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co
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tr
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s
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4
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5
]
.
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eg
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[
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7
].
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9
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1
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w
o
r
k
s
)
to
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
,
s
h
ar
i
n
g
,
an
d
tr
a
d
in
g
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
elec
tr
i
c
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Su
c
h
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
allo
w
s
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
d
ata
o
n
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
ele
ctr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
a
r
i
s
k
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l.
Oth
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
y
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
Stac
k
elb
er
g
g
a
m
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
13
,
14
]
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c
g
a
m
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es [
1
5
].
T
w
o
lar
g
e
G
C
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
R
u
s
s
k
y
I
s
lan
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
P
o
p
o
v
I
s
lan
d
.
B
o
th
is
lan
d
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
P
eter
th
e
Gr
ea
t
Gu
lf
in
t
h
e
E
ast
Sea.
Hig
h
w
i
n
d
s
p
ee
d
m
ak
e
s
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
cr
ea
te
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
s
u
p
to
1
6
MW
o
n
R
u
s
s
k
y
I
s
lan
d
an
d
u
p
to
2
0
MW
o
n
P
o
p
o
v
I
s
lan
d
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
task
o
f
o
p
tim
a
l
co
n
tr
o
l
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ts
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
b
j
ec
t
(
d
y
n
a
m
ical
s
y
s
te
m
)
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
q
u
alit
y
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
cr
iter
ia
(
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
b
j
ec
t
is
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
ar
o
u
n
d
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
b
j
ec
t
ca
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
l
y
in
f
l
u
en
ce
.
A
d
et
ailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
in
c
ip
les
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
al
w
a
y
s
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
ce
r
tai
n
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e,
w
h
i
le
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
b
j
ec
t
p
ass
e
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
tate
to
an
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
b
j
ec
t
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
s
e
t
o
f
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
t
h
at
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
o
v
er
ti
m
e
:
S
(
t
)
=
{
s
1
(
t
)
,
s
2
(
t
)
,
.
.
.
,
s
n
(
t
)
}.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
v
ec
to
r
o
f
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
.
E
ac
h
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
ch
a
n
g
in
g
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
T
h
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
i
n
th
e
e
x
p
licit
f
o
r
m
ar
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
also
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
v
ec
to
r
o
f
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
A
(
t
)
=
{
a
1
(
t
)
,
a
2
(
t
)
,
.
.
.
,
a
m
(
t
)
}.
T
h
e
n
o
tatio
n
S
f
r
o
m
“
s
tate”
a
n
d
A
f
r
o
m
“
ac
tio
n
”
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Fo
r
G
C
,
th
e
s
tate
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
c
an
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
(
n
=
3
)
:
G
C
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
MW
h
(
s
1
);
G
C
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
,
MW
h
(
s
2
);
G
C
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
ch
ar
g
e,
MW
h
(
s
3
).
C
o
n
tr
o
l p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
(
m
=
3
)
:
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
t
h
at
is
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
e
x
ch
a
n
g
ed
b
y
t
h
e
G
C
w
it
h
a
n
e
x
ter
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
(
p
u
r
ch
a
s
e
o
r
s
ale)
,
MW
h
(
a1
);
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
th
at
i
s
cu
r
r
en
t
l
y
b
ei
n
g
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
G
C
w
it
h
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
G
C
(
p
u
r
ch
as
e
o
r
s
ale)
,
MW
h
(
a2
);
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
G
C
i
s
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
MW
h
(
a3
).
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l d
o
es n
o
t a
f
f
ec
t t
h
e
s
tate
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
G
C
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
,
b
u
t
it
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
s
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lato
r
ch
ar
g
e.
I
n
t
h
is
ta
s
k
,
t
h
e
ti
m
e
s
tep
is
s
et
eq
u
al
to
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
.
So
,
ea
ch
d
ay
co
n
tain
s
2
4
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
e
e
s
tate
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
n
d
2
4
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
.
