I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
,
p
p
.
1442
~
1
4
5
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
p
p
1
4
4
2
-
1450
1442
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
The Bui
lding
o
f
P
ulsed N
Q
R/NM
R
S
pectro
m
e
ter
P
re
et
i H
e
m
na
ni
1
,
A.
K.
Ra
j
a
ra
j
a
n
2
,
G
o
pa
l J
o
s
hi
3
,
S.
V.
G.
Ra
v
ind
ra
na
t
h
4
1
Ho
m
i
b
h
a
b
h
a
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te
,
M
u
m
b
a
i
,
In
d
ia
1
S
.
I.
E.
S
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
u
m
b
a
i
,
In
d
ia
2,
3,
4
Bh
a
b
h
a
A
to
m
ic Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
tre,
M
u
m
b
a
i
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
a
n
2
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
Mar
14
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Mar
28
,
2
0
1
8
NQ
R
sp
e
c
tro
m
e
t
e
r
d
e
sig
n
e
d
is
c
o
m
p
o
se
d
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
u
les
;
T
ra
n
sm
it
ter,
P
r
o
b
e
,
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
(F
P
G
A
&
S
o
f
twa
r
e
)
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
n
tain
i
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
s
y
n
th
e
s
ize
r,
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
d
e
m
o
d
u
lat
o
r,
p
u
lse
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
r
a
n
d
d
isp
lay
.
T
h
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ter
m
o
d
u
le
is
to
a
m
p
li
fy
th
e
RF
p
u
lse
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
to
a
b
o
u
t
2
0
0
W
p
o
w
e
r
lev
e
l
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
(5
0
O
h
m
)
w
h
ich
is
a
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
c
ircu
it
w
it
h
a
tap
p
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r.
T
h
e
p
ro
b
e
e
x
c
it
e
s
th
e
n
u
c
leu
s
a
n
d
p
i
c
k
s
-
u
p
th
e
sig
n
a
l
e
m
it
ted
f
ro
m
th
e
n
u
c
lei.
T
h
e
n
u
c
lea
r
sig
n
a
l
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
s
th
e
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
,
w
h
ich
is
ty
p
ica
ll
y
in
th
e
ra
n
g
e
o
f
a
f
e
w
m
icro
v
o
lt
s
is
a
m
p
li
f
ied
,
d
e
m
o
d
u
late
d
a
n
d
f
il
tere
d
(1
k
Hz
to
1
0
0
k
Hz
)
b
y
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
m
o
d
u
le.
14
N
NQ
R,
1
H
a
n
d
2
H
NMR
sig
n
a
ls
a
re
o
b
se
rv
e
d
f
ro
m
th
e
sp
e
c
tro
m
e
ter.A
s
th
e
S
NR
o
f
NQ
R
sig
n
a
l
is
v
e
r
y
lo
w
,
NQ
R
sig
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
L
in
e
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
is
p
r
e
se
n
ted
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
AL
E
A
N
C
DDS
FP
GA
NM
R
NQR
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
r
ee
ti He
m
n
a
n
i,
S.I
.
E
.
S Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l o
f
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ner
u
l N
av
i M
u
m
b
ai,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail: p
r
ee
tiah
e
m
n
a
n
i@
g
m
ail
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Nu
clea
r
Qu
ad
r
u
p
o
le
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
(
NQR)
is
a
b
r
an
ch
o
f
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
u
clea
r
elec
tr
ical
q
u
ad
r
u
p
o
le
m
o
m
e
n
t
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
f
ie
ld
g
r
ad
ien
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ch
ar
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
u
clei
i
n
a
s
o
lid
s
ta
te
m
ater
ial.
R
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
ield
is
ap
p
lied
to
a
s
a
m
p
le
p
lace
d
i
n
s
id
e
a
co
il
i
n
a
p
u
l
s
ed
m
o
d
e.
T
h
ese
R
F
p
u
ls
es
ca
u
s
e
n
u
cle
i
to
r
e
s
o
n
ate
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
R
F
f
ield
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
„
o
f
f
‟
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
p
u
l
s
e
th
e
s
e
n
u
clei
i
n
d
u
ce
a
n
elec
tr
ic
p
o
ten
tial
i
n
a
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
NQR is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t sp
ec
if
ic
c
h
e
m
ica
l c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
s
[
1
]
.
Nu
clea
r
Ma
g
n
etic
R
eso
n
a
n
ce
(
NM
R
)
is
a
R
F
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
is
a
b
le
to
d
etec
t
an
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
b
y
s
en
s
in
g
th
e
ex
cited
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
ato
m
ic
n
u
clei
h
av
in
g
n
o
n
-
ze
r
o
s
p
i
n
.
NQ
R
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
NM
R
b
u
t
th
e
o
n
l
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
is
NM
R
n
e
ed
s
a
lar
g
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
,
an
d
d
u
e
to
th
is
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
f
i
eld
is
li
m
ited
,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
NM
R
b
ased
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
lu
g
g
a
g
e
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
.
NQR
d
etec
tio
n
o
n
l
y
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
ad
r
u
p
o
lar
n
u
clei
w
i
th
s
p
in
,
i.e
.
th
e
n
u
c
lei
n
ee
d
to
h
a
v
e
q
u
ad
r
u
p
le
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
lo
s
i
v
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
s
ar
e
t
y
p
icall
y
r
ic
h
i
n
14
N
n
u
clei
w
it
h
an
d
t
h
u
s
14
N
NQR
is
a
s
u
itab
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
s
i
v
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
NQ
R
d
etec
tio
n
s
tar
ts
w
ith
e
x
citi
n
g
14
N
u
s
i
n
g
R
F
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
d
etec
ti
n
g
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ec
ay
o
f
th
e
e
x
cited
14
N
n
u
clei
to
th
eir
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tate.
