Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
487
1
~
487
9
IS
S
N: 2
088
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
487
1
-
487
9
4871
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Cuckoo
Search Alg
or
ith
m for Co
ngestion
Alleviati
on with
Incorpo
ration
of
Wind
Farm
Ka
us
hik P
au
l
,
Nira
njan
Ku
mar
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
Na
ti
on
al
In
stit
ute of Te
chno
log
y
Jam
shedpur
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
1
9
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
18
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
29
, 2
01
8
The
issue
to
a
ll
eviat
e
cong
est
ion
in
the
power
s
y
st
em
fra
m
ework
has
emerge
d
a
s
an
a
ll
uring
field
for
the
power
s
y
st
e
m
rese
arc
h
ers.
T
he
rese
arc
h
conduc
t
ed
in
t
his
article
pro
poses
a
cuc
ko
o
sea
rch
a
lgor
it
hm
-
base
d
conge
stion
al
l
ev
ia
ti
on
str
ateg
y
with
the
inc
orpor
a
ti
on
of
wind
far
m
.
The
bus
sensiti
vity
facto
r
dat
a
ar
e
computed
and
utilized
to
sort
o
u
t
t
he
sutia
b
l
e
positi
on
for
the
insta
llati
on
o
f
th
e
wind
far
m
.
Th
e
gene
r
at
ors
con
tri
buti
ng
in
the
r
ea
l
power
resc
hedu
leing
proc
ess
ar
e
sel
ec
t
ed
as
per
th
e
gen
erator
sensiti
vity
va
lues
.
The
cuc
koo
sea
rch
a
lgori
thm
is
implemente
d
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
conge
stion
c
ost
with
the
embodim
ent
of
the
wind
far
m
.
Th
e
propose
d
m
et
hod
is
te
sted
on
39
bus
New
Engl
and
fr
amework
and
the
resul
ts
obta
ine
d
with
the
cuc
koo
sea
rch
-
base
d
co
ngesti
on
m
ana
g
e
m
ent
appr
oa
ch
o
utpe
rform
s
the
result
s
opted
with
othe
r
he
uristi
c
opti
m
i
za
t
ion
te
chn
ique
s
i
n
the
past
rese
arc
h
l
it
er
at
ur
es.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Cost f
unct
ion
Gen
e
rato
r resc
hedulin
g
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
Power flo
w
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kau
s
hi
k
Pa
ul,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g,
Nati
on
al
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Tec
hnol
og
y J
am
sh
edpur,
Jh
ar
khan
d, I
nd
ia
8
31
014
.
Em
a
il
:
kau
sh
i
k.2
014rsee0
02
@n
it
j
s
r.
ac
.in
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
iss
ue
of
co
ng
e
sti
on
al
le
viati
on
in
the
po
wer
syst
e
m
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
has
ga
ined
t
he
inte
res
t
of
seve
ral
researc
hers in the
rece
nt tim
es
. A
tran
sm
issi
on
li
ne
in pow
e
r
syst
e
m
n
et
wor
k
is sai
d
to b
e
ov
e
r
burd
e
ne
d
wh
e
n
the
tra
ns
fe
r
of
powe
r
f
r
om
one
point
t
o
the
oth
e
r
is
c
om
pr
om
ise
d
du
e
to
the
vi
olati
on
of
the
tra
ns
fe
r
l
i
m
i
ts
[1
]
.
A
n
ef
fici
ent
Co
ng
e
sti
on
Ma
nag
em
ent
(
CM
)
ap
proac
h
will
le
ad
to
a
reli
able
an
d
st
able
ope
rati
on
of
t
he
powe
r
syst
e
m
fr
am
ewo
r
k.
Ne
um
ero
us
nu
m
ber
s
of
m
et
ho
dolog
ie
s
an
d
pro
cedures
hav
e
be
en
pro
pose
d
by
the
researc
hers
to
m
anag
e
the
c
onge
sti
on.
A
de
t
ai
le
d
su
r
vey
of
seve
ral
CM
appr
oach
es
ca
n
be
f
ound
in
[2
]
,
[3
]
.
Mi
sh
ra
an
d
Kum
ar
perform
ed
CM
con
side
ri
ng
t
he
opti
m
a
l
placem
ent
and
siz
ing
of
the
I
nt
er
li
ne
Power
Flo
w
Con
tr
oller
(I
P
FC)
wit
h
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
Gr
a
vitat
ion
al
Searc
h
Al
gorithm
(G
SA)
[
4]
.
I
n
a
no
t
her
re
searc
h
Esha
fan
i
et
al
.
util
iz
ed
the
the
rm
al
rati
ng
of
the
transm
issi
on
fr
am
ework
a
nd
form
ulate
d
a
real
tim
e
C
M
[5
]
.
Hem
m
at
i
e
t
al.
form
ulate
d
the
CM
strat
eg
y
by
the
op
ti
m
al
sched
ulin
g
of
the
e
nerg
y
storag
e
syst
e
m
[6
]
.
Re
dd
y
desig
ne
d
a
n
opti
m
al
p
ow
e
r
flo
w
pr
oble
m
based
on
the
pool
an
d
bilat
eral
co
ntra
ct
s
with
the
op
tim
a
l
locat
ion
of F
A
CTs de
vices to
m
it
igate
co
ng
est
ion
[7
]
.
The
wide
us
e
of
t
he
re
ne
wabl
e
energy
res
ources
ha
ve
ai
m
ed
to
wards
t
he
po
ll
uti
on
fr
ee
so
ci
et
y.
This
init
ia
ti
ve
has
i
ns
pi
red
th
e
po
wer
syst
em
res
earche
rs
t
o
e
xplore
t
he
var
io
us
oppo
ur
t
un
it
ie
s
associat
e
d
with
th
e
ren
e
wa
ble
for
m
of
energy
reso
urces
to
m
anag
e
the
seve
ral
power
syst
em
pro
blem
s
[8
]
.
The
us
e
f
uln
ess
of
the
wind
ene
rg
y
a
nd
it
s
app
li
cat
ion
in
the
sect
or
of
power
sys
tem
ca
n
be
found
in
[
9].
Fiejoo
an
d
Ci
dr
a
s
ca
m
e
forw
a
r
d
with
t
heir
rese
arc
h
of
m
od
el
ing
an
d
analy
ze
the
influ
e
nce
of
th
e
wind
fa
rm
t
o
m
anag
e
the
powe
r
flo
w
in
transm
issi
on
f
ram
ewo
r
k
[
10
]
.