An
e
x
a
m
p
le
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sa
m
p
le
o
f
d
ail
y
c
h
ar
ts
o
f
G
C
s
tates a
n
d
ac
tio
n
s
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l p
r
o
b
lem
,
in
g
e
n
er
al,
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
)
=
a
r
g
ma
x
(
)
∈
∫
(
,
(
)
,
(
)
)
0
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
1
7
2
-
6
1
7
9
6174
w
h
er
e:
A
opt
(
t
)
is
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
p
ti
m
a
l
co
n
tr
o
l
;
it
d
ef
i
n
es
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
at
e
ac
h
ti
m
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
w
h
en
a
n
d
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
GC
m
u
s
t s
ell
o
r
b
u
y
,
ch
ar
g
e
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
)
;
A
pos
is
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
p
er
m
i
s
s
ib
le
v
alu
e
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l p
ar
a
m
eter
s
;
f
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
,
A
(
t
))
is
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
t
i
m
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
i
t d
ef
i
n
es t
h
e
G
C
b
en
e
f
it
an
d
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l;
t
0
an
d
t
T
ar
e
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
a
n
ex
p
lici
t
an
al
y
tical
f
o
r
m
,
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
,
A
(
t
)
)
ca
n
n
o
t
u
s
u
all
y
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
te
g
r
al
o
f
th
i
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
B
u
t
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ica
ll
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
G
C
co
n
tr
o
l,
t
h
i
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
is
p
iece
w
i
s
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
,
s
in
ce
th
e
ti
m
e
s
tep
is
1
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
task
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
w
i
th
o
u
t
an
i
n
te
g
r
al,
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
u
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
,
A
(
t
)
)
is
n
o
th
in
g
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
ev
en
u
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ale
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
o
f
a
G
C
an
d
th
e
co
s
ts
o
f
its
p
u
r
ch
ase,
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
i
n
all
h
o
u
r
s
i
n
to
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
p
er
io
d
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
e
v
en
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
an
a
l
y
t
ical
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
f
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
,
A
(
t
)
)
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
w
r
ite,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
is
a
p
iece
w
i
s
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
th
e
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
w
i
th
a
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
G
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
it
s
s
tat
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
f
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
,
A
(
t
))
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
icall
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Rule
-
ba
s
e
d G
C
co
ntr
o
l
A
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
(
1
)
is
th
e
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
m
ak
in
g
a
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
ev
er
y
h
o
u
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
u
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
d
i
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
in
to
f
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
d
esig
n
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
:
p
o
w
er_
w
in
d
–
GC
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
t g
en
er
atio
n
at
th
e
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
h
o
u
r
;
p
o
w
er_
g
c
–
G
C
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
u
r
;
d
if
–
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
G
C
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
u
r
;
a
cc
u
m
–
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
en
er
g
y
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
(
>
0
)
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
(
<0
)
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
u
r
;
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
–
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
u
r
;
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m
–
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
ac
c
u
m
u
la
to
r
(
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
G
C
p
ar
am
eter
)
;
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m_
h
–
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
o
r
in
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
(
co
n
s
tan
t,
G
C
p
ar
a
m
eter
);
s
a
le_
a
cc
u
m
–
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
th
at
r
eg
u
late
s
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
u
r
ch
ase
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
(
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tu
n
e
d
in
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
a
le_
u
n
lo
a
d
–
co
ef
f
icien
t
t
h
at
r
eg
u
late
s
th
e
b
ala
n
ce
o
f
s
a
les
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
(
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tu
n
ed
i
n
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
)
;
s
a
le_
b
u
y
–
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
at
i
s
s
o
ld
(
>
0
)
o
r
p
u
r
ch
ased
(
<0
)
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
th
e
4
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
s
:
C
h
ar
g
e_
Sell (
it
’
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
i
f
g
en
er
atio
n
>
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
)
.
d
if =
p
o
w
er_
w
in
d
-
p
o
w
er_
g
c
;
a
cc
u
m
=
m
i
n
(
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m
–
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m,
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m_
h
,
d
if
)
*
s
a
le_
a
cc
u
m
;
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
=
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
+ a
cc
u
m
;
s
a
le_
b
u
y
= d
if
–
a
cc
u
m
.