T
h
e
R
F
r
ad
iatio
n
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
p
ass
i
n
g
R
F
p
o
w
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
il
in
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
cir
cu
its
w
h
i
ch
is
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
its
d
etec
tio
n
.
S
in
ce
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
a
n
d
m
o
lec
u
lar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
14
N
i
n
th
e
e
x
p
lo
s
iv
e,
t
h
e
N
QR
s
p
ec
tr
a
ar
e
u
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
m
ate
r
ial
an
d
ar
e
n
o
t
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
f
o
th
er
n
itro
g
e
n
co
n
tain
in
g
m
at
er
ials
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
NQ
R
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
it
attr
ac
ti
v
e
as
n
o
n
-
i
n
v
a
s
i
v
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
d
etec
t e
x
p
lo
s
i
v
es
in
la
n
d
m
i
n
es a
n
d
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
b
ag
g
a
g
e
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
s
at
air
p
o
r
t [
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
r
es
u
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ec
ay
ed
14
N
n
u
clei
to
th
eir
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tate
i
s
t
h
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
elax
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
B
u
ild
in
g
o
f P
u
ls
ed
N
QR
/N
MR
S
p
ec
tr
o
mete
r
(
P
r
ee
ti He
mn
a
n
i)
1443
n
u
cle
i
ter
m
ed
Fre
e
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
Dec
a
y
(
FID
)
in
d
u
ce
s
a
R
F
s
ig
n
al
in
t
h
e
p
ick
-
u
p
(
ex
citatio
n
)
co
il.
T
h
e
NM
R
/NQ
R
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
FID
.
NQR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
s
as
d
ete
ctio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
t
w
o
asp
ec
ts
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
NQR
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
NQR
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
w
as
lar
g
e
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
an
a
lo
g
d
ev
ices
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
i
n
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
a
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
al
s
o
to
d
etec
t
th
e
w
ea
k
s
ig
n
al
s
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
s
p
ec
ialized
s
en
s
iti
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
u
m
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
a
n
d
g
ai
n
t
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
ies,
Field
P
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
Gate
A
r
r
a
y
(
FP
GA
)
b
ased
NQR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
a
co
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
co
m
p
letel
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
h
ig
h
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
mi
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
i
n
v
a
s
iv
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
etc.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
y
ad
d
in
g
a
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
et
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
f
ield
o
n
e
co
u
ld
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
NM
R
as
w
ell
w
h
ic
h
,
ca
n
b
e
a
v
er
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
tr
ac
e
ele
m
en
t
s
li
k
e
T
r
itiu
m
a
n
d
d
eu
ter
iu
m
etc.
S
in
c
e
N
QR
s
ig
n
a
l
i
s
w
e
ak
(
-
1
0
0
d
B
m
)
,
f
o
r
w
h
ich
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
es
e
a
r
ch
is
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
p
o
s
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
NQR
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
en
h
an
c
in
g
th
e
d
e
t
e
ct
i
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
.
2.
CH
AL
L
E
N
G
E
S ID
E
N
T
I
F
I
E
D
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ch
al
l
en
g
e
o
f
N
QR
,
w
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
d
e
te
c
t
i
o
n
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
s
is
th
e
N
Q
R
s
ig
n
a
ls
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
w
e
ak
(
a
s
l
o
w
as
-
1
0
0
d
B
m
)
w
h
i
ch
m
ak
es
i
ts
S
NR
l
o
w
.
T
h
e
SNR
h
as
t
o
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
u
ch
th
at
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
s
co
p
e
(
m
in
i
m
u
m
1
0
d
B
)
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
SN
R
,
m
an
y
r
ep
etitio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
ar
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
is
to
u
s
e
r
ep
ea
ted
s
in
g
le
R
F
p
u
l
s
e
an
d
ac
q
u
ir
e
NQR
s
ig
n
al
af
ter
ea
ch
p
u
l
s
e,
b
u
t
th
e
ac
q
u
is
it
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
r
elax
atio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
clei.
Fo
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
s
,
t
h
e
r
ela
x
atio
n
ti
m
es
ar
e
v
er
y
lo
n
g
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
lo
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
es
[
1
]
.
Fo
r
14
N
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
th
e
NQ
R
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
0
0
KHz
to
6
MH
z,
w
h
ic
h
o
v
e
r
lap
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
o
f
A
M
r
ad
io
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
NQR
s
ig
n
al
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
R
ad
io
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
I
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
(
R
FI)
[
1
]
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
s
e
v
er
el
y
co
r
r
u
p
t
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
R
FI
f
r
o
m
A
M
r
ad
io
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
lead
to
lo
w
Si
g
n
al
to
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
R
atio
(
SIR)
an
d
p
o
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
W
h
ile
it
i
s
o
b
j
ec
tiv
el
y
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
to
s
h
ield
th
e
p
ick
-
u
p
co
il in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
it
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
a
v
iab
le
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
f
ie
l
d
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
u
n
c
e
r
t
ai
n
am
p
li
tu
d
e
i
s
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
N
QR
s
i
g
n
al
s
d
e
te
c
t
e
d
in
th
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
T
h
i
s
h
as
e
n
ti
c
e
d
th
e
a
tt
en
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
ev
e
r
al
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
i
n
d
ev
e
l
o
p
in
g
p
o
s
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
f
o
r
N
QR
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
en
h
an
c
in
g
i
ts
d
e
t
e
ct
i
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
.