Nesa
m
al
ar
et
al
.
s
tud
ie
d
the
ef
fect
of
c
onve
ntion
a
l
ener
gy
res
our
ces
in
as
so
ci
at
ion
wit
h
the
ren
e
wa
bl
e
energy
res
ources
base
d
on
the
l
ocati
onal
m
arg
inal
pr
ic
ing
to
at
te
nu
at
e
the
ov
e
r
bur
de
n
of
the
transm
issio
n
li
nes
[
11]
.
Vargas
et
al
.
lin
ke
d
the
wi
nd
energy
al
ong
with
the
batte
r
y
ener
gy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
487
1
-
487
9
4872
sta
or
a
ge
syst
em
to
m
anag
e
c
ongestio
n
co
ns
iderin
g
the
ra
m
p
rates
of
the
power
plants
[
12
]
.
T
he
resc
he
du
li
ng
of
t
he
gen
e
rat
or
s
is
one
of
the
pr
im
itive
m
easur
es
a
dopt
ed
to
c
ontrol
congesti
on.
Fa
ng
et
al
.
de
sig
ned
a
op
ti
m
al
recti
ve
powe
r
disp
at
c
hed
pro
blem
con
si
der
i
ng
the
resch
e
duli
ng
of
the
ge
ner
at
o
r
s
[
13
]
.
Othm
an
et
al
.
so
rte
d
the criti
cal
g
ener
at
or
to
sche
du
le
thei
r
powe
r
deliver
y t
o
m
a
intai
n
t
he
avail
able tra
ns
fe
r
capa
bili
ty
[
14
]
.
Yesuratnam
and
Th
ukaram
form
ulate
d
Re
la
ti
ve
Ele
ctr
ic
al
Dista
nce
(RED
)
to
s
el
ect
the
generato
r
par
ti
ci
patin
g
i
n
the
res
c
hedu
li
ng
pr
ocess
to
at
te
nu
at
e
the
ov
e
r
burd
e
n
of
the
tran
sm
issio
n
li
ne
[
15
]
.
S
ud
i
pta
and
Sin
gh
im
plem
ented
Par
ti
cl
e
Sw
arm
Op
tim
iz
at
ion
(PSO)
to
m
ini
m
i
ze
the
c
ongest
ion
c
os
t
i
nvol
ved
in
gen
e
rato
r
resc
hedulin
g
t
o
m
a
nag
i
ng
c
ongest
ion
.
T
he
gen
e
r
at
or
s
c
ontrib
u
t
ed
in
the
resc
he
du
li
ng
proce
s
s
we
re
sel
ect
ed
ba
sed
on
the
Ge
ner
at
or
Se
ns
it
ivit
y
Fact
or
(
GS
F
)
[
16
]
.
De
b
a
nd
Go
s
wam
i
fo
rm
ulate
d
CM
a
ppro
ac
h
with
wind e
nergy res
ource
and
Ar
ti
fici
al
Bee C
olony (
AB
C) to o
pti
m
iz
e the con
gestio
n cost [
17]
.
Kall
a
m
et
a
l.
in
thei
r
resea
r
ch
util
iz
ed
Cu
ckoo
Sea
rch
Algorithm
(CSA
)
to
op
ti
m
all
y
design
the
con
t
ro
l
pa
ram
e
te
rs
for
the
gr
i
d
co
nn
ect
e
d
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
and
the
C
SA
was
f
ound
to
be
bette
r
th
an
the
gen
et
ic
a
nd
ba
ct
erial
fo
ra
ging
al
gorithm
[18].
I
n
an
oth
e
r
researc
h
Dalal
i
an
d
Ka
reg
a
r
intr
oduce
d
CS
A
an
d
fou
nd
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
CS
A
to
be
a
pprec
ia
ti
ve
for
the
optim
al
place
m
ent
of
the
Phas
or
Me
as
urem
e
nt
U
nit
(P
MU
)
[19].
T
he
op
ti
m
al
power
flo
w
pro
bl
e
m
with
the
int
egr
at
io
n
of
wi
nd
ene
r
gy
was
perform
ed
by
Mi
sh
ra
et
al
.
us
in
g
C
SA
a
n
d
t
he
outc
om
es
achieved
with
CS
A
was
bette
r
w
he
n
com
par
e
d
to
the
res
ults
obta
ined
with
P
SO
[
20
]
.
A
bargho
oee
et
al
.
de
sig
ned
a m
ul
ti
-
obj
ect
ive
pro
blem
fo
r
t
he
sche
duli
ng
of
the
the
rm
oelect
ric
powe
r
syst
e
m
with
CSA
.
The
pe
r
form
a
nce
of
CS
A
was
f
ound
to
be
ve
rsati
le
than
P
SO,
Di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
Ev
olu
ti
on
(
DE
)
a
nd
N
on
Dom
inate
d
Sorte
d
Gen
et
ic
Algorithm
(N
S
G
A
)
[
21]
.
Fe
rg
a
ny
et
al
.
determ
ined
t
he
op
ti
m
al
locat
ion
of
the
capaci
tor
an
d
m
ini
m
i
zat
ion
of
the
operati
ng
cost
with
the
inco
r
porati
on
CSA
[
22
]
.
V
o
et
al
.
design
ed
a
econ
om
ic
load
disp
at
c
he
d
consi
der
i
ng
va
lve
po
i
nt
eff
ec
t
and
i
m
ple
m
e
nted
CSA
a
nd
fou
nd
that
CSA
pe
rfor
m
ed
bette
r
t
han
PS
O
[23].
The
a
bove
re
f
err
e
d
li
te
ratu
re
s
sig
nify
the
ve
rsati
li
ty
of
CSA
over
oth
e
r
opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
al
gorithm
s
and
it
can
be
antic
ipate
d
th
at
CSA
will
al
so
pr
ov
i
de
bet
te
r
ou
tc
om
es
fo
r
the
pro
po
se
d
CM
appr
oach.
In
this
pa
pe
r
a
fo
rm
ulati
on
of
CM
strat
egy
is
pr
oject
e
d
to
analy
ze
the
co
m
bin
ed
eff
ect
of
the
wind
far
m
fo
r
the
CM
with
gen
e
ra
tor
resc
he
du
li
ng.
T
he
integ
ral
intent
of
the
pro
posed
wor
k
is
to
exten
d
CS
A
as
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
op
tim
iz
at
ion
appro
ac
h
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
cost
of
co
ngest
io
n
with
the
inco
r
porati
on
the
w
ind
fa
rm
and
a
de
ptly
exp
el
the
co
nges
te
d
li
ne
from
t
he
over
bur
de
n
co
ndit
ion
.
