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s
ed
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
-
t
ier
f
lat
i
n
w
h
ic
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
ar
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
is
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
tier
clu
s
ter
ed
w
h
ic
h
h
as
a
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
la
s
t
o
n
e
is
m
u
lti
-
tier
w
h
ic
h
h
as
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
tr
an
s
m
it
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
d
ata
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
,
th
e
W
MS
N
n
ee
d
s
s
o
m
e
Qo
S
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
4
]
:
th
e
li
m
itat
io
n
i
n
ter
m
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
lack
o
f
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
an
d
t
h
e
co
d
in
g
o
f
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
co
n
te
n
t.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
m
an
y
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
An
I
m
ag
e
co
u
ld
b
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
in
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
:
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
r
s
p
atial
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
DC
T
[
1
5
]
(
th
e
Fo
u
r
i
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
)
o
n
s
p
atial
d
o
m
a
in
.
I
n
J
P
E
G
im
a
g
e
co
d
in
g
,
we
ca
n
u
s
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
DC
T
.
in
th
e
s
p
atial
d
o
m
ai
n
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
as
2
D
p
lan
e,
w
h
er
e
p
ix
el
s
h
as
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
x
,
y
)
.
W
e
u
s
ed
t
h
e
J
P
E
G
co
d
in
g
in
o
u
r
ap
p
licatio
n
,
w
h
ich
u
s
e
s
a
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
o
n
b
ased
o
n
DC
T
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
s
en
t p
ac
k
et
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
le
s
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
u
s
e
L
ea
c
h
p
r
o
to
co
l,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
L
o
w
E
n
er
g
y
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
e
s
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
r
o
u
n
d
s
(
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e)
.
I
n
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
elf
o
r
g
a
n
ized
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
i
n
to
clu
s
ter
s
in
w
h
ich
th
e
C
l
u
s
ter
-
Hea
d
(
C
H)
is
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
n
o
d
e.
I
n
f
a
ct,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
i
g
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
L
ea
c
h
is
s
av
in
g
en
er
g
y
[
1
0
]
,
b
u
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
in
W
MSN
[
1
7
]
.
A
ctu
all
y
,
m
an
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
L
ea
c
h
.
Ou
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
C
H
in
co
n
s
ed
er
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
it
in
g
.
T
h
en
,
w
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
it
w
it
h
m
an
y
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
L
ea
c
h
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
o
u
r
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
x
te
n
d
s
th
e
lif
e
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
u
t
ca
n
tr
an
s
m
it
m
o
r
e
i
m
a
g
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
s
ee
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ch
ap
ter
s
.
First,
w
e
w
il
l
ex
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
en
,
w
e
w
ill
ex
p
o
s
e
o
u
r
I
C
H
-
L
E
AC
H.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
we
w
i
ll
o
u
tl
in
e
o
u
r
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
I
C
H
-
L
ea
c
h
,
ML
D
-
L
ea
ch
,
M
-
L
ea
ch
a
n
d
L
e
ac
h
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
w
e
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
co
n
clu
d
e
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
2
.
1
.
L
ea
ch
pro
t
o
co
l
I
n
2
0
0
0
,
W
en
d
i
B
.
Hein
ze
l
m
a
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
ca
lled
L
E
AC
H
[
10
]
w
h
ich
u
s
e
a
s
er
ies
o
f
eq
u
al
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
ca
lled
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
E
ac
h
r
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
o
f
t
w
o
s
tep
s
:
cl
u
s
ter
s
et
u
p
p
h
ase
a
n
d
s
tead
y
p
h
a
s
e.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e,
n
o
d
es
d
ec
id
e
to
b
e
C
H
o
r
n
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
b
y
p
ic
k
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
a
lu
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
n
u
m
b
er
w
il
l
d
ete
r
m
in
e
i
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
i
s
a
C
H
o
r
n
o
t
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
it
w
it
h
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
T
(
n
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
1
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
w
e
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
(
1
)
P
i
s
th
e
w
an
ted
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
C
Hs,
r
i
s
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
G
is
th
e
lis
t
o
f
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
elec
ted
C
H
in
th
e
la
s
t
1
/
P
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
W
h
e
n
a
n
o
d
e
elec
ts
it
s
el
f
as
a
C
H,
I
t
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
b
e
ch
o
s
e
n
ag
ai
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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2100
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o
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ac
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en
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d
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s
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f
b
y
b
r
o
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ca
s
ti
n
g
a
n
i
n
v
itatio
n
to
all
o
th
er
n
o
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es.
W
h
en
t
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e
n
o
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C
H
n
o
d
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r
ec
e
iv
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th
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v
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,
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s
ter
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h
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w
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a
s
th
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tr
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g
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t
s
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n
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te
n
s
it
y
.