T
h
e
ch
a
l
le
n
g
e
i
n
NQ
R
s
ig
n
a
l
d
e
t
ec
t
i
o
n
is
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
R
F
I
a
n
d
t
o
d
e
t
ec
t
th
e
w
e
ak
N
QR
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
r
o
m
b
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
is
e
.
I
t
i
s
ev
i
d
en
t
th
a
t
t
o
f
u
lf
i
l
l
t
h
i
s
c
o
m
p
l
ex
d
e
te
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
w
ith
a
v
e
r
s
a
t
il
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
al
p
l
a
tf
o
r
m
.
3.
DE
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
NT
O
F
NQ
R
/
NM
R
SPECT
RO
M
E
T
E
R
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
is
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
F
PGA
b
a
s
e
d
14
N
N
QR
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
s
t
r
ateg
y
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
is
to
f
u
ll
y
e
x
p
lo
it
a
FP
G
A
as
FP
G
A
c
h
ip
i
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
lo
g
ic
g
ate
s
,
in
w
h
ic
h
d
ig
ita
l
cir
cu
it
s
ca
n
b
e
b
u
ilt
w
i
th
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
lan
g
u
a
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
VHDL
a
n
d
Ver
ilo
g
.
FP
G
A
c
ir
cu
its
ca
n
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
a
f
ter
th
e
ir
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
a
s
p
er
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t,
al
s
o
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
cir
c
u
its
in
FP
G
A
r
u
n
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tl
y
w
it
h
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
FP
G
A
b
ased
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
FP
GA
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
all
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
tas
k
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
NM
R
/
NQR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
u
l
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
(
P
P),
d
ir
ec
t
d
ig
ital
s
y
n
t
h
esizer
(
DDS)
,
d
ig
ital
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
d
em
o
d
u
lato
r
,
a
lo
w
p
as
s
Fi
n
it
e
I
m
p
u
l
s
e
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
(
FI
R
)
f
i
lt
er
an
d
P
C
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
co
m
p
ac
t
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
an
d
is
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
li
k
e
m
i
n
e
d
e
tectio
n
an
d
n
o
n
i
n
v
asi
v
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
etc.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
a
n
alo
g
p
er
ip
h
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
e
-
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
cr
o
s
s
d
io
d
es
an
d
q
u
ar
ter
w
av
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
(
u
s
ed
f
o
r
is
o
lat
io
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
)
an
d
P
r
o
b
e
(
C
o
il
d
esig
n
in
g
alo
n
g
w
i
th
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
cir
cu
it
s
)
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
N
QR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
4
2
–
1450
1444
A
N
D
R
F
L
λ
/4
FIR
Po
r
t
T
C
M
FP
G
A
Pu
l
s
e
Pr
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
r
D
D
S
(F
r
e
q
Sy
n
th
e
s
i
ze
r
)
D
A
C
A
m
Pl
r
L
N
A
L
PF
MI
x
e
r
3
0
K
H
z
D
u
a
l
R
A
M
PC
C
P
r
obe
B
P
fi
l
te
r
A
D
C
A
N
D
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
FP
GA
b
ased
NQ
R
s
p
e
ctr
o
m
e
ter
3
.
1
.
S
pecif
ica
t
io
ns
o
f
t
he
ins
t
ru
me
nt
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
NQR
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t:
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
et
w
e
en
0
–
6
MH
z;
p
u
ls
e
le
n
g
th
s
b
et
w
ee
n
1
-
5
0
0
µs;
R
F
p
u
ls
e
p
o
w
er
u
p
to
2
0
0
w
at
ts
an
d
ac
q
u
is
iti
o
n
ti
m
e
o
f
5
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
:
a.
T
r
an
s
m
itter
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
R
F p
o
w
er
a
m
p
l
if
ier
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
1
3
.
5
MH
z
R
F si
g
n
al
o
f
p
o
w
er
2
0
0
W.
b.
P
r
o
b
e
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
t
u
n
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
14
N,
1
H
,
2
H
s
i
g
n
al
s
.
c.
R
ec
eiv
er
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
p
r
ea
m
p
li
f
ier
(
8
0
d
B
g
ain
)
,
b
an
d
p
ass
f
i
lter
(
cu
t
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
4
.
6
4
MH
z,
B
an
d
W
id
th
-
5
0
0
k
Hz)
,
A
D
C
an
d
D
AC
.
d.
FP
GA
m
o
d
u
le,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
p
u
ls
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
(
p
u
ls
e
len
g
t
h
=1
-
5
0
0
µs,
A
cq
u
i
s
itio
n
ti
m
e
0
-
1
0
s
)
DDS
(
0
-
6
MH
z)
[
5
]
,
g
ate,
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
d
em
o
d
u
la
to
r
,
FIR lo
w
p
ass
f
il
ter
(
cu
t o
f
f
3
0
k
Hz)
.
e.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
co
n
tr
o
lled
m
o
d
u
le,
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
a
n
d
/d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
.
3
.
2
.
E
x
peri
m
e
nta
l pro
ce
d
ure
First,
a
s
e
t
o
f
R
F
ex
c
itatio
n
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
n
u
cl
ei
p
lace
d
in
a
co
il.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
in
g
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
ic
h
s
tar
t
s
at
t
h
e
e
x
citat
io
n
co
m
p
let
io
n
c
y
cle
i
s
p
ick
ed
u
p
b
y
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
il.
T
h
e
R
F
i
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
DDS
an
d
is
th
e
n
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
th
e
p
u
ls
es
f
r
o
m
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
to
o
b
tain
R
F
p
u
ls
e
s
.