T
he
Bus
S
ensiti
vity
Fact
or
(B
SF)
i
s
util
iz
ed
to
iden
ti
fy
the
b
us
es
f
or
the p
la
cem
e
nt
of
th
e
wind f
arm
.
The
par
ti
ci
pation
of
the g
ene
rato
r
in
th
e
CM
schem
e
is
con
s
idere
d
based
on
the
G
SF
valu
es.
T
he
po
te
nc
y
of
the
pro
pos
ed
a
ppr
oach
is
validat
ed
on
t
he
39
bu
s
Ne
w
En
gla
nd
syst
em
.
The
ou
tc
om
es
achi
eved
with
CS
A
are
com
pa
red
with
the
res
ults
of
RE
D,
PS
O
and
ABC o
ptim
iz
ation
al
gorithm
s r
efe
rr
e
d
in
the
past li
te
ratur
e
s
[15]
-
[
17]
r
es
pe
ct
ivel
y.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Wind F
arm
The
dete
rm
ina
ti
on
of
the
in
je
ct
ed
powe
r
is
est
i
m
at
ed
based
on
the
Fi
xed
S
pee
d
W
i
nd
T
urbin
e
Gen
e
rati
ng Un
it
(
FS
W
T
GU)
m
od
el
o
f
powe
r
flo
w.
In case o
f
the in
duct
io
n
m
achine,
the stat
or
term
inals
ho
l
d
the
posit
ion
of
the
capaci
t
or
s
at
the
tim
e
of
it
s
functi
on
i
ng
as
i
nductio
n
ge
ner
at
or
a
nd
it
is
sel
f
energize
d
insp
it
e
of
the
f
act
that
po
wer
el
ect
ro
nic
c
on
ver
te
r
s
ar
e
at
ti
m
es
util
iz
ed.
I
n
case
of
fetch
ing
of
the
real
powe
r
or
i
n
the
sit
uat
ion
of
the
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
withdra
wal,
the
c
apacit
or
s
are
use
d
to
en
ha
nce
th
e
im
pr
ov
em
ent
in
the
power
factor
an
d
loss
re
du
ct
io
n.
T
he
wind
fa
rm
m
o
del
is
sh
own
in
the
Fig
ur
e
1
[1
0].
T
he
induct
i
on
gen
e
rato
r
pa
ra
m
et
ers
cor
r
esp
onding
to
t
he
wind
fa
rm
are
consi
der
e
d
as
f
ollows:
Ra
te
d
vo
lt
age
=
66
0V,
R
s
=
0.007
08
Ω
, X
1
= 0
.
0762
0Ω, X
m
=
3.
4497Ω,
X
2
=0.2
3297Ω
and R
R
= 0.0
07
60
Ω
.
Figure
1.
Re
pr
esentai
on
of
wi
nd f
a
rm
m
od
el
The
e
quat
ion f
or the c
onsu
m
ption o
f react
iv
e pow
e
r
i
n
cas
e of
wind f
a
rm
can be
re
pr
ese
nted
a
s [1
0]:
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o Se
ar
ch
Alg
or
it
hm for
Congesti
on All
evi
ation
wi
th
Inco
rpor
ation o
f Wi
nd Farm
(K
au
s
hik P
aul)
4873
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(
2
)
4
(
)
2
-
X
(
1
)
2
(
)
2
(
)
m
c
cm
XX
V
R
P
P
R
X
V
R
P
Q
V
X
X
X
R
X
R
X
(1)
22
2
P
(
2)
m
c
cm
XX
X
QV
X
X
V
(2)
V
: rate
d v
oltage.
P
: i
nj
ect
e
d
act
iv
e pow
e
r
i
n
the
gr
i
d.
X
: st
at
or
a
nd rot
or lea
ka
ge
r
eac
ta
nces in t
otal.
X
c
: capaci
tor
b
a
nk
reacta
nces
.
R
: sum
m
a
ti
on
of
both
t
he react
ances
of stat
or a
nd roto
r.
The real
po
wer o
f
FS
WT
G
U
i
s g
i
ven b
y
[10]
,
1
3
(
3
)
2
P
A
U
C
P
(3)
w
he
re t
he
are
a
of the
ro
t
or
is r
epr
ese
nted
b
y
A
, ai
r dens
it
y
is desi
gn
at
e
d
as
ρ, U
re
present
s the spee
d
of the
wind
a
nd C
P
is
desig
nated
as
t
he powe
r
c
o
ef
fici
ent.
2.2.
Cu
ck
oo Se
arc
h A
l
go
ri
th
m
The
CS
A
al
gorithm
was
f
orm
ula
te
d
by
Y
ang
an
d
De
b
in
the
ye
a
r
2009
an
d
it
depends
on
th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
i
dea
li
zed
r
ules.
i)
a
sin
gle
eg
g
is
la
id
by
t
he
c
uc
koo
a
nd
it
ra
ndom
ly
dr
ops
the
eg
g
i
n
a
se
le
ct
ed
nest.
ii
)
the
ne
st
hav
in
g
the
good
qual
it
y
of
e
gg
will
be
c
on
si
der
e
d
f
or
subse
qu
e
nt
gen
e
rati
ons.
ii
i)
th
e
nu
m
eric
co
un
t
of
the
host
nes
t
is
co
ns
ta
nt
an
d
a
n
e
ffo
rt
is
m
ade
by
the
ho
st
bir
d
to
detect
the
la
id
egg
s
[1
8]
.
The
cuc
koo
bird
s
a
re
one
of
the
m
os
t
fascinati
ng
a
nd
intel
li
gen
t
birds.
T
hey
la
y
egg
s
(
so
luti
on)
i
n
th
e
oth
e
r
bir
d’
s n
est
.
T
he
cuc
koo
bir
d
exp
l
or
es
f
or
th
e
high
s
urvi
val
of
their
eg
gs
a
nd
fi
nd
s
the
m
os
t
a
pprop
riat
e
nest
t
o
la
y
their
eg
gs
.
The
e
ggs
(cl
ose
to
opti
m
a
l
value)
e
xh
i
biti
ng
sim
i
la
rity
as
per
t
he
ho
st
bi
rd
e
ggs
ha
ve
a
high
pro
bab
il
it
y
to
flour
ish
int
o
a
m
at
ur
e
cucko
o.