C
h
ar
g
e_
B
u
y
:
d
if =
p
o
w
er_
w
in
d
-
p
o
w
er_
g
c
;
a
cc
u
m
= m
in
(
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m
–
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m,
ma
x_
a
cc
u
m_
h
o
u
r
)
*
b
u
y
_
a
cc
u
m;
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
=
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
+ a
cc
u
m;
s
a
le_
b
u
y
= d
if
–
a
cc
u
m.
Dis
ch
ar
g
e_
Sell:
d
if =
p
o
w
er_
w
in
d
-
p
o
w
er_
g
c
;
a
cc
u
m
= n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
*
s
a
le_
u
n
lo
a
d
;
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
= n
o
w
_
a
c
cu
m
–
a
cc
u
m
;
s
a
le_
b
u
y
= d
if +
a
cc
u
m.
Dis
ch
ar
g
e_
B
u
y
(
it
’
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
i
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
<
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
)
:
d
if =
p
o
w
er_
w
in
d
-
p
o
w
er_
g
c
;
a
cc
u
m
=
min
(
–
d
if,
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m)
*
b
u
y_
u
n
l
o
a
d
;
n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
= n
o
w
_
a
cc
u
m
–
a
cc
u
m;
s
a
le_
b
u
y
= a
cc
u
m
–
d
if.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f sw
a
r
m
in
tellig
e
n
ce
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms to
en
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
…
(
P
.
V
.
Ma
tr
en
in
)
6175
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
s
ta
te
o
f
th
e
G
C
,
b
u
t
it
i
s
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
g
et
a
n
s
w
er
s
to
t
wo
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
ith
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
G
C
is
in
a
s
tate
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
o
r
d
ef
icien
c
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
?
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
also
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
ch
a
n
g
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
a
y
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
b
illi
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
es
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
a
t
w
o
-
zo
n
e
t
ar
if
f
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
,
th
e
d
ail
y
tax
is
f
r
o
m
7
a.
m
.
to
1
1
p
.
m
.
,
an
d
a
t
o
th
er
h
o
u
r
s
it
is
a
n
ig
h
t
tax
,
ch
ea
p
er
o
n
e.
T
h
u
s
,
it's
n
ee
d
e
d
to
g
et
an
s
w
er
s
to
th
e
q
u
es
tio
n
s
:
a
)
E
x
clu
d
i
n
g
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
d
o
es
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
G
C
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er
p
la
n
t
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
G
C
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
d
if
f
>
0
)
?
b
)
I
s
th
er
e
a
s
p
ec
ial
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
n
o
w
?
T
h
e
GC
co
n
tr
o
l
tak
es
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
i
n
ter
v
al
s
as
s
p
ec
ial
p
er
i
o
d
s
(
f
r
o
m
time
1
to
time
2
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
ime
3
to
time
4
)
,
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
als
ar
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ad
j
u
s
t
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
izat
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
w
e
h
av
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ca
s
es a
t e
ac
h
h
o
u
r
:
(
d
if
f
<
0
)
A
N
D
NOT
(
s
p
ec
ial_
ti
m
e_
p
er
io
d
)
;
(
d
if
f
>
0
)
A
N
D
NOT
(
s
p
ec
ial_
ti
m
e_
p
er
io
d
)
;
(
d
if
f
<
0
)
A
N
D
(
s
p
ec
ial_
ti
m
e_
p
er
io
d
)
;
(
d
if
f
>
0
)
A
N
D
(
s
p
ec
ial_
ti
m
e_
p
er
io
d
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
a
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
d
er
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
f
o
u
r
ca
s
es
(
co
n
d
itio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ac
tio
n
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
l
y
i
f
d
i
f
f
>
0
(
ex
ce
s
s
)
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
ac
tio
n
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
l
y
i
f
d
i
f
f
<0
(
d
ef
i
cit)
.