T
h
ese
R
F
p
u
ls
e
s
ar
e
th
en
a
m
p
li
f
ied
b
y
a
R
F
a
m
p
li
f
ier
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
in
g
an
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
p
o
w
er
o
f
u
p
to
2
0
0
W
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
e
cir
cu
it
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
(
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
s
u
ch
t
h
at
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
cir
cu
i
t,
clo
s
e
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
is
5
0
Ω
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
ad
j
u
s
ted
.
B
y
m
atc
h
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
cir
cu
it
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
ax
ial
ca
b
les
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
(
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
)
,
all
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
am
p
li
f
ier
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
cir
cu
it,
an
d
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
b
e
cir
cu
it
is
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
FID
g
en
er
ated
is
a
w
ea
k
s
i
g
n
al
(
-
100
d
B
m
)
i
n
th
e
co
il,
w
h
ich
is
a
m
p
li
f
i
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
m
ix
ed
w
it
h
a
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
DDS.
T
h
is
m
i
x
ed
d
o
w
n
s
i
g
n
al,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
eq
u
a
l
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
DDS
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ess
i
n
g
s
p
i
n
s
,
i
s
f
ilter
ed
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
w
r
itte
n
in
L
ab
v
ie
w
/C
VI
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
all
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
FP
GA
is
d
o
n
e
v
ia
cP
C
I
b
u
s
.
G
UI
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
C
V
I
f
o
r
NQR/
NM
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
)
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
p
o
p
u
lar
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
NQR/
NM
R
s
i
g
n
al
s
ar
e:
a
)
o
b
s
er
v
e
FID
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
u
ls
e
e
x
citat
io
n
.
b
)
Ob
s
er
v
e
s
p
in
ec
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
o
u
b
le
p
u
l
s
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
t
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
m
ai
n
l
y
o
n
th
e
r
elax
at
io
n
ti
m
e
(
)
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
Fo
r
a
lo
n
g
r
elax
atio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
(
0
.
3
–
3
m
s
)
as
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
f
o
r
14
N
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
NaN
O
2
,
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
u
l
s
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
r
elax
atio
n
ti
m
e
as in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
1
H
a
n
d
2
H
d
o
u
b
le
p
u
ls
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
i
s
u
s
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
s
p
in
ec
h
o
.
I
n
f
ir
s
t
m
e
th
o
d
th
e
e
x
citatio
n
s
ig
n
al
i
s
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
R
F
p
u
l
s
e
s
ig
n
al
at
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
R
F
p
u
ls
e
i
s
d
en
o
ted
b
y
τ
.
T
h
is
R
F
p
u
l
s
e
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
a
co
il
t
h
at
co
n
ta
in
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
to
i
n
d
u
ce
an
o
s
cil
lati
n
g
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
(
B
1
)
,
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
ti
lts
th
e
n
u
clei
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ax
is
b
y
a
n
a
n
g
le
θ
w
h
ic
h
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
o
w
er
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
R
F p
u
l
s
e.
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
B
u
ild
in
g
o
f P
u
ls
ed
N
QR
/N
MR
S
p
ec
tr
o
mete
r
(
P
r
ee
ti He
mn
a
n
i)
144
5
T
h
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
u
cle
i
attai
n
t
h
e
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
s
tate,
FID
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
il
o
r
s
ep
ar
ate
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
co
il
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t
b
y
w
h
ic
h
n
u
clea
r
s
p
i
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
r
et
u
r
n
s
b
ac
k
to
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
s
tate
is
ca
lled
s
p
i
n
–
la
ttice
r
ela
x
atio
n
ti
m
e
(
T
1
)
.
W
h
en
n
u
clei
p
r
ec
es
s
a
f
ter
t
h
e
R
F
p
u
l
s
e
i
s
ap
p
lied
,
th
e
s
m
all
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
p
in
s
lead
to
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
als
d
u
e
to
w
h
ic
h
th
e
y
ad
d
u
p
in
co
h
er
e
n
t
l
y
an
d
ca
n
ce
l
o
u
t,
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
s
ea
r
lier
t
h
an
th
e
s
p
in
s
ac
t
u
all
y
r
et
u
r
n
to
th
e
eq
u
i
lib
r
iu
m
s
tate.
T
h
e
t
i
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
f
o
r
FID
d
ec
a
y
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
T
2
*
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
FID
s
ig
n
al
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
lip
an
g
le
.
Hig
h
est
N
QR
s
ig
n
a
l
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
w
h
e
n
th
u
s
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
th
t
h
a
t r
esu
lt
s
to
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
FID
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
.
T
h
e
FID
s
ig
n
al
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
o
n
e
ex
citat
io
n
R
F
p
u
ls
e
is
v
er
y
w
ea
k
an
d
th
u
s
SN
R
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
v
er
y
lo
w
to
m
ak
e
a
n
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
NQ
R
d
ete
ctio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ac
t
u
all
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
etec
t
io
n
b
y
r
ep
ea
tin
g
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
c
y
cle
m
an
y
ti
m
es
a
n
d
NQR
FID
s
a
r
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
als
b
et
w
ee
n
R
F
p
u
l
s
es.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
NQR
FID
s
ar
e
av
er
ag
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
SN
R
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
a
c
y
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
n
u
clei
h
a
v
e
to
b
eg
i
n
w
i
t
h
eq
u
il
ib
r
iu
m
s
tate
f
o
r
ea
c
h
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
etec
tio
n
c
y
cle,
s
o
t
h
e
s
p
ac
i
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
u
l
s
es (
t
g
ap
)
h
a
s
to
b
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
t
h
at
5
T
1
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
n
u
cl
ei
p
r
ec
ess
ed
w
it
h
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
lled
L
ar
m
o
u
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
is
g
y
r
o
m
etr
ic
r
atio
o
f
n
u
cle
i
an
d
is
ap
p
lied
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
tr
an
s
m
itter
u
s
ed
in
a
n
NM
R
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t/NQ
R
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
d
ep
en
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
o
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
cle
u
s
b
u
t
al
s
o
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
il g
eo
m
etr
y
.