The
e
gg
s
wh
i
ch
are
ide
ntifie
d
with
a
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
of
Pa
ϵ
[
0,1]
as
the
f
or
ei
gn
e
ggs
(not
op
ti
m
a
l
value
)
by
the
host
bird
are
ei
ther
to
ssed
off
or
the
host
bir
d
m
ov
es
a
w
ay
an
d
bu
il
ds
an
oth
e
r
nest.
T
he
nest
locat
ion
is
ra
ndom
ly
op
te
d
by
the
c
ucko
o
to
la
y
their
e
gg
us
i
ng
e
quat
ion
(4)
and (
5)
11
=
+
L
e
v
y
(
)
(
4
)
g
e
n
g
e
n
p
q
p
q
p
q
XXs
(4)
1/
(
1
)
/
2
si
n
2
L
e
v
y
(
)
=
(
5)
1
2
s
(5)
The
value
of
λ
ra
nges
from
(0.25<
λ<
3)
al
ong
with
the
va
lue
of
α
ta
ke
n
rand
om
l
y
in
the
ra
nge
of
[
-
1,
1].
T
he
val
ue
of
S
is
ta
ken
as
per
t
he
interest
of
the p
r
oble
m
.
The
valu
e
of
S
is
al
ways
gr
eat
er
tha
n
0.
T
he
ste
p
siz
e is
give
n by eq
uatio
n (6).
(
6
)
g
e
n
g
e
n
p
q
p
q
f
q
s
X
X
(6)
w
he
re
p,
f
ϵ
[
1,2,….n]
a
nd
qϵ[1,2,….
n]
ar
e
co
ns
ide
red
f
or
t
he
pro
po
se
d
case.
.
T
he
host
bi
rd
fin
ds
ou
t
t
he
foreig
n
e
gg b
y
est
ablishin
g
a
ra
ndom
co
m
par
ison bet
ween P
a
an
d
P
ro
p
. T
he
proba
bili
ty
Pr
o
p
is
giv
e
n by:
0
.
9
p
r
o
0
.
1
(
7
)
m
a
x
(
)
p
p
fit
fit
(7)
The
disc
overy
of
the
e
gg
will
le
d
to
the
thr
owin
g
of
the
e
gg
f
ro
m
the
nes
t
or
the
ho
st
bird
will
op
t
for
a
ne
w nest
wh
il
e a
band
on
i
ng the
previ
ous one a
nd m
anu
fact
ur
e a
new
nest
giv
e
n by e
qu
at
io
n (
8)
.
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t J
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C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
487
1
-
487
9
4874
(
0
,
1
)
(
)
(
8)
,
m
i
n
,
m
a
x
,
m
i
n
n
e
s
t
X
r
a
n
d
X
X
p
p
p
p
(8)
The
nest
nu
ber
are
ta
ken
as
90.
The
rate
of
al
ie
n
egg
disc
overy
=
0.25,
Levy
fligh
t
coe
f
fici
ent=0.
5.
Iterati
ons =
100. T
he pseu
do c
od
e
of CS
A f
or CM
is sho
wn in F
i
gure
2.
Figure
2
.
Pse
udoc
ode
of Cuc
koo
s
earc
h
al
gorithm
f
or c
ongestio
n
m
anage
m
ent
2.3.
BSF C
alcula
ti
on
s
The real
po
wer flo
w
is
desi
gnat
ed
as:
2
c
o
s(
)
c
o
s
(
9)
P
V
V
Y
V
Y
ij
ij
i
i
i
ij
ij
i
j
ij
(9)
The
c
om
po
ne
nts
V
i
,
ϴ
i
ϴ
ij
,
Y
ij
are
desig
nated
as
t
he
vo
lt
age
m
agn
i
tud
e,
a
ngle
of
the
i
th
bu
s
,
m
agn
it
ud
e
an
d
an
gle
of
the
i
j
th
el
e
m
ent
of
th
e
Y
BUS
m
a
trix
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
BSF
is
te
rm
ed
as
t
he
ra
ti
o
of
t
he
diff
e
re
nce
in
powe
r
fl
ow
∆P
ij
in
a
li
ne
to
t
he
cha
ng
e
i
n
th
e
act
ive
powe
r
inj
ect
io
n
∆P
n
at
bu
s
n.
The
BSF
f
or
the k
th
li
ne
is i
s
g
ive
n
a
s:
(
1
0)
P
k
ij
B
S
F
P
n
n
(10)
In case
of a
over
burd
e
ne
d
li
ne
the e
xpressi
on
for
the
BSF
is g
i
ven b
y:
(
1
1
)
k
B
S
F
a
m
b
m
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
j
n
(11)
The det
ai
l de
rivati
on of BS
F
can
be fo
und i
n [17].
3.
PROBLE
M
F
ORMUL
ATI
ON
The
desig
n
of
the
obj
ect
i
ve
f
un
ct
io
n
to
e
val
uate
the
co
nge
sti
on
c
os
t
de
pe
nd
i
ng
upon
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
real p
ower
resc
heduled
is
giv
e
n by:
(
)
*
(
12
)
1
g
N
M
in
im
iz
e
C
P
P
gg
g
g
(12)
C
g
,
P
g
a
nd
N
g
are
t
he
pr
ic
e
bid
s
of
t
he
ge
ner
at
or
s
,
am
ount
of
t
he
resc
he
du
le
d
real
power
an
d
c
ount
in
t
he
par
ti
ci
patin
g g
ener
at
or
i
n
t
he C
M resp
ect
ivel
y.
The GS
F c
onstrai
nt is
giv
e
n by:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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p
En
g
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S
N: 20
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8708
Cucko
o Se
ar
ch
Alg
or
it
hm for
Congesti
on All
evi
ation
wi
th
Inco
rpor
ation o
f Wi
nd Farm
(K
au
s
hik P
aul)
4875
0
m
a
x
(
(
)
*
)
(
13
)
1
Ng
G
S
F
P
F
F
kk
gg
g
(13)
The
Ra
m
p
lim
i
t:
m
i
n
m
i
n
m
a
x
m
a
x
P
-
P
=
Δ
P
Δ
P
Δ
P
=
P
-
P
(
1
4
)
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
(14)
Power bal
a
nce:
Ng
P
0
(
1
5
)
Gi
1
i
(15)
m
in
P
g
and
m
a
x
P
g
cor
res
po
nd
s
to
the
li
m
it
s
of
the
ge
ner
at
or
g’s
m
ini
m
u
m
and
m
axi
m
u
m
ac
ti
ve
power
gen
e
rati
on.