W
h
en
cr
ea
tin
g
a
GC
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
r
u
les,
w
e
g
et
1
2
r
u
les
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
I
F
<c
o
n
d
itio
n
>,
T
HE
N
<a
ctio
n
>.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
u
les
is
1
2
s
i
n
ce
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
ac
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
d
er
an
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
u
n
d
er
t
w
o
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
(
2
*
4
+
2
*
2
=
1
2
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
GC
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
el
h
as
f
o
u
r
b
alan
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
:
b
u
y
_
u
n
lo
ad
,
s
ale_
u
n
l
o
ad
,
b
u
y
_
ac
cu
m
,
s
ale_
ac
cu
m
,
an
d
4
-
ti
m
e
m
o
m
e
n
ts
as
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies:
time
1
,
time
2
,
time
3
,
time
4
.
T
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
ese
r
u
le
s
,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
eir
v
er
if
i
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
,
t
h
at
is
,
r
u
le
p
r
i
o
r
ities
.
Dec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
b
e
g
in
s
w
it
h
c
h
ec
k
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
p
r
io
r
it
y
r
u
le.
I
f
its
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
a
tis
f
ied
,
th
en
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ac
ti
o
n
o
f
th
i
s
r
u
le
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
th
e
n
ex
t
p
r
io
r
ity
r
u
le
is
c
h
ec
k
ed
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
u
n
til t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
le
l
i
s
t.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
e
d
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
th
at
w
h
e
n
y
o
u
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lis
t
o
f
r
u
les,
y
o
u
w
ill
s
u
r
el
y
f
i
n
d
o
n
e
w
h
o
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
w
ill
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
to
b
u
ild
a
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
r
u
le
s
b
y
s
etti
n
g
p
r
io
r
ities
(
pr
i
)
an
d
th
e
tu
n
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
ab
o
v
e:
S
o
lu
tio
n
=
[
pr
1
,
…,
pr
12
,
b
u
y
_
u
n
lo
a
d
,
s
a
le
_
u
n
lo
a
d
,
buy
_
a
cc
u
m
,
s
a
le
_
a
cc
u
m
,
time
1
,
…
,
ti
me
4
]
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
a
cc
u
m
u
lato
r
is
a
ls
o
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
w
h
i
le
GC
is
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
,
s
o
th
is
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
its
ef
f
ec
t,
w
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
w
it
h
s
ev
er
al
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
v
a
lu
e
s
.
2
.
2
.
S
w
a
rm
i
nte
llig
ence
a
pp
l
ica
t
io
n
S
w
ar
m
I
n
telli
g
en
ce
(
SI)
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
w
a
y
s
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
le
x
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
0
-
22
]
.
W
e
m
ea
n
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
,
n
o
n
-
d
if
f
er
en
tiab
le,
h
i
g
h
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
w
i
th
co
m
p
lex
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
s
to
ch
ast
ic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
al
w
a
y
s
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
S
w
ar
m
I
n
t
ellig
e
n
ce
alg
o
r
it
h
m
th
at
i
s
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
s
o
lv
ed
tas
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
g
i
v
e
a
s
o
l
u
tio
n
w
h
o
s
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
is
n
o
t
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
cr
iter
i
o
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
e
r
ca
n
n
o
t
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
o
th
er
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
r
ee
S
w
ar
m
I
n
tell
ig
e
n
ce
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
w
er
e
ap
p
lied
:
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
FF
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
th
e
b
ee
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
B
A
)
(
n
o
t
A
r
ti
f
icial
B
ee
C
o
lo
n
y
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
)
[
2
5
]
.