B
y
f
o
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m
in
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t
h
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clu
s
ter
s
t
h
e
s
et
u
p
-
p
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ase
en
d
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
C
H
w
il
l
ass
i
g
n
f
o
r
ev
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y
m
e
m
b
e
r
n
o
d
e
a
li
m
ited
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
lled
f
r
a
m
es.
I
n
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ch
f
r
a
m
e,
t
h
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i
ll
b
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allo
w
ed
to
s
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th
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ata
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th
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t
h
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
C
H
u
s
i
n
g
T
DM
A
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tead
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p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
n
o
d
es se
n
d
th
eir
p
ac
k
et
s
to
th
e
C
H
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
eir
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
f
r
a
m
e
.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
r
an
s
m
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s
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io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
L
ea
ch
p
r
o
to
co
l
2
.
2
.
M
-
L
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ACH
pro
t
o
co
l
L
ea
c
h
h
as
s
e
v
er
al
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
ev
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if
it
m
a
k
e
s
en
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g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
p
r
io
r
ity
co
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ar
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d
to
p
lan
e
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
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ti
n
g
p
r
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to
co
ls
.
Fi
r
s
t,
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
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s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
t
h
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s
in
k
w
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ic
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ca
u
s
e
s
co
n
g
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tio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
t
h
at
a
r
e
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
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s
in
k
w
il
l
n
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t
b
e
ca
p
ab
le
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
s
i
n
k
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Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
m
u
ltip
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i
m
p
r
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v
e
m
en
ts
o
f
leac
h
w
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e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
ese
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
.
M
-
leac
h
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
t
u
s
es
m
u
ltip
at
h
to
tr
a
n
s
m
i
t
d
ata
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
s
in
k
.
T
h
e
in
t
er
m
ed
iate
C
H
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
p
ath
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
2
.
3
.
M
L
D
-
L
E
ACH
pro
t
o
co
l
ML
D
-
L
ea
ch
[
1
8
]
is
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
la
y
er
s
t
h
at
s
tar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
in
k
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
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-
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as t
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m
d
is
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.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mu
ltil
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tu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
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CH
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L
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ACH
P
RO
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O
CO
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C
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[
12
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is
an
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v
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ea
ch
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to
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l
th
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cin
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ase
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ar
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ase
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u
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4
.
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C
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io
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C
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ig
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r
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ick
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ased
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tio
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ter
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iate
C
H.
T
h
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s
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a
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n
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h
th
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s
i
n
k
n
o
m
at
ter
t
h
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d
is
ta
n
ce
.
3
.
1
.
I
nitia
liza
t
io
n pha
s
e
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
t
h
e
b
ase
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tatio
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ad
v
er
tis
es
its
p
o
s
itio
n
b
y
d
if
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u
s
i
n
g
a
p
ac
k
et
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h
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tai
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it
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n
et
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k
u
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t
h
e
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ax
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m
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m
t
r
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s
m
is
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io
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o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
W
h
e
n
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s
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ac
k
ets,
it sa
v
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k
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3
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2
.
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uto
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T
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F
ig
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f
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o
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o
u
r
p
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to
co
l.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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C
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-
L
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clu
s
ter
f
o
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m
atio
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ter
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s
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k
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s
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t
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co
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4.
SI
M
UL
AT
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S AN
D
R
E
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UL
T
S
4
.
1
.
Appl
ica
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io
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y
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I
n
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p
licatio
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,
w
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tr
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th
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p
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m
.
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r
e,
w
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cr
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ted
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ap
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t
h
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p
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a
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ain
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atio
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.
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n
tr
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w
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ta
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i
s
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in
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all
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lo
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s
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8
×8
.
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ea
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lo
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is
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iv
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in
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p
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w
h
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ch
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a
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lo
r
.
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n
d
,
w
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p
r
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s
s
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ch
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lan
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u
s
i
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g
DC
T
.
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h
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ly
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q
u
an
t
izatio
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p
r
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s
s
o
n
th
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DC
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m
a
tr
ix
.
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u
r
th
,
w
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u
s
e
t
h
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R
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co
m
p
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tech
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iq
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On
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ata,
w
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m
atr
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y
ap
p
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t
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h
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ap
p
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h
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s
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s
s
.
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te
th
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u
en
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ly
t
h
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ea
c
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p
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e.
Fi
n
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c
o
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t
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p
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6
r
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s
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k
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
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p
r
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m
p
r
es
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o
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s
s
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s
4
.
2
.
