
a
t
e
ri
al
s [7]
.
An
ol
d
Aust
ri
an
pat
e
nt
f
r
o
m
19
5
7
descri
bi
n
g
t
h
e
use
o
f
a
needl
e
sens
o
r
(
a
l
s
o cal
l
e
d t
h
e
st
y
l
us
m
e
t
hod
) f
o
r t
h
e i
n
vest
i
g
at
i
o
n o
f
l
o
cal
fl
u
x
de
nsi
t
y
i
n
el
ect
ri
cal
st
eel
was re
vi
ve
d s
e
veral
y
ears a
go
fo
r
m
a
gnet
i
c
m
easurem
ent
s
[
8
,
9]
. Et
sa
ns
ne
g
The
device
we propose i
s
an electromagnetic
sens
or
base
d o
n
t
h
e fu
n
d
am
ent
a
l
l
a
ws o
f
el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
s
m
and desi
g
n
e
d f
o
r m
a
nufac
t
u
ri
n
g
o
f
di
f
f
erent m
easuring
instrum
e
nt
s (Micro-balance
, Micro-
dynam
o
m
e
ter, De
nsity m
e
ter,
Viscom
eter,
Dilatom
e
ter,
Ti
de ga
uge, Exte
ns
ometer, Accelerom
eter,
Seism
o
m
e
ter, Grav
im
eter….)
In
th
is p
a
p
e
r, we will ex
po
se th
e o
p
e
rati
ng
p
r
i
n
cip
l
e of o
u
r
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ted
sensor and
th
e m
o
re
adeq
uat
e
c
o
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
o
n aft
e
r
m
a
ny
em
pi
ri
cal
st
udi
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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08
IJEC
E V
o
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.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
56
0 – 5
6
6
56
1
2.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE-DI
SPLACE
MENT SENSOR
Our goal is to
design and pro
duce a
n
electromagnetic sens
or with
a good accuracy of measurem
ent,
stab
ility an
d
specified
m
easu
r
in
g rang
e an
d reso
lu
tion
.
The
o
p
erat
i
n
g
pri
n
ci
pl
e
of
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
se
ns
or i
s
base
d
on
t
h
e
fu
n
d
am
ent
a
l l
a
ws
o
f
electrom
a
gnetism
(Faraday-L
enz law)
, wh
ich
j
u
stifies its na
m
e
“Electro
mag
n
e
tic
force sen
s
o
r
”.
This se
nsor c
o
nsists of two flat circular coi
l
s of
1.8 cm
in diam
eter, placed
in parallel. One of
the
flat co
ils (Fix
ed
Co
il) is fix
e
d
on
an
insu
latin
g
ho
rizo
n
t
al
su
ppo
rt and
th
e o
t
h
e
r flat co
il (Mo
v
i
ng
Co
il) is
wound around
an insulating cylinder,
the lower end pas
s
es
through the fr
ee surface
formed by the fixed coil,
and the
upper
end is c
o
nnect
ed
to a
spring
wh
ich
is itself
attach
ed
t
o
a fi
x
e
d su
ppo
rt. At th
e lower en
d of th
e
cylinder t
h
at acts as a guide
,
we set a
hook for
hangin
g
masses. The
e
n
tire system
form
ed (fi
xe
d flat coil,
gui
de cy
l
i
n
der,
sp
ri
n
g
a
n
d
m
ovi
n
g
fl
at
coi
l
)
i
s
al
i
gne
d
o
n
t
h
e sam
e
vert
i
cal
axi
s
(Fi
g
u
r
e
1)
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
El
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
se
n
s
or
The cy
l
i
nde
r i
s
m
ovabl
e
vert
i
cal
l
y
upwa
r
ds
or
do
w
n
wa
r
d
s
vi
rt
ual
l
y
wi
t
h
o
u
t
fri
ct
i
o
n,
wh
en we e
x
e
r
t
a force
on its l
o
we
r e
n
d, whi
c
h has the e
ffe
ct of e
x
tend
ing o
r
co
m
p
ressing
th
e spring
, this actio
n
b
r
ing
clo
s
er
or
away
t
h
e
gu
i
d
e cy
l
i
nde
r
(m
ovi
ng
coi
l
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e fi
xe
d c
o
i
l
.