I
t
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
H
1
p
o
w
er
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
il is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
[
6
]
.
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
is
tr
an
s
m
itter
p
o
w
er
i
n
w
att
s
;
is
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
e,
is
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
MH
z
an
d
V
is
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
il in
c
m
3
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
o
f
NQ
R
s
i
g
n
a
l
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
e
n
er
ated
is
ca
ll
ed
s
p
in
ec
h
o
.
I
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
t
w
o
R
F
p
u
l
s
es
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
ec
h
o
s
ig
n
al.
FID
an
d
s
p
in
ec
h
o
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
ur
e
3
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
ec
h
o
s
ig
n
al
s
ca
n
s
i
m
p
l
y
b
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as
r
ef
o
cu
s
i
n
g
th
e
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
FID
s
.
Af
ter
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
1
st
90
o
R
F
p
u
ls
e
an
FID
is
g
e
n
er
ated
.
A
s
th
e
14
N
s
p
in
s
h
a
v
e
s
li
g
h
tl
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
NQR
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
th
e
s
p
i
n
s
ar
e
s
o
o
n
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
r
es
u
lta
n
t
FID
d
ec
a
y
s
v
e
r
y
f
a
s
t
a
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
.
T
h
en
a
2
nd
180
o
R
F
p
u
l
s
e
i
s
ap
p
lied
af
ter
a
s
p
ac
in
g
o
f
t
g
ap.
T
h
u
s
all
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
14
N
s
p
in
s
ar
e
f
lip
p
ed
b
y
1
8
0
o
w
h
ich
m
ak
es
t
h
e
s
p
in
s
s
tar
t
to
p
r
ec
ess
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
s
p
i
n
s
ar
e
r
e
f
o
cu
s
e
d
a
t
ti
m
e
t
g
ap
a
f
ter
s
ec
o
n
d
p
u
l
s
e
an
d
s
p
in
ec
h
o
i
s
r
ad
iated
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
p
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
GU
I
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
L
ab
v
ie
w
/
C
VI
f
o
r
NQR/
NM
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
4
2
–
1450
1446
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
FID
an
d
Sp
in
E
ch
o
i
n
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ain
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
s
tab
le
n
itro
g
en
14
N
h
as
n
atu
r
al
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
9
3
.
6
%
an
d
n
u
clea
r
s
p
in
I
=
1
w
it
h
it
s
ass
o
ciate
d
n
u
clea
r
elec
tr
ical
q
u
ad
r
u
p
le
m
o
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
14
N
NQR
tr
an
s
i
tio
n
s
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
lid
s
f
al
l
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e
0
to
6
MH
z
[
7
]
.
H
en
ce
14
N
w
as
ch
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
esi
g
n
.
14
N
NQR
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
2
0
g
o
f
NaNO
2
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
4
.
6
4
MH
z.
W
ith
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
s
1
H
a
n
d
2
H
,
NM
R
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
H
2
O
an
d
D
2
O
w
as
d
etec
ted
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
P
r
o
to
n
NM
R
is
ea
s
y
a
s
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
14
N
NQR s
ig
n
al
s
th
er
ef
o
r
e
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
o
u
r
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
,
w
e
h
av
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
1
H
NM
R
.
4
.
1
.
NQ
R
s
ig
na
l f
ro
m
Na
NO
2
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
14
N
NQ
R
s
ig
n
al
in
2
0
g
o
f
So
d
iu
m
Nitr
ite.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
4
.
6
4
2
MH
z
,
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
of
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t
by
ab
o
u
t
2
5
0
0
Hz
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
o
s
cillato
r
y
FID
.
R
F
e
x
citatio
n
p
u
ls
e
len
g
th
o
f
2
0
μ
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
1
2
0
W
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
x
citatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
clei
.
T
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
len
g
th
is
s
elec
ted
s
u
c
h
th
at
it i
s
a
p
u
ls
e
,
to
g
et
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
FID
.
First
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
w
a
s
k
ep
t
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
w
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
en
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
w
as
k
ep
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
w
a
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltan
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
2
0
μ
s
as
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
an
d
Po
w
er
o
f
1
2
0
W
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
ich
m
atc
h
es
w
it
h
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
1
)
an
d
(
3
)
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
.
T
h
e
en
tire
c
y
cle
is
r
ep
ea
ted
af
ter
ev
er
y
0
.
5
s
(
lar
g
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
T
2
*
o
f
0
.
7
m
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
at
t
h
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
lev
el
o
f
6
µV
.
T
h
e
NQ
R
s
ig
n
al
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
is
av
er
ag
ed
f
o
r
256
tim
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
14
N
NQR s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
NaN
O
2
4
.
2
.
1
H
NM
R
s
ig
na
l
T
h
e
NQR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
w
as
m
o
d
i
f
ied
to
NM
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
b
y
p
laci
n
g
t
h
e
co
il
in
a
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
.
At
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
6
M
Hz,
p
r
o
to
n
NM
R
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
at
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
i
eld
o
f
2
.
3
5
kG
.
A
s
a
h
o
r
s
e
s
h
o
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
o
f
1
.