0
F
k
co
r
respo
nd
s
to
the
flo
w
of
the po
wer
in
t
he
k
th
tr
ansm
issi
on
li
ne
res
ulted due
t
o
al
l
the
co
ntac
t
s
requesti
ng
the
transm
issi
on
serv
ic
e.
m
a
x
F
k
corres
ponds
to
the
MVA
fl
ow
li
m
it
of
the
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
ne
k
j
oi
ning
the
bu
s
es i an
d j.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
In
this
arti
cl
e
the
CM
strat
egy
is
m
od
el
ed
with
the
integrat
ion
of
the
wind
far
m
to
the
m
os
t
sensiti
ve
bu
s
an
d
CS
A
i
s
al
so
a
ppli
ed
t
o
m
inify
the
congesti
on
c
os
t.
The
e
ntire
si
m
ula
ti
on
is
pe
r
form
ed
on
MA
TLAB
2016b. The fra
m
ewo
r
k
of 39
bu
s
Ne
w
En
gland
is co
ns
id
ere
d
to test
the ef
f
ect
iveness of
the prop
os
ed
str
at
egy
adopted
f
or
the
CM
.
The
39
bus
Ne
w
E
ngla
nd
fr
am
ework
bear
s
10
ge
nerat
or
bu
ses
a
nd
29
buses
as
th
e
loa
d
bu
s
es a
nd it
s p
i
ct
or
ia
l re
pr
e
se
ntati
on
is
sho
w
n
in
Fig
ure
3.
Figure
3. Fr
am
ewor
k of
39
bus N
e
w
E
ngla
nd
Syste
m
The
wind
far
m
pa
ram
et
ers
are
ta
ke
n
f
r
om
t
he
a
rtic
le
[10].
The
co
ngest
io
n
is
est
a
blishe
d
in
the
li
ne
15
-
16
with
the
ou
ta
ge
of
the
li
ne
bet
wee
n
the
bused
14
-
13.
The
ou
ta
ge
ha
s
le
d
to
the
i
ncre
m
ent
in
the
fl
ow
t
o
628
MV
A
le
ad
ing
to
the
over
bur
den
i
ng
of
the
li
ne
15
-
16
a
nd
the
fl
ow
li
m
it
of
the
li
ne
is
50
0
MV
A.
Table
1
represe
nts
the
BSF
values
f
or
the
co
ng
est
e
d
li
ne
15
-
16.
The
bus
num
ber
14
an
d
34
exh
i
bits
strong
BSF
values
and t
he win
d far
m
locati
on
is
desig
nat
ed
at
bus
14 which e
xhibit
th
e m
os
t neg
at
iv
e BSF.
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In
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Elec
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C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
487
1
-
487
9
4876
Table
1.
BS
F
va
lues
with
different
wind
farm
p
ow
er
level
with
ou
ta
ge of
li
ne
14
-
34
Bu
s Sen
sitiv
ity
Fa
cto
r
Valu
es
Bu
s No
W
ith
o
u
t
W
in
d
f
ar
m
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(30
M
W
)
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(50
M
W
)
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(10
0
M
W
)
1
0
0
0
0
8
-
0
.01
9
9
-
0
.02
0
6
-
0
.01
9
7
-
0
.01
9
4
9
0
.02
9
6
0
.02
8
9
0
.02
9
2
0
.02
9
0
10
-
0
.03
9
8
-
0
.03
8
7
-
0
.03
8
4
-
0
.03
8
0
12
-
0
.03
9
9
-
0
.03
7
9
-
0
.03
7
4
-
0
.03
7
0
14
-
0
.25
7
2
-
0
.24
9
6
-
0
.24
9
4
-
0
.24
9
1
16
-
0
.00
5
1
-
0
.00
2
4
-
0
.00
2
1
-
0
.00
2
0
19
-
0
.03
3
7
-
0
.02
9
5
-
0
.02
9
2
-
0
.02
8
9
25
-
0
.02
1
8
-
0
.02
1
3
-
0
.02
1
0
-
0
.02
0
4
27
0
.04
8
8
0
.04
9
8
0
.05
1
1
0
.05
1
6
34
0
.41
7
6
0
.42
4
4
0
.42
5
1
0
.43
0
2
38
0
.02
0
5
0
.02
3
4
0
.02
3
6
0
.02
4
0
A
gr
a
dual
redu
ct
ion
in
the
le
vel
of
the
power
flow
is
ob
se
r
ve
d
in
the
ov
e
r
bur
den
e
d
li
ne
15
-
16
wit
h
the
increm
ent
the
rati
ng
of
t
he
wi
nd
fa
rm
from
30
M
W
t
o
10
0
M
W
pla
ced
at
bus
14.
This
re
su
lt
ed
in
the
cur
ta
il
m
ent
in
the
nu
m
ber
of
par
ti
ci
patin
g
gen
e
rato
rs
in
CM
.
Table
2
sh
ows
the
reducti
on
i
n
the
f
low
of
powe
r
in
li
ne
15
-
16
with
va
rio
us
le
vel
of
wind
fa
rm
.
The
researc
h
pre
sented
in
t
his
pap
e
r
is
co
nduct
e
d
consi
der
i
ng
th
e
30
M
W
wi
nd
far
m
.
It
is
to
be
note
d
t
hat
a
higher
rati
ng
of
the
wind
farm
wil
l
al
so
re
duce
th
e
ov
e
r
burd
e
n
of
the
powe
r
fl
owin
g
in
the
li
ne
and
c
urt
ai
l
the
cost
in
vo
l
ved
i
n
the
resc
he
duli
ng
proces
s
but
it
is
al
so
to
be
no
te
d
that
the
cost
and
s
pace
to
a
ccom
m
od
at
e
a
la
rg
e
wi
nd
farm
is
hu
ge.
T
hus,
due
to
these
issues
30 M
W
wi
nd fa
rm
is con
side
r
ed fo
r
the
r
esea
rch p
urp
os
e.
Table
2.
Power
Flo
w
in
the C
ongeste
d
li
ne 1
5
-
16
W
it
h
o
u
t wind
f
ar
m
W
ith
wind
f
ar
m
at
d
if
f
erent po
wer
lev
el
3
0
M
W
5
0
M
W
1
0
0
M
W
Po
wer
f
lo
w (
MVA
)
628
603
587
548
Table
3
repres
ents
the
G
SF
values
at
di
ff
e
ren
t
powe
r
le
ve
l
of
the
wind
far
m
corres
pond
i
ng
to
t
he
congeste
d
li
ne
.