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m
ula
t
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ra
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et
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I
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ar
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ap
h
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w
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etail
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lts
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.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
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f
r
a
m
e
w
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r
k
C
as
talia
[
19
]
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o
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u
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latio
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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&
C
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p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
o
mp
a
r
in
g
I
C
H
-
Lea
ch
a
n
d
Lea
ch
Descen
d
en
ts
o
n
I
ma
g
e
T
r
a
n
s
fer u
s
in
g
DC
T
(
B
en
n
a
n
i Ta
j
)
2103
4
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
re
s
ults
I
n
th
i
s
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
,
w
e
in
te
n
d
t
o
ev
alu
ate
o
u
r
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
i
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
h
o
w
s
u
s
h
o
w
a
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
ef
f
icie
n
t
i
n
ter
m
o
f
e
x
te
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
T
h
e
m
u
lt
i
m
e
d
ia
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
e
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
u
s
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
m
ag
e
s
p
er
q
u
alit
y
.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
t
h
is
m
etr
ic
allo
w
s
u
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
m
ag
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
ets
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
u
s
h
o
w
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
ea
ct
s
i
n
ter
m
o
f
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
p
ac
k
ets,
w
h
ich
h
a
s
an
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
i
m
a
g
es a
n
d
t
h
eir
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
at
i
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
e
n
t
ir
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
clea
r
l
y
th
at
leac
h
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
.
A
ls
o
,
th
at
L
ea
c
h
,
M
-
leac
h
an
d
ML
D
-
L
ea
c
h
co
n
s
u
m
e
less
th
a
n
L
ea
c
h
.
N
ev
er
th
ele
s
s
,
I
C
H
-
leac
h
co
n
s
u
m
es
lo
w
er
e
n
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
L
ea
c
h
u
s
es
a
f
u
ll
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
s
in
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
is
h
i
g
h
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
M
-
L
ea
ch
a
n
d
ML
D
-
L
ea
c
h
u
s
e
m
u
ltip
le
h
o
p
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
ea
c
h
.
Fin
all
y
,
I
C
H
-
L
ea
c
h
u
s
e
s
at
m
ax
i
m
u
m
t
w
o
h
o
p
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Dea
d
n
o
d
e
p
er
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
I
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
u
ll
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
to
th
e
o
t
h
er
o
n
es.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
M
-
leac
h
h
a
s
a
lo
n
g
er
lif
eti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
ea
ch
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
i
n
M
-
leac
h
u
s
es
i
n
t
er
m
ed
iate
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
to
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
s
in
k
b
ased
o
n
l
y
o
n
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
,
w
h
ich
co
u
l
d
o
v
er
-
u
s
es
s
o
m
e
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
.
Hen
ce
,
i
t
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
ese
C
Hs
b
y
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
th
eir
e
n
er
g
y
f
a
s
ter
t
h
an
o
t
h
er
s
as
d
ep
i
cted
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
es
d
ie
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
ML
D
-
leac
h
h
as
a
lo
n
g
e
r
l
if
eti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
M
-
L
ea
c
h
,
ev
en
if
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
m
u
s
e
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
ca
n
b
e
j
u
s
t
if
ied
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
C
Hs
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
la
y
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
.
Fi
n
al
l
y
,
th
e
I
C
H
-
L
ea
ch
p
r
o
v
es
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
an
d
e
x
ten
d
s
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
an
d
ca
n
s
e
n
d
d
ata
to
th
e
s
in
k
o
n
o
n
e
h
o
p
e
if
it
is
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
t
h
e
C
H
c
h
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
C
H
As
a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iate
C
H.
A
l
s
o
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
ad
j
u
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e.
T
h
is
p
o
lic
y
h
a
s
t
w
o
b
en
e
f
its
.
Firs
t,
r
ed
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Seco
n
d
,
ec
o
n
o
m
izi
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
all
n
o
d
es.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e
p
er
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
es
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
i
m
a
g
e
b
y
th
e
s
i
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
L
ea
c
h
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
3
4
%
o
f
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
i
m
ag
e.
Als
o
,
it
h
a
s
a
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
et.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
,
th
e
M
-
leac
h
ca
n
tr
an
s
m
it
s
a
b
etter
q
u
al
it
y
(
1
0
0
%)
in
b
i
g
n
u
m
b
er
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
est
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
i
m
ag
e
s
ar
e
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
6
4
%.
I
n
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
,
ML
D
-
L
ea
c
h
h
as
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
co
m
p
leted
i
m
ag
e
s
w
it
h
a
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
m
a
g
es.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
,
th
e
I
C
H
-
L
ea
c
h
h
a
s
th
e
b
ig
g
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ac
k
ets
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
alit
y
.
Als
o
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
8
0
%
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
i
m
a
g
es
ar
e
1
0
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
i
m
a
g
e,
an
d
th
e
r
est
i
s
les
s
th
a
n
6
4
%.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
I
C
H
-
L
ea
c
h
h
a
s
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t p
ac
k
ets a
n
d
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
s
w
ith
h
i
g
h
q
u
alit
y
.