3
5
KGa
u
s
s
w
a
s
a
v
ailab
le,
th
e
s
p
i
n
ec
h
o
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
w
i
th
H
2
O
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
1
H
NM
R
s
i
g
n
a
l.
A
s
m
all
q
u
an
t
it
y
o
f
f
er
r
ic
n
itra
te
is
ad
d
ed
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
f
p
u
r
e
w
ater
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
1
H
s
p
i
n
ec
h
o
es
f
r
o
m
H
2
O:
FeNO
3
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
5
.
7
6
5
MH
z
(
f
r
o
m
E
qu
atio
n
(
2
)
)
.
W
e
u
s
ed
t
w
o
R
F
p
u
l
s
es
(
s
p
i
n
ec
h
o
s
eq
u
en
ce
)
w
it
h
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
t
h
s
,
an
d
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
p
u
ls
e
s
i
s
,
R
F
ex
ci
tatio
n
p
o
w
er
w
as
ab
o
u
t
7
0
W
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
w
as
s
elec
ted
(
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
1
)
an
d
(
3
)
)
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
t
1
is
a
p
u
ls
e
.
A
t
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
B
u
ild
in
g
o
f P
u
ls
ed
N
QR
/N
MR
S
p
ec
tr
o
mete
r
(
P
r
ee
ti He
mn
a
n
i)
1447
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ea
ch
es
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
Q
ti
m
es
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
lt
ag
e,
w
h
ich
w
as
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
t
h
e
r
atin
g
(
5
k
V)
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
th
u
s
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
s
p
ar
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
en
tire
c
y
c
le
w
a
s
r
ep
ea
ted
af
ter
ev
er
y
0
.
5
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
wa
s
5
0
µ
V
.
T
h
e
tr
ac
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
is
th
e
s
ig
n
al
a
f
ter
a
v
er
ag
i
n
g
f
o
r
2
5
6
tim
e
s
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
p
u
ls
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
u
ls
e
s
.
f
o
r
1
H
in
w
ater
is
ca
lc
u
lated
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
as
367
µs.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
NM
R
s
i
g
n
a
l o
f
1
H
i
n
H
2
O
4
.
3
.
2
H
NM
R
s
ig
na
l
T
h
e
f
o
r
d
eu
ter
iu
m
is
r
a
d
/T
esl
a,
h
en
ce
th
e
m
a
g
n
et
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
p
r
o
to
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
s
a
m
e
s
et
u
p
,
th
u
s
th
e
m
a
g
n
et
w
it
h
a
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
i
eld
o
f
5
.
8
5
k
G
w
as
u
s
ed
h
er
e
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
s
p
in
ec
h
o
o
f
d
eu
ter
i
u
m
f
r
o
m
D
2
O
.
T
h
e
d
eu
ter
iu
m
s
ig
n
al
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
3
.
8
5
5
MH
z
(
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
2
)
).
,
,
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
2
H
NM
R
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
D
2
O
4
.
4
.
P
o
s
t
pro
ce
s
s
ing
o
f
NQ
R
s
ig
n
a
ls
I
n
f
ie
ld
,
th
e
ti
m
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
NQ
R
s
ig
n
al
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
.
W
h
ile,
th
e
m
ai
n
ch
alle
n
g
e
f
o
r
NQR
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
is
th
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
l
y
p
o
o
r
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
c
o
u
ld
also
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Un
d
er
s
u
ch
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
SN
R
b
y
av
er
a
g
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
r
ep
etiti
v
e
e
x
citatio
n
s
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
e
f
u
t
ile.
T
h
e
r
ate
at
w
h
ich
R
F p
u
l
s
e
h
as
to
b
e
r
ep
ea
te
d
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
n
u
clea
r
r
elax
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
ar
e,
an
d
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice
w
e
ca
n
ap
p
ly
a
p
u
l
s
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
len
g
t
h
an
d
r
ep
ea
t
th
e
p
u
ls
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
ev
er
y
.
Fo
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
s
th
e
r
elax
atio
n
ti
m
e
s
ar
e
v
er
y
lo
n
g
w
h
ic
h
lead
to
lo
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
es [
1
].
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
is
1
4
N
NQR
s
ig
n
al
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
NaN
O
2.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
o
b
ta
in
ed
af
ter
o
n
e
p
u
ls
e
w
a
s
v
er
y
w
ea
k
s
o
t
h
e
SNR
w
as i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
1
0
2
4
tim
es.
As
w
e
ca
n
n
o
t
s
h
o
r
ten
th
e
r
ela
x
atio
n
ti
m
es,
m
u
c
h
e
f
f
o
r
t h
as
b
ee
n
p
u
t i
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
i
t
y
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
SN
R
p
er
u
n
it
ti
m
e
s
ev
er
a
l
o
th
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i.e
.
FIR
f
ilter
[
8
]
,
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
9
]
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
[
10
]
.
FIR
f
ilt
er
is
g
en
er
all
y
b
ased
o
n
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
f
il
ter
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
s
t
h
ese
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
also
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
c
h
an
g
es to
m
ee
t t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
4
2
–
1450
1448
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
is
a
s
el
f
-
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
f
il
ter
th
at
ad
ju
s
t
s
its
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
a
n
er
r
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
er
r
o
r
f
u
n
c
tio
n
,
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
t
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
is
a
d
i
s
tan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
r
d
esire
d
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
.