U
nif
or
m
GSFs
are
ob
se
r
ve
d
for
t
he
dif
fer
e
nt
wi
nd
fa
rm
po
we
r
le
ve
ls
for
t
he
ge
ner
at
or
2,4,5,
6,7,8.
Th
is
sign
ifie
s
that
these
generato
rs
c
on
tri
bute
sim
il
ar
eff
ect
to
wards
t
he
c
onge
ste
d
li
ne.
The
non
-
un
i
form
GS
Fs
are
show
n
by
3,
9
an
d
10
ge
ner
at
or
s
an
d
th
ese
three
ge
ne
rators
are
co
nsi
der
e
d
to
con
t
r
ibu
te
towa
rd
s
t
he
CM
.
This
ap
pro
ach
le
d
to
the
reducti
on
in
th
e
gen
e
rato
r
nu
m
ber
s.
In
this
researc
h
the
30
M
W
wind
far
m
is opted t
o
m
anag
e
cong
e
sti
on. T
he price
bid
s
for t
he ge
ner
at
ors a
re
giv
e
n
in
Table
4.
Table
3.
GSF
va
lues
with
different
wind
farm
p
ow
er
level
with
ou
ta
ge of
li
ne
14
-
34
Gen
erator
S
en
sitiv
ity
Fa
cto
r
Bu
s No
W
ith
o
u
t W
in
d
f
ar
m
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(30
M
W
)
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(50
M
W
)
W
ith
W
in
d
Far
m
(10
0
MW
)
1
0
0
0
0
2
-
0
.56
2
1
-
0
.55
6
1
-
0
.55
5
2
-
0
.55
2
1
3
-
0
.07
8
7
-
0
.08
2
3
-
0
.08
1
4
-
0
.07
9
2
4
-
0
.40
7
7
-
0
.41
9
2
-
0
.41
8
9
-
0
.41
6
2
5
-
0
.41
0
2
-
0
.41
1
0
-
0
.41
8
1
-
0
.41
7
2
6
-
0
.41
3
4
-
0
.41
4
6
-
0
.41
3
8
-
0
.41
1
8
7
-
0
.41
1
2
-
0
.41
1
9
-
0
.41
1
7
-
0
.41
9
6
8
-
0
.55
2
4
-
0
.55
2
8
-
0
.55
1
8
-
0
.55
8
9
9
-
0
.50
2
9
-
0
.50
4
8
-
0
.50
3
4
-
0
.50
2
0
10
-
0
.59
4
8
-
0
.59
5
1
-
0
.58
8
9
-
0
.58
8
1
Table
4.
Ge
nerat
or
pr
ic
e
bi
ds
for 39
-
bu
s
Ne
w
E
ngla
nd Tes
t Sy
stem
(
$/MW
-
Day
)
Gen
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Bid
s
15
20
17
16
12
Gen
No.
6
7
8
9
10
Bid
s
17
13
11
14
19
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Cucko
o Se
ar
ch
Alg
or
it
hm for
Congesti
on All
evi
ation
wi
th
Inco
rpor
ation o
f Wi
nd Farm
(K
au
s
hik P
aul)
4877
Table
5
s
hows
the
com
par
at
ive
analy
sis
of
the
outc
om
es
a
chieve
d
with
CSA.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
CS
A
is
adopted
t
o
m
i
nify
the
co
ng
est
ion
co
st
an
d
release
the
ov
e
r
bu
rd
e
n
of
the
tran
sm
is
sion
li
ne
with
the
introd
uction
of
the
wind
far
m
.
The
co
ngest
ion
c
os
t
achie
ve
d
with
the
CS
A
is
5998.
3
$/
day
an
d
is
m
ini
m
u
m
wh
e
n
c
om
par
e
d
to
the
oth
e
r
cost
obta
ine
d
with
RE
D,
PS
O
a
nd
ABC
optim
iz
at
ion
m
eth
od
ologies
re
f
err
e
d
in
[15]
-
[
17]
res
pe
ct
ively
.
The
l
os
ses
a
re
al
so
reduce
d
to
58.
63
M
W
from
59.39
M
W
aft
er
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
pro
po
se
d
CS
A
for
the
CM
ap
proac
h
ad
opte
d
with
wind
fa
rm
.
Figu
re
4
s
hows
t
he
com
par
at
ive
analy
si
s
of
t
he
congesti
on
co
s
t
achieved
with
dif
fer
e
nt
al
gorithm
s.
The
c
om
par
at
ive
an
al
ysi
s
of
the
re
al
power
re
sch
edu
le
d
with
diff
e
re
nt
al
gorithm
s
is
rep
rese
nted
in
Figure
5.
The
co
nv
e
r
gen
ce
prof
il
e
is
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
The
conve
rg
e
nce
c
har
act
erist
ic
se
e
m
s
to
be
pr
om
isi
ng
in
ob
t
ai
ning
the
optim
al
con
ge
sti
on
c
os
t
with
the
pr
opos
e
d
appr
oach.
Figure
7
shows
the
vo
lt
age
le
vel
at
diff
ere
nt
buses
po
st
CM
.
It
is
ob
serv
e
d
that
the
vo
lt
age
le
vel
s
are m
ai
ntained
within
pr
op
e
r l
i
m
it
s.
Table
5.
C
om
par
iso
n of res
ults f
or
39
bus
Ne
w
E
ngla
nd
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
A
m
o
u
n
t of
Resch
ed
u
lin
g
(
MW
)
RED
[
1
5
]
PSO [
1
6
]
ABC
[
1
7
]
CSA [
p
rop
o
sed
]
Ap
p
rox
.
Co
st o
f
g
en
erator
resched
u
lin
g
($/d
ay
)
8
6
3
9
.1
8
8
7
2
.9
6
4
4
8
.3
5
9
9
8
.3
Po
wer
f
lo
w po
st CM.
Line 1
5
-
1
6
(
M
W
)
510
490
4
9
9
.6
4
9
8
.96
Gen
No.
1
-
9
9
.59
-
1
4
9
.1
-
1
3
8
.72
-
1
3
8
.62
2
9
8
.75
6
5
.6
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
3
-
1
5
9
.64
-
129
-
4
8
.54
-
3
9
.7
4
1
2
.34
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
5
2
4
.69
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
6
2
4
.69
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t
Participated
7
1
2
.34
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
8
2
4
.69
7
5
.4
No
t Par
ticip
ated
No
t Par
ticip
ated
9
1
2
.34
5
2
.1
6
.96
5
3
.15
10
4
9
.38
8
3
.0
1
8
1
.31
1
2
9
.00
Total A
m
o
u
n
t (
M
W
)
5
1
8
.45
5
5
4
.2
3
7
5
.53
3
6
0
.47
Figure
4.