W
e
ca
n
ex
p
lai
n
t
h
e
s
e
r
es
u
lts
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
L
ea
ch
r
es
u
lts
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
g
es
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
le
h
o
p
f
r
o
m
C
H
s
.
Fo
r
M
-
L
ea
ch
r
es
u
lt
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
b
i
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
et
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
t
er
m
ed
iates
C
Hs.
Fo
r
ML
D
-
le
ac
h
,
r
esu
l
ts
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
l
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ix
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
la
y
er
s
an
d
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
h
av
e
les
s
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
an
d
less
lo
s
s
p
ac
k
et
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
I
C
H
-
L
ea
c
h
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I
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C
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2105
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Du
r
in
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.
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h
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ch
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M
L
D
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ch
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ig
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u
m
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iate
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h
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o
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lem
cr
ea
tes
a
b
ig
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ait
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s
t
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f
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s
.
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h
u
s
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r
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l
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o
r
e
s
u
ita
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le
f
o
r
tr
an
s
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er
r
i
n
g
m
u
lti
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ed
ia
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ten
t.
As
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s
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e,
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e
w
a
n
t
to
d
ev
elo
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a
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o
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tin
g
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r
o
to
co
l
th
at
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ap
ts
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
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tr
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s
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itted
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m
ag
e
s
i
n
f
u
n
c
tio
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o
f
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e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
Estri
n
,
D.
Cu
ll
e
r,
K
.
P
ister,
a
n
d
G
.
S
u
k
h
a
tm
e
,
“
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
th
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
w
o
rld
w
it
h
p
e
rv
a
siv
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
t
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
6
9
,
Ja
n
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
K.
C.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
1
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
8
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
]
S
.
Na
v
u
lu
r,
S
.
Na
v
u
l
u
r,
C.
S
.
S
.
A
s,
e
t
G
.
P
.
M
n
,
“
A
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
6
,
p
.
3
4
9
2
,
De
c
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
P
.
V
.
A
m
o
li
,
“
A
n
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
o
n
C
u
rre
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
s
o
n
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
T
re
n
d
s”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
9
5
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
H.
S
a
y
u
ti
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
m
a
rt
Ho
m
e
a
n
d
Am
b
ien
t
As
siste
d
L
i
v
in
g
B
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
3
,
p
.
1
4
8
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
J.
Yic
k
,
B.
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
e
t
D.
Gh
o
sa
l,
“
W
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
su
rv
e
y
”
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
2
-
2
3
3
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[7
]
A
.
A
lan
a
z
i
e
t
K.
El
leith
y
,
“
Re
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
Qo
S
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
W
irele
ss
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
S
tu
d
y
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s”
,
S
e
n
so
rs,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
0
9
-
2
2
2
3
3
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
Y.
S
u
n
,
J.
G
u
o
,
e
t
Y.
Y
a
o
,
“
S
p
e
e
d
Up
-
G
re
e
d
y
P
e
rim
e
ter
S
tate
les
s
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
ire
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(S
U
-
G
P
S
R)”
,
in
Hig
h
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
S
wit
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
R
o
u
ti
n
g
(
HPS
R),
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
1
8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[9
]
S
.
Kim
,
H.
Ch
o
,
T
.
Ya
n
g
,
C.
Kim
,
e
t
S
.
-
H.
Kim
,
“
L
o
w
-
Co
st
M
u
lt
ip
a
th
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
to
c
o
l
b
y
A
d
a
p
ti
n
g
Op
p
o
rtu
n
isti
c
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
”
,
in
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
W
CNC),
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[1
0
]
W
.
R.
He
in
z
e
lm
a
n
,
A
.
Ch
a
n
d
ra
k
a
sa
n
,
a
n
d
H.
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
m
icro
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
3
rd
A
n
n
u
a
l
H
a
wa
ii
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
m
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
ol
.
2,
n
o
.
10,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
1
]
W
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
Y.
P
e
n
g
,
“
L
EA
CH
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
L
o
a
d
b
a
lan
c
in
g
”
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
5
3
2
9
-
5
3
3
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
M
.
B.
M
.
T
a
j
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Kb
ir,
“
I
CH
-
L
E
A
CH:
A
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
L
EACH
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
”
,
in
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
e
c
u
rity (
ACOS
IS
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
A
.
M
u
n
tas
a
,
I
.
A
.
S
iraju
d
in
,
M
.
H
.
P
u
rn
o
m
o
,
“
A
p
p
e
a
ra
n
c
e
g
lo
b
a
l
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
stru
c
tu
re
f
u
sio
n
f
o
r
f
a
c
e
i
m
a
g
e
re
c
o
g
n
it
io
n
”
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l)
,
2
0
1
1
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
1
2
5
-
1
3
2
.
[1
4
]
M
.
A
b
a
z
e
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