The
fi
xe
d c
o
i
l
i
s
su
ppl
i
e
d
by
a l
o
w
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
gene
rat
o
r, a
n
d t
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e i
t
i
s
t
r
ave
r
se
d
by
a si
nu
soi
d
al
cu
rr
en
t
w
h
ich
cr
eates a sinu
so
id
al m
a
g
n
e
tic f
l
ux
alon
g its ax
is, th
e latter cr
eates th
rough
th
e m
o
v
i
ng
co
il a
varia
b
le fl
ow
a
n
d induce
d a m
easura
b
l
e
sinusoi
d
al el
ectro
m
o
tive force, t
h
e
value
of the
EMF induce
d
d
e
p
e
nd
s on
th
e d
i
stan
ce x
from th
e cen
ter of th
e tran
sm
it
t
e
r co
il, th
e
flux
is
p
r
op
ortio
n
a
l to
t
h
e m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
in
du
ctio
n B that ch
ang
e
s as a fu
n
c
tion
o
f
x
b
y
th
e
fo
llo
wi
ng
eq
u
a
tion
:
3
2
2
2
0
)
(
2
)
(
x
R
IR
x
B
(1
)
W
i
t
h
I:
M
a
xi
m
u
m
am
pl
it
ud
e of t
h
e cu
rre
nt
fl
o
w
i
n
g t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e coi
l
,
R
:
coi
l
radi
us and x i
s
t
h
e
di
st
ance
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e
coi
l
ce
nt
er a
n
d
a
poi
nt
M
on
t
h
e
coi
l
a
x
i
s
.
Th
e m
a
g
n
e
tic field
created b
y
th
e tran
sm
it
ter co
il is
at a m
a
xim
u
m
at the center
of the c
o
il
(x=
0
):
R
I
B
2
0
0
(2
)
The sec
o
nd
fl
at
m
oving coi
l
is the receiver coil;
it acts as an i
n
ductive se
nsor that
conve
r
ts a
mag
n
e
tic field flowing
th
ere
th
ro
ugh
to
a
vo
ltag
e
. Th
is
re
ceiver c
o
il situated at a dista
n
ce x from
the fixe
d
flat coil will receive an electrom
o
tive force
whose e
x
pression is gi
ven
by the Lenz-Fara
d
ay law e = -d
/d
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
New Electromagnetic F
o
rce-Displ
a
ceme
n
t
Sensor
(Am
i
n
e
Bena
bd
ellah
)
56
2
The m
a
gnet
i
c
fl
ux
through
the receive
r coil is pr
oportional to the
m
a
gnetic induction
B whose va
riations i
n
term
s o
f
x
are g
i
v
e
n
b
y
th
e
relatio
n
(1), an
d
t
h
eref
ore t
h
e ind
u
c
ed
electro
m
o
tiv
e force will h
a
v
e
si
m
i
lar
v
a
riation
s
i
n
fu
n
c
tion of
x
i
n
a g
i
v
e
n frequ
e
n
c
y. Th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
of t
h
is ind
u
c
ed curren
t
will b
e
greater a
s
the freque
ncy is higher.
Thus, we
realized an elec
trom
agnetic
displacem
ent sensor, at each
position
x
of the
receiver c
o
il corres
p
onds
a
determ
ined induced voltage, this
vo
ltage takes
its
maxim
u
m
value whe
n
the two c
o
ils are juxta
p
osed a
nd
decre
a
ses a
s
the r
eceive
r c
o
il
m
oves awa
y
from
the transmitter coil. The use
of the s
p
ring,
whic
h acts as
a
force
-
dis
p
lace
ment conv
e
r
ter, allows to use
the se
nsor as
a
force se
ns
or.
Th
e i
n
du
ced
sig
n
a
l is si
n
u
s
oid
a
l and
its am
p
l
itu
d
e
is low, so
it
h
a
s
been
n
ecessary
to
in
trod
u
c
e
circu
its fo
r amp
lificatio
n
,
rect
ificatio
n
an
d fi
lterin
g
t
o
m
a
k
e
th
is
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
ab
le.
3.
E
X
PERI
MEN
T
AL DE
VI
C
E
The ex
pe
ri
m
e
n
t
al
devi
ce whi
c
h al
l
o
ws t
a
ki
ng
readi
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
ge del
i
vere
d by
t
h
e
m
ovabl
e coi
l
according t
o
the distance
bet
w
een the
t
w
o c
o
ils is s
h
own i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Fi
gu
re 2.
Ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al
devi
ce:
1—Si
gnal
g
e
nerat
o
r;
2—E
l
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
sens
or;
3
—
C
o
nd
itio
n
i
n
g
circu
it; 4
—
Dig
ital vo
ltm
e
t
er.
Th
e cond
itio
n
i
n
g
circu
it in
clu
d
e
s circu
its fo
r am
p
lifi
catio
n
,
rectification an
d
filtering
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
sig
n
a
l
u
s
ab
le, t
o
im
p
r
ov
e th
e
sig
n
a
l-t
o
-no
i
se ratio
and
to ensu
re a
b
e
tter st
ab
ility (Fig
ure
3
)
.
To
iso
l
ate th
e sen
s
o
r
fro
m
th
e
ex
tern
al p
e
rturb
a
tio
n, it was essen
tial to
co
ver o
u
r syste
m
with
a layer
of
co
p
p
er t
o
pr
ot
ect
i
t
fr
om
i
n
t
e
rferi
ng
m
a
gnet
i
c
fi
el
ds.
Fi
gu
re
3.
C
o
nd
i
t
i
oni
ng
ci
rc
ui
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
56
0 – 5
6
6
56
3
Am
pl
i
f
i
e
rs use
d
a
r
e LM
32
4
whi
c
h a
r
e
po
w
e
r s
u
p
p
lied
from
a ±1
5V symmetr
ical stabilized s
o
urce.
4.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
We
have
m
a
de m
a
ny
exper
i
ences
by
cha
ngi
ng
m
a
ny
t
i
m
e
s t
h
e n
u
m
b
er
of
wi
re t
u
r
n
s a
n
d
t
h
e
diam
e
t
er of c
o
ils.
We
pres
ent he
re t
h
e c
o
m
p
arison
bet
w
een
t
h
e res
p
ons
es. Fi
rst
,
o
f
t
w
o di
f
f
ere
n
t
wi
re
di
am
et
ers (Fi
g
ure
4
)
, a
n
d sec
o
n
d
l
y
,
of
t
w
o
d
i
ffere
nt
num
ber
of
wi
re
t
u
r
n
s
(Fi
g
ure
5
)
:
Fi
gu
re
4.
Se
ns
or
res
p
onse
f
o
r
di
f
f
ere
n
t
wi
re
di
am
et
ers
Fi
gu
re
5.
Se
ns
or
res
p
onse
f
o
r
di
f
f
ere
n
t
num
bers
o
f
wi
re t
u
r
n
s
Since at t
h
e
re
ceiver si
de
only sm
a
ll signals are e
x
p
ected,
it is p
r
eferab
le to
i
n
crease
the num
b
er of
tu
rn
s
in th
e p
i
ck
up
co
il,
ev
en
a
t
th
e
co
s
t
of
a
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
of t
h
e
cross secti
o
n
of the
wire
.
Ac
cording t
o
Fa
ra
day's
law, th
e nu
m
b
er N of tu
rn
s i
n
th
e co
il is th
e relev
a
n
t
fact
o
r
for th
e in
duced
vo
ltag
e
[10
]
, bu
t b
y
in
creasin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r of tu
rn
s in
th
e co
il o
r
th
e cro
s
s sectio
n
of th
e wi
re, it also
in
creases its size
wh
ich
h
a
s a
neg
a
tiv
e
effect
o
n
th
e sig
n
a
l
-
to
-no
i
se ratio
or
o
n
th
e stab
ility o
f
th
e
sen
s
o
r
.
A
s
th
e accur
acy d
e
p
e
n
d
s obvio
u
s
ly on
th
e
ele
m
en
ts th
at co
nstitu
te th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al d
e
v
i
ce (w
ir
e
d
i
am
e
t
er, th
e nu
m
b
er o
f
wi
re tu
rn
s, th
e sp
ring
and
th
e sign
al co
n
d
ition
i
ng
circu
it), Em
p
i
rical stu
d
i
es h
a
v
e
led
us t
o
t
h
e di
sc
o
v
ery
of a c
r
uci
a
l
num
ber o
f
w
i
re t
u
r
n
s
whi
c
h
i
s
30
, an
d a cr
uci
a
l
wi
re
di
am
et
er whi
c
h i
s
60 µm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
New Electromagnetic F
o
rce-Displ
a
ceme
n
t
Sensor
(Am
i
n
e
Bena
bd
ellah
)
56
4
Th
at
g
i
v
e
s stab
ility an
d
a
goo
d sensitiv
ity co
m
p
arin
g to
all ex
p
e
rien
ces
we m
a
d
e
b
y
ch
ang
i
ng
each
t
i
m
e
th
e
al
ready
m
e
nt
i
oned
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs. A
n
d fi
nal
l
y
w
e
g
o
t
t
h
e
res
p
o
n
se s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
6 a
n
d
Fi
g
u
re
7
.