Fo
r
ap
p
ly
in
g
SI
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
co
o
r
d
in
ate
(
X)
in
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
v
ed
tas
k
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
A
(
t)
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
t
o
m
ap
f
r
o
m
X
to
S
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
o
b
tain
s
et
s
o
f
th
e
r
u
le
s
’
p
r
io
r
ities
a
n
d
th
e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
th
e
t
u
n
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
E
ac
h
ele
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
v
ec
to
r
X
is
b
o
u
n
d
ed
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
[
10
].
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
ities
ar
e
r
ea
l
n
u
m
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
0
.0
to
1
.0
,
s
o
pr
i
=
x
i
,
i
=
1
,
.
.
.
,
1
2
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
u
y_
u
n
lo
a
d
,
s
a
le_
u
n
lo
a
d
,
b
u
y
_
a
cc
u
m
,
s
a
le
_
a
cc
u
m
also
tak
e
v
a
lu
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.0
to
1
.0
,
s
o
th
e
y
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
.
Fin
all
y
,
time
1
,
.
.
.
,
time
4
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
i
s
en
o
u
g
h
to
m
u
ltip
l
y
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
x
b
y
2
4
an
d
r
o
u
n
d
d
o
w
n
(
t
h
e
h
o
u
r
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
3
)
.
Fo
r
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
t
h
e
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
i
s
cr
itic
al
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
a
s
ep
ar
ate
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
h
e
u
r
is
tic
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
w
as
n
o
t
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
W
e
u
s
e
d
s
ev
er
al
s
ets
o
f
h
e
u
r
is
tic
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
s
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
ed
h
ig
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
o
u
r
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
ab
o
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
1
7
2
-
6
1
7
9
6176
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
SI
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
FF
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
to
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
,
s
o
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
q
u
ad
r
atica
ll
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
.
T
h
e
P
SO
an
d
B
A
h
av
e
a
li
n
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
W
e
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FF
O
p
ar
ticles
to
eq
u
alize
t
h
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
ti
m
e.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
w
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
F
FO
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
to
eq
u
al
ize
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
A
s
a
r
esu
l
t,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticles
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
u
r
ti
m
es,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
ter
atio
n
s
is
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
o
u
r
ti
m
e
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
P
SO
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
B
A
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
SI
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
p
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
X
to
S
o
lu
tio
n
X
x
1
…
x
1
2
x
1
3
x
1
4
x
1
5
x
1
6
x
1
7
…
x
20
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
pr
1
…
pr
12
b
u
y
_
u
n
l
o
a
d
sa
l
e
_
u
n
l
o
a
d
b
u
y
_
a
c
c
u
m
sa
l
e
_
a
c
c
u
m
t
i
m
e
1
…
t
i
m
e
4
T
ab
le
2
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
SI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
H
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
PSO
2
0
0
5
0
0
α
1
=
1
.
5
α
2
=
1
.
5
,
ω
=
0
.
7
,
β
=
0
.
5
BA
2
0
0
5
0
0
n
s
=
6
0
,
n
b
=
6
,
n
g
=
1
, с
b
=
2
0
,
c
g
=
2
0
,
ra
d
=
0
.
0
1
,
rx
=
0
.
05
F
F
O
50
2
0
0
0
α =
0
.
0
5
,
β
=
1
,
γ
=
0
.
5
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
SI
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
a
Gr
ad
ien
t
D
esce
n
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
.
I
t
h
as
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
ll
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
r
in
cip
le
th
a
n
m
eta
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
SI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Als
o
,
it
h
as
f
e
w
er
h
e
u
r
is
t
ics
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
,
t
h
en
SI
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
lied
Gr
ad
ien
t
D
escen
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ca
n
b
e
w
r
i
t
ten
a
s
a
r
ec
u
r
r
en
ce
f
o
r
m
u
la
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
:
X
k
+1
=
X
k
–
α
∇
f
(
X
k
)
(
2
)
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
α
is
5
∙
1
0
-
5
;
an
d
th
e
v
ec
to
r
X
,
as
f
o
r
SI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
is
a
v
ec
to
r
o
f
2
0
elem
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
to
1
.0
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
iated
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
a
d
ien
t
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
n
u
m
er
icall
y
.