Com
par
is
on of c
on
gestio
n
c
os
t wi
th o
t
her al
gorit
hm
Figure
5. Re
sc
hedulin
g
am
ount w
it
h di
ff
e
re
nt alg
or
it
hm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
487
1
-
487
9
4878
Figure
6
.
Co
nverg
e
nce
pro
fil
e f
or
C
S
A base
d ap
proac
h wit
h win
d farm
Figure
7. Bus
vo
lt
age
s
po
st
r
esche
du
li
ng
wi
th CSA
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
resea
rc
h
arti
cl
e
po
rt
rays
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
a
natu
re
insp
ire
d
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
al
go
r
it
h
m
fo
r
the
al
le
viati
on
of
c
ongestio
n
with
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
wi
nd
fa
rm
.
The
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d
with
the
CSA
have
been
c
om
par
ed
with
ot
her
op
t
i
m
iz
ation
te
ch
niques
re
port
e
d
in
pa
st
resear
ch
arti
cl
es
an
d
are
f
ound
to
be
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
e
conom
ic
al
.
It
is
fo
un
d
that
CSA
act
s
as
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
op
t
i
m
izing
ap
pro
ach
in
reli
evin
g
the
ov
e
r
burd
e
n
of
the
tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
li
nes
with
th
e
em
bo
dim
ent
of
t
he
wind
farm
and
ena
bles
the
syst
em
op
erato
r
to m
ai
ntain the securit
y and re
li
abili
ty
o
f
the
syst
e
m
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ch.
N.
R
.
Kum
ari
and
K
.
C.
She
khar
,
“
Optimal
Plac
ement
of
T
CS
C
Based
on
Sensiti
vi
t
y
Anal
ysis
for
Congestio
n
Mana
gement,”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
Comput
er
Engi
ne
er
ing
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
6
(
5
)
,
pp
.
2
041
-
2047,
2016
.
[2]
A
.
Pill
a
y
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Congesti
on
m
ana
gement
in
power
s
y
stems
–
A
rev
ie
w
,
”
In
te
rnational
Journal
of
Elec
tric
a
l
Powe
r
&
Ene
rgy
Syste
ms
,
v
ol. 70
,
pp
.
83
-
90
,
2
01
5
[3]
N.
I.
Yus
off,
et
al.
,
“
Congesti
on
m
ana
gement
in
power
sy
st
em:
A
rev
ie
w
,
”
3rd
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Powe
r
Gene
ration
S
yst
ems and
R
ene
wa
ble
Ene
rgy
Tech
nologi
es
(
PGSR
ET)
,
Johor Ba
hr
u
,
pp
.
22
-
27
,
20
17.
[4]
A
.
Mishra
and
V
.
N
.
Kum
ar
G
.
,
“
Congesti
on
m
ana
gement
of
der
egulate
d
pow
er
s
y
stems
b
y
opti
m
al
sett
ing
o
f
In
te
rl
ine
Pow
er
Flow
Control
l
er
using
Gravi
t
at
ion
al
Sea
rch
al
gorit
hm
,
”
Jou
rnal
of
Elec
trical
Syste
ms
and
Information
Tec
hnology
,
vol
/
issue:
4
(
1
)
,
pp
.
198
-
212,
2017
.
[5]
M
.
M
.
Esfa
han
i
,
et
al.
,
“
Adaptive
real
-
t
ime
co
ngesti
on
m
ana
g
ement
in
sm
art
power
s
y
stems
using
a
re
al
-
t
ime
h
y
brid
opt
imiza
t
ion
a
lgori
thm,
”
El
e
ct
ric
Pow
er
S
yste
ms
Re
sear
ch
,
v
ol
.
150
,
pp
.
11
8
-
128,
2017
.
[6]
R
.
Hem
m
at
i,
et
al.
,
“
Stocha
sti
c
pla
nning
and
sc
hedul
ing
of
ene
r
g
y
storage
s
y
s
tem
s
for
conge
stion
m
ana
gement
in
el
e
ct
ri
c
power
s
y
stems
in
cl
uding
ren
ew
abl
e
en
er
g
y
resourc
es,
”
E
nergy
,
vo
l.
133,
pp.
380
-
387
,
20
17.
[7]
S.
S.
Redd
y
,
“
Optimal
Plac
emen
t
of
F
ACTS
Co
ntrol
lers
for
Co
ngest
ion
Mana
g
ement
in
the
Dere
gulated
Pow
er
S
y
stem
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
vo
l/is
sue:
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[8]
H
.
Scher
m
e
y
er
,
et
al
.
,
“
Ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
cu
r
ta
il
m
ent:
A
ca
s
e
stud
y
on
tod
a
y
'
s
and
tomorrow
'
s
cong
esti
on
m
ana
gement,”
E
nergy
Po
li
c
y
,
vo
l.
112
,
pp
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42
43
6,
2018
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[9]
B.
Ben
la
hbib
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
W
ind
f
ar
m
m
ana
gement
using
art
i
ficial
i
nte
lligent
t
ec
hni
ques
,”
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
7
(
3
)
,
pp
.
1133
-
1
144,
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Cucko
o Se
ar
ch
Alg
or
it
hm for
Congesti
on All
evi
ation
wi
th
Inco
rpor
ation o
f Wi
nd Farm
(K
au
s
hik P
aul)
4879
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A.
E.
Fei
joo
an
d
J.
Cidra
s,
“
Modeli
ng
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wind
far
m
s
in
the
lo
ad
flow
ana
l
y
sis
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
Syste
ms
,
v
ol
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1
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,
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J.
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alar,
et
a
l.
,
“
Opti
m
al
Util
i
zation
of
Rene
wab
le
E
ner
g
y
Source
s
f
or
Congesti
on
Mana
gement
,
”
I
FA
C
-
Pape
rs
OnL
ine
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
48
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30
)
,
pp
.
264
-
269
,
2
015
[12]
L.
S.
Varga
s,
e
t
al.
,
“
W
ind
Po
wer
Curta
il
m
ent
and
Ene
rg
y
St
ora
ge
in
Tra
ns
m
ission
Conges
ti
on
Mana
geme
nt
Consi
der
ing
Pow
er
Pl
ant
s
Ramp
Rat
es,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
Syste
ms
,
vo
l/
issue:
30
(
5
)
,
pp.
2498
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2506
,
2015.
[13]
S.