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
No
is
e
C
a
n
c
ellatio
n
(
A
N
C
)
a
n
d
A
d
ap
tiv
e
L
i
n
e
E
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
(
AL
E
)
ar
e
t
w
o
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
il
ter
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
i
th
s
i
m
ilar
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
u
t
s
l
ig
h
tl
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
es
ig
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
ANC
h
as
t
w
o
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
tar
g
et
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
s
ep
a
r
atel
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ig
n
al
d
(
n
)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ig
n
al
an
d
n
o
is
e
N
o
to
g
eth
er
an
d
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al
x
(
n
)
an
d
n
o
is
e
N
I
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t
co
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
ig
n
al
b
u
t
co
r
r
elate
d
to
n
o
is
e
N
o
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
p
a
s
s
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
y
(
n
)
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
as
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
as
N
o
(
n
)
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
r
ea
d
j
u
s
ts
its
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
b
et
w
ee
n
N
o
(
n
)
a
n
d
y
(
n
)
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
y
(
n
)
is
s
u
b
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
p
u
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
u
tp
u
t
e=
S
+N
o
-
y
,
w
h
ich
is
a
f
ilter
ed
s
ig
n
al.
e(
n
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
al
an
d
u
p
d
ates th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilt
er
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
,
w
h
ich
m
in
i
m
ize
s
r
esid
u
al
n
o
is
e.
AL
E
o
n
l
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
in
g
le
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
d
ela
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
d
ela
y
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
d
(
n
)
,
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
o
r
r
elate
s
th
e
n
o
is
e
w
h
i
le
leav
i
n
g
th
e
tar
g
et
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
r
r
elate
d
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
n
o
i
s
e
is
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
a
l
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
co
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
a
m
p
le
v
alu
e
s
u
n
li
k
e
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
ela
y
ca
u
s
e
s
d
ec
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
is
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
in
t
w
o
c
h
an
n
el
s
w
h
ile
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
s
i
m
p
le
p
h
ase
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
he
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
b
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
t
h
at
o
f
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
f
ilter
ce
n
ter
ed
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
y
(
n
)
o
f
t
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
i
n
t
h
e
AL
E
is
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
f
r
ee
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
Dela
y
Δ
is
s
elec
ted
s
u
ch
th
at
Δ
is
lo
n
g
er
th
a
n
τ
d
(
B
B
)
i.e
.
co
r
r
elatio
n
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
n
o
is
e
is
s
m
al
ler
th
a
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
len
g
th
o
f
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
i
g
n
al
i.
e.
τ
d
(
NB
)
,
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
ese
l
ag
s
,
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
d
ie
o
u
t q
u
ick
l
y
.
i.e
τ
d
(
B
B
)
<
Dela
y
(
Δ
)
<
τ
d
(
NB
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
AL
E
is
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
L
MS
b
lo
ck
o
f
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
®
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
i
s
a
d
elay
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ig
n
a
l
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
is
g
iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
d
esire
d
p
o
r
t
o
f
L
MS
b
lo
ck
a
n
d
is
d
ela
y
ed
b
y
∆
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
g
i
v
en
to
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
o
f
L
M
S
b
lo
ck
o
f
s
i
m
u
lin
k
.
N
QR
s
i
g
n
al
m
o
d
el
is
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ile
n
o
is
e
is
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
elay
i
n
g
o
f
s
ig
n
al
d
ec
o
r
r
elate
s
th
e
n
o
is
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
.
T
hus
,
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
i.e
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
an
d
AL
E
o
u
tp
u
t i
s
o
n
l
y
n
o
i
s
e.
T
h
e
d
ela
y
i
s
c
h
o
s
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
eq
u
atio
n
n
o
.
4
,
i.e
.
d
ela
y
9
6
<
∆
<
3
6
0
(
f
o
r
NQR
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el
a
s
n
o
i
s
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
is
3
0
kH
z
an
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
8
k
Hz,
f
s
/3
0
=
9
6
,
f
s
/8
=
3
6
0
)
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
a
s
L
e
n
g
th
o
f
f
ilt
er
L
=
2
5
6
an
d
s
tep
s
ize
µ
=
0
.
1
ar
e
k
ep
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
at
f
o
r
A
N
C
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
f
ilte
r
w
eig
h
t
s
s
u
c
h
th
a
t
AL
E
o
u
tp
u
t is clo
s
e
to
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
AL
E
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
Si
m
u
lin
k
T
h
e
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
14
N
NQR
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
NaN
O
2
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
NQR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
Du
e
to
lo
w
S
NR
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
FI
D,
it i
s
e
n
h
an
ce
d
b
y
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
[
12
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
AL
E
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
s
i
g
n
al
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
an
d
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
I
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
Sq
u
ar
e
E
r
r
o
r
(
I
SE
)
w
h
e
n
AL
E
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
r
ea
l
NQ
R
FID
s
i
g
n
a
l.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
I
SE
co
n
v
er
g
es
w
i
t
h
in
1
m
s
.
T
h
e
A
N
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
n
o
t
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
r
ea
l
NQR
as
n
o
is
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
s
ep
ar
atel
y
f
r
o
m
N
Q
R
s
i
g
n
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
B
u
ild
in
g
o
f P
u
ls
ed
N
QR
/N
MR
S
p
ec
tr
o
mete
r
(
P
r
ee
ti He
mn
a
n
i)
1449
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
NQR s
i
g
n
a
l o
f
NaN
O
2
at
in
p
u
t
(
b
lu
e)
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
(
p
in
k
)
o
f
AL
E
T
h
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
NQR
s
ig
n
a
l
co
m
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
3
0
k
Hz
f
i
lter
th
u
s
d
ela
y
f
o
r
AL
E
is
d
ec
id
ed
b
y
th
e
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
3
0
k
Hz)
an
d
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
2
.
8
7
5
MH
z)
w
h
ich
i
s
9
6
[
11
].