2
.
3
.
Co
m
p
uta
t
io
na
l e
x
peri
ment
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
w
h
ile
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
GC
o
f
R
u
s
s
k
y
an
d
P
o
p
o
v
I
s
la
n
d
s
(
GC
1
,
G
C
2
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
)
.
S
o
,
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
th
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
els
w
er
e
b
u
ilt
f
o
r
b
o
th
GC
s
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
ices
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
tak
e
s
i
n
to
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As
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u
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2
.
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t
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g
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s
(
P
SO,
F
F
O,
B
A
)
p
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s
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w
it
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a
f
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ac
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u
s
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g
th
e
Gr
ad
i
en
t
Desce
n
t
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g
o
r
ith
m
.
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w
ev
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
u
lt
ip
le
s
tar
ti
n
g
t
o
av
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ett
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g
in
to
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ti
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a.
T
h
e
i
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
in
s
o
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v
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p
ti
m
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p
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ca
n
d
is
to
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t t
h
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ef
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ec
t
o
f
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u
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
G
C
o
n
its
p
o
ten
t
ial
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
GC
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
ts
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
m
a
n
e
u
v
er
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
GC
h
a
s
m
o
r
e
o
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
f
itab
l
e
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
i
n
a
S
m
ar
t
Gir
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
li
m
it
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
o
p
ti
m
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n
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
an
y
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
GC
an
d
ex
ter
n
a
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
NS
T
U
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
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g
r
a
m
,
a
s
cien
ti
f
ic
p
r
o
j
ec
t
C
2
0
-
20
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C.
W
.
G
e
l
l
i
n
g
s
,
"
T
h
e
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
i
d
:
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,
"
T
h
e
F
a
i
r
m
o
n
t
P
r
e
s
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
2009.
[2
]
R.
Zaf
a
r,
e
t.
a
l.
,
"
P
ro
s
u
m
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
sh
a
rin
g
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
a
rt
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
5
-
1
6
8
4
.
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
"
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
issu
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
9
-
11
8
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
Ch
.
-
M
.
J
u
n
g
,
P
.
Ra
y
,
a
n
d
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
t,
"
A
ss
e
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
:
a
s
m
a
rt
g
ri
d
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
1
-
3
3
9
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
X
.
F
a
n
g
,
S
.
M
isra
,
G
.
X
u
e
,
D.
Ya
n
g
,
"
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
c
lo
u
d
:
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
IEE
E
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
T.
V
.
S
o
k
o
ln
ik
o
v
a
,
K.
V
.
S
u
slo
v
.
,
a
n
d
L
.
L
o
m
b
a
rd
i,
"
De
ter
m
in
in
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
in
iso
late
d
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
a
c
ti
v
e
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs,"
Bu
ll
e
ten
o
f
Irk
u
tsk
S
ta
te
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
-
2
1
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
D.L
.
Ha
,
e
t.
a
l.
,
"
Op
ti
m
a
l
sc
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
f
o
r
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
"
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
m
a
rt Grid
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
-
3
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
H.
M
o
rtaji,
S
.
S
iew
,
M
.
M
o
g
h
a
v
v
e
m
i,
a
n
d
H.
A
l
m
u
rib
.
"
L
o
a
d
S
h
e
d
d
in
g
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
-
Dire
c
t
L
o
a
d
Co
n
tro
l
Us
i
n
g
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
De
m
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
se
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
o
n
In
d
u
stry
A
p
p
l
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c
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l
5
3
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
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5
1
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5
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3
,
2
0
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