Fang
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Inte
rva
l
optim
al
react
iv
e
po
wer
rese
rve
dis
pat
ch
conside
r
i
ng
gene
r
at
or
r
e
sche
duli
ng
,
”
I
E
T
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission
&
Di
s
tribut
ion
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
8
)
,
pp
.
18
33
-
1841,
2016
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[14]
M.
M.
Othm
an
and
S.
Busan,
“
A
Novel
Approac
h
of
Resch
ed
uli
ng
the
Cr
it
i
cal
Gene
ra
tors
for
a
New
Avail
ab
le
Tra
nsfer
Capa
b
ilit
y
De
te
rm
ina
t
io
n,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Powe
r
Syste
ms
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
31
(
1
)
,
pp
.
3
-
1
7,
2016
.
[15]
G.
Yesurat
nam
and
D.
Thuka
ra
m
,
“
Congesti
on
m
ana
gement
in
open
ac
c
ess
base
d
on
rel
ative
elec
tr
ic
a
l
dista
nc
e
s
using vol
t
age
st
a
bil
ity
cr
it
er
ia
,
”
E
le
c
tric
Powe
r S
y
stems R
ese
arch
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
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12
)
,
pp
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1608
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1618
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2007.
[16]
S.
Dutta
and
S.
P.
Singh,
“
Optimal
Resche
du
ling
of
Gene
r
a
tor
s
for
Congesti
o
n
Mana
gement
Based
on
Par
ti
c
l
e
Sw
arm Opti
m
iz
at
ion,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Po
wer
Syste
ms
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
23
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4
)
,
pp
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1560
-
1569,
200
8
.
[17]
S
.
Deb,
et
al.
,
“
Congesti
on
Mana
gement
Consideri
ng
W
ind
Ene
rg
y
Source
s
Us
ing
Evol
uti
on
ar
y
Algori
thm,
”
El
e
ct
ric
Pow
er
Components
and
Syste
ms
,
vol
/
issue:
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7
)
,
pp
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72
3
-
732
,
2015
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[18]
R.
N.
Kalaam
,
et
al.
,
“
Optimis
at
ion
of
con
trol
l
er
par
amet
ers
for
grid
-
ti
ed
pho
to
volt
aic
s
y
st
em
at
fau
lty
n
et
work
using
art
ifici
al
neur
al
n
et
work
-
base
d
cuc
koo
s
ea
rch
al
gori
thm,
”
IET
Re
n
ewab
le
Powe
r
Gen
erati
on
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
11
(
12
)
,
pp
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1517
-
1526,
2017
.
[19]
M.
Dala
li
and
H.
K
.
Kare
gar
,
“
Optimal
PM
U
pla
ce
m
ent
for
full
o
bserva
bilit
y
o
f
the
power
net
work
with
m
axi
m
u
m
red
undancy
usin
g
m
odifi
ed
bina
r
y
cu
ckoo
opti
m
i
sati
on
al
gor
it
hm
,
”
IET
Gene
rat
i
on
,
Tr
ansm
issio
n
&
Distributi
on
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
11
)
,
pp
.
2817
-
2824
,
201
6.
[20]
C.
Mishra,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Optimal
po
wer
flow
in
the
pre
senc
e
of
wi
nd
power
u
sing
m
odifi
ed
cuc
k
oo
sea
rch
,
”
IE
T
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission
&
Di
s
tribut
ion
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
7
)
,
pp
.
615
-
626,
20
15
.
[21]
R.
A
.
Abarghooe
e,
e
t
al.
,
“
Multi
-
objecti
v
e
short
-
te
rm
sche
duli
n
g
of
the
rm
oel
ect
ric
power
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sing
a
nov
e
l
m
ult
iobj
ectiv
e
θ
-
improved
cuckoo
opti
m
isat
io
n
al
gorit
hm
,
”
IET
Gene
ration,
Tr
ans
miss
ion
&
D
istribut
ion
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
5
)
,
p
p.
873
-
894
,
20
1
4.
[22]
A.
A.
El
-
fer
gan
y
and
A.
Y.
Abdelazi
z
,
“
Capa
citor
al
locat
ions
in
rad
ia
l
distri
bu
t
ion
net
works
usi
ng
cuc
koo
sea
rc
h
al
gorit
hm
,
”
I
ET
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission
&
Di
s
tribut
ion
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
2
)
,
pp
.
223
-
232,
201
4.
[23]
D.
N.
Vo,
et
al.
,
“
Cuckoo
sea
rch
al
gori
thm
for
n
on
-
conve
x
ec
on
om
ic
dispatch,
”
IET
Gene
ration
,
Tr
ansm
is
sion
&
Distributi
on
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
7
(
6
)
,
pp
.
645
-
654,
2013
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Kaushik
Paul:
He
rec
ei
v
ed
his
B.
Te
ch
degr
e
e
in
El
ectri
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
W
est
Benga
l
Univer
sit
y
of
T
ec
hnolog
y
in
t
he
y
ear
2010
a
nd
receve
d
his
M.T
e
ch
degr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng
wit
h
spec
ia
liza
ti
on
in
Pow
er
Sy
s
te
m
from
Nati
onal
Instit
ut
e
of
Te
chnol
o
g
y
Kuruks
het
ra
in
t
he
y
e
ar
2012.
He
was
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
i
n
the
d
epa
r
tment
of
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Sharda
Group
o
f
Instit
uti
ons,
Ag
ra
for
two
y
e
ars.
Presently
h
e
is
pursuing
Ph.D
.
from
Nati
onal
Instit
ute
of
Technol
og
y
Jam
shedpur
in
the
depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
an
d
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Egineer
ing
.
His
re
sea
rch
ar
ea
includes
power
s
y
stem
der
egul
a
tion,
ren
ew
abl
e
ene
rg
y
,
opt
imiza
ti
on
t
ec
hn
ique
s
a
nd
sm
art
grid
.
Nira
nja
n
Kum
ar:
He
rec
e
ive
d
his B.
Sc
engi
n
ee
rin
g
int
he
y
e
ar
198
8
and
his
M.T
e
c
h
degr
ee
in
the
fie
ld
of
E
ectrical
engi
n
ee
ring
fro
m
Ntiona
l
Inst
itute
of
Technol
o
g
y
Jam
shedpur
i
n
the
y
ear
1996.
He
completed
hi
s
Ph.D
degr
ee
fr
om
IIT
Roorkee
and
his
rese
arch
areas
inc
lud
e
power
s
y
stem
der
egulati
on
,
tr
a
nsm
ission pri
ci
n
g
and elect
r
ic
i
t
y
m
ark
et
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.