Fi
gu
re
6.
O
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
va
ri
at
i
on as
a f
u
nct
i
on
o
f
f
o
rce F
Fi
gu
re
7.
O
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
va
ri
at
i
on as
a f
u
nct
i
on
o
f
di
spl
ace
m
e
nt
d
These c
u
rve
s
represe
n
t the
calibra
tion curves, as a
forc
e sens
or
(F=f(V)) a
n
d as a
displacem
ent
sens
or
(
d
=f
(V
)
)
aft
e
r t
a
ki
ng
r
eadi
n
gs
of
t
h
e
vari
at
i
o
n
of
V
as a f
u
nct
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
pa
ram
e
t
e
r
re
qui
re
d.
Th
e sen
s
o
r
resp
on
se is
n
o
t
lin
ear, it is
rath
er
p
a
rabo
lic
an
d fo
llows a po
lyn
o
m
ial eq
u
a
tion
,
the
i
mmed
i
ate co
nsequ
e
n
c
e of t
h
is non
-lin
earity is h
a
v
i
ng
a
v
a
riab
le sen
s
itiv
it
y wh
ich
d
e
p
e
nd
s
on
th
e d
i
stan
ce
x
betwee
n the
two c
o
ils accordi
n
g to t
h
e e
q
uation
(1).
The m
easurement pa
ram
e
ters are as
follows:
Sen
s
itiv
ity
: Th
e av
erag
e sensitiv
ity o
f
th
e sen
s
o
r
d
e
p
e
nds o
n
t
h
e stiffness o
f
t
h
e spri
n
g
u
s
ed
an
d
con
d
ition
i
n
g
circu
it. we
ach
iev
e
d
a sensitiv
ity o
f
∆
F = 1 µN by
usi
ng a s
p
ri
ng
of
st
i
ffne
s
s
k=2 N/m
.
And
as a
displacement se
nsor t
h
e sensitivity is
∆
d=1
µm
Measuri
n
g ra
nge: By using t
h
e se
ns
or as a
displ
acem
ent sens
or, the
sens
or
is designed
to work
in
a
r
a
ng
e of
0 to
1
c
m
.
an
d by u
s
ing
t
h
e sen
s
or
a
s
a
force
sens
or it’s
rel
a
ted to the m
echanical
pr
o
p
ert
i
e
s o
f
t
h
e sp
ri
n
g
(
b
y
usi
n
g f
o
r e
x
a
m
pl
e a spri
ng
of st
i
f
fnes
s K=
2N/
m
, we ha
v
e
∆
F = 1
µN
an
d th
e m
easu
r
i
n
g r
a
ng
e i
s
f
r
o
m
0
to 1g
).
Accuracy: The
avera
g
e accuracy
of the se
ns
or is about
∆
d=1µm
,
and as a force sens
or is about
∆
F =
1µN.
Th
e accu
r
acy of
o
u
r sen
s
o
r
is
so
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d co
m
p
etitiv
e co
m
p
aring
to
o
t
h
e
r av
ailab
l
e in
stru
m
e
n
t
s [11
-
13
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
56
0 – 5
6
6
56
5
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
We realized
a
n
e
w
fo
rce-d
i
splace
m
e
n
t
sen
s
o
r
with
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
sen
s
itiv
i
t
y an
d
accu
r
acy (
∆
d=
1µm
and
∆
F =
1µ
N).
……. .
Th
is sen
s
o
r
is
b
a
sed
on
two
co
nv
erters, th
e first is th
e
m
o
v
i
ng
co
il th
at acts as an
in
d
u
ctiv
e sen
s
or
th
at co
nv
erts a
m
a
g
n
e
tic field p
a
ssing
th
ere
th
ro
ugh
to
a
v
o
l
t
a
ge, a
nd t
h
e
seco
nd i
s
a s
p
ri
n
g
w
h
i
c
h al
l
o
ws t
o
calculate the displacem
ent b
y
knowing
the
value of the force a
pplied a
nd its characte
r
istics (by usi
ng for
exam
ple a spring of
stiffness
K=10N
/m
, the displacem
ent cause
d
by apply
i
ng
a force
of
0,01N is
1mm
)
. T
h
e
choice
of a
good s
p
ri
ng (perfe
ctly elastic) is im
portant.
The se
ns
or c
h
aracteristics de
pend
on the t
w
o
coils
a
nd o
n
t
h
e sp
ri
n
g
.
T
hus
,
the
effect of the turns
n
u
m
b
e
r in
th
e co
il, th
e wire d
i
am
e
t
er an
d
th
e spring
stiffn
ess
k
can
rath
er m
o
d
i
fy the sen
s
itiv
ity an
d
t
h
e
m
easuri
n
g
ran
g
e
of
o
u
r
se
nso
r
, a
n
d t
h
us,
t
h
e
ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons
f
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
i
t
i
s
d
e
di
cat
ed.
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons
o
f
t
h
i
s
se
nso
r
a
r
e n
u
m
e
rous
,
and ca
n
be u
s
ed f
o
r m
a
nu
fa
ct
ure
of se
ver
a
l
preci
si
o
n
measuring inst
rum
e
nts (de
n
s
ity
meter, dyna
m
o
m
e
ter,
viscom
eter, extensom
eter
, bala
nce, accelerometer,
i
n
cl
i
nom
et
er, Ti
de
gau
g
e,
p
r
essur
e
se
ns
or, mechanical
vi
br
atio
n sensor
…etc)
.
C
u
r
r
ent
l
y
, we
are de
vel
opi
ng
som
e
of t
h
e
s
e
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns
wi
t
h
t
h
e
dat
a
ac
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
on
part
us
i
ng a
D
A
Q
card
an
d La
b
V
IE
W t
h
at
i
s
o
f
t
e
n
use
d
i
n
suc
h
ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons a
n
d
i
n
t
h
e a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
on o
f
phy
s
i
cal
sy
st
em
s [14-
1
6
]
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
J
.
E.
L
e
nz
.
A Review
of Magnetic
Sensors
. Proceedings of
the IEEE. 1990; 78(6): 973-989.
[2]
J.
L
e
nz
, et
a
l
. M
a
gne
ti
c
Se
ns
ors
and Th
eir
Applications.
S
e
nsors Journal IEEE
. 2
006; 6(3): 631-6
49.
[3]
S. Tumanski. In
duction
Coil Sen
s
ors-a Review
.
Measurement S
c
ience and
Techn
o
logy
. 2007; 18(
3): R31–R46.
[4]
W. Rogowski, W. Steinhaus.
Die Messung der magnetischen Sp
annung (The
measurements of
magnetic potential)
.
Archiv
für Elek
trotechn
i
k. 1912;
1(4): 141-150
.
[5]
A.P. Chat
tock
.
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a
gne
tic
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e
t
e
r
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ilosophical Mag
a
zine
. 1887
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146): 94–96.
[6]
P. Murgatro
y
d
.
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ogowski coils.
EMCWA Conf (
C
hicago)
.
1996: 3
69–374.
[7]
G.H. Shirkoohi, A.S. Kontopoul
os. Computatio
n of Magnetic
Field in
Rogowski-Chattock Po
tentiometer(RCP)
com
p
ens
a
ted m
a
gneti
c t
e
s
t
ers
.
Jo
urnal of Magn
etism and Magnetic Materials
. 199
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[8]
K. Senda, M. Is
hida, K. Sato,
M. Ko
m
a
tsubara, T. Yam
a
gu
chi.
Loca
liz
ed Mag
n
eti
c
Properti
e
s in Grain-Orien
t
e
d
Ele
c
tri
cal
S
t
e
e
l
M
eas
ured
b
y
needle Probe Meth
od.
E
l
e
c
trica
l
En
gineering
in
Jap
a
n
. 1999; 126(4)
: 1–11.
[9]
H. Pfützner
, G.
Krismanic. Th
e
needle me
thod f
o
r induction tests: sources of
err
o
r.
Magnetics I
E
EE Transactions
.
2004; 40(3): 161
0–1616.
[10]
R.S. Popovic, J.A. Flanagan
, P.A. Be
sse. The fu
ture of magnetic sensors
. Sensors and Actuators A
. 1996; 56 (1-2
)
:
39-55.
[11]
F
.
Zhu and J.W
.
S
p
ronck. A S
i
m
p
le Capac
itiv
e
Displacem
ent
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e
nsor
. Sensors and Actua
t
ors A
. 1991; 26 (1-3)
:
265-269.
[12]
J. Sun, J. Zhan
g, Z.
Lui
and
G. Zhang
.
A V
i
sion M
eas
urem
ent M
ode
l of
L
a
s
e
r Dis
p
la
cem
e
n
t S
e
ns
or and
i
t
s
Calibr
a
tion
Met
hod
. Optics and
Lasers in Engineering
. 2013
; 51(
12): 1344-1352.
[13]
DA. Silva et
al. A Str
a
in
Gauge Tactile
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pplications.
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an
d
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EEE Transactio
ns.
2002;51(1): 18-22.
[14]
J. Chao, X. Wu
-bin and L. Bin
g
. Design of
In
strument Control Sy
st
em Based on LebVIEW.
TE
LKOMNIKA
Indonesian Jour
nal of Elec
trical Engineering.
20
13; 11(6): 3427-
3432.
[15]
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a
ng. Desi
gn of T
e
m
p
erat
ure Measurem
e
n
t and D
a
ta
Acquisition
S
y
st
e
m
Based on Virtual
Instrum
e
n
t
LabVIEW.
TEL
K
OMNIKA Indo
nesian Journal
o
f
E
l
ec
trical
Eng
i
neering
. 2014; 1
2
(8): 6027-6035
.
[16]
Y. Abd Djawad, J. Kiel
y, P. W
r
aith and R. Lux
t
on. Lo
ck-in Am
plifie
r as a Sensitive Instrum
e
nt
for Biom
edical
M
eas
urem
ent; A
n
al
y
s
is
and
Im
plem
entat
i
on.
TEL
K
OMNIKA Indonesian Journal
of
Electrical
En
gineering
.
2014
;
12(10): 7214-72
22.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
A. Benabde
llah
receiv
e
d the
m
a
ster degree
in 2012 in m
i
croel
ectron
i
cs f
r
om
Ibn-Tofail
university
,
Kenitra, Morocco. Cu
rrently
he
is pur
suing his Ph.D.
in ph
y
s
ics and
engineer
ing in
Moulay
Ismail u
n
iversity
of Meknes, Morocco,
hi
s work is
mainly
about the op
timization of a
new elec
trom
ag
neti
c force-d
i
s
p
l
acem
ent s
e
ns
or,
then the des
i
gn
and im
plem
entation of s
e
ver
a
l
measuring instru
ments based on
this sensor
for
th
e stud
y
of
liquid
ph
y
s
ical proper
t
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
New Electromagnetic F
o
rce-Displ
a
ceme
n
t
Sensor
(Am
i
n
e
Bena
bd
ellah
)
56
6
Z. Abbas
s
i
re
ce
ived th
e s
p
ec
ial
i
zed M
a
s
t
er in
m
i
croele
ctroni
cs
at th
e F
acu
lt
y of S
c
ien
ces
,
Kenitra, Morocco in 2012. He is currently
a
Ph.D. student at Department o
f
ph
y
s
ics and
engineering, Faculty
of Scien
ces
Meknes, Morocco. His curr
ent fiel
d of stud
y
is th
e development
of a n
e
w g
e
neration of
electromagnetic for
ce-
disp
lacement sensors
and its applications.
A. Nakheli prof
essor of Higher
E
ducation and r
e
search scientist
in Moula
y
Ism
a
il Universit
y
,
Meknes, morocco. His research
in
ter
e
sts is about measurements
of liquid ph
y
s
ical propreties
(de
n
sity
, surfa
ce te
nsion,
visc
os
i
t
y
, in
term
ole
c
ul
ar dis
t
ances
…e
t
c
) and
develop
m
ent of did
actic
models based on
innovative
electromagnetic sens
ors.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.