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
o
w
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
r
ea
l ti
m
e
NQ
R
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
NaNO
2
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
AL
E
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
SE
f
o
r
r
ea
l tim
e
N
QR
as i
n
p
u
t to
AL
E
5.
SUM
M
ARY
AND
F
UT
URE
SCO
P
E
T
h
e
l
o
w
s
ig
n
a
l
t
o
n
o
i
s
e
r
a
ti
o
(
S
NR
)
in
N
QR
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
ter
h
as
b
e
en
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
o
p
r
es
en
t
c
e
r
t
a
in
im
p
en
d
in
g
ch
a
l
l
en
g
es
p
e
r
t
a
in
in
g
t
o
h
ig
h
in
t
e
r
f
e
r
en
c
es
in
t
h
e
s
e
ty
p
e
s
o
f
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
es
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
NQR
/NMR
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
b
ased
o
n
FP
GA
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
A
DC
s
,
R
F
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
l
i
f
ier
,
p
r
e
am
p
li
f
ier
,
cr
o
s
s
d
io
d
e
s
,
q
u
ar
ter
w
av
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
b
an
d
p
ass
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
p
e
r
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
un
i
f
o
r
m
f
ie
ld
NM
R
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
p
r
o
to
n
an
d
d
eu
ter
iu
m
f
r
o
m
H
2
O
an
d
D
2
O
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Als
o
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
SNR
a
d
ap
tiv
e
f
ilter
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
AL
E
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
s
ig
n
al
to
t
h
e
NQR
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el.
Fo
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
,
th
i
s
NQ
R
/NM
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
can
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
to
a
m
i
n
iat
u
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
e
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
R
F
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
r
ec
iev
er
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
FP
G
A
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
o
n
e
b
o
ar
d
.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
lo
s
iv
e
d
etec
t
i
o
n
an
d
m
i
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
N
QR
/
NM
R
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
an
d
r
esu
lt i
n
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
N.
G
a
rro
w
w
a
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
si
n
g
b
y
Nu
c
lea
r
Q
u
a
d
r
u
p
o
le
Re
so
n
a
n
c
e
,
”
I
E
EE
t
ra
n
s.
Ge
o
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
re
m
o
t
e
se
n
s
i
n
g
,
v
ol
.
39
,
n
o
.
6
,
2001.
[2
]
G
u
d
m
u
u
n
d
s
o
n
E
.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
NQ
R
b
a
se
d
Ex
p
l
o
s
iv
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
-
A
n
Ov
e
rv
iew
,
”
9
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sy
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
sy
s
tem
s
(
I
S
S
C
S
2
0
0
9
)
,
I
A
S
I
,
R
o
m
a
n
ia
,
2009.
[3
]
R.
F
u
k
u
s
h
im
a
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
ta
l
P
u
l
se
N
M
R
,
”
N
u
ts
a
n
d
B
o
l
ts
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
[4
]
P
.
He
m
n
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
lo
w
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
F
P
GA
b
a
s
e
d
NQ
/NM
R
sp
e
c
tro
m
e
ter
,
”
Gl
o
b
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
e
s in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
:
F
,
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
ol
.
16
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
P
.
He
m
n
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
P
G
A
b
a
se
d
RF
p
u
lse
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
f
o
r
NQ
R/N
M
R
sp
e
c
tro
m
e
ter
,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
C
o
c
h
in
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
ol
.
93,
p
p.
1
6
1
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
4
2
–
1450
1450
[6
]
T
.
C.
F
a
rra
r
a
n
d
E
.
Be
c
k
e
r
,
“
P
u
l
se
a
n
d
F
o
u
rie
r
T
ra
n
sf
o
rm
NMR:
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
”
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic
P
re
s
s
.
[7
]
J
.
S
e
li
g
e
r
a
n
d
V
.
Z
a
g
a
r
,
“
Ne
w
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
14
N
N
QR
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
ies
,
”
A
p
p
l
ie
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
ic re
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
,
v
ol
.
43
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
469
-
4
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
T
.
N.
R
u
d
a
k
o
v
,
“
De
tec
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
x
p
l
o
siv
e
s
b
y
NQ
R
m
e
th
o
d
:
M
a
i
n
a
sp
e
c
ts
f
o
r
Ex
p
o
r
t
S
e
c
u
r
i
ty
,
”
se
ries
1874
-
6
5
0
0
,
NA
T
O S
c
i
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
p
e
a
c
e
a
n
d
se
c
u
ri
ty
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
p
p
.
111
-
138
,
2
0
0
9
.
[9
]
R
.
Xie
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
-
n
o
isi
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
NMR
l
o
g
g
in
g
e
c
h
o
sig
n
a
ls
b
a
se
d
o
n
w
a
v
e
let
tran
sf
o
r
m
,
”
J
.
Ge
o
p
h
y
s.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
T
.
Ya
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
N
QR S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
u
lt
i
-
sta
g
e
W
ie
n
e
r
F
i
lt
e
r
,
”
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m o
n
S
e
c
u
ri
ty De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
229
-
234
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
J
.
R
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
E
f
f
icie
n
t
A
d
a
p
t
iv
e
N
o
ise
Ca
n
c
e
ll
a
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
Us
i
n
g
A
L
E
a
n
d
N
L
M
S
F
il
ter
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
IJ
E
CE)
,
v
ol
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
5
~
3
3
2
,
2012
.
[1
2
]
R.
M.
Ra
m
li
,
“
A
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
L
in
e
En
h
a
n
c
e
rs
f
o
r
No
ise
Ca
n
c
e
ll
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Au
str
a
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
a
sic
&
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
v
ol